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Marine economy has become one of the important pillars of global economic development. However, the high temperature, humidity, salt mist, and intense radiation in the South China Sea cause severe corrosion of marine engineering materials and equipment in service. Titanium alloys, with their low density, high specific strength, and excellent corrosion resistance, are the preferred materials for marine engineering equipment. However, the high application costs severely restrict their widespread application. Reducing the application costs of titanium in marine environments has become a key focus for the development of marine titanium alloys. This article reviewed the progress of low-cost titanium applications both in China and abroad, focusing on two aspects of low-cost extraction and reduced usage of titanium. It analyzed three low-cost titanium extraction technologies: the FFC process, the OS process, and the USTB process. The article also outlined three approaches for reducing titanium usage: titanium-steel thermomechanical composites, high-energy beam preparation of titanium alloy coatings, and titanium-steel ultrasonic composites. It envisioned a development model for the large-scale and low-cost application of marine titanium alloys and offered targeted suggestions for advancing basic research, conducting product application studies, strengthening talent cultivation and recruitment, and enhancing industry, university, and research collaboration and technology transfer, so as to promote the overall enhancement and high-quality development of China’s marine titanium alloy industry.

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海洋经济已成为全球经济发展的重要支柱之一。南海海洋环境的高温、高湿、高盐雾、强辐照,导致海洋工程材料和装备服役出现严重的腐蚀问题。钛合金具有低密度、高比强度、高耐蚀性等突出优点,是海洋工程装备的优选材料,但昂贵的应用成本严重制约了其应用拓展。如何降低钛在海洋领域的应用成本已成为海洋钛合金发展的重点。文章从钛的低成本提取和钛的减量使用两个方面,回顾了国内外钛的低成本应用研究进展,剖析了3种钛的低成本提取技术,概述了钛钢热机复合工程、高能束流制备钛合金涂层和钛钢超声复合3种钛的减量使用技术途径,展望了海洋钛合金低成本规模化应用的发展模式,针对性提出了深化基础研究、开展产品应用研究、强化人才培育与引进、加强产学研结合与技术转化等发展建议,以期促进中国海洋钛合金产业整体水平提升和高质量发展。

, correspAuthors=孙冬柏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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王起,副研究员。主要从事钛钢热机复合、超声复合、钛金属清洁提取等方面的研究。主持国家自然科学基金、广东省基础与应用基础研究基金等项目10余项。发表论文30余篇。电子信箱:

孙冬柏,教授,博士研究生导师。南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)副主任。国家重大科技基础设施建设中长期规划总体专家组副组长和材料领域专家组副组长,教育部重大科技基础设施专家委员会主任,国家新材料产业发展专家咨询委员会委员,国家“十四五”重点研发专项“大科学装置前沿研究”专家组成员等。入选教育部“跨世纪优秀人才支持计划”、“珠江人才计划”杰出人才,入选国家百千万人才工程,被授予“有突出贡献中青年专家”荣誉称号。发表论文180余篇,授权发明专利100余件。电子信箱:

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王起,副研究员。主要从事钛钢热机复合、超声复合、钛金属清洁提取等方面的研究。主持国家自然科学基金、广东省基础与应用基础研究基金等项目10余项。发表论文30余篇。电子信箱:

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王起,副研究员。主要从事钛钢热机复合、超声复合、钛金属清洁提取等方面的研究。主持国家自然科学基金、广东省基础与应用基础研究基金等项目10余项。发表论文30余篇。电子信箱:

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孙冬柏,教授,博士研究生导师。南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)副主任。国家重大科技基础设施建设中长期规划总体专家组副组长和材料领域专家组副组长,教育部重大科技基础设施专家委员会主任,国家新材料产业发展专家咨询委员会委员,国家“十四五”重点研发专项“大科学装置前沿研究”专家组成员等。入选教育部“跨世纪优秀人才支持计划”、“珠江人才计划”杰出人才,入选国家百千万人才工程,被授予“有突出贡献中青年专家”荣誉称号。发表论文180余篇,授权发明专利100余件。电子信箱:

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孙冬柏,教授,博士研究生导师。南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)副主任。国家重大科技基础设施建设中长期规划总体专家组副组长和材料领域专家组副组长,教育部重大科技基础设施专家委员会主任,国家新材料产业发展专家咨询委员会委员,国家“十四五”重点研发专项“大科学装置前沿研究”专家组成员等。入选教育部“跨世纪优秀人才支持计划”、“珠江人才计划”杰出人才,入选国家百千万人才工程,被授予“有突出贡献中青年专家”荣誉称号。发表论文180余篇,授权发明专利100余件。电子信箱:

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Comparison of physical properties between titanium and other commonly used metal materials

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物理性质 金属类型
纯钛 Ti6AI4V 304不锈钢 纯铝 纯铜
晶体结构 HCP HCP/BCC FCC FCC FCC
熔点/℃ 1 668 1 540~1 650 1 400~1 427 660 1 083
密度/(g·cm-3) 4.51 4.42 8.03 2.70 8.93
抗拉强度/MPa 300~350 895 520 80~100 200~250
比强度 66.5~77.6 202.5 64.8 29.6~37.0 22.4~28.0
), ArticleFig(id=1242114104601678102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708266248565432, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

钛金属与其他常用金属材料物理性质对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物理性质 金属类型
纯钛 Ti6AI4V 304不锈钢 纯铝 纯铜
晶体结构 HCP HCP/BCC FCC FCC FCC
熔点/℃ 1 668 1 540~1 650 1 400~1 427 660 1 083
密度/(g·cm-3) 4.51 4.42 8.03 2.70 8.93
抗拉强度/MPa 300~350 895 520 80~100 200~250
比强度 66.5~77.6 202.5 64.8 29.6~37.0 22.4~28.0
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海洋钛合金低成本化应用技术进展与展望
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王起 1 , 孙冬柏 1, 2, , 高炜 1 , 焦汉东 3
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(1): 100-107
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(1): 100-107
海洋钛合金低成本化应用技术进展与展望
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王起1 , 孙冬柏1, 2, , 高炜1, 焦汉东3
作者信息
  • 1.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),珠海 519082
  • 2.中山大学材料科学与工程学院,广州 510006
  • 3.北京理工大学先进结构技术研究院,北京 100081
  • 王起,副研究员。主要从事钛钢热机复合、超声复合、钛金属清洁提取等方面的研究。主持国家自然科学基金、广东省基础与应用基础研究基金等项目10余项。发表论文30余篇。电子信箱:

    孙冬柏,教授,博士研究生导师。南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)副主任。国家重大科技基础设施建设中长期规划总体专家组副组长和材料领域专家组副组长,教育部重大科技基础设施专家委员会主任,国家新材料产业发展专家咨询委员会委员,国家“十四五”重点研发专项“大科学装置前沿研究”专家组成员等。入选教育部“跨世纪优秀人才支持计划”、“珠江人才计划”杰出人才,入选国家百千万人才工程,被授予“有突出贡献中青年专家”荣誉称号。发表论文180余篇,授权发明专利100余件。电子信箱:

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Progress and Prospect of Low-cost Application Technology of Marine Titanium Alloys
Qi WANG1 , Dongbai SUN1, 2, , Wei GAO1, Handong JIAO3
Affiliations
  • 1. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
  • 2. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 3. Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.010
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海洋经济已成为全球经济发展的重要支柱之一。南海海洋环境的高温、高湿、高盐雾、强辐照,导致海洋工程材料和装备服役出现严重的腐蚀问题。钛合金具有低密度、高比强度、高耐蚀性等突出优点,是海洋工程装备的优选材料,但昂贵的应用成本严重制约了其应用拓展。如何降低钛在海洋领域的应用成本已成为海洋钛合金发展的重点。文章从钛的低成本提取和钛的减量使用两个方面,回顾了国内外钛的低成本应用研究进展,剖析了3种钛的低成本提取技术,概述了钛钢热机复合工程、高能束流制备钛合金涂层和钛钢超声复合3种钛的减量使用技术途径,展望了海洋钛合金低成本规模化应用的发展模式,针对性提出了深化基础研究、开展产品应用研究、强化人才培育与引进、加强产学研结合与技术转化等发展建议,以期促进中国海洋钛合金产业整体水平提升和高质量发展。

海洋钛合金  /  腐蚀  /  低成本  /  钛金属提取  /  钛钢复合

Marine economy has become one of the important pillars of global economic development. However, the high temperature, humidity, salt mist, and intense radiation in the South China Sea cause severe corrosion of marine engineering materials and equipment in service. Titanium alloys, with their low density, high specific strength, and excellent corrosion resistance, are the preferred materials for marine engineering equipment. However, the high application costs severely restrict their widespread application. Reducing the application costs of titanium in marine environments has become a key focus for the development of marine titanium alloys. This article reviewed the progress of low-cost titanium applications both in China and abroad, focusing on two aspects of low-cost extraction and reduced usage of titanium. It analyzed three low-cost titanium extraction technologies: the FFC process, the OS process, and the USTB process. The article also outlined three approaches for reducing titanium usage: titanium-steel thermomechanical composites, high-energy beam preparation of titanium alloy coatings, and titanium-steel ultrasonic composites. It envisioned a development model for the large-scale and low-cost application of marine titanium alloys and offered targeted suggestions for advancing basic research, conducting product application studies, strengthening talent cultivation and recruitment, and enhancing industry, university, and research collaboration and technology transfer, so as to promote the overall enhancement and high-quality development of China’s marine titanium alloy industry.

marine titanium alloy  /  corrosion  /  low cost  /  titanium metal extraction  /  titanium-steel composite
王起, 孙冬柏, 高炜, 焦汉东. 海洋钛合金低成本化应用技术进展与展望. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (1) : 100 -107 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.010
Qi WANG, Dongbai SUN, Wei GAO, Handong JIAO. Progress and Prospect of Low-cost Application Technology of Marine Titanium Alloys[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (1) : 100 -107 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.010
21世纪被称为“海洋世纪”,海洋经济已成为全球经济发展的重要支柱之一。南海是西太平洋最大的一个边缘海,面积超过300万km2,拥有大量的岛礁、油气、矿藏等海洋资源,同时也是世界上重要的航运通道。南海环境极为严酷,常年的高温、高湿、高盐雾、高辐照及众多海洋生物等,导致南海开发和海防安全重大工程和装备服役出现严重的腐蚀和污损问题。国家材料环境腐蚀平台监测数据显示,无论腐蚀还是污损,南海均远高于渤海和东海[1]。针对南海严重的材料腐蚀、磨损、污损失效及其防护问题,研究人员开展了广泛的研究,主要包括海洋耐蚀钢耐候钢的开发、有机/无机涂层防护、阴极保护等,但是在南海的环境下,这些方法均无法实现对腐蚀、磨损、污损长期有效的防护。
钛金属是一种高钝化性金属,可钝化性超过铝、铬、镍和不锈钢。而且钛的致钝电位低,临界钝化电流小,钝态稳定性很强,不受氯离子破坏。钛的钝化膜具有非常好的自愈合性,被破坏后能迅速自动修复,形成新的钝化膜,其在海水和海洋大气环境中具有极高的抗蚀性能,抗蚀性能远优于铝合金、不锈钢和镍基合金,是海洋工程装备的优选材料,是建设海洋强国的重要战略材料之一。
但钛合金价格昂贵,限制了其在海洋领域的大规模应用。如何降低钛合金的应用成本,成为海洋钛合金产业发展的关键问题。钛合金应用成本高的主要原因包括:①目前海绵钛冶炼所采用的克劳尔(Kroll)工艺生产过程包括氯化、TiCl4精炼、MgCl2熔盐电解和镁热还原等多个步骤,流程复杂且能耗大,为间歇生产,周期长,同时过程污染严重,导致金属钛价格居高不下;②钛合金生产的材料利用率低,目前钛合金的主要生产方法是熔铸法,从生产钛锭所需要原料开始,经过熔铸、变形加工、切削加工、表面处理等流程到最终成品,钛损失高达70%以上。
如何降低钛在海洋领域的应用成本,成为海洋钛合金发展的重点。文章概述低成本提取技术和钛的减量使用技术。在钛的低成本提取方面,重点分析剑桥大学Fray等提出的FFC工艺、日本学者Okabe和Suzuki提出的OS工艺和北京科技大学朱鸿民提出的USTB工艺。相比Kroll工艺,FFC工艺、OS工艺和USTB工艺缩短了工艺流程,大幅度降低了钛的提取成本。在钛的减量使用方面,通过钛钢复合,为海洋工程装备穿上一层“钛衣”。相比纯钛装备,使用钛钢复合材料在保障装备耐蚀性的同时,大幅降低了钛的用量,从而降低了钛的应用成本。文章重点分析钛钢热机复合工程、高能束流制备钛合金涂层、钛钢超声复合工程,并针对性地提出适合中国海洋钛合金发展的建议,以期为中国海洋钛合金技术领域基础研究、技术攻关、装备应用和产业升级等提供基础性参考。
海洋是一种天然的极端复杂环境。海水含盐量高、导电性强,是一种天然的强腐蚀性介质。钛具有极强的耐海洋环境腐蚀性,且对海洋无污染,有“海洋金属”的美称。钛在地壳中的含量为0.63%,在地球各种元素的含量排名第9位。如果按金属结构材料的储量来计,钛则仅次于铝、铁、镁,排名第4位。高强度、低密度和优异的抗腐蚀性能是钛的主要特性。中国是钛资源大国,储量居世界首位,拥有全球最为完整的钛产业链结构,从原料开采到终端应用,各类产品均可自主生产,具备发展海洋钛合金独特优势。
钛与其他常用金属材料物理性质对比如表1[2]所示。促进钛合金在海洋工程中广泛使用,对提高海洋工程装备的作业能力、安全性、可靠性具有十分重要的意义。经过钛领域研究人员和海洋工程应用研究人员多年的努力,钛已经在海洋油气开发、海港建筑、沿海发电站、海水淡化、船舶、海洋渔业及海洋热能转换等领域取得了广泛的应用。
目前钛的工业化冶炼方法以Kroll工艺为主,即采用镁热还原-真空蒸馏工艺。使用氯气氯化含钛原料得到粗制TiCl4,在惰性气体的保护下,与镁在钢制容器内反应得到初级海绵钛产品[3]
然而,Kroll工艺高能耗、长流程等特点使得钛的大规模生产与应用受到限制。目前国内外相关研究大多集中在设备改造、生产工艺参数优化方面。这些研究虽然可以降低生产能耗和设备成本,但工艺本质上仍是金属热还原方法,其间歇式的生产方式、高能耗的反应过程、原料氯气对设备的腐蚀等问题难以解决。因此,亟需开发成本低且环境友好的新型钛冶金技术。
为开发新型钛冶金工艺,国内外研究人员在基础理论和新工艺技术方面进行了大量研究,并取得了一些突破。其中,熔盐电解工艺提取金属钛被认为是最具希望取代Kroll法的工艺。熔盐电解工艺中,根据钛源位置,可以分为钛源位于阴极的FFC工艺、OS工艺和钛源位于阳极的USTB工艺。
FFC工艺是一种绿色、低碳、短流程的冶金工艺,原理是将固态TiO2制成阴极并在熔盐中进行电脱氧。如图1所示,即以压片、烧结过后的TiO2为阴极,以石墨(或惰性材料)为阳极,在CaCl2熔盐中将TiO2还原成金属Ti [4]
然而,FFC工艺存在电流效率低的问题,阴极的逐级脱氧过程伴随一系列的副反应。此外,对于多价态钛氧化物的脱氧路径及中间相的形成机制,目前仍存在一定的争议。对此,国内外研究者对阴极的脱氧机理进行了大量的研究。不仅根据脱氧过程中的物相变化,以及热力学和动力学特性,解析了TiO2的详细反应路径[5],也通过分析脱氧过程中阴极物相组成、电荷转移、微观结构和氧含量的差异,将整个脱氧过程划分为4个阶段[6]。在解析阴极脱氧机制的基础上,开展各种研究尝试提高电解效率,包括改变阴极孔隙率,控制阳极面积等措施。
此外,FFC工艺的产业化进程也在不断推进。剑桥大学创立相关公司开始进行千克级的生产试验。通过改变电解参数,电流效率可提高到28%,产品的氧的质量分数为0.08%[7]
OS工艺是通过电解熔盐中的CaO得到金属Ca,随后金属Ca和TiO2发生钙热还原反应得到海绵钛(图2[8]。与FFC工艺相比,OS工艺的阴极反应为电解CaO得到金属Ca,因此TiO2与阴极不需要完全接触,所以可采用粉末状的TiO2作为钛源,这更有利于TiO2中氧的脱除,同时也可省略压制和烧结过程。
OS工艺制备所得金属Ti纯度较高,有望满足工业应用的要求。但电解效率仍然较低,目前的研究主要集中于抑制电解过程的副反应以提高电流效率[9]。为抑制电解过程的副反应,研究人员对电解槽的结构进行了优化。采用多根平行浸没在熔盐中的不锈钢棒作为阴极,还原区位于两个相邻阴极之间,TiO2在熔盐中悬浮,被还原后转化为金属钛。该方法有效扩大了反应区域,提高了脱氧效率。然而,OS工艺中仍面临许多问题,如金属钛沉积在熔池底部,需要定期清理,并且产物与电解质分离困难。
USTB工艺利用碳氧化钛熔盐电解的方式实现钛的提取,也可以简化钛冶金工艺并降低成本。TiCxO1-x固溶体具有与金属相似的电导率,因此,USTB法以TiCxO1-x固溶体为阳极,电解制备金属钛。如图3所示,电解过程中钛以离子的形式溶出,随后迁移到阴极沉积,获得金属钛,而C和O以CO和CO2气体的形式析出。
围绕碳氧化钛的晶体结构、热力学性质、碳氧化钛阳极溶解,以及阴极金属钛沉积等关键问题,研究人员开展了深入的研究[10-11]。结果表明,TiCxO1-x的溶解效率取决于C/O比例[12],适当调节TiCxO1-x的组成和电解条件可以维持稳定的电解溶出过程,并在阴极得到氧和碳含量低的金属钛。目前,USTB工艺已经完成了中试规模的试验。
热机复合工程,通常指在高温下通过真空焊接组坯,经加热轧制使基材和覆材实现良好冶金结合的生产工艺[13]。相比爆炸复合,热机复合具有较高的生产效率、低污染、低能耗,且可生产宽薄覆层的金属复合板。从复合板的发展趋势上来看,生产覆层更薄、板面尺寸更大的金属复合板将是未来的研究方向。采用热机复合正好可以满足这一要求。热机复合工程技术的优势在于其生产效率高、设备成本较低,与目前钛钢复合板生产最常用的爆炸复合相比,对环境的影响较小,是目前最有望取代爆炸复合的钛钢复合技术。
热机复合的工艺流程一般为除锈、材料的组坯、抽取真空、预热和轧制[14-15]。由于轧制通常在高温下进行,而钛金属极易在高温下发生氧化,弱化材料的力学性能[16],因此钛钢复合板在轧制之前需要先进行组坯和抽真空,以抑制钛钢结合界面的氧化[17]
激光熔覆技术利用高能量激光束在基材表面熔化并沉积钛合金粉末或钛金属,形成致密的钛合金涂层。激光熔覆技术在制造过程中能够精确控制涂层的厚度、硬度等性能。通过该技术,可以在钢表面制备出结合性能良好的钛合金涂层,与热机复合相比,激光熔覆技术流程更短,但生产效率较低,适合对钛钢复合结构装备部件钢材暴露的地方进行耐蚀性补强,避免因钢材暴露发生电偶腐蚀。
在钢表面激光熔覆制备钛合金涂层主要分为预制法和送粉法。激光熔覆过程通常在保护气下进行。预制法要预先在钢表面预制一层钛粉,通过激光束的作用将表面的钛粉熔融并与钢基体形成冶金结合,然而在熔覆过程中预制的粉末受保护气流影响,容易造成局部缺陷[18]。因此,研究者逐渐聚焦于同步送粉法来在钢表面制备钛合金涂层,通过改变关键工艺参数(激光功率、熔覆速度、送粉速率等)对涂层内的组织和成分及裂纹等进行调控,可以提高涂层的力学性能和耐蚀性能[19-21]。同时,研究人员也通过金属中间层,如Cu、Ni等来阻止C、Fe和Ti的扩散,抑制结合界面脆性相的生成[22,23]
超声复合技术,亦称超声增材制造技术,是通过高频超声波与外力作用相结合,在钢表面制备钛覆层的创新方法。这项技术通过超声波的高频振动促进钛覆层在基材表面的快速沉积,同时外力的施加有助于强化层间结合,改善复合层的致密性和性能。超声复合技术的优势在于其能够在较低的温度下进行,无需复杂的热处理工艺,且操作简便、成本较低,非常适合海洋设备中钛合金的应用。
相比激光、等离子束等高能束流增材制造工艺,超声复合技术有以下特点:①在原材料的选用上,超声复合选用一定厚度的金属箔带,材料易选取;②在环境保护方面,超声复合过程中无强光、废气等污染废弃物产生,并且过程中能耗低,更加节能环保;③超声复合为固相连接,制备过程速度快,固结时积累的热量较低且散热快。
如何降低钛的应用成本是未来海洋钛合金发展的重点,相关人员探索研究了许多新方法以降低钛的应用成本。钛的低成本提取技术和减量使用技术是有望大幅降低钛合金应用成本的两大关键方向。
首先在钛的提取方面,目前工业上主要采用Kroll法,其生产流程复杂,生产成本高,无法满足海洋工程装备领域对低成本钛的迫切需求,FFC工艺、OS工艺和USTB工艺是目前最有望取代Kroll法的钛的提取新技术,具有工艺简单、能耗低等优点,但想要实现大范围的工业化生产,仍有很多关键技术问题尚待解决。FFC工艺和OS工艺可以直接使用TiO2为原料,生产周期短、工艺流程简单,但目前仍存在电流效率过低的问题,除了寻求性能更优越的熔盐体系外,还需要在改善阴极的设计、优化电解槽结构等方面进行更深入的研究。USTB工艺可以实现金属钛的高效制备,已完成中试化试验,但大型可溶性阳极的工业化制备等问题有待进一步解决。
在钛的减量使用方面,钛的热机复合技术已经较为成熟,目前钛钢复合板的市场价格已经接近不锈钢,在海洋工程装备领域具有广阔的应用前景,但目前从材料到装备的关键环节还未打通,需进一步解决钛钢复合材料在海洋工程装备领域应用存在的焊接、电偶腐蚀等问题。此外,以激光熔覆、超声复合为代表的钛钢复合新技术,可以在一些复杂的钢结构表面制备钛覆层,在一定程度上解决了热机复合的不足,但其生产效率较低,激光熔覆钛覆层内部易产生裂纹等缺陷,仍需进一步优化工艺。
中国钛资源储量丰富,位居世界第一。钛合金是最耐海水腐蚀的金属材料之一,是制造海洋工程装备的战略性优势材料,但由于钛合金成本高,设计端常常将其排除在外,这不仅限制了钛合金在海洋领域的应用,也导致海洋装备维护成本增加,高端化也受到一定阻碍。
在钛合金服役性能评价方面,中国由于应用钛合金时间较短,相关研究分散且服役性能数据不全面。整体来看,研究的系统性不足,导致中国钛合金装备设计和应用缺乏可靠依据,进而使安全余量过高,进一步推高了钛合金的应用成本。
如何降低钛在海洋工程装备领域的应用成本是海洋钛合金发展的长期命题。相比钛合金强国,中国钛合金研究历史较短,在基础理论研究和产业化上存在明显差距。一方面,钛合金应用成本高,难以满足中国工业高质量发展需求;另一方面,中国在海洋钛合金研究和应用领域投入不足,缺乏技术壁垒较高的产品和技术,需加强海洋钛钢复合材料应用基础研究,开展产品应用研究,加强统筹协调,建立钛合金材料新技术与海洋应用交叉融合的创新机制,最终建立系统的研究和评价体系。
基础研究是科技创新的根基和源泉。深化基础研究意味着不断加强对海洋钛合金领域基础科学问题的探索,提升海洋钛合金生产加工技术科学研究的深度和广度,能够为海洋钛合金领域的应用研究提供坚实的理论基础。以重大工程应用为牵引,建议材料生产单位、产品应用单位及相关科研单位围绕钛的低成本提取和钛的减量使用两个层面联合攻关,构建海洋钛钢复合材料应用技术体系。
由于成本高昂,很多海洋工程装备企业在产品设计时就将钛排除在外。通过钛钢复合虽然在很大程度上降低了钛的应用成本,但需在设计之初就要考虑异种金属带来的电偶腐蚀问题。也就是说,使用钛钢复合材料的同时,需保证所有可能与海水或者海洋大气接触的钢要有钛覆层保护,避免钢的暴露,同时还应考虑钛钢复合材料之间的焊接问题。建议以大型化、特殊环境应用为导向,开展钛钢复合材料焊接技术研究,推动行业技术升级。以系统化为导向,建议加快钛钢复合材料制备-机械加工-装配总成的产业链建设,完善相关配套设施及服务,大力开发钛钢复合材料的生产制备技术,加快海洋钛钢复合材料制造技术规范的建设。
在沿海省市设立海洋钛钢复合材料研究中心,构建以应用为目标导向的国家级海洋材料研发应用体系,综合海洋材料科学、技术、产业、应用等要素,统筹制定海洋材料科技发展顶层规划。充分利用和调动社会资源,发挥地方政府和企业的资金投入作用,积极探索多渠道、多元化的投融资机制。加强人才队伍建设,坚持自主培养和人才引进相结合,打造一批优秀科研创新团队和领军人才。按照“统筹、共建、整合、共享”的原则,加快海洋材料研发,服务海洋重大工程。
设立海洋钛钢复合材料专项发展规划,在专项指南、项目确立等过程中明确钛钢复合材料与海洋应用的密切关系。坚持海洋材料必须下海的原则,海洋钛钢复合材料在海洋装备应用中不断检验、提高。加快推动钛钢复合材料技术与海洋工程的交叉融合,促进海洋科技整体水平的跨越提升。
21世纪被称为“海洋的世纪”。海洋空间与资源不仅已成为世界军事和经济竞争日益激烈的重要领域,而且将成为人类赖以生存、社会得以发展、濒海国家持续安泰昌盛的战略空间和基地。因此,必须着眼全球新一轮科技革命和产业变革的新趋势、新方向,超前布局海洋战略性产业,增强控制海洋、维护海洋权益和领海完整的综合制海能力与开发利用海洋空间的能力。钛合金被誉为“海洋金属”,如何降低钛合金在海洋领域的应用成本是未来海洋工程装备材料发展的关键课题。大力发展钛的低成本提取技术和钛钢复合技术,有望实现钛在海洋领域的大规模应用,从而提升海洋工程装备制造业的创新能力和国际竞争力。
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2023B1515250006)
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2025年第4卷第1期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.010
  • 接收时间:2024-12-23
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
  • 发布时间:2025-03-27
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-23
  • 修回日期:2025-02-17
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广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2023B1515250006)
作者信息
    1.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),珠海 519082
    2.中山大学材料科学与工程学院,广州 510006
    3.北京理工大学先进结构技术研究院,北京 100081

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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