Article(id=1148708266760266638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1148708266185646989, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734192000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-15, revisedDate=1741017600000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751802992742, onlineDateStr=2025-07-06, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1750867200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751802992742, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072780440, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1148708266185646989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2025', volume='4', issue='2', pageStart='115', pageEnd='173', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1751802992624, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072738679, updator=sys-migrate, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157715879057342599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1148708266185646989, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157715879061536904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1148708266185646989, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=地面运载工程专刊, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=33, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149664177830150321, articleId=1148708266760266638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Latest Advances and Prospects of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technologies, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Developing energy-saving and new energy vehicles is an important force driving the next round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. Hybrid vehicles, with their strong environmental adaptability, diverse energy supply, and high degrees of freedom in energy utilization, will coexist with pure electric vehicles for a long time in the future and are an important support for building a manufacturing powerhouse. After studying the characteristics of hybrid vehicle configurations in depth, this paper analyzes the current status and technological research level of hybrid vehicles in China and abroad. It summarizes the development needs and technical features of hybrid vehicles and focuses on the key technologies of the core components and system integration control of hybrid vehicles. Finally, it puts forward the development suggestions and prospects of hybrid vehicles. This paper can provide support and reference for the development of hybrid vehicle technological routes and policy formulation in China.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Weida WANG, Xiaolin TANG, Peng DONG, Chao YANG, Xiangyang XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148708274595226601, articleId=1148708266760266638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=CN, title=车辆混合动力技术的最新进展与展望, columnId=1148708266483446458, journalTitle=前瞻科技, columnName=综述与述评, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

发展节能与新能源汽车是推动新一轮科技革命和产业变革的重要力量。混合动力车辆由于环境适应性强、能源供给多元、能量利用自由度多等突出优点,在未来很长时期内将与纯电动车辆共存发展,是建设制造强国的重要支撑。在深入分析车辆混合动力构型方案特点的基础上,分析了国内外混合动力技术的发展现状与技术研究水平,梳理了混合动力技术发展需求与技术特征,重点阐述了混合动力的核心部件与系统集成控制的关键技术,最后提出了混合动力技术的发展建议与展望。文章可为中国车辆混合动力技术路线发展与政策制定提供支撑参考。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=5BY5d24WulByL0oVjjdsyg==, magXml=C1Q8QsqZRKKHozjkLM+xhQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=JSUA/44BLSUWZXnhGbsuIA==, pdfFileSize=3284130, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=LQhdlIMtMnbTshXN+vaG0A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=9oiSEUzTiPhdje1pujo60g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王伟达,教授,博士研究生导师。先进越野系统全国重点实验室副主任。中国汽车工程学会越野车技术分会主任委员,中国自动化学会车辆控制与智能化专业委员会委员,国家自然科学基金函评专家,Automotive Innovation等期刊客座编辑。主要从事车辆混合动力、车辆动力学与控制、多栖智能机动平台的理论研究、技术创新和装备研发工作。承担国家自然科学基金、国家部委重点预研项目、创新特区重点项目、国家部委基础产品创新科研项目、工业和信息化部民机专项等科研项目。参与研发大功率机电复合传动系统并主持控制系统研制,在型号中广泛应用。获得中国汽车工程学会技术发明一等奖13项(排1)、军事技术发明二等奖1项(排1)、国防科技进步一等奖1项(排5)。发表SCI论文60余篇,授权发明专利40余件。电子信箱:

, authorsList=王伟达, 唐小林, 董鹏, 杨超, 徐向阳), CHT=ArticleExt(id=1151578687314424446, articleId=1148708266760266638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=CHT, title=null, columnId=null, journalTitle=前瞻科技, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1242114563995403191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wangwd0430@bit.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242114564096066489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, authorId=1242114563995403191, language=EN, stringName=Weida WANG, firstName=Weida, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242114564154786746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, authorId=1242114563995403191, language=CN, stringName=王伟达, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081, bio={"img":"cGbrmdOYUag63ppKIiNtCQ==","content":"

王伟达,教授,博士研究生导师。先进越野系统全国重点实验室副主任。中国汽车工程学会越野车技术分会主任委员,中国自动化学会车辆控制与智能化专业委员会委员,国家自然科学基金函评专家,Automotive Innovation等期刊客座编辑。主要从事车辆混合动力、车辆动力学与控制、多栖智能机动平台的理论研究、技术创新和装备研发工作。承担国家自然科学基金、国家部委重点预研项目、创新特区重点项目、国家部委基础产品创新科研项目、工业和信息化部民机专项等科研项目。参与研发大功率机电复合传动系统并主持控制系统研制,在型号中广泛应用。获得中国汽车工程学会技术发明一等奖13项(排1)、军事技术发明二等奖1项(排1)、国防科技进步一等奖1项(排5)。发表SCI论文60余篇,授权发明专利40余件。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=cGbrmdOYUag63ppKIiNtCQ==, bioContent=

王伟达,教授,博士研究生导师。先进越野系统全国重点实验室副主任。中国汽车工程学会越野车技术分会主任委员,中国自动化学会车辆控制与智能化专业委员会委员,国家自然科学基金函评专家,Automotive Innovation等期刊客座编辑。主要从事车辆混合动力、车辆动力学与控制、多栖智能机动平台的理论研究、技术创新和装备研发工作。承担国家自然科学基金、国家部委重点预研项目、创新特区重点项目、国家部委基础产品创新科研项目、工业和信息化部民机专项等科研项目。参与研发大功率机电复合传动系统并主持控制系统研制,在型号中广泛应用。获得中国汽车工程学会技术发明一等奖13项(排1)、军事技术发明二等奖1项(排1)、国防科技进步一等奖1项(排5)。发表SCI论文60余篇,授权发明专利40余件。电子信箱:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242114563693413293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114563705996206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, companyId=1242114563693413293, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114563714384815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, companyId=1242114563693413293, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081)])]), Author(id=1242114564221895612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242114564289004478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, authorId=1242114564221895612, language=EN, stringName=Xiaolin TANG, firstName=Xiaolin, middleName=null, lastName=TANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2. College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242114564360307647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, authorId=1242114564221895612, language=CN, stringName=唐小林, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.重庆大学机械与运载工程学院,重庆 400044, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242114563794076592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114563810853809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, companyId=1242114563794076592, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114563819242418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, companyId=1242114563794076592, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.重庆大学机械与运载工程学院,重庆 400044)])]), Author(id=1242114564414833601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242114564519691203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, authorId=1242114564414833601, language=EN, stringName=Peng DONG, firstName=Peng, middleName=null, lastName=DONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3. College of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100081, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242114564574217156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, authorId=1242114564414833601, language=CN, stringName=董鹏, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3.北京航空航天大学交通科学与工程学院,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242114563894739891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114563903128500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, companyId=1242114563894739891, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. College of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114563911517109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, companyId=1242114563894739891, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.北京航空航天大学交通科学与工程学院,北京 100081)])]), Author(id=1242114564641326022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242114564704240584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, authorId=1242114564641326022, language=EN, stringName=Chao YANG, firstName=Chao, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242114564758766537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, authorId=1242114564641326022, language=CN, stringName=杨超, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242114563693413293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114563705996206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, companyId=1242114563693413293, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114563714384815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, companyId=1242114563693413293, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081)])]), Author(id=1242114564817486795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242114564884595661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, authorId=1242114564817486795, language=EN, stringName=Xiangyang XU, firstName=Xiangyang, middleName=null, lastName=XU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3. College of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100081, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242114564939121614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, authorId=1242114564817486795, language=CN, stringName=徐向阳, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3.北京航空航天大学交通科学与工程学院,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242114563894739891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114563903128500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, companyId=1242114563894739891, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. College of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114563911517109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, companyId=1242114563894739891, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.北京航空航天大学交通科学与工程学院,北京 100081)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1242114565052367823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=hybrid electric vehicle), Keyword(id=1242114565123670992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=development status), Keyword(id=1242114565199168465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=technical challenge), Keyword(id=1242114565257888722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=key technology), Keyword(id=1242114565341774803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=development goal), Keyword(id=1242114565396300756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=车辆混合动力), Keyword(id=1242114565471798229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=发展现状), Keyword(id=1242114565526324182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=技术挑战), Keyword(id=1242114565585044439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=关键技术), Keyword(id=1242114565639570392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=发展目标)], refs=[Reference(id=1242114566906250217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2020-11/03/content_5556991.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展十四个五年规划和二〇三五远景目标的建议, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展十四个五年规划和二〇三五远景目标的建议[A/OL]. (2020-11-03). http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2020-11/03/content_5556991.htm., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114566973359082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2020-11/03/content_5556991.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=The CPC Central Committee's proposals for formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021—2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035, refType=null, unstructuredReference=The CPC Central Committee's proposals for formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021—2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035[A/OL]. (2020-11-03). http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2020-11/03/content_5556991.htm., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114567036273643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2020-11/02/content_5556716.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=国务院办公厅, journalName=关于印发《新能源汽车产业发展规划(2021—2035年)》的通知, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国务院办公厅. 关于印发《新能源汽车产业发展规划(2021—2035年)》的通知[A/OL]. (2020-11-02). https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2020-11/02/content_5556716.htm., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114567094993900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2020-11/02/content_5556716.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=General Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, journalName=Circular of the general office of the state council on printing and lssuingthe development plan of new energy automobile industry (2021—2035), refType=null, unstructuredReference=General Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China. Circular of the general office of the state council on printing and lssuingthe development plan of new energy automobile industry (2021—2035)[A/OL]. (2020-11-02). https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2020-11/02/content_5556716.htm., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114567166297069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Ehsan M, Gao Y M, Emadi A, journalName=现代电动汽车、混合动力电动汽车和燃料电池车——基本原理、理论和设计, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ehsan M, Gao Y M, Emadi A. 现代电动汽车、混合动力电动汽车和燃料电池车——基本原理、理论和设计[M]. 倪光正, 倪培宏, 熊素铭, 译. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2010., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114567229211630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Ehsan M, Gao Y M, Emadi A, journalName=Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ehsan M, Gao Y M, Emadi A. Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles[M]. Ni G Z, Ni P H, Xiong S M, trans. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2010. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114567296320495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=9, issue=2, pageStart=3177, pageEnd=3191, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Guo R, Xue X, Sun Z Y, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guo R, Xue X, Sun Z Y, et al. Clustered energy management strategy of plug-In hybrid electric logistics vehicle based on Gaussian mixture model and stochastic dynamic programming[J]. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 2023, 9(2): 3177-3191., articleTitle=Clustered energy management strategy of plug-In hybrid electric logistics vehicle based on Gaussian mixture model and stochastic dynamic programming, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114567359235056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=31, issue=2, pageStart=609, pageEnd=618, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Velimirović L Z, Janjić A, Vranić P, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Velimirović L Z, Janjić A, Vranić P, et al. Determining the optimal route of electric vehicle using a hybrid algorithm based on fuzzy dynamic programming[J]. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 2023, 31(2): 609-618., articleTitle=Determining the optimal route of electric vehicle using a hybrid algorithm based on fuzzy dynamic programming, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114567426343921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1740026558531364577&wfr=spider&for=pc, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=吉利雷神混动技术解析:三挡变速好,好在哪?, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吉利雷神混动技术解析:三挡变速好,好在哪?[EB/OL]. 2022-08-03). https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1740026558531364577&wfr=spider&for=pc, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114567485064178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1740026558531364577&wfr=spider&for=pc, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=Geely Thor hybrid powertrain technology analysis: what's so good about the three-speed transmission?, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Geely Thor hybrid powertrain technology analysis: what's so good about the three-speed transmission?[EB/OL]. 2022-08-03). https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1740026558531364577&wfr=spider&for=pc. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114567543784435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Pan S, Wang J, Huang Z, journalName=SAE Technical Paper, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pan S, Wang J, Huang Z. Development of 1.5 L Dedicated Hybrid Engine with 42.6% Brake Thermal Efficiency[R]. SAE Technical Paper, 2021., articleTitle=Development of 1.5 L Dedicated Hybrid Engine with 42.6% Brake Thermal Efficiency, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114567615087604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=109, issue=null, pageStart=152, pageEnd=159, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Gonca G, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gonca G. Comparative performance analyses of irreversible OMCE (Otto Miller cycle engine)-DiMCE (Diesel miller cycle engine)-DMCE (Dual Miller cycle engine)[J]. Energy, 2016, 109: 152-159., articleTitle=Comparative performance analyses of irreversible OMCE (Otto Miller cycle engine)-DiMCE (Diesel miller cycle engine)-DMCE (Dual Miller cycle engine), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114567678002165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=305, issue=null, pageStart=121421, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Yu X M, Zhao Z, Huang Y, journalName=Fuel, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu X M, Zhao Z, Huang Y, et al. Experimental study on the effects of EGR on combustion and emission of an SI engine with gasoline port injection plus ethanol direct injection[J]. Fuel, 2021, 305, 121421, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121421., articleTitle=Experimental study on the effects of EGR on combustion and emission of an SI engine with gasoline port injection plus ethanol direct injection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114567740916726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://k.sina.com.cn/article_2298836177_890574d102000ujt3.html, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=新款比亚迪宋Pro于4月12日上市搭骁云1.5T发动机[EB/OL]. (2021-04-06). https://k.sina.com.cn/article_2298836177_890574d102000ujt3.html, articleTitle=新款比亚迪宋Pro于4月12日上市搭骁云1.5T发动机, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114567799636983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://k.sina.com.cn/article_2298836177_890574d102000ujt3.html, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=The new BYD Song Pro was launched on April 12th, equipped with the Xioayun 1.5T engine[EB/OL]. (2021-04-06). https://k.sina.com.cn/article_2298836177_890574d102000ujt3.html. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The new BYD Song Pro was launched on April 12th, equipped with the Xioayun 1.5T engine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114567870940152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.pcauto.com.cn/qcbj/2723/27234311.html, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吉利雷神混动发动机DHE15荣获“中国心”十佳发动机[EB/OL].(2021-11-08). https://www.pcauto.com.cn/qcbj/2723/27234311.html., articleTitle=吉利雷神混动发动机DHE15荣获“中国心”十佳发动机, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114567938049017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.pcauto.com.cn/qcbj/2723/27234311.html, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=The dedicated engine DHE15 of Geely Group has won the title of “top ten engines of Chinese heart”[EB/OL]. ( 2021-11-08). https://www.pcauto.com.cn/qcbj/2723/27234311.html. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The dedicated engine DHE15 of Geely Group has won the title of “top ten engines of Chinese heart”, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114568013546490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=137, issue=null, pageStart=710, pageEnd=720, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Li Q Y, Liu J P, Fu J Q, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Q Y, Liu J P, Fu J Q, et al. Comparative study on the pumping losses between continuous variable valve lift (CVVL) engine and variable valve timing (VVT) engine[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 137: 710-720., articleTitle=Comparative study on the pumping losses between continuous variable valve lift (CVVL) engine and variable valve timing (VVT) engine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114568076461051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=147, issue=null, pageStart=2494, pageEnd=2521, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Zhen X D, Wang Y, Liu D M, journalName=Renewable Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhen X D, Wang Y, Liu D M. Bio-butanol as a new generation of clean alternative fuel for SI (spark ignition) and CI (compression ignition) engines[J]. Renewable Energy, 2020, 147: 2494-2521., articleTitle=Bio-butanol as a new generation of clean alternative fuel for SI (spark ignition) and CI (compression ignition) engines, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114568130987004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=237, issue=null, pageStart=121586, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Chen Z M, Zhang T C, Wang X C, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Z M, Zhang T C, Wang X C, et al. A comparative study of combustion performance and emissions of dual-fuel engines fueled with natural gas/methanol and natural gas/gasoline[J]. Energy, 2021, 237, 121586, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.121586., articleTitle=A comparative study of combustion performance and emissions of dual-fuel engines fueled with natural gas/methanol and natural gas/gasoline, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114568193901565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=23, issue=11, pageStart=20383, pageEnd=20397, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Yi C Y, Hofmann H, Epureanu B I, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yi C Y, Hofmann H, Epureanu B I. Energy efficient platooning of connected electrified vehicles enabled by a mixed hybrid electric powertrain architecture[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2022, 23(11): 20383-20397., articleTitle=Energy efficient platooning of connected electrified vehicles enabled by a mixed hybrid electric powertrain architecture, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114568340702206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=22, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=21, authorNames=范婧, 勾鹤, 徐晓曦, journalName=车辆与动力技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=范婧, 勾鹤, 徐晓曦, . 超重型混合动力车辆机电复合制动系统技术[J]. 车辆与动力技术, 2024(1): 22-28., articleTitle=超重型混合动力车辆机电复合制动系统技术, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114568416199679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=22, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Fan J, Gou H, Xu X X, journalName=Vehicle & Power Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fan J, Gou H, Xu X X, et al. Electro-mechanical composite braking system technology for ultra-heavy duty hybrid vehicles[J]. Vehicle & Power Technology, 2024(1): 22-28. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Electro-mechanical composite braking system technology for ultra-heavy duty hybrid vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114568508474368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=8, issue=1, pageStart=325, pageEnd=344, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Zhao Z G, Tang P, Li H D, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao Z G, Tang P, Li H D. Generation, screening, and optimization of powertrain configurations for power-split hybrid electric vehicle: A comprehensive overview[J]. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 2022, 8(1): 325-344., articleTitle=Generation, screening, and optimization of powertrain configurations for power-split hybrid electric vehicle: A comprehensive overview, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114568575582208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=7, issue=4, pageStart=2209, pageEnd=2223, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Yang C, Zha M J, Wang W D, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang C, Zha M J, Wang W D, et al. Motor-temperature-aware predictive energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using rolling game optimization[J]. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 2021, 7(4): 2209-2223., articleTitle=Motor-temperature-aware predictive energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using rolling game optimization, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114568634302465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=374, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Yang L Q, Wang W D, Yang C, journalName=Journal of Cleaner Production, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang L Q, Wang W D, Yang C, et al. Online mixed-integer optimal energy management strategy for connected hybrid electric vehicles[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 374, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133908., articleTitle=Online mixed-integer optimal energy management strategy for connected hybrid electric vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114568693022722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=29, issue=2, pageStart=1465, pageEnd=1476, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Yang C, Wang M Y, Wang W D, journalName=IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang C, Wang M Y, Wang W D, et al. A power preconditioning-based power flow predictive control strategy for hybrid electric vehicle using fast iteration optimization algorithm[J]. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2024, 29(2): 1465-1476., articleTitle=A power preconditioning-based power flow predictive control strategy for hybrid electric vehicle using fast iteration optimization algorithm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114568755937283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=111, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Li L, Coskun S, Langari R, journalName=Applied Soft Computing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li L, Coskun S, Langari R, et al. Incorporated vehicle lateral control strategy for stability and enhanced energy saving in distributed drive hybrid bus[J]. Applied Soft Computing, 2021, 111, doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2021.107617., articleTitle=Incorporated vehicle lateral control strategy for stability and enhanced energy saving in distributed drive hybrid bus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114568814657540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=28, authorNames=西蒙娜·奥诺里, 洛伦佐·塞拉奥, 乔治·里佐尼, 胡晓松, 唐小林, journalName=混合动力汽车能量管理策略, refType=null, unstructuredReference=西蒙娜·奥诺里, 洛伦佐·塞拉奥, 乔治·里佐尼. 混合动力汽车能量管理策略[M]. 胡晓松, 唐小林,刘腾, 译. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114568873377797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Onori S, Serrao L, Rizzoni G, Hu X S, Tang X L, journalName=Hybrid electric vehicles energy management strategies, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Onori S, Serrao L, Rizzoni G. Hybrid electric vehicles energy management strategies[M]. Hu X S, Tang X L,Liu T, trans trans. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2020. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114568932098054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=59, issue=3, pageStart=600, pageEnd=614, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=30, authorNames=刘桓龙, journalName=西南交通大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘桓龙. 电液混合动力系统关键技术及能量管理研究综述[J]. 西南交通大学学报, 2024, 59(3):600-614., articleTitle=电液混合动力系统关键技术及能量管理研究综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114568990818311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=59, issue=3, pageStart=600, pageEnd=614, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Liu H L, journalName=Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu H L. Summary of research on key technologies and energy management of electro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain[J]. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 2024, 59(3):600-614. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Summary of research on key technologies and energy management of electro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114569057927176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=45, issue=10, pageStart=1954, pageEnd=1964, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=32, authorNames=齐春阳, 宋传学, 宋世欣, journalName=汽车工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=齐春阳, 宋传学, 宋世欣, . 基于逆强化学习的混合动力汽车能量管理策略研究[J]. 汽车工程, 2023, 45(10): 1954-1964, 1974., articleTitle=基于逆强化学习的混合动力汽车能量管理策略研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114569116647433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=45, issue=10, pageStart=1954, pageEnd=1964, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Qi C Y, Song C X, Song S X, journalName=Automotive Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qi C Y, Song C X, Song S X, et al. Research on energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicles based on inverse reinforcement learning[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(10): 1954-1964, 1974. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicles based on inverse reinforcement learning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114569196339210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=154, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Ganesh A H, Xu B, journalName=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ganesh A H, Xu B. A review of reinforcement learning based energy management systems for electrified powertrains: Progress, challenge, and potential solution[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2022, 154, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111833., articleTitle=A review of reinforcement learning based energy management systems for electrified powertrains: Progress, challenge, and potential solution, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114569250865163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.diandong.com/news/157220.html, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=长安汽车发布新一代超集电驱,首款战略车型C385亮相[EB/OL]. (2021-08-24). https://www.diandong.com/news/157220.html, articleTitle=长安汽车发布新一代超集电驱,首款战略车型C385亮相, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114569355722764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.diandong.com/news/157220.html, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Changan Automobile released its new generation of ultra-integrated electric drive system, and the first strategic model C385 made its debut[EB/OL]. (2021-08-24). https://www.diandong.com/news/157220.html. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Changan Automobile released its new generation of ultra-integrated electric drive system, and the first strategic model C385 made its debut, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114569435414541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=37, authorNames=桂经良, 贾艳艳, 陈国涛, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=桂经良, 贾艳艳, 陈国涛, . 一种混合动力总成及其控制方法: CN201811142841.0[P]. 2020-08-21., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114569506717710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Gui J L, Jia Y Y, Chen G T, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gui J L, Jia Y Y, Chen G T, et al. A hybrid powertrain and its control method: CN201811142841.0[P]. 2020-08-21., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114569573826575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=39, authorNames=陈希, 周之光, 孟凡磊, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈希, 周之光, 孟凡磊. 变速箱和混合动力总成: CN216401146U[P]. 2022-04-29., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114569632546832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Chen X, Zhou Z G, Meng F L, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen X, Zhou Z G, Meng F L. Transmission and hybrid powertrain: CN216401146U[P]. 2022-04-29., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114569695461393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=41, authorNames=中国汽车工程学会, journalName=节能与新能源汽车技术路线图2.0, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国汽车工程学会. 节能与新能源汽车技术路线图2.0[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114569762570258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=42, authorNames=China Society of Automotive Engineers, journalName=Technology roadmap of energy-saving and new energy vehicles 2.0, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China Society of Automotive Engineers. Technology roadmap of energy-saving and new energy vehicles 2.0[M]. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2020-12-01. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114569825484819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=6, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=43, authorNames=李克强, journalName=智能网联汽车, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李克强. 我看智能网联汽车十年发展[J]. 智能网联汽车, 2022(3): 6-9., articleTitle=我看智能网联汽车十年发展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114569888399380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=6, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=44, authorNames=Li K Q, journalName=Intelligent Connected Vehicles, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li K Q. My perspective on the development of intelligent connected vehicles over the past decade[J]. Intelligent Connected Vehicles, 2022(3): 6-9., articleTitle=My perspective on the development of intelligent connected vehicles over the past decade, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114569947119637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=3, pageStart=261, pageEnd=275, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=45, authorNames=李克强, 李家文, 常雪阳, journalName=汽车安全与节能学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李克强, 李家文, 常雪阳, . 智能网联汽车云控系统原理及其典型应用[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2020, 11(3): 261-275., articleTitle=智能网联汽车云控系统原理及其典型应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114570010034198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=3, pageStart=261, pageEnd=275, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=46, authorNames=Li K Q, Li J W, Chang X Y, journalName=Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li K Q, Li J W, Chang X Y, et al. Principles and typical applications of cloud control system for intelligent and connected vehicles[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2020, 11(3): 261-275., articleTitle=Principles and typical applications of cloud control system for intelligent and connected vehicles, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242114566776226792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, awardId=52322217, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金项目(52322217), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242114563693413293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114563705996206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, companyId=1242114563693413293, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114563714384815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, companyId=1242114563693413293, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242114563794076592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114563810853809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, companyId=1242114563794076592, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114563819242418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, companyId=1242114563794076592, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.重庆大学机械与运载工程学院,重庆 400044)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242114563894739891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114563903128500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, companyId=1242114563894739891, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. College of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114563911517109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, companyId=1242114563894739891, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.北京航空航天大学交通科学与工程学院,北京 100081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242114565782176729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Classification of hybrid electric vehicle technologies, figureFileSmall=3TmwPXCp1MAzmERPNJg50g==, figureFileBig=LQhdlIMtMnbTshXN+vaG0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114565840896986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=CN, label=图1, caption=混合动力技术分类, figureFileSmall=3TmwPXCp1MAzmERPNJg50g==, figureFileBig=LQhdlIMtMnbTshXN+vaG0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114565987697627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Range-extended hybrid powertrain system, figureFileSmall=Y2OVG/8yCk9f5Rfy9Z+PCw==, figureFileBig=50Y+CvniPD5ITRomde7Olw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114566050612188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=CN, label=图2, caption=增程式混合动力系统, figureFileSmall=Y2OVG/8yCk9f5Rfy9Z+PCw==, figureFileBig=50Y+CvniPD5ITRomde7Olw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114566109332445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Parallel hybrid powertrain system of Volkswagen GTE, figureFileSmall=SoiOQTnVpJxj7F/+ERMrVQ==, figureFileBig=iQWW3+cFCpfzSOQhHKa3tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114566163858398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=CN, label=图3, caption=大众GTE系列并联式混合动力系统总成, figureFileSmall=SoiOQTnVpJxj7F/+ERMrVQ==, figureFileBig=iQWW3+cFCpfzSOQhHKa3tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114566222578655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Hybrid powertrain system of Toyota Prius, figureFileSmall=dh+aF4ilqC9kHfAoA//Evg==, figureFileBig=yWLW0AYaGjbi2QtO07uflQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114566285493216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=CN, label=图4, caption=丰田普锐斯混合动力系统总成, figureFileSmall=dh+aF4ilqC9kHfAoA//Evg==, figureFileBig=yWLW0AYaGjbi2QtO07uflQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114566340019169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Series-parallel hybrid powertrain system of GWM DHT, figureFileSmall=XDaM+ezhTedpFtDK9eH2Uw==, figureFileBig=FEC9t8DWAUhJ6ZbkDSBulA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114566402933731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=CN, label=图5, caption=长城柠檬DHT串并联式混合动力系统

DCDC:Direct Current to Direct Current,直流-直流变换器。

, figureFileSmall=XDaM+ezhTedpFtDK9eH2Uw==, figureFileBig=FEC9t8DWAUhJ6ZbkDSBulA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114566478431204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Exhaust gas recirculation engine (a) and dedicated engine (b), figureFileSmall=M6PwiH2hqecUhthQSuO6Qg==, figureFileBig=X++cVqN4Gy2eQQx4uDxGlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114566537151461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=CN, label=图6, caption=废气再循环发动机(a)与混动专用发动机(b), figureFileSmall=M6PwiH2hqecUhthQSuO6Qg==, figureFileBig=X++cVqN4Gy2eQQx4uDxGlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114566600066022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Electromechanical coupling device, figureFileSmall=Juyx5Kp3fGRQEVsaKpkmpQ==, figureFileBig=xgXbCFWU6AXFrm7pOnzn8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114566654591975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266760266638, language=CN, label=图7, caption=机电耦合装置, figureFileSmall=Juyx5Kp3fGRQEVsaKpkmpQ==, figureFileBig=xgXbCFWU6AXFrm7pOnzn8w==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1129340393107079197, delFlag=0, nameCn=前瞻科技, nameEn=Science and Technology Foresight, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=2097-0781, eissn=, cn=10-1786/N, coden=null, periodic=2, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=ti95jJIJzXaf02YNe1UF2A==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Sci Technol Fore, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=null, updatedTime=1757931223825, createdBy=null, updatedBy=15831073675, firstLetterCn=S, firstLetterEn=S, subjectCode=Natural Sciences, subjectName=自然科学, subjectCodeEn=Natural Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=ti95jJIJzXaf02YNe1UF2A==, picEn=cuGsq8KPhoqtfsQROuZvoQ==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1174411930946125939, language=CN, name=前瞻科技, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.qianzhankeji.cn/CN/2097-0781/home.shtml, createdTime=1757931223856, updatedTime=1757931223856, createdBy=15831073675, updatedBy=15831073675, submissionGuidelinesUrl=http://www.qianzhankeji.cn/CN/column/column7.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://qzkjauthor.cast.org.cn/webm/, submissionEditorUrl=https://qzkjeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, submissionReviewUrl=https://qzkjauthor.cast.org.cn/webm/, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://qzkjeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://qzkjeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1174411931076149364, language=EN, name=Science and Technology Foresight, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.qianzhankeji.cn/EN/2097-0781/home.shtml, createdTime=1757931223887, updatedTime=1757931223887, createdBy=15831073675, updatedBy=15831073675, submissionGuidelinesUrl=http://www.qianzhankeji.cn/EN/column/column7.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://qzkjauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://qzkjeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionReviewUrl=https://qzkjauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://qzkjeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://qzkjeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1146032081894723586, websiteList=[Website(id=1148243202353652128, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146032081894723586, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qzkj/CN, language=CN, createTime=1751692112768, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753516254852, updateBy=18614031015, name=《前瞻科技》中文站点, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=前瞻科技, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1148618977242275853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202353652128, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1751781704483, updateTime=1751781704483, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618977217110026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202353652128, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1751781704477, updateTime=1751781704477, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618977204527113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202353652128, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=skpCN5mVIzgEJbdUXu8/8A==, createTime=1751781704474, updateTime=1751781704474, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618977233887244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202353652128, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1751781704481, updateTime=1751781704481, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618977225498635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202353652128, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1751781704479, updateTime=1751781704479, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1155894377965830154, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146032081894723586, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qzkj/EN, language=EN, createTime=1753516295187, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753516295187, updateBy=18614031015, name=《前瞻科技》英文站点, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Science and Technology Foresight, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1155894740970233959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155894377965830154, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1753516381733, updateTime=1753516381733, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155894740953456740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155894377965830154, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1753516381729, updateTime=1753516381729, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155894740945068131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155894377965830154, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=skpCN5mVIzgEJbdUXu8/8A==, createTime=1753516381727, updateTime=1753516381727, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155894740966039654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155894377965830154, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1753516381732, updateTime=1753516381732, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155894740961845349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155894377965830154, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1753516381731, updateTime=1753516381731, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=前瞻科技, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=0, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Science and Technology Foresight, journalPhotoCn=ti95jJIJzXaf02YNe1UF2A==, journalPhotoEn=cuGsq8KPhoqtfsQROuZvoQ==, journalFirstLetter=S, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qzkj/CN/10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.003, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qzkj/EN/10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.003, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qzkj/CN/PDF/10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.003, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qzkj/EN/PDF/10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.003, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
车辆混合动力技术的最新进展与展望
收藏切换
PDF下载
王伟达 1 , 唐小林 2 , 董鹏 3 , 杨超 1 , 徐向阳 3
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(2): 33-45
收起
收藏切换
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(2): 33-45
车辆混合动力技术的最新进展与展望
全屏
王伟达1 , 唐小林2, 董鹏3, 杨超1, 徐向阳3
作者信息
  • 1.北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
  • 2.重庆大学机械与运载工程学院,重庆 400044
  • 3.北京航空航天大学交通科学与工程学院,北京 100081
  • 王伟达,教授,博士研究生导师。先进越野系统全国重点实验室副主任。中国汽车工程学会越野车技术分会主任委员,中国自动化学会车辆控制与智能化专业委员会委员,国家自然科学基金函评专家,Automotive Innovation等期刊客座编辑。主要从事车辆混合动力、车辆动力学与控制、多栖智能机动平台的理论研究、技术创新和装备研发工作。承担国家自然科学基金、国家部委重点预研项目、创新特区重点项目、国家部委基础产品创新科研项目、工业和信息化部民机专项等科研项目。参与研发大功率机电复合传动系统并主持控制系统研制,在型号中广泛应用。获得中国汽车工程学会技术发明一等奖13项(排1)、军事技术发明二等奖1项(排1)、国防科技进步一等奖1项(排5)。发表SCI论文60余篇,授权发明专利40余件。电子信箱:

通信作者:

Latest Advances and Prospects of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technologies
Weida WANG1 , Xiaolin TANG2, Peng DONG3, Chao YANG1, Xiangyang XU3
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2. College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
  • 3. College of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.003
文章导航
收藏切换

发展节能与新能源汽车是推动新一轮科技革命和产业变革的重要力量。混合动力车辆由于环境适应性强、能源供给多元、能量利用自由度多等突出优点,在未来很长时期内将与纯电动车辆共存发展,是建设制造强国的重要支撑。在深入分析车辆混合动力构型方案特点的基础上,分析了国内外混合动力技术的发展现状与技术研究水平,梳理了混合动力技术发展需求与技术特征,重点阐述了混合动力的核心部件与系统集成控制的关键技术,最后提出了混合动力技术的发展建议与展望。文章可为中国车辆混合动力技术路线发展与政策制定提供支撑参考。

车辆混合动力  /  发展现状  /  技术挑战  /  关键技术  /  发展目标

Developing energy-saving and new energy vehicles is an important force driving the next round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. Hybrid vehicles, with their strong environmental adaptability, diverse energy supply, and high degrees of freedom in energy utilization, will coexist with pure electric vehicles for a long time in the future and are an important support for building a manufacturing powerhouse. After studying the characteristics of hybrid vehicle configurations in depth, this paper analyzes the current status and technological research level of hybrid vehicles in China and abroad. It summarizes the development needs and technical features of hybrid vehicles and focuses on the key technologies of the core components and system integration control of hybrid vehicles. Finally, it puts forward the development suggestions and prospects of hybrid vehicles. This paper can provide support and reference for the development of hybrid vehicle technological routes and policy formulation in China.

hybrid electric vehicle  /  development status  /  technical challenge  /  key technology  /  development goal
王伟达, 唐小林, 董鹏, 杨超, 徐向阳. 车辆混合动力技术的最新进展与展望. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (2) : 33 -45 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.003
Weida WANG, Xiaolin TANG, Peng DONG, Chao YANG, Xiangyang XU. Latest Advances and Prospects of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technologies[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (2) : 33 -45 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.003
自“十二五”以来,中国节能与新能源车辆产业得到了快速发展。然而,目前纯电动车辆受到现有电池能量密度、快速充电等技术限制,在长途驾驶、快速充电、寒区环境等运行场景下的应用受到了制约。在这种背景下,混合动力车辆(Hybrid Electric Vehicle, HEV),包括插电式混合动力车辆(Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle, PHEV)成为解决纯电动车辆应用局限性的有效途径。混合动力车辆因其高效节能、续驶长久等优势,是传统燃油车辆节能化和新能源化的重要转变形式[1-2]。在民用领域,混合动力技术因为技术门槛更高,首先以美国、日本、欧盟等发展为主,但近年来中国施行的以电动化为主导的车辆发展路线已经实现对欧美等国以传统发动机为主导技术路线的反超,主要汽车厂商在电动化基础上广泛推出混合动力尤其是增程式混合动力版本,可有效克服纯电动力车辆的应用限制。在军用领域,混合动力兼具发动机动力、电驱及机电耦合驱动等多种动力传动形式,可适应未来坦克装甲车辆对高机动性和大功率用电的需求,世界各大军事强国均将混合动力系统视为装甲车辆动力来源的主要形式。因此,混合动力技术是融合传统燃油车与纯电动车优势,兼具动力强劲、燃油经济性优和续驶里程长等特点的一条长期技术路线,并非暂时的过渡方案,同时也是军用和民用车辆领域电动化变革的核心技术支撑。
混合动力技术是指在车辆动力系统中采用两种不同动力源的一种技术,更侧重于指油电混合动力。混合动力技术的产生是出于对传统车辆动力系统的改进和优化。传统车辆主要依赖发动机提供动力,但发动机在运行时会产生较高的油耗和排放。为了降低油耗和排放,人们开始探索使用其他动力源来辅助或替代发动机。电动机作为一种高效、清洁的动力源,逐渐成为混合动力技术的重要组成部分。通过将电动机与发动机相结合,形成了混合动力系统,实现了动力系统的优化和升级。混合动力车辆在行驶过程中可根据实际所需行驶功率,切换发动机与电机的工作方式,改善发动机工作点,回收制动能量,实现节能行驶。
当前混合动力系统在乘用车、商用车、特种车中得到了广泛应用。按照发动机与电机的机电耦合形式,可将车辆混合动力技术划分为串联式、并联式、功率分流(混联)式和串并联式(图1)。
自20世纪初,日本一直在全球民用汽车工业中扮演着重要的角色。从20世纪60年代中期开始,日本制定了一系列产业计划,以推动国内电动汽车的研发和推广。2007年5月,日本经济产业省发布了《下一代汽车及燃料计划》;2009年5月,日本环境省发布了《下一代汽车普及战略》;2010年4月,日本经济产业省正式发布了《下一代汽车战略2010》,其中包括总体规划、电池、基础设施等可操作性的行动计划,为日本新能源汽车产业的发展提供了宏观指导。2016年3月,日本经济产业省发布了《纯电动汽车与插电式混合动力车辆路线图》。2024年5月,日本经济产业省和环境省联合发布《碳足迹实用指南》,推动了日本混合动力低碳技术的发展,促进了混合动力技术产业链的协同降碳。自丰田普锐斯(Prius)全球首发以来,行星齿轮式功率分流混合动力系统成为日本混合动力系统技术路线的代表。2020年后,日本转向“氢电协同”战略,丰田Mirai氢燃料电池车与RAV4插电式混合动力车形成技术互补。
美国同样一直在努力推动混合动力车辆的发展。2008年,美国国会通过了《能源独立与安全法》,设立了一系列的经济激励措施,以鼓励消费者购买混合动力车辆。同时美国联邦政府提供了一系列财政激励措施,包括购车税收抵免、燃油经济性税收抵免和研发补贴等,以降低混合动力车辆的购车成本,并促进汽车制造商加大研发投入。美国环境保护署(Environmental Protection Agency, EPA)和国家高速公路交通安全管理局(National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, NHTSA)制定了燃油经济性标准。这促使汽车制造商增加混合动力车辆的生产以达到标准。美国的主要汽车制造商,如特斯拉公司、福特汽车公司、通用汽车公司等,均投资于混合动力和电动汽车的研发和生产,并推出了多款混合动力车型,以满足市场需求。
欧洲各国混合动力车辆的发展至今也经历了显著的技术进步和产品多样化。2009年,欧盟委员会颁布《清洁能源交通战略》,明确要求成员国制定混合动力车辆推广计划,德国随即推出《联邦政府国家电动汽车发展计划》,设立专项基金支持混合动力系统研发。2019年《欧洲绿色协议》提出2025年欧洲零排放以及低排放汽车保有量达到1 300万辆的目标,配套出台电池生产本土化政策,促成在瑞典建成32 GW·h超级电池工厂。2023年欧盟批准使用碳中性合成燃料的混合动力车在2035年后继续销售,这为保时捷eFuels等项目提供了政策出口。当前欧洲混合动力技术呈现3条并行路线:以大众集团为代表的插电式混合动力路线,其新一代插电式混合动力系统纯电续航已达100 km;以Stellantis集团为主导的48 V轻混路线,覆盖标致、欧宝等平价品牌;以保时捷为核心的合成燃料混合动力路线。
发展新能源车辆是中国从汽车大国迈向汽车强国的必由之路,是应对气候变化、推动绿色发展的战略举措[1]。2001年,国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)提出发展混合动力车辆。2009年,《汽车产业调整和振兴规划》提出了推动新能源汽车发展的目标,并鼓励发展混合动力车辆技术。2012年,《关于加快推进新能源汽车产业发展的若干意见》提出了混合动力车辆的发展方向和政策措施,重点支持并鼓励混合动力车辆技术的研发和应用。2015年,《新能源汽车产业发展规划(2015—2020年)》进一步加强了混合动力车辆的发展目标,并提出了加强混合动力车辆技术研发和示范应用的政策支持。2021年,《关于调整新能源汽车推广应用财政补贴政策的通知》调整了新能源汽车财政补贴政策,进一步提高了对混合动力车辆的补贴门槛和标准,鼓励技术创新和示范应用[2]。这些政策的实施以及企业、高校、研究所等单位的努力,促使混合动力车辆产业取得了显著的发展。发展混合动力车辆是中国从汽车大国迈向汽车强国的必由之路,是应对气候变化、推动绿色发展的战略举措。在国内混合动力车辆发展初期,由于此时在高效率混合动力专用发动机领域仍属空白,专用混合动力变速器技术路线尚不清晰,国内混合动力系统与国外丰田汽车公司、本田技研工业株式会社等公司的混合动力系统存在较大差距。随着“十三五”规划对混合动力车辆发展的大力支持,并提出进一步加强混合动力车辆技术研发和示范应用的政策支持,中国混合动力技术的发展进入了“追赶并反超”的全新阶段。
总体来说,目前中国混动系统已经完成了电动化转型升级,随着智能网联、智能能量管理、智能控制等技术的发展,未来智能化技术深度应用将赋能混合动力技术发展。
受限于产业现状、电池等关键技术的发展与技术瓶颈约束、基础设施建设、地域气候等原因,多种类型的混合动力系统在适应不同车型方面展现出了广泛的应用潜力。
串联式混合动力技术可追溯至20世纪坦克的研发。坦克的诞生顺应了第一次世界大战的作战需求,一经推出,各国都纷纷效仿。为了追求强大的火力和厚重的装甲,法国雷诺公司(Renault)研制出了一款重达70 t的重型坦克。由于机械尺寸和承载能力的限制,这款坦克采用了由发动机驱动的发电机的电传动技术。在第二次世界大战中,德国的鼠式超重型坦克限于机械装置的传动能力,也采用这种电传动形式。20世纪后期,由于电池技术的出现与进步,搭载动力电池的串联混合动力系统应运而生。典型的串联式混合动力技术主要用于特种车辆如重型军用车辆,配合电驱动轮的峰值转矩特性,能够大幅提升军用车辆的加速性能与爬坡能力。其配备的电池组可以维持车辆一定距离的纯电动行驶,使车辆具备静默行驶、隐蔽前进等执行特殊任务的能力。随着电力电子技术及混合动力专用发动机技术的发展,增程式混合动力技术应运而生。此类车型本质仍为串联构型,但电气化程度更高(图2)。例如,理想汽车于2018年10月推出的智能电动中大型SUV(Suburban Utility Vehicle)理想ONE,搭载领先的增程技术,区别于日产的e-POWER增程式混合动力系统搭载小电池的构型,在此款车型中采用了大容量动力电池,有效解决了里程焦虑痛点,用时也保证了良好的驾乘感受,因此成为2020年中国新能源SUV市场销量冠军。
串联式混合动力系统结构简单,具有自重轻、故障率低、输出功率大的优点,但由于能量多次转换,总体效率较低,发电电动最高效率区也只有80%左右[3]。串联式混合动力系统需要使发动机长时间工作在最优工作点以提高燃油利用效率,可以输出较大的功率,一般用于重型车辆。而增程式混合动力系统主要工作在纯电模式,避免了能量多次转换带来了损失,提升了总体运行效率,并且驾乘体验更接近于纯电车辆、行驶平顺性好、噪声较小。但受增程器功率限制,在混合动力模式下动力性不足,高速性能较差,因此一般用于轻型车辆。
并联式混合动力系统是指将发动机和电机两套独立的驱动系统并联连接的动力系统,其在低速区动力性更强,高速区经济性更佳,在高速行驶、长途旅行、急加速等高动力需求场景中表现出色[4]
国内外众多混合动力车型均采用此类构型。奥迪A3 e-tron 搭载了1.4 TFSI发动机与电动机的组合,通过全新设计的六速变速器实现动力连接。在发动机和电动机的协同驱动下,奥迪A3 e-tron可实现150 kW的最大系统功率和350 N·m的最大输出扭矩。大众GTE系列是大众汽车推出的并联式混合动力车型(图3)。例如迈腾GTE搭载了1.4 T涡轮增压发动机和电动机,配备了DQ400E双离合变速箱,与电机采用集成式设计。混合动力模式下续驶里程可达数百公里。
此外,并联式混合动力系统由于其扭矩叠加可以提供强大的动力,以及稳定、快速的转矩响应,在越野车辆上的应用也颇具优势[5]。例如,雷克萨斯LX700h配备了专为越野设计的全新并联式混合动力系统,将电动机与离合器集成在3.5 L V6双涡轮增压发动机上,搭配十速自动变速器,峰值扭矩可达790 N‧m。
但这种构型也存在一些弊端,由于发动机与驱动轮机械连接,发动机无法总是工作在高效区域,而当电池电量不足时,电机和电池的重量增加了车辆负载,反而使油耗增加。
功率分流式混合动力系统是指采用功率分流装置将发动机产生的功率分流为机械功率和电功率的动力系统。丰田Prius是这一构型最经典、最成功的案例(图4)。目前,日本丰田汽车公司针对Prius系列分别于1997、2003、2009、2015和2022年发布了5代产品。截至2024年,Prius销量已超过800万辆[6]。受限于专用混合动力发动机和专用变速器技术,中国功率分流式混合动力技术主要体现在应用于军用车辆的机电复合传动系统。在“十五”期间,中国研发出一款采用机电复合传动方案的混合动力轻型履带试验样车,完成了3 000 km实车道路试验。在后续的研制计划期间,北京理工大学与中国北方车辆研究所分别提出了混联式和串联式方案,考虑履带车辆特殊的转向形式和转向力矩需求,混联式是功率分流式功率传递结合零差速式转向机构,串联式是发电电动功率传递结合机电耦合转向机构来满足转向工况的更大力矩需求。机电复合式混合动力系统成为中国军用重型高机动车辆的主要技术方案。
功率分流式构型结合了串联式和并联式构型的优点,其显著特点是采用行星齿轮耦合机构来代替传统的变速器。得益于行星齿轮机构的存在,发动机的扭矩和转速可以自由控制,而不受行驶条件的影响,从而使发动机能够在高效区稳定运行。功率分流式混合动力集成了机械传动的优势,适用于轻型到重型的各类车辆。但其结构相对复杂,设计制造难度大,运行需要复杂的功率管理和控制系统,通过优化功率分配实现运行稳定和最佳燃油效率。
串并联式混合动力系统构型是指在串联构型的基础上,通过增加一组离合器实现发动机和驱动端直连,发动机与驱动电机之间可以切换串并联两种模式的动力系统。其中多挡位多模式串并联混动系统通过引入多种挡位和工作模式,有效提升了系统能量调节自由度。
2013年上海汽车集团股份有限公司发布了混动系统第一代“上汽EDU混动系统”。这款串并联构型的混合动力系统在保证较低油耗的同时,扩大了发动机的经济工作区域。2016年湖南科力远新能源股份有限公司推出了CHS(China Hybrid System)混合动力系统。2017年,广州汽车集团股份有限公司公布了旗下第一代混合动力变速器“GMC 1.0”。长城汽车股份有限公司在2020年发布了新一代柠檬混合动力专用变速箱(Dedicated Hybrid Transmission, DHT)技术。该技术覆盖HEV/PHEV两种动力架构,可实现纯电行驶、并联驱动等多种工作模式(图5)。搭载柠檬混动DHT技术的车型能够实现亏电行驶油耗均低于5 L/100 km。奇瑞汽车股份有限公司在2023年发布了针对全域动力架构的鲲鹏动力。鲲鹏DHT能实现单/双电机驱动、增程、并联等9种工作模式,数据显示其最高传动效率大于97.6%,亏电模式节油率大于50%[7]
这种系统结构结合了串联式与并联式构型的优点,其优势在于结构相对简单(相比混联式),可以更灵活地响应不同驾驶条件下的能量需求,从而优化能源利用效率,进一步释放了混动系统的节能潜力。缺点是串联和并联式本身的技术局限。
此外,分布式驱动混合动力技术也是混合动力技术的重要组成部分,其本质上是一种串联式混合动力技术。分布式驱动系统由多个电机分别驱动相应的驱动轮,可以提供较大的转矩,从而满足车辆在高负载或复杂路况下的动力需求。并且分布式驱动可以独立控制每个电机,优化轮胎附着力的分配,实现更精细、稳定的车辆动力学控制。分布式驱动混合动力系统具有大转矩输出、越野能力强、降低传动系统占用空间利于整车布置等突出优势,但成本高、燃油效率低、簧下质量大,主要应用于轮式装甲车辆、多轴运载车辆、矿用汽车等特种重载车辆,部分高端越野汽车也采用了分布式电驱动。
混合动力技术作为车辆科技领域的重要革新,尽管经过多年的发展,一些技术难题被攻克,但仍面临如下挑战。
第一,目前传统发动机由于要兼顾全工况综合性能,能量转换效率较低,亟需混合动力系统专用的高效、低排放的发动机。第二,混合动力系统电机技术是实现车辆行驶稳定、驾驶平顺的关键技术。第三,机电耦合装置是混合动力系统的核心关键,直接决定了系统的耦合方式、功率传递路径、调配方式、传递效率与可靠性等,设计与制造难度大,对总体工业技术水平要求很高。第四,不同于传统动力,混合动力系统的电机、电池、电控系统在很大程度上决定了整车的性能,需要高效的能量管理与热管理技术。当前受限于信息获取、工况预测、算法水平、芯片算力与通信机制等诸多工程问题,能量管理与热管理策略的进一步优化和实用化亟需加强。
混合动力技术作为未来车辆发展的一种重要方向,需要的关键技术包括混合动力专用发动机、混合动力电机、混合动力机电耦合装置、高效能量管理策略和热管理技术。
高效能混合动力发动机的研发及应用是解决混合动力系统能源利用率低和排放污染的主要技术方案[7]。该技术方案得益于对多项关键技术的灵活运用,包括阿特金森循环/米勒循环技术、低压废气再循环技术、转子发动机技术。
19世纪末,英国工程师詹姆期·阿特金森通过设计复杂的机械结构来改变压缩、膨胀行程的长短,提高发动机热效率。基于此制造出的发动机在特定工作区域内具有较高的热效率。米勒循环是通过另外一种思路实现,它是通过提前关闭进气门的技术,让进气冲程少进入空气,使混合气行程小于做功冲程气缸行程,释放完整做功冲程行程,进而提升发动机的热效率[8]
低压废气再循环技术是将废气引入进气管,与新鲜空气一同进入缸内混合,提高了缸内气体的总热容,降低了缸内燃烧温度,从而减少了氮氧化物的排放[9]。应用此技术的发动机(图6)通过废气再循环系统的优化,减少发动机在中低负荷工况下的进气损失,同时也降低了氮氧化物的排放[10-11]
此外,转子发动机在混合动力专用发动机中的应用越来越受到关注。转子发动机由于自身结构特性,具备体积小、升功率大和重量轻的优点。相比传统的往复式发动机,转子发动机可以实现更稳定的动力输出与较小的噪音。而作为混合动力专用发动机不需长时间工作,避免了因转子磨损导致发动机寿命较短的问题[12]
总体来说,高效混合动力专用发动机从最初的混合动力概念到现代化的燃油经济性和排放控制要求,其技术不断演进。随着电动技术和燃料电池技术的成熟,高效混合动力专用发动机在整车系统中的地位日益重要。
电机是混合动力系统的关键部件之一。混合动力电机技术关乎混合动力系统的运行性能和工作效率。目前,混合动力电机关键技术主要包括高速电机技术、电机无位传感器控制技术和电机减振控制技术。
高速电机具有转速高、功率密度高、体积小、传动效率高、噪声小、响应速度快等特点[13]。这些特点使得高速电机在混合动力系统中受到了广泛应用。高速电机关键技术主要包括冷却、转子结构等关键技术。为了实现高功率密度,发热和冷却是高速电机必须要面对的重要问题。在有强风可利用的场景下,通常采用内强迫风冷的方式,在无强风的应用环境中,采用最多的是内油冷方式。转子结构方面,高速电机的转子结构必须要克服离心应力,一般在“高速”的范围内采用金属护套,在“超高速”的范围内采用碳纤维缠绕,或者将转子做成实心一体结构[14]
电机无位传感器控制技术是混合动力电机控制的关键技术之一[15]。传统的电机控制技术依赖于位置传感器来检测电机转子的位置,但这种方法存在精度不高、易受干扰等问题,且增加了系统成本和维护难度[16]。而电机无位传感器控制技术在电机中不安装位置传感器,仅凭借电机自身的反电动势信号或其他电气信号来检测和控制电机转子的位置。通过建立电机的数学模型,估算电机转子的位置和角度,并通过自适应控制算法进行实时调整,实现较高的控制精度和稳定性[17]
混合动力车辆高速运行过程中,驱动电机的高转频使系统的振动频率范围变宽,容易引起系统共振,加剧电机的振动、噪声等问题。由于混合动力系统的电机扭矩响应特性、结构形式等与传统燃油车辆动力系统有较大差异,目前主要采用建立电机的振动预测模型、注入谐波电流、增加转矩环和改进电机脉冲宽度调制(Pulse Width Modulation, PWM)控制策略等,从而降低电机的输出转矩脉动,实现电机的振动抑制[18]
随着混合动力车辆的广泛应用,电机的控制精度不足、振动较大的问题给混合动力系统转矩高精度控制、能量高效利用带来了全新挑战。
机电耦合装置是耦合机械驱动、电力驱动、变速调节并将耦合后的总动力进行再分配的部件,是混合动力系统的关键零部件(图7)。
按动力耦合方式进行分类,机电耦合装置可以分为转矩耦合装置、转速耦合装置和功率耦合装置。转矩耦合装置可以将多个动力源的线性耦合转矩传递给驱动轮,而转速则保持一定的比例关系,不可独立控制。由于转矩耦合装置较为简单实用,目前国内对于转矩耦合装置的设计制造已经发展到比较成熟的阶段。
类似地,转速耦合装置则可以不同动力源转速的耦合作为输出转速,而其转矩不可独立控制。常见的转速耦合装置有行星齿轮机构和双转子电机[19]。转速耦合装置的优点在于可以通过调节电机转速实现整车的无级变速,但这种耦合方式转矩偏小,仅适合轻载且负荷变化小的微型汽车,因此目前市面少有搭载转速耦合装置的混合动力系统。
功率耦合装置则同时结合了转矩耦合和转速耦合的优点,使各个动力源的转矩与转速都能够实现单独控制,其中最典型的代表便是丰田普锐斯混合动力系统(Toyota Hybrid System, THS)中的单行星排机电耦合机构。
增程器和混合动力专用变速箱是不同混合动力构型中两类重要的机电耦合装置。常见的增程器总成是由发动机、发电机和控制器组成。三者简单的组合导致增程器体积和重量较大,无法满足混合动力系统集成化和轻量化的发展趋势。为了实现整车轻量化的目标,可以采用发动机、发电机及其控制器三合一集成设计。该方案可以极大缩减增程器的长度,减小增程器总成体积和重量,同时能有效改善增程器性能[20]
混合动力专用变速箱的集成开发也受到国内各大汽车企业的青睐。混合动力专用变速器是通过集成1个或多个电动机到变速器中形成带电动机的自动变速器系统,加上发动机输入后即可实现混合驱动的功能。专用混合动力变速器由于电机的存在,可以帮助发动机运行在经济区,使混合动力系统的档位数可以适当减少,因此其结构也就相对简单,占用的空间也较小。
总体来说,混合动力系统的机电耦合装置正朝着结构集成化、功能全面化、控制智能化的方向迈进,中国需要抓住此机遇,实现混合动力系统机电耦合装置这一核心技术的完全国产化。通过国产化的混合动力系统机电耦合装置,中国汽车产业能够降低对进口零部件的依赖,提高产品的竞争力和市场份额。同时,这也将降低对传统燃油的依赖,减少尾气的排放,为环境保护及可持续发展目标的实现作出积极贡献。
混合动力系统需要性能优越的控制策略优化各能源系统之间的能量分配,从而实现最佳的能耗控制效果。能量管理策略是混合动力系统的关键技术,能够直接决定混合动力系统的工况效率,对提升整车经济性具有决定性的作用。能量管理策略可分为3类:基于规则、基于优化、基于学习的能量管理策略 [21]
基于规则的能量管理策略是目前工程实践领域应用最为广泛的能量管理策略,该策略通过制定一系列规则来确定车辆每个时刻的控制动作,通常不需要提前了解驾驶工况,其规则的制定往往是依据于工程经验。规则型能量管理策略的主要优点是简单实用,便于实时控制;局限性在于过于依赖工程经验和已有的静态数据,其灵活性较差,难以适用于多个不同的工况[22]
基于优化的能量管理策略,可以分为基于瞬时优化、滚动优化、全局优化。基于瞬时优化的策略结合当前时刻的车辆状态和工况信息,通过以最小化混合动力系统的瞬时等效油耗、排放等为优化目标进行优化,获得混合动力系统最优控制量。等效燃油消耗最小策略是一种典型的瞬时优化能量管理策略。瞬时优化策略的优势在于不需要预知车辆工况信息,能够在每个控制周期内对系统的能量分配进行瞬时优化,相比基于规则的能量管理策略,瞬时优化策略能够显著提升车辆的燃油经济性。但其实现的是一种局部最优,无法保证车辆在行驶过程中的总能耗最低[23]
基于滚动优化的能量管理策略通过在每一时刻根据当前的预测模型和系统状态,求解一个有限时域内的局部最优控制序列。这个最优控制序列只执行第1个控制指令,在下一个时刻根据更新后的系统状态重新预测并求解新的最优控制序列。模型预测控制是一种典型的滚动优化能量管理策略。滚动优化策略能够在每个采样时刻求解预测时域内的局部最优控制序列,从而在一定程度上逼近全局最优解。但其计算复杂,在计算资源受限的情况下实时性难以保证,并且其性能受预测模型精度影响较大。
基于全局优化的能量管理策略是一种求解整个行驶循环工况内的最优解的能量管理策略。典型的全局优化能量管理策略包括动态规划、庞特里亚金极小值原理和遗传算法等。由于全局优化策略需要提前预知整体工况信息并且计算量十分巨大,一般用作验证的基准策略[24]
此外,得益于人工智能与机器学习技术的发展,学习型能量管理策略(如强化学习、深度强化学习等方法)因自适应性强、优化性和实时性好的优势也在能量管理策略中得到了较为广泛的应用[25]。近年来尤其是基于强化学习的策略,引起了广泛的关注。强化学习通过与真实车辆或车辆模拟的交互学习来提升动力传动系统的性能,其无需精确模型即可处理非线性、高维度问题,适用于如燃油经济性、排放、电池寿命等多目标协同优化,并可通过在线学习适应动态工况。
混合动力能量管理策略的实际应用具有系统性强、协同性广、高度复杂等特征,受限于多源信息的获取、未来驾驶工况的预测、芯片算力与通信机制等诸多工程问题[26]。因此,未来不仅需要算法原理的创新,也需要基础设施、通信设备等多方资源协同建设规划,推动混合车辆能量管理技术的发展。
混合动力系统热管理技术对于提升系统性能和整车驾乘体验具有重要意义。针对电机的热管理是混合动力车热管理技术的重要内容。
大多数电机失效都是由于电机过热导致的,因此需要对电机热动力学和能量管理策略进行集成控制。为了防止电机出现过热的现象,可以通过控制电机扭矩保证电机温度处于安全范围[27]。绝缘栅双极型晶体管(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor, IGBT)温度管理技术也是提高热可靠性的关键技术。例如,在目标函数中考虑IGBT温度,构建预测能量管理框架,在预测时域内采用优化方法对目标函数进行优化,以获取最优的能量分配。此外,随着先进流体控制技术与智能传感技术的发展,冷却润滑流量技术也逐渐应用于电机热管理。通过结合驾驶员信息和动力总成系统的系统温度确定冷却润滑油液流量,从而控制油泵转速以实现电机温度的精确控制。
当前,热管理的主要方法集中于在车载设备层上实施。然而,随着混合动力系统的发展,整车热管理相关零部件数量骤增、系统之间关联融合度提升、热管理控制对象更加复杂,并且还需要考虑各种条件的约束和限制、耗散热量的再利用等。因此,推动整车热管理系统的精细化、多样化、智能化控制,将成为混合动力系统热管理技术未来发展的重要方向。
混合动力技术未来重点发展方向包括:① 改善纯电车型里程焦虑的增程式混合动力技术;② 提高机电转换效率,实现发动机工作点优化的串并联式混合动力技术;③ 综合技术水平最高,对保持产业完整性具有重要意义,并且在特种车辆领域有重要应用的混联式混合动力技术。因此,在实施“碳达峰与碳中和”目标和提倡节能降耗的大背景下,混合动力也成了燃油车升级转型的必然选择,混合动力技术将长期存在。2020年,中国汽车工程学会发布了《节能与新能源汽车技术路线图2.0》,指出电动化、网联化、智能化成为汽车产业的发展潮流和趋势,提出了面向2035年中国汽车产业发展的六大目标,包括新能源汽车(含混合动力汽车)将逐渐成为主流产品,汽车产业基本实现电动化转型;混合动力新车到2035年要占传统能源车的100%,实现全面混动化[28-29]。为了深入贯彻实施节能与新能源汽车国家发展战略,提出以下发展建议。
1)考虑混合动力车辆在全球市场上的日益普及与需求增长,国家层面的战略推动将成为加速国内混合动力技术革新与产业升级的关键。因此,建议政府相关部门加大对混合动力系统的研发与生产的政策扶持力度,以科技引领和市场导向相结合,推动混合动力车辆成为中国汽车工业可持续发展的重要支柱[30]
2)为促进混合动力技术的全面发展并确保其环境效益的最大化,应构建一套全面的全周期碳足迹评估体系,以科学量化混合动力汽车从生产、使用到报废回收各阶段的环境影响[31]。纯电动车辆采用发动机增程技术是解决当下电池问题的重要手段,但增程器需要进行专门的研制与匹配。在此基础上,推动实施“油电同权”政策,确保混合动力车辆与纯电动车辆在税收、路权、停车优惠等公共政策领域享有同等待遇。
3)加大对混合动力专用发动机(包括增程器用发动机)与混合动力机电耦合装置(包括专用变速器)两大关键核心部件的研发力度。尤其注重多挡变速器与功率分流技术带来高能效、低油耗、平顺性好的技术优势,不断提升系统的集成度、可靠性、传动效率、性价比,推动传统机械工业体系和机械制造技术发展。同时,及时抓住智能网联的时代趋势,在电动化的基础上重点发展智能化技术在混合动力系统中的应用,对于保证国家机电工业体系协调发展,保持混合动力车辆产业链韧性和完整性,具有重大战略意义。
4)加强关键基础部件的研发与战略布局,深入研究和开发高效能、高可靠性的逆变器、直流-直流转换器、功率半导体等关键电力电子器件,显著提升混合动力系统的能量转换效率与整体性能,进而推动中国混合动力汽车产业迈向更高层次的技术进步与产业升级。
5)高度重视并切实加强相关基础研究。应加大对车辆混合动力技术领域基础研究的投入力度,鼓励科研机构与高校深化合作,聚焦混合动力系统内在机理、关键组件优化设计和整体能效等技术难题,开展系统性、前瞻性的探索与研究。通过构建坚实的理论基础与技术支持体系,为混合动力技术的产业化发展提供强有力的科学支撑,进而引领中国在全球混合动力技术竞争中占据领先地位。
经过十几年的追赶,中国的车辆混合动力技术已经具备与其他国家同台竞技的实力,部分技术甚至已经处于世界领先。目前,中国车辆工业正在快速完成电动化转型,混合动力技术应用将更为广泛,随着智能网联、智能能量管理、智能控制等技术的发展,混合动力的三电系统将实现小型化、轻量化,损耗更少、成本更低;混合动力系统将通过智能调节发动机介入时机、定制发动机和匹配发动机工作点来获得更高扭矩、更低油耗;车人、车路、车云之间的数据将实现实时互通,通过使用工况综合优化进一步提升燃油经济性、降低排放。总体来说,混合动力车辆在续航、节能等方面有不可替代的优势,未来智能化技术将深度赋能混合动力技术发展,混合动力技术也会在未来取得更广阔的应用前景。
  • 国家自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金项目(52322217)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展十四个五年规划和二〇三五远景目标的建议[A/OL]. (2020-11-03). http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2020-11/03/content_5556991.htm.
The CPC Central Committee's proposals for formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021—2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035[A/OL]. (2020-11-03). http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2020-11/03/content_5556991.htm.
[2]
国务院办公厅. 关于印发《新能源汽车产业发展规划(2021—2035年)》的通知[A/OL]. (2020-11-02). https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2020-11/02/content_5556716.htm.
General Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China. Circular of the general office of the state council on printing and lssuingthe development plan of new energy automobile industry (2021—2035)[A/OL]. (2020-11-02). https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2020-11/02/content_5556716.htm.
[3]
Ehsan M, Gao Y M, Emadi A. 现代电动汽车、混合动力电动汽车和燃料电池车——基本原理、理论和设计[M]. 倪光正, 倪培宏, 熊素铭, 译. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2010.
Ehsan M, Gao Y M, Emadi A. Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles[M]. Ni G Z, Ni P H, Xiong S M, trans. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2010. (in Chinese)
[4]
Guo R, Xue X, Sun Z Y, et al. Clustered energy management strategy of plug-In hybrid electric logistics vehicle based on Gaussian mixture model and stochastic dynamic programming[J]. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 2023, 9(2): 3177-3191.
[5]
Velimirović L Z, Janjić A, Vranić P, et al. Determining the optimal route of electric vehicle using a hybrid algorithm based on fuzzy dynamic programming[J]. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 2023, 31(2): 609-618.
[6]
吉利雷神混动技术解析:三挡变速好,好在哪?[EB/OL]. 2022-08-03). https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1740026558531364577&wfr=spider&for=pc
Geely Thor hybrid powertrain technology analysis: what's so good about the three-speed transmission?[EB/OL]. 2022-08-03). https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1740026558531364577&wfr=spider&for=pc. (in Chinese)
[7]
Pan S, Wang J, Huang Z. Development of 1.5 L Dedicated Hybrid Engine with 42.6% Brake Thermal Efficiency[R]. SAE Technical Paper, 2021.
[8]
Gonca G. Comparative performance analyses of irreversible OMCE (Otto Miller cycle engine)-DiMCE (Diesel miller cycle engine)-DMCE (Dual Miller cycle engine)[J]. Energy, 2016, 109: 152-159.
[9]
Yu X M, Zhao Z, Huang Y, et al. Experimental study on the effects of EGR on combustion and emission of an SI engine with gasoline port injection plus ethanol direct injection[J]. Fuel, 2021, 305, 121421, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121421.
[10]
新款比亚迪宋Pro于4月12日上市搭骁云1.5T发动机[EB/OL]. (2021-04-06). https://k.sina.com.cn/article_2298836177_890574d102000ujt3.html
The new BYD Song Pro was launched on April 12th, equipped with the Xioayun 1.5T engine[EB/OL]. (2021-04-06). https://k.sina.com.cn/article_2298836177_890574d102000ujt3.html. (in Chinese)
[11]
吉利雷神混动发动机DHE15荣获“中国心”十佳发动机[EB/OL].(2021-11-08). https://www.pcauto.com.cn/qcbj/2723/27234311.html.
The dedicated engine DHE15 of Geely Group has won the title of “top ten engines of Chinese heart”[EB/OL]. ( 2021-11-08). https://www.pcauto.com.cn/qcbj/2723/27234311.html. (in Chinese)
[12]
Li Q Y, Liu J P, Fu J Q, et al. Comparative study on the pumping losses between continuous variable valve lift (CVVL) engine and variable valve timing (VVT) engine[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 137: 710-720.
[13]
Zhen X D, Wang Y, Liu D M. Bio-butanol as a new generation of clean alternative fuel for SI (spark ignition) and CI (compression ignition) engines[J]. Renewable Energy, 2020, 147: 2494-2521.
[14]
Chen Z M, Zhang T C, Wang X C, et al. A comparative study of combustion performance and emissions of dual-fuel engines fueled with natural gas/methanol and natural gas/gasoline[J]. Energy, 2021, 237, 121586, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.121586.
[15]
Yi C Y, Hofmann H, Epureanu B I. Energy efficient platooning of connected electrified vehicles enabled by a mixed hybrid electric powertrain architecture[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2022, 23(11): 20383-20397.
[16]
范婧, 勾鹤, 徐晓曦, . 超重型混合动力车辆机电复合制动系统技术[J]. 车辆与动力技术, 2024(1): 22-28.
Fan J, Gou H, Xu X X, et al. Electro-mechanical composite braking system technology for ultra-heavy duty hybrid vehicles[J]. Vehicle & Power Technology, 2024(1): 22-28. (in Chinese)
[17]
Zhao Z G, Tang P, Li H D. Generation, screening, and optimization of powertrain configurations for power-split hybrid electric vehicle: A comprehensive overview[J]. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 2022, 8(1): 325-344.
[18]
Yang C, Zha M J, Wang W D, et al. Motor-temperature-aware predictive energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using rolling game optimization[J]. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 2021, 7(4): 2209-2223.
[19]
Yang L Q, Wang W D, Yang C, et al. Online mixed-integer optimal energy management strategy for connected hybrid electric vehicles[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 374, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133908.
[20]
Yang C, Wang M Y, Wang W D, et al. A power preconditioning-based power flow predictive control strategy for hybrid electric vehicle using fast iteration optimization algorithm[J]. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2024, 29(2): 1465-1476.
[21]
Li L, Coskun S, Langari R, et al. Incorporated vehicle lateral control strategy for stability and enhanced energy saving in distributed drive hybrid bus[J]. Applied Soft Computing, 2021, 111, doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2021.107617.
[22]
西蒙娜·奥诺里, 洛伦佐·塞拉奥, 乔治·里佐尼. 混合动力汽车能量管理策略[M]. 胡晓松, 唐小林,刘腾, 译. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2020.
Onori S, Serrao L, Rizzoni G. Hybrid electric vehicles energy management strategies[M]. Hu X S, Tang X L,Liu T, trans trans. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2020. (in Chinese)
[23]
刘桓龙. 电液混合动力系统关键技术及能量管理研究综述[J]. 西南交通大学学报, 2024, 59(3):600-614.
Liu H L. Summary of research on key technologies and energy management of electro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain[J]. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 2024, 59(3):600-614. (in Chinese)
[24]
齐春阳, 宋传学, 宋世欣, . 基于逆强化学习的混合动力汽车能量管理策略研究[J]. 汽车工程, 2023, 45(10): 1954-1964, 1974.
Qi C Y, Song C X, Song S X, et al. Research on energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicles based on inverse reinforcement learning[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2023, 45(10): 1954-1964, 1974. (in Chinese)
[25]
Ganesh A H, Xu B. A review of reinforcement learning based energy management systems for electrified powertrains: Progress, challenge, and potential solution[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2022, 154, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111833.
[26]
长安汽车发布新一代超集电驱,首款战略车型C385亮相[EB/OL]. (2021-08-24). https://www.diandong.com/news/157220.html
Changan Automobile released its new generation of ultra-integrated electric drive system, and the first strategic model C385 made its debut[EB/OL]. (2021-08-24). https://www.diandong.com/news/157220.html. (in Chinese)
[27]
桂经良, 贾艳艳, 陈国涛, . 一种混合动力总成及其控制方法: CN201811142841.0[P]. 2020-08-21.
Gui J L, Jia Y Y, Chen G T, et al. A hybrid powertrain and its control method: CN201811142841.0[P]. 2020-08-21.
[28]
陈希, 周之光, 孟凡磊. 变速箱和混合动力总成: CN216401146U[P]. 2022-04-29.
Chen X, Zhou Z G, Meng F L. Transmission and hybrid powertrain: CN216401146U[P]. 2022-04-29.
[29]
中国汽车工程学会. 节能与新能源汽车技术路线图2.0[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2020.
China Society of Automotive Engineers. Technology roadmap of energy-saving and new energy vehicles 2.0[M]. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2020-12-01. (in Chinese)
[30]
李克强. 我看智能网联汽车十年发展[J]. 智能网联汽车, 2022(3): 6-9.
Li K Q. My perspective on the development of intelligent connected vehicles over the past decade[J]. Intelligent Connected Vehicles, 2022(3): 6-9.
[31]
李克强, 李家文, 常雪阳, . 智能网联汽车云控系统原理及其典型应用[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2020, 11(3): 261-275.
Li K Q, Li J W, Chang X Y, et al. Principles and typical applications of cloud control system for intelligent and connected vehicles[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2020, 11(3): 261-275.
2025年第4卷第2期
PDF下载
2378
1207
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.003
  • 接收时间:2024-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
  • 发布时间:2025-06-26
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-12-15
  • 修回日期:2025-03-04
基金
国家自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金项目(52322217)
作者信息
    1.北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
    2.重庆大学机械与运载工程学院,重庆 400044
    3.北京航空航天大学交通科学与工程学院,北京 100081

通讯作者:

参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qzkj/CN/10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.003
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏