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Automotive chassis have undergone transformations through mechanization, electrification, and electronicization and are currently evolving toward intelligent systems. Changes in propulsion forms have resulted in significant alterations in chassis configuration, thereby necessitating innovation in the methodologies and foundational theories of chassis design. This paper provides a systematic review of the development history of automotive chassis configurations and design methodologies, examining the technological evolution from traditional internal combustion engine chassis configurations, through centralized electric drive configurations, to distributed electric drive configurations. The state-of-the-art advances in automotive chassis design methods are discussed across four dimensions: the design methodologies for modular distributed electric drive chassis, chassis design empowered by AI and optimization techniques, scenario-driven automotive chassis design, and digital virtual verification techniques for chassis systems. Addressing the challenges currently confronting chassis design methodologies, recommendations for development are proposed, focusing on three areas: interdisciplinary integration in chassis design, chassis design empowered by AI and performance analysis, and the progression of domestic chassis design software toolchains.

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汽车底盘经历了机械化、电气化、电子化发展阶段,正向智能化的方向发展。驱动形式的变化使底盘构型发生了显著的改变,进而引发对底盘设计方法与基础理论革新的需求。文章系统梳理了汽车底盘构型及设计方法的发展历程,回顾了从传统燃油车底盘构型、集中式电驱构型到分布式电驱构型的技术演变。从模块化分布式电驱底盘的设计方法、人工智能(Artificial Intelligence, AI)赋能的底盘设计与优化方法、场景驱动的汽车底盘设计及底盘系统数字化虚拟验证方法4个层面论述了汽车底盘设计方法的前沿动态。针对当前底盘设计方法面临的挑战,从多学科深度融合的底盘设计、AI赋能底盘设计与性能分析、基于数字孪生的角模块开发平台搭建3个方面提出了发展建议。

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高镇海,教授。吉林大学汽车工程学院院长,汽车底盘集成与仿生全国重点实验室主任。主要从事汽车底盘设计、控制与测评研究。承担国家“973”计划、“863”计划、国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金等多个重大工程项目。获教育部霍英东基金会高等学校青年教师优选资助计划、教育部“新世纪优秀人才支持计划”、中国科协全国优秀科技工作者、中国汽车工业优秀科技人才等称号;入选中国汽车工程学会会士。获中国汽车工业科学技术进步奖一等奖1项、中国汽车工程学会科技进步奖一等奖1项。发表论文110余篇,授权发明专利56件(其中11项转化),出版学术著作5部。电子信箱:

孙博华,博士,讲师。主要研究方向为汽车智能化技术,人在回路的人机共驾技术。电子信箱:

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高镇海,教授。吉林大学汽车工程学院院长,汽车底盘集成与仿生全国重点实验室主任。主要从事汽车底盘设计、控制与测评研究。承担国家“973”计划、“863”计划、国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金等多个重大工程项目。获教育部霍英东基金会高等学校青年教师优选资助计划、教育部“新世纪优秀人才支持计划”、中国科协全国优秀科技工作者、中国汽车工业优秀科技人才等称号;入选中国汽车工程学会会士。获中国汽车工业科学技术进步奖一等奖1项、中国汽车工程学会科技进步奖一等奖1项。发表论文110余篇,授权发明专利56件(其中11项转化),出版学术著作5部。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=k+aWKF3RoQpydA2Lrg29Kw==, bioContent=

高镇海,教授。吉林大学汽车工程学院院长,汽车底盘集成与仿生全国重点实验室主任。主要从事汽车底盘设计、控制与测评研究。承担国家“973”计划、“863”计划、国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金等多个重大工程项目。获教育部霍英东基金会高等学校青年教师优选资助计划、教育部“新世纪优秀人才支持计划”、中国科协全国优秀科技工作者、中国汽车工业优秀科技人才等称号;入选中国汽车工程学会会士。获中国汽车工业科学技术进步奖一等奖1项、中国汽车工程学会科技进步奖一等奖1项。发表论文110余篇,授权发明专利56件(其中11项转化),出版学术著作5部。电子信箱:

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孙博华,博士,讲师。主要研究方向为汽车智能化技术,人在回路的人机共驾技术。电子信箱:

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孙博华,博士,讲师。主要研究方向为汽车智能化技术,人在回路的人机共驾技术。电子信箱:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=How to apply AI-driven generative design in intelligent automotive manufacturing?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114713723666729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266798019259, doi=10.1007/s00158-021-02913-3, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=64, issue=3, pageStart=1585, pageEnd=1605, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Zhang Y, Shan Y, Liu X, journalName=Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Y, Shan Y, Liu X, et al. An integrated multi-objective topology optimization method for automobile wheels made of lightweight materials[J]. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 2021, 64(3): 1585-1605., articleTitle=An integrated multi-objective topology optimization method for automobile wheels made of lightweight materials, refAbstract=One of the bottlenecks encountered in the development of automobile wheels made of lightweight materials is the 13-degree bench impact test. To improve the impact resistance of lightweight material wheels, the topology optimization (TO) model of multi-design spaces and multi-load cases and the combination of gray relational analysis (GRA) and principal component analysis (PCA) are simultaneously integrated into a multi-objective topology optimization (MOTO) approach to obtain the optimized topology layout of the wheel. Firstly, a three-dimensional wheel TO model is established based on the variable density method and divided into three design spaces and two non-design spaces. Secondly, the load parameters of the wheel under cornering, radial, and 13-degree impact load cases are determined, and the corresponding finite element models are established. For the 13-degree impact load case, the real-time energy reduction coefficient is introduced to compensate for the tire absence, thereby determining the dynamic load of the striker acting on the wheel alone. And then, a series of extracted forces data during the whole impact simulation are equivalent to a concentrated load suitable for the wheel static TO through the weighted sum compliance method. Thirdly, the combination of GRA and PCA is introduced to determine the weight coefficient (WC) of each sub-objective. Next, the MOTO of the wheel is implemented, and the influence of different constraints on the wheel topology layout is analyzed. Finally, the modal analysis and 13-degree impact simulation are performed on the reconstructed wheels with different topology layouts to verify their performance. The results show that the natural frequencies of the optimized wheels meet the requirements and a variety of wheel topology layouts with improved impact resistance are obtained, which provides a valuable guidance for the development of wheel in practical engineering.), Reference(id=1242114713790775594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266798019259, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=15, issue=14, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Han L, Du W, Xia Z, journalName=Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Han L, Du W, Xia Z, et al. Generative design and integrated 3D printing manufacture of cross joints[J]. 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Applied Sciences, 2023, 13(2), doi: 10.3390/app13020844., articleTitle=Chassis design target setting for a high-performance car using a virtual prototype, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242114711584571657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266798019259, awardId=52394261, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52394261), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242114706794676419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266798019259, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114706803065028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266798019259, companyId=1242114706794676419, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. National Key Laboratory of Automotive Chassis Integration and Bionics, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114706807259333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266798019259, companyId=1242114706794676419, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.吉林大学汽车底盘集成与仿生全国重点实验室,长春 130022)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242114706857590982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266798019259, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114706865979591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266798019259, companyId=1242114706857590982, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114706874368200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266798019259, companyId=1242114706857590982, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.江苏大学汽车与交通工程学院,镇江 212013)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242114706945671369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266798019259, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114706954059978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266798019259, companyId=1242114706945671369, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. 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汽车底盘设计方法研究进展与发展建议
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高镇海 1 , 张汉英 1 , 陈国迎 1 , 孙博华 1, , 汪若尘 2 , 张农 3
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(2): 58-72
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(2): 58-72
汽车底盘设计方法研究进展与发展建议
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高镇海1 , 张汉英1, 陈国迎1, 孙博华1, , 汪若尘2, 张农3
作者信息
  • 1.吉林大学汽车底盘集成与仿生全国重点实验室,长春 130022
  • 2.江苏大学汽车与交通工程学院,镇江 212013
  • 3.同济大学汽车学院,上海 201804
  • 高镇海,教授。吉林大学汽车工程学院院长,汽车底盘集成与仿生全国重点实验室主任。主要从事汽车底盘设计、控制与测评研究。承担国家“973”计划、“863”计划、国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金等多个重大工程项目。获教育部霍英东基金会高等学校青年教师优选资助计划、教育部“新世纪优秀人才支持计划”、中国科协全国优秀科技工作者、中国汽车工业优秀科技人才等称号;入选中国汽车工程学会会士。获中国汽车工业科学技术进步奖一等奖1项、中国汽车工程学会科技进步奖一等奖1项。发表论文110余篇,授权发明专利56件(其中11项转化),出版学术著作5部。电子信箱:

    孙博华,博士,讲师。主要研究方向为汽车智能化技术,人在回路的人机共驾技术。电子信箱:

通信作者:

Research Progress and Development Suggestions of Automotive Chassis Design Methods
Zhenhai GAO1 , Hanying ZHANG1, Guoying CHEN1, Bohua SUN1, , Ruochen WANG2, Nong ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1. National Key Laboratory of Automotive Chassis Integration and Bionics, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
  • 2. School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
  • 3. School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.005
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汽车底盘经历了机械化、电气化、电子化发展阶段,正向智能化的方向发展。驱动形式的变化使底盘构型发生了显著的改变,进而引发对底盘设计方法与基础理论革新的需求。文章系统梳理了汽车底盘构型及设计方法的发展历程,回顾了从传统燃油车底盘构型、集中式电驱构型到分布式电驱构型的技术演变。从模块化分布式电驱底盘的设计方法、人工智能(Artificial Intelligence, AI)赋能的底盘设计与优化方法、场景驱动的汽车底盘设计及底盘系统数字化虚拟验证方法4个层面论述了汽车底盘设计方法的前沿动态。针对当前底盘设计方法面临的挑战,从多学科深度融合的底盘设计、AI赋能底盘设计与性能分析、基于数字孪生的角模块开发平台搭建3个方面提出了发展建议。

汽车底盘设计方法  /  分布式电驱底盘  /  AI赋能的底盘设计  /  虚拟验证  /  场景驱动  /  多学科融合

Automotive chassis have undergone transformations through mechanization, electrification, and electronicization and are currently evolving toward intelligent systems. Changes in propulsion forms have resulted in significant alterations in chassis configuration, thereby necessitating innovation in the methodologies and foundational theories of chassis design. This paper provides a systematic review of the development history of automotive chassis configurations and design methodologies, examining the technological evolution from traditional internal combustion engine chassis configurations, through centralized electric drive configurations, to distributed electric drive configurations. The state-of-the-art advances in automotive chassis design methods are discussed across four dimensions: the design methodologies for modular distributed electric drive chassis, chassis design empowered by AI and optimization techniques, scenario-driven automotive chassis design, and digital virtual verification techniques for chassis systems. Addressing the challenges currently confronting chassis design methodologies, recommendations for development are proposed, focusing on three areas: interdisciplinary integration in chassis design, chassis design empowered by AI and performance analysis, and the progression of domestic chassis design software toolchains.

automotive chassis design methods  /  distributed electric drive chassis  /  chassis design empowered by AI  /  virtual verification  /  scenario-driven  /  multidisciplinary integration
高镇海, 张汉英, 陈国迎, 孙博华, 汪若尘, 张农. 汽车底盘设计方法研究进展与发展建议. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (2) : 58 -72 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.005
Zhenhai GAO, Hanying ZHANG, Guoying CHEN, Bohua SUN, Ruochen WANG, Nong ZHANG. Research Progress and Development Suggestions of Automotive Chassis Design Methods[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (2) : 58 -72 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.005
汽车底盘由传动系统、行驶系统、转向系统和制动系统4部分组成,是保证汽车正常行驶的关键。自汽车诞生以来,底盘的发展与汽车的发展紧密结合,先后经历了机械化、电气化、电子化等发展阶段,目前正呈现出融合智能化和电动化的发展趋势。在燃油车时代,底盘承载的动力系统体积庞大,多采用机械液压控制,存在结构复杂、通用性差、难以实现软硬件解耦,以及强机械约束带来的运动边界受限等问题。进入新能源汽车时期,随着汽车动力系统的演变,以及电子电气架构进一步集中化、软硬件解耦、软件定义汽车等发展,底盘围绕着低能耗、高安全、提高动力学边界和驾乘体验等方向不断发展,并逐渐向模块化智能底盘演进。开展对新型底盘构型及其设计方法等前沿理论的探索与创新有助于筑牢底盘产业基础、实现底盘产业自主可控,对中国汽车底盘行业从“跟跑”到“并跑”,最终实现“领跑”具有重要意义。
汽车底盘系统的设计遵循V形开发流程,如图1所示。首先是需求分析与目标确定,在汽车产品开发前期,通过大量的市场信息调研和性能对标,建立产品性能对标数据库以确定所开发车辆的性能,侧重于产品定位。在架构设计阶段,根据车辆的级别、尺寸、成本等选取合适的底盘平台作为整车开发的基础,确定前后悬架、转向、传动等子系统的结构形式及其在车身/车架上的布置方案。其中,车身/车架是底盘各子系统安装的基体,可分为承载式车身和非承载式车身。在系统设计阶段,将整车目标性能分解并分配给各个子系统,这一阶段主要涉及整车硬点布置、弹性元件设计、整车多体动力学虚拟样机的建立与仿真分析等。在零部件详细设计阶段,对底盘零部件的布置位置、尺寸、材料等要素进行详细的设计。其间,会根据前期的数据,进行精细化设计、优化和迭代。同时,运用大量的计算机辅助工程(Computer Aided Engineering, CAE),对零部件的结构强度、疲劳耐久性能等进行分析和优化。最终落实到图纸上,作为后续生产制造阶段的依据。在完成上述设计阶段后,通过零件测试、系统测试、集成测试以及整车测试环节验证设计性能。
随着纯电动汽车的发展,电池的轻量化和高能量密度成为关键设计目标。电芯-底盘一体化集成技术(Cell to Chassis, CTC)取消了传统电池包和模组的中间层。通过融合电池与车身结构,实现能量存储与机械承载功能的双重优化。这种集成方式可以显著提高底盘的空间利用率,但也带来了新的设计挑战,特别是如何在保证电池容量的同时优化底盘结构的机械性能。构建多目标拓扑优化问题可以实现底盘结构的柔度、电池容量和结构重量的协同优化。该方法的关键在于通过特征描述函数描述电池单元的几何特征,采用布尔运算生成电池单元的聚合成组方案,并采用非重叠约束和间距控制生成电池布局,最后通过有限元分析求解结构强度[1]。针对电池箱侧板的轻量化和碰撞性能优化设计,采用复合材料构建混合结构,并通过神经网络建立设计变量与性能输出(如质量、峰值力、吸收能量)间的映射关系,采用多目标优化算法并通过Pareto最优解集找到最佳设计变量组合[2]
电驱动系统是包括驱动电机、传动机构等部件的典型复杂机-电-磁-热多场耦合系统,典型三合一电驱动系统的结构如图2所示。针对机-电-磁多场耦合振动问题,通过定义等效磁网络模型的运动边界条件,构建磁场与转子转动、不平衡磁拉力的耦合关系,从而建立永磁同步电机动力学模型,揭示驱动电机的振动耦合机理。同时,综合考虑齿轮时变啮合刚度、齿侧间隙、传递误差、轴系扭转刚度等因素,通过旋转耦合通道将传动系统动力学特性与电气特性和磁场动力学特性相关联,建立电驱动系统机电磁多场耦合动力学模型,揭示内部激励的系统振动特性的影响规律。针对电磁热耦合特性,目前对电机温升的常用计算方法主要有热力学解析法、热网络法和有限元法。其中,电机有限元模型可将电机温度变化、磁饱和、交叉耦合等因素充分考虑,以此来表征电驱动系统的电磁热耦合特性,在电机的热特性研究方面受到广泛应用。
智能底盘为自动驾驶系统、座舱系统、动力系统提供承载平台,具备感知、轮地关系控制和管理自身运行状态的能力[3]。智能底盘的技术范畴主要包括:线控制动、线控转向、智能悬架及高集成化的分布式驱动等。
线控转向系统通过电控单元控制转向电机实施转向,能够完成主动转向及自动转向功能,实现辅助驾驶、平行驾驶及自动驾驶。相比传统机械转向系统,线控转向系统的主要优势在于能够实现转向系统力传递与位移传递的解耦。现阶段的线控转向以电动助力转向(Electric Power Steering, EPS)系统为主,主要包括管柱式电动助力转向(Column-EPS, C-EPS)、双小齿轮式电动助力转向(Dual Pinion-EPS, DP-EPS)、滚珠丝杠式电动助力转向(Ball Screw Drive-EPS, BD-EPS)等。在构型方面,线控转向系统由集中式单轴转向向分布式四轮独立转向演进,可分为前轴线控转向(图3(a))、前后轴分布式线控转向(图3(b))、四轮独立线控转向(图3(c)图3(d))。其中,四轮独立主销转向具有两种主要构型,第1种构型是向既有悬架系统中添加1个转动副,并使该转动副的旋转轴线通过另一控制臂的外球副中心,通过转向电机直接驱动上述转动副,进而依次带动转向节、轮毂电机和车轮实现转向,如图4(a)所示。第2种构型是令悬架杆系完全依附于转向臂,并通过转向电机带动角模块整体转向,如图4(b)所示。
线控制动系统按照制动压力产生机制的不同可分为电子液压制动(Electro-hydraulic Brake, EHB)和电子机械制动(Electro-mechanical Brake, EMB),对于采用轮毂电机驱动的车辆还存在再生制动的方式[4],如图5所示。EHB取消了真空助力器,采用电机驱动建压,能够实现踏板解耦、主动制动以及能量回收;容易与制动防抱死系统(Anti-lock Braking System, ABS)、牵引力控制系统(Traction Control System, TCS)和电子稳定控制系统(Electronic Stability Control, ESC)等底盘电控系统集成。根据其是否与稳定性控制功能集成分为“One-Box”方案与“Two-Box”方案,其中目前“Two-Box”的主流方案为博世公司推出的iBooster与电子稳定程序(Electronic Stability Program, ESP)的集成系统,二者共用一套液压管路。在“One-Box”方案中,制动踏板与制动轮缸完全解耦,通过将踏板行程转化为电信号实现力感模拟和制动力分配,同时系统仍然保留液压模块,在系统失效降级为机械备份时能够产生一定的制动减速度。EMB属于分布式制动系统,采用电机和传动系统直接夹紧制动盘。相比EHB,EMB取消了液压管路使得系统的响应速度明显改善,系统结构简化便于实施模块化设计。
智能悬架是指根据车辆的状态,通过电控系统智能地控制悬架执行机构,调节阻尼、高度、刚度及施加主动力等,以改善汽车舒适性和操纵稳定性的系统。当前的智能悬架执行器机构主要包括电磁阀式减振器、磁流变减振器、电机液压泵式减振器、主动横向稳定杆、直线电机式、旋转电机式和互联悬架等。常见的电磁阀式减振器有连续阻尼控制(Continuous Damping Control, CDC)减振器和多级阻尼可调减振器[5]。磁流变减振器通过控制电流大小改变减振器中电磁线圈的磁场,进而改变磁流变液的力学特性,实现减振器阻尼的连续调节。常见的液压泵式减振器有奔驰E-ABC和ClearMotion。奔驰E-ABC系统采用一套液压回路将液压缸上下腔互联,该系统对频率低于5 Hz的车身振动具有较好的控制效果。ClearMotion将可调阻尼阀、液压泵、电机集成,减少了液压管路连接。该系统能根据车辆的运动状态实时调节悬架的行程、刚度和阻尼,有效地提升车辆的平顺性。Bose悬架采用直线电机式作动器取代传统的弹簧和减振器。智能液压互联悬架系统通过液压管路将4个液压缸上下腔按特定构型互联,通过控制电磁换向阀可实现抗垂向、抗俯仰和抗侧倾3种互联构型的切换,可提供良好的平顺性和操稳性[6]。电磁互联悬架系统通过行星滚柱将悬架直线运动转为电机的旋转运动,利用外部电路串联和并联电阻、电感和电容元件,实现变阻尼、变刚度和变惯容,从而利用特定的电路互联实现了车辆各运动模态的解耦[7]
在控制方法方面,张农等[8-9]提出了模态能量法,通过实时计算车辆各阶运动模态的能量比,确定车辆的主导运动模态,为主动悬架控制提供理论依据。在智能悬架的未来发展中,系统方面,控制软件将集成在域控制器中,使用高度传感器和车身加速度传感器进行车轮与车身的垂向加速度及相对速度计算。悬架控制算法将进一步与底盘域控制融合,与驱动、制动、转向等多系统协调控制;同时,将与摄像头、激光雷达、高精地图等感知信息融合,根据路面不平度的识别结果自动切换控制模式。智能悬架的发展趋势如图6所示。
集成驱动、制动、转向与悬架系统的行驶单元将赋予底盘高灵活、自重构、高智能的行驶能力,是智能底盘的前沿发展方向。目前,行驶单元以驱动与制动系统向轮内集成,转向与悬架系统向轮边集成为主要特征。
轮毂电机与摩擦制动系统的集成,是驱动制动一体化设计的关键技术。在加拿大TM4公司开发的轮毂电机构型中,采用鼓式制动器结构并将制动蹄片与外转子集成。Protean公司将轮毂电机与EMB和盘式制动器集成。Wang等[10]提出了将轮毂电机转子外壳和摩擦制动盘集成于一体的构型。Zhang[11]提出了一种内置于轮毂电机的电磁与摩擦复合制动结构方案。此外,将电机转子和刹车盘一体化设计能够使摩擦制动与电磁制动有效结合,并取消布置于外部的制动盘结构,从而降低驱制动一体化结构的轴向尺寸以及主销侧向偏距。
驱制动系统在轮内的高度集成对电机的结构、温升、电磁性能提出了较高的要求,基于电磁场和温度场对轮毂电机进行结构优化具有重要意义。轮毂电机性能优化的前提是对多物理场耦合机制进行分析,场-路耦合分析通过将外电路方程与磁场方程耦合以推导铜耗与涡流损耗等;磁-热耦合分析通过构建热网络模型与电磁有限元模型之间的数据互通与迭代计算,实现电磁场与温度场之间的双向耦合仿真;热-力耦合分析基于不同温度下硅钢S-N曲线,分析转子的应变场、位移场、应力场以及疲劳寿命分布情况[12]。轮毂电机的智能优化设计是一个涉及多物理场代理模型构建、设计参数优化的复杂非线性问题。为了避免解析方法建模精度有限和有限元模型计算量大的问题,人工智能算法在面向轮毂电机优化的代理模型构建中被广泛采用[13]。在优化方面,采用多目标优化算法将平均输出转矩、电机总损耗、转矩波动幅值等参数作为优化目标,并通过敏感度分析将永磁体用量、气隙厚度、极弧系数等参数作为设计变量。
在行驶单元中,悬架与转向系统的拓扑结构高度集成,形成了多种车身与车轮间的传力方式。按照集成方式不同可将构型划分为4类。第1类构型直接将转向自由度串入悬架的拓扑回路中,典型方案包括:德国航天航空中心研发的智能电动车ROboMObil[14]图7(a));中国第一汽车股份有限公司开发的采用高抛式转向节的角模块结构[15]图7(b))等。第2类构型通过双转向节结构实现轮跳与转向解耦,典型构型如Hiriko电动车采用的“robot-wheels”构型[16]图7(c));东风汽车集团股份有限公司开发的基于麦弗逊悬架的角模块构型[17]。第3类构型是将悬架与车身断开并完全依附于转向系的模块整体式转向构型,典型结构方案有:Protean360+的双横臂悬架构型[18]图7(d)),现代摩比斯的双纵臂悬架构型[19]图7(e))等。第4类构型是将驱制转悬集成于轮内的高度模块化构型,这类构型通常采用烛式悬架,典型方案为Siemens VDO e-Corner(图7(f))和米其林主动轮技术[20]等。上述构型多基于传统悬架机构加以改造,轮毂电机与转向机构的集成使得悬架的硬点和导向杆系布置受到较大影响,难以满足悬架的几何运动学特性和系统高集成度设计的需求。
针对分布式电驱车辆在轮边有限空间内结构集成带来的悬架运动学特性恶化问题,Tang等[21]提出了一种通过四连杆悬架形成虚拟主销的角模块构型方案。Kim等[22]采用基于梯度的拓扑和尺度同步优化方法,在规则几何空间下实施悬架拓扑和硬点的迭代设计。Zhao等[23]基于Sarrus连杆机构设计了一种车轮定位参数不变的悬架结构。
在汽车底盘结构设计中,通过学习既有的结构设计和工程约束,人工智能(Artificial Intelligence, AI)可以应用于底盘整体布置[24]、零部件拓扑优化[25]和结构设计[26-27]等领域,如图8所示。目前,生成式人工智能在底盘领域的主要应用为零部件结构的拓扑优化设计。最初深度学习与拓扑优化的结合研究将计算机视觉领域的研究思路与方法引入拓扑优化,期望建立设计问题和最终优化结构之间的直接映射关系。根据神经网络模型引入的差异,可分为基于回归式模型的方法和基于生成式模型的方法。相比回归式设计,生成式设计在模型训练过程中更容易引入制造性、美学性等复杂拓扑优化要素和评价指标。TopologyGAN模型[28]是生成式拓扑优化方法的典型范式,在增材制造、非线性结构设计、多物理场问题、计算机辅助设计(Computer-Aided Design, CAD)和计算机辅助工程(Computer-aided Engineering, CAE)仿真等方面得到了广泛的应用。特别在多尺度结构优化设计中,生成式模型因其可快速生成多样微结构的特性而得到广泛应用。尽管上述直接映射式拓扑优化能够实现近实时的拓扑优化设计,在应用于实际工程中的复杂结构时存在结构断开现象、难以预先构造足够的数据集等问题。针对上述问题,研究者们从神经网络模型架构、输入端样本数据定义、输出端损失函数定义3方面开展对代理模型性能的改进。
未来的研究中,将生成式AI应用于底盘设计还需要关注以下3个方面:① 深度学习赋能结构拓扑优化方法从纯数据驱动向数据与知识双重驱动的方向发展,从全局替代走向子环节深度赋能;② 面向更多的底盘子系统,如悬架杆系、转向机构等,从面向零部件的连续体拓扑优化向针对离散空间杆系的拓扑优化方法演进;③ 构建合乎力学原理的高精高效拓扑优化全局代理模型。
场景驱动的汽车底盘设计核心是将车辆运行场景、功能需求和作业任务等要素导入原型设计阶段,并在车辆的底盘、上装以及软件系统的开发流程中嵌入场景/用户思维及相关测试手段,从而改变常规汽车以对标现有车型为主的开发理念。一种设计理念是采用通用化、模块化的底盘及上装设备实现多样化的功能。PIX Moving围绕移动空间的概念构建了Ultra-Skateboard滑板底盘产品,如图9(a)所示[29]。将其与多元化上装组合可以实现移动生活空间(图9(b))、城市环卫机器人(图9(c))及城市短途出行服务(图9(d))等功能。以色列REE公司开发了P7系列商用车滑板底盘产品,该底盘采用模块化设计,可以根据运载需求构建具有不同轴距和承载能力的底盘[30]。通用SURUS是一款面向自然灾害、战争等场景开发的底盘平台[31]。通过更换车体可以快速转换车辆功能,如医疗、发电、载货等。广汽面向出行/移动即服务(Mobility as a Service, MaaS)模式,创建了场景驱动式整合创新模型;以“概念-原型-产品定义”为开发流程,建立了“软件-硬件-服务”一体化系统,并在MagicBox智能移动服务样车上体现[32]
另一种设计理念是底盘与上装设备一体化设计,即设计专用底盘满足特定任务需求,只针对特定任务实现最优化。在林业领域,由于森林道路缺乏结构化地形,底盘的通过性是林业作业车辆设计的关键。这类底盘通常采用铰接式车体搭配摇臂式悬架[33]或轮腿式悬架[34],以提高姿态控制能力。为兼顾结构化路面的行驶效率和非结构化路面的通过性,可重构轮履复合推进机构及轮腿式机构在各类机器人平台和特种车上得到了一定的应用。根据轮履切换模式,可重构轮履复合推进机构可分为等效重构式和直接重构式[35]。轮腿式机构通过在腿式机构的末端布置驱动轮实现,根据腿式机构构型的不同可分为串联式、并联式和混联式。Li等[36]基于Stewart机构设计了面向重载场景的六轮腿式平台,并针对机械参数变化和动态载荷扰动设计了基于模糊逼近的模型预测控制器。Wu等[37]从底盘运动形态需求出发,设计了一种全地形车辆的侧置式五自由度轮腿机构,并分析了其工作空间、奇异性、运动传递特性等性能。
基于虚拟场景的仿真测试具有配置灵活、重复性强、效率高、成本低和测试过程安全等优点,现已被广泛应用于车辆的测试与评价中。目前,测试场景的生成方法主要可以分为基于知识的生成方法、基于机器学习的生成方法及基于优化搜索的生成方法。基于知识的场景生成方法受实体数量限制,只能生成基础的测试场景;且由于专家经验有限,无法覆盖一些有较高测试价值的边缘场景。基于机器学习的生成方法,通过使用主流的深度学习(Deep Learning, DL)、强化学习(Reinforcement Learning, RL)等方法,训练被测车辆所处环境中的其他车辆,使它们倾向于做出不安全的或预料之外的动作,从而生成对被测车辆来说风险价值高的测试场景。与传统的机器学习方法相比,深度学习能更好地处理高维数据中的复杂结构,因此更适用于通过大量自然驾驶数据对环境车辆进行训练的场景生成方法。基于优化搜索的生成方法,通过对逻辑场景空间中的各参数进行采样,以获得逻辑场景中的风险价值高的具体关键场景作为生成的测试场景。Vass等[38]系统性地提出了构建自动驾驶车辆统一场景数据库的框架,通过标准化描述、动态更新与多层级筛选机制,解决了现有测试场景分散与重复的问题。结合国际合作与具体案例(如高速公路L3场景),为自动驾驶的安全认证提供了可扩展的技术路径。Althoff等[39]创建了Commonroad场景库,其中不仅包括场景,还包括模型和成本函数,从而可以重现场景库中对决策规划系统的评估实验。除了场景库的生成方法,对场景进行统一规范化的描述及以标准形式进行存储也同样重要。针对自动驾驶测试场景的构建方法,德国PEGASUS项目提出基于信息抽象层级的三维场景建模框架,将场景划分为功能场景(抽象需求层)、逻辑场景(参数化规则层)和具体场景(实例化数据层)[40]。基于此分层理论,项目组进一步制定了OpenX标准体系[41],通过结构化数据格式(如OpenDRIVE/OpenSCENARIO)实现多粒度场景的规范化描述与跨平台兼容。
智能底盘虚拟测试系统采用XIL(X-in-the-loop)混合仿真架构,由高动态驾驶模拟器与底盘域硬件在环测试系统通过实时数据交互接口互联构成[42]。可以实现从部件到整车、从功能到性能、从主观到客观等多个维度的综合性能测试与验证。能够支撑智能底盘安全、体验两大属性的开发验证,从而有效提高智能底盘的开发与测试效率。
全解耦的新型底盘构型取消了轮组间的机械连接,释放了车轮运动的自由度,使底盘能够根据车辆的运行工况自主地调整固有结构参数,如轮距、轴距、车轮外倾角、车轮前束角和侧倾中心高度等。上述功能为软件定义汽车提供了变结构机构的硬件支持。然而,构成新型底盘构型的复合功能单元组合形式多样、运动形态繁多,各运动形态动力学特性表征模糊,同时底盘运动形态与车辆运行工况的适配条件不清晰,无法构建与各种工况适配的车辆运动功能。
传统底盘的设计是以车辆的操纵稳定性、平顺性等产品开发目标为导向的自上而下的设计。例如,经典悬架系统的设计可以转化为与车轮理想运行轨迹具有最小偏差的目标函数求解问题,本质上是基于既定拓扑构型的参数优化。针对驱动、制动、转向与悬架一体化设计的行驶单元尚未出现通用的设计方法。此外,模块化底盘构型为实现多种运动模式通常采用较为简单的悬架构型,难以兼顾大转角机动性、悬架的几何运动学特性以及多系统结构集成等性能。因此,需要从机构学角度提出适用于模块化底盘的结构-功能一体化设计方法。
新型行驶单元为多种底盘控制系统的集成提供了一个统一的框架,同时模块化、可扩展的特性提供了开放式的整车架构。车辆的质量分布、频响特性、非线性动力学行为等随行驶单元数量的变化而变化。因此,需要开展分布式电驱车辆的扩展重构建模方法。揭示可重构车辆“侧-纵-垂”动力学耦合特性演化机制。重点突破变自由度车辆控制拓扑表征方法,构建自适应可扩展的控制架构,以及底盘构型特征与系统控制参数的关联关系。
当前的汽车产品性能优化大都采用多系统并行开发,难以实现多领域性能的集成协同。底盘系统的设计目标主要包含行驶性能、疲劳强度、轻量化,以及噪声、振动与声振粗糙度(Noise, Vibration, and Harshness, NVH)等,是一个涉及多目标、多变量、多约束的复杂系统。因此,有必要开展多学科设计优化(Multidisciplinary Design Optimization, MDO)方法研究,以实现底盘优化问题的分解与整合。此外,对于分布式电驱车辆底盘,质量分布和转动惯量的差异化、底盘结构的平台化和模块化设计使设计闭环更加耗时。除考虑传统底盘的性能优化需求外,还需要考虑驱动形式变化带来的模块布置变化;轮边底盘集成机构的传动效率和包络空间优化;面向机构承载刚度、运行惯量的零部件截面刚度和疲劳强度拓扑优化等。
模块化分布式电驱底盘构型的转向与悬架系统结构发生了显著变化。对于悬架系统,不仅需要分析其几何运动学特性,还需要考虑其与转向系统形成的集成机构的工作空间、传递特性和运动精度等机构学评价指标。行驶单元内的执行机构种类、数目显著增加,对异构执行器的运动学/动力学特性尚未构建起标准化、通用化的表征机制。同时,多自由度机构的空间运动、受力和能量传递的机理尚不清晰。因此,需要从空间机构的数学关系和物理关系的转化对应机理入手,开展多源动力、空间耦合机构的运动行为描述,为新型行驶单元的性能分析提供理论支撑。
经典的底盘测试台架面向传统底盘构型的单一工况开展测试,对于集成了各子系统的模块化底盘构型的测试需要包含一系列解耦的试验工况,通过这些工况来模拟车轮跳动、车轮侧偏、车身侧倾、车辆转向和车辆制动等运动。然而,当前对于模块化的底盘构型尚未出现针对性的台架设计方案。需要开展模块化测试台架构型设计,使传统台架的单一工况少自由度加载构型扩展为面向复合工况的多自由度加载构型。同时,针对多样化的测试任务设计不同的加载单元,并通过标准化接口实现台架的功能模块可替换,还可将多个模块化测试台架互联扩展形成整车测试平台。
当前计算机辅助设计软件均面向传统底盘构型。模块化分布式电驱底盘取消了转向横拉杆、横向稳定杆、传动轴等结构。将驱动与制动系统进行一体化设计集成到轮内;并将转向-悬架集成机构布置于轮边形成最小行驶单元。然而,当前的设计软件无法直接根据设计人员的思路开展构型的正向设计。需要面向多种底盘集成方式,构造行驶单元模板库,以缩短底盘构型的设计周期;构造执行单元-导向杆系一体化的支链结构库,实现以轮端自由度和位姿能力为核心的正向设计。
新型行驶单元构型兼具底盘系统和并联机器人的特性,既需要兼顾底盘各子系统的性能,还需要具有高灵活的位姿能力、足够的工作空间、静动态特性,以及验证上述性能的定制化仿真场景。当前,以单一性能维度为开发目标的软件工具链无法满足上述性能需求。需要采用基于综合性能驱动的设计方法完成底盘的尺度-结构-驱动器参数集成设计。针对底盘系统设计变量多、性能彼此冲突且随位形变化的特点,制定可大幅度降低设计复杂度的策略与流程,设置合理的优化目标、约束条件和设计参数,寻找可提高优化问题解算效率的算法均是有待解决的问题。
新型行驶单元重构了各底盘子系统的结构形式以及相互之间的连接方式,具有结构-功能一体化的技术特征,从而引入了新的科学问题。对于模块化分布式电驱底盘构型,可将转向、悬架等集成机构的设计问题转化为具有多执行器、多自由度的空间机构设计问题,采用李群理论、旋量理论或方位特征集理论等机构型综合方法,从轮端运动功能出发正向推导机构拓扑结构,并开展多源动力、空间耦合机构的运动行为描述。针对取消转向横拉杆、横向稳定杆等机械约束下的车辆行驶稳定性问题,在模块内部开展变几何悬架构型设计;在模块间开展多轮组单元间机/电/液“虚拟”互联悬架构型,借鉴电学领域的阻抗特性揭示车身多运动模态的解耦机制,从而实现车辆的运动功能软件定义、运载能力按需扩展。面向全域机动的可重构特种车辆构型,引入耦合仿生学开展轮足式等复合行驶(走)机构设计,重点突破生物耦元建模及其耦联方式分析;动力-驱动-行驶(走)装置一体化集成;具有多自由度、多模态和柔顺变形特征的机构设计等关键技术。
生成式AI的出现为智能底盘的设计、性能分析与测试验证提供了新的范式。在底盘设计方面,生成式AI能够结合多学科知识进行协同设计。通过整合底盘设计中的力学、材料、制造工艺等多个方面,构建一个跨学科的设计平台,遵循结构-功能-材料一体化设计方法,生成最优的底盘设计方案。在性能分析方面,生成式AI可显著提升多物理场(如热力场、应力场、振动模态)的耦合仿真效率。其核心机理在于:通过构建基于多物理场耦合数据训练的深度学习模型,建立高精度代理模型以替代传统有限元分析方法,从而加速底盘系统性能评估流程,并实现动力学响应的实时预测。在测试验证方面,可以通过大语言模型生成虚拟测试场景,并在这些场景中验证底盘设计的可靠性。进一步可以通过AI生成的测试场景对物理测试场景进行补充,并通过流程优化在开发中集成这种虚拟测试方法。
采用数字孪生方法构建角模块开发平台能够大幅提升角模块构型的设计效率与性能。基于数字孪生的角模块开发框架包括数据与支撑环境层、集成平台层、性能分析与评价层。
数据与支撑环境层主要包括实车运行数据库、角模块模板库和方法库。其中,数据库包括通过车载传感器采集的底盘系统的状态信息,以及通过控制器局域网总线(Controller Area Network, CAN)整合的车辆运行数据。基于模板库可以通过已有的悬架、转向及驱制动系统模型快速构建角模块系统,从而简化角模块的设计流程。角模块的设计需要开展多学科工具链的垂直整合。在方法库中,包括多种角模块建模与设计方法,如机构运动学模型构建方法、角模块工作空间计算方法、可重构车辆的模块化动力学建模方法等。
集成平台层贯穿角模块的设计、制造与测试全流程。角模块的构型设计以场景驱动,首先根据车辆的运行场景确定底盘运动功能、轮端输出自由度等核心技术需求。从模板库中选取合适的悬架、转向等底盘子系统构型。通过硬点、位姿空间和传递特性等多维度优化方法完成角模块的尺度设计,并在此基础上进行机械结构设计。通过数据与支撑环境层中的实车运行数据加载开展动力学响应分析与强度校核等。
角模块系统可视为底盘各子系统集成形成的空间机构。因此,角模块系统的评价指标体系既包括各底盘子系统的评价指标,又包括空间机构的评价指标。空间机构评价指标主要包括工作空间、位姿能力及传递特性等。此外,与整车集成方面还包括可重构性、空间占用、最高行驶车速,以及底盘运动功能与运行场景的适配性。
随着汽车电动化与智能化的不断发展,汽车底盘系统设计方法的革新也日趋迫切。模块化分布式电驱动底盘构型的出现催生了一系列基于多学科深度融合的底盘设计方法。未来的底盘设计方法将更加突出场景导向,围绕结构-功能一体化的设计思想,从底盘运动形态出发正向设计底盘各子系统的拓扑结构与集成方式。同时,生成式AI和数字化虚拟验证方法的引入将有效加速底盘结构的设计迭代过程,并缩短整车开发周期。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52394261)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.005
  • 接收时间:2024-12-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
  • 发布时间:2025-06-26
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-20
  • 修回日期:2025-02-24
基金
国家自然科学基金(52394261)
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    1.吉林大学汽车底盘集成与仿生全国重点实验室,长春 130022
    2.江苏大学汽车与交通工程学院,镇江 212013
    3.同济大学汽车学院,上海 201804

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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