Article(id=1244213321671491665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11676/qxxb2025.20240136, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725120000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-01, revisedDate=1732982400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774573172252, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774573172252, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774573172252, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573172252, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244213313182221193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, year='2025', volume='83', issue='5', pageStart='1139', pageEnd='1384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774573170228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573255889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1202, endPage=1216, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244213321897984095, articleId=1244213321671491665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, language=EN, title=Spatiotemporal distributions of tropical cyclones passing through Jiangsu province and their destructive potential, columnId=1244213315661054860, journalTitle=Acta Meteorologica Sinica, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, 67 Tropical Cyclones (TCs) crossing Jiangsu province are identified from a total of 2440 western North Pacific TCs during the 73 a period of 1949—2021 using the best-track data archived at the China Meteorological Administration's Shanghai Typhoon Institute (CMA-STI). Temporal and spatial characteristics of activities and potential destructiveness associated with TCs crossing Jiangsu province are investigated. Results show that TCs crossing Jiangsu province, which mainly generated in July and August over a broader region, account for 2.7% and 10.2% of TCs over the western North Pacific and those making landfall in China, respectively. TCs crossing Jiangsu province made landfall in China mainly in June—November, with the highest landfalling frequency and widest landfalling distribution in August. The landfalling routes of TCs crossing Jiangsu are categorized into 14 types (T1—T14), of which the route T4 for TCs that made landfall first in Taiwan, China and then in Fujian accounts for the highest proportion. The TC tracks crossing Jiangsu are classified into four types. The moving directions in Jiangsu and overall track morphologies of TCs corresponding to these four types are closely related to the westward extension and northward shift of the western Pacific subtropical high. TCs entered and left mainly from the southeast and east coast of Jiangsu respectively during July—September. The entering locations of TCs crossing Jiangsu shift northward from June to August and retreat southward in September—October, while leaving locations shift westward and then retreat eastward, due to seasonal adjustments of large-scale systems, such as the western Pacific subtropical high and monsoon circulation. The track density of TCs in Jiangsu generally decreases from southeast to northwest, with most of the TCs moving northward or northeastward. Spatial distributions of track density and average velocity vectors of TCs crossing Jiangsu are characterized by significant monthly variations. There is a significant increase in potential destructiveness of TCs in Jiangsu (JS-PDI) during the period of 1949—2021, corresponding to increases in their landfall intensity and average intensity in Jiangsu. The JS-PDI in August is considerably higher than in other months. In agreement with the distribution of average TC intensity in Jiangsu, larger JS-PDI values are mainly distributed in the coastal region and Southeast of Jiangsu, and the locations of maximum JS-PDI agree well with the TC track density.

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利用中国气象局上海台风研究所(CMA-STI)西北太平洋海域热带气旋(TC)最佳路径数据集,选取路径穿过江苏省的TC,采用统计分析与合成分析等方法,揭示了穿过江苏的TC活动及潜在破坏力的时空分布。结果表明,1949—2021年西北太平洋TC中共有67个穿过江苏,分别占西北太平洋和登陆中国TC总数的2.7%和10.2%,7和8月生成频数最多、源地分布范围最广。从生成到进入江苏,穿过江苏TC主要在6—10月登陆,8月登陆频次最多、登陆点南北跨度最大,登陆路线共有14种,其中以登陆中国台湾后二次登陆福建省经陆上进入江苏的登陆路线占比最高。穿过江苏的TC其4类路径的整体形态和穿过江苏时的运动方向与西太平洋副热带高压西伸北抬程度密切相关。TC主要发生在7—9月,从江苏东南部进入,于江苏东部沿海离开,西太平洋副热带高压和季风环流等大尺度系统的季节性调整使得TC进入和离开江苏的位置随月份分别发生北上-南落和西进-东退的分布变化。江苏TC路径频率总体上表现为由江苏东南部向西北方向减少的分布特征,TC平均移动方向以偏北或北偏东为主,路径频率和移速矢量的空间分布存在明显的月际变化。由于1949—2021年穿过江苏TC的登陆强度和在江苏境内平均强度均显著增大,江苏区域TC潜在破坏力(JS-PDI)存在显著上升趋势。JS-PDI存在明显月际变化,其中8月JS-PDI明显高于其他月份。JS-PDI大值区主要分布于沿海区域和苏南东部,与江苏区域TC平均强度大值区分布较为一致,同时JS-PDI大值中心与江苏省TC路径频率大值中心存在较好的对应关系。

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濮梅娟,主要从事天气动力与大气物理研究。E-mail:
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张雪蓉,主要从事热带气旋机理研究。E-mail:

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journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=热带气旋(TC)活动), Keyword(id=1244213329938465211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=热带气旋(TC)路径), Keyword(id=1244213330043322817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=江苏省), Keyword(id=1244213330135597507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=潜在破坏力)], refs=[Reference(id=1244213334409593400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1979, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=491, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=0, authorNames=陈联寿, 丁一汇, journalName=西太平洋台风概论, refType=null, 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articleId=1244213321671491665, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=TC Tracks over the western North Pacific(a)and crossing Jiangsu province(b),and interannual distribution of TCs crossing Jiangsu province(c)from 1949 to 2021(ET:extratropical transition,SuperTY:super typhoon,STY:severe typhoon,TY:typhoon,STS:severe tropical storm,TS:tropical storm,TD:tropical depression;the same hereafter), figureFileSmall=hn1sMM//l1VjQN2QAGi4Fw==, figureFileBig=GEiIs9d4tMMwbXwHfcYBYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330349507020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1949—2021年西北太平洋所有TC路径(a)和穿过江苏TC路径(b)及穿过江苏TC频数的时间序列(c)(ET:台风变性,SuperTY:超强台风,STY:强台风,TY:台风,STS:强热带风暴,TS:热带风暴,TD:热带低压,下同), figureFileSmall=hn1sMM//l1VjQN2QAGi4Fw==, figureFileBig=GEiIs9d4tMMwbXwHfcYBYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330555027927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Spatial distribution of genesis locations(a)and monthly distribution(b)of TCs crossing Jiangsu province from 1949 to 2021(colored grids:genesis numbers of TCs over the western North Pacific within 2.5°×2.5° grid;colored point:genesis locations of TCs crossing Jiangsu province), figureFileSmall=cv8+NVmG8okSvGbo/ixXqg==, figureFileBig=zW8PFUMQtO+jzIla1jSXvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330630525404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1949—2021年穿过江苏TC生成源地空间分布(a)及生成频数月变化(b)(彩色方格:西北太平洋TC在2.5°×2.5°网格内的生成频数,彩色点:穿过江苏TC的生成位置), figureFileSmall=cv8+NVmG8okSvGbo/ixXqg==, figureFileBig=zW8PFUMQtO+jzIla1jSXvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330735383003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Spatial distribution of landfall locations of TCs crossing Jiangsu province from 1949 to 2021(dark grey areas:provinces where TCs crossing Jiangsu made landfall;JS,SH,ZJ,FJ,GD,HK,TW:acronyms for Jiangsu,Shanghai,Zhejiang,Fujian,Guangdong,Hong Kong,Taiwan;numbers under acronyms:landfalling frequencies and corresponding percentages in each province;pie charts:monthly distributions of landfalling frequencies in each province;▲ and △:first and non-first landfall locations in Jiangsu,■ and □:first and non-first landfall locations in Shanghai,▼ and ▽:first and non-first landfall locations in Zhejiang,● and ○:first and non-first landfall locations in Fujian,+:first landfall locations in Guangdong,★:first landfall location in Hong Kong,×:first landfall locations in Taiwan), figureFileSmall=xxs39rGA00SP/o7C9RNlHg==, figureFileBig=LwGFlixSoam3p81yhsJldw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330848629217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=CN, label=图3, caption=1949—2021年穿过江苏TC登陆点空间分布(深灰色区域:穿过江苏TC登陆的省级行政区;JS、SH、ZJ、FJ、GD、HK、TW分别为江苏、上海、浙江、福建、广东、香港、台湾;省级行政区名称下方数字为登陆该省级行政区频次及其所占比例,饼图表示穿过江苏TC登陆各省级行政区频次月变化;▲和△表示江苏首次和非首次登陆点,■和□表示上海首次和非首次登陆点,▼和▽表示浙江首次和非首次登陆点,●和○表示福建首次和非首次登陆点,+表示广东首次登陆点,★表示香港首次登陆点,×表示台湾省首次登陆点), figureFileSmall=xxs39rGA00SP/o7C9RNlHg==, figureFileBig=LwGFlixSoam3p81yhsJldw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330949292518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Monthly distributions of the landfalling number(color bar)and corresponding frequency(diagonal stripe bar)of TCs crossing Jiangsu province from 1949 to 2021, figureFileSmall=hYR/KhSHRohJAG610Bs0wg==, figureFileBig=exFRGDOxVc4fMqL/7QLL1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331054150123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=CN, label=图4, caption=1949—2021年穿过江苏TC登陆TC数量(彩色柱)和登陆频次(斜纹柱)月变化, figureFileSmall=hYR/KhSHRohJAG610Bs0wg==, figureFileBig=exFRGDOxVc4fMqL/7QLL1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331142230510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Four types of tracks(a. parabola recurving tracks,b. northward straight moving tracks,c. northwestward moving tracks,d. sharp westward-turning tracks)and corresponding average geopotential height(contour,unit:gpm)and wind(vector)at 500 hPa of TCs crossing Jiangsu province from 1949 to 2021(red point:average TC center locations;the enlarged view of Jiangsu province is shown at the top right corner), figureFileSmall=pGwOFqibnGpm9AN+D2lnJA==, figureFileBig=BbTuc+YAiW6rOP6o0okymw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331242893812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=CN, label=图5, caption=1949—2021年穿过江苏TC的4类路径(a. 抛物线转向路径,b. 北上直行路径,c. 西北行路径,d. 突然西折路径)及其进入江苏时500 hPa平均合成高度场(等值线,单位:gpm)、风场(箭矢)(红色圆点为TC中心所在平均位置;右上角为放大后的江苏), figureFileSmall=pGwOFqibnGpm9AN+D2lnJA==, figureFileBig=BbTuc+YAiW6rOP6o0okymw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331335168504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Monthly distributions of TCs entering(color bars)and leaving(diagonal stripe bars)Jiangsu province from 1949 to 2021(solid line:parabola recurving tracks;dashed line:northward straight-moving tracks;dash-dot line:northwestward moving tracks;dash-double-dot line:sharp westward-turning tracks), figureFileSmall=EDAUAfQ87Z2bOXF1Gw8x5g==, figureFileBig=o2SlnRRsM3WGxueG7hcZrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331419054586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=CN, label=图6, caption=1949—2021年穿过江苏TC进入(彩色柱)和离开(斜纹柱)江苏频数月变化(实线:抛物线转向路径TC频数;虚线:北上直行路径TC频数;点划线:西北行路径TC频数;双点划线:突然西折路径TC频数), figureFileSmall=EDAUAfQ87Z2bOXF1Gw8x5g==, figureFileBig=o2SlnRRsM3WGxueG7hcZrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331498746366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Spatial distributions of 6 h TC tracks(color vector)entering(a)and leaving(b)Jiangsu province from 1949 to 2021, figureFileSmall=bPsE6MHRagSDedYRQOXmcQ==, figureFileBig=m+npa1XcDTbKHpzQ98K/fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331570049539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=CN, label=图7, caption=1949—2021年TC进入(a)和离开(b)江苏的6 h路径(彩色矢量), figureFileSmall=bPsE6MHRagSDedYRQOXmcQ==, figureFileBig=m+npa1XcDTbKHpzQ98K/fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331641352712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Spatial distributions of track density of TCs crossing Jiangsu province(a)and TCs crossing Jiangsu province in July—September(b—d)from 1949 to 2021(color grid:TC frequencies within 0.5°×0.5° grid;vector:average velocity vectors of TCs within 0.5°×0.5° grid), figureFileSmall=gY2+cSNPQHISo/MvVxghiw==, figureFileBig=QerkeCP4T0PDh0lbqz+3Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331742016012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=CN, label=图8, caption=1949—2021年穿过江苏TC路径频率(a)及其7—9月(b—d)空间分布(彩色方块:TC路径在0.5°×0.5°网格内的通过次数;矢量:TC在0.5°×0.5°网格内的平均移速矢量), figureFileSmall=gY2+cSNPQHISo/MvVxghiw==, figureFileBig=QerkeCP4T0PDh0lbqz+3Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331834290704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Time series(gray bar)and linear trends(red dashed line)of the potential destructiveness(a)and average intensity(b)of TCs in Jiangsu province and the landfall intensity(c)of TCs crossing Jiangsu province from 1949 to 2021, figureFileSmall=aI8EJ9krSjtQBXGIc5BDJg==, figureFileBig=OszEsjlJRn5EpQGs/pEPog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331972702739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=CN, label=图9, caption=1949—2021年江苏区域TC潜在破坏力(a)、平均强度(b)以及穿过江苏TC登陆强度(c)的时间序列(灰色柱)和线性趋势(红色虚线), figureFileSmall=aI8EJ9krSjtQBXGIc5BDJg==, figureFileBig=OszEsjlJRn5EpQGs/pEPog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213332102726167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Monthly distributions of the potential destructiveness(color bar),number(diagonal grid bar)and duration(diagonal stripe bar)of TCs at different intensity stages in Jiangsu province from 1949 to 2021, figureFileSmall=zi0RF2fr8508kvKdj0Jhrg==, figureFileBig=iZN11MtqzAGQt/OX9LQNwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213332253721114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=CN, label=图10, caption=1949—2021年江苏区域不同强度等级TC潜在破坏力(彩色柱)及其频数(格纹柱)和在江苏区域停留时间(斜纹柱)月变化, figureFileSmall=zi0RF2fr8508kvKdj0Jhrg==, figureFileBig=iZN11MtqzAGQt/OX9LQNwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213332337607198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Spatial distributions of the potential destructiveness(shaded)of TCs crossing Jiangsu province(a)and TCs crossing Jiangsu province in July—September(b—d)from 1949 to 2021(red line stripe area in Jiangsu province denotes the average TC intensity in this area reaches at least tropical storm intensity), figureFileSmall=BfJG1ppbkH4q7PlOjfay3g==, figureFileBig=OntLvJ5kG33ZxD6xcjelRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213332429881889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=CN, label=图11, caption=1949—2021年穿过江苏TC的潜在破坏力(a)及其7—9月(b—d)空间分布(色阶;江苏区域内红色斜线部分表示TC平均强度达热带风暴等级及以上), figureFileSmall=BfJG1ppbkH4q7PlOjfay3g==, figureFileBig=OntLvJ5kG33ZxD6xcjelRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213332522156581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

List of 14 types of landfalling routes of TCs crossing Jiangsu province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路线TC数量
(占比)
登陆
总频次
登陆月份
(*标识峰值月份)
登陆路线
(登陆省级行政区先后顺序)
首次登陆到进入江苏
平均路径长度(km)
首次登陆到进入江苏
平均时长(h)
T14(6.0%)47,8*江苏00
T21(1.5%)28*台湾—江苏1627.7116.8
T31(1.5%)28*浙江—江苏396.68.2
T425(37.3%)506,7,8*,9台湾—福建1160.355.2
T51(1.5%)39*台湾—福建—上海971.159.5
T63(4.5%)67,9*台湾—浙江935.443.8
T71(1.5%)37*台湾—浙江—上海931.226.3
T813(19.4%)137,8*,9,10浙江513.030.1
T93(4.5%)67*,8浙江—上海372.615.5
T102(3.0%)47*,9*浙江—浙江279.822.2
T116(9.0%)67,8*,9上海51.32.8
T123(4.5%)39*福建692.325.4
T133(4.5%)36*,7*,9*广东1140.453.3
T141(1.5%)18*香港1342.566.0
), ArticleFig(id=1244213334019523111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321671491665, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1949—2021年穿过江苏TC的14种登陆路线

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路线TC数量
(占比)
登陆
总频次
登陆月份
(*标识峰值月份)
登陆路线
(登陆省级行政区先后顺序)
首次登陆到进入江苏
平均路径长度(km)
首次登陆到进入江苏
平均时长(h)
T14(6.0%)47,8*江苏00
T21(1.5%)28*台湾—江苏1627.7116.8
T31(1.5%)28*浙江—江苏396.68.2
T425(37.3%)506,7,8*,9台湾—福建1160.355.2
T51(1.5%)39*台湾—福建—上海971.159.5
T63(4.5%)67,9*台湾—浙江935.443.8
T71(1.5%)37*台湾—浙江—上海931.226.3
T813(19.4%)137,8*,9,10浙江513.030.1
T93(4.5%)67*,8浙江—上海372.615.5
T102(3.0%)47*,9*浙江—浙江279.822.2
T116(9.0%)67,8*,9上海51.32.8
T123(4.5%)39*福建692.325.4
T133(4.5%)36*,7*,9*广东1140.453.3
T141(1.5%)18*香港1342.566.0
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穿过江苏热带气旋活动及潜在破坏力的时空分布特征
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张雪蓉 1, 2 , 廖一帆 3 , 濮梅娟 4 , 陈联寿 5 , 李英 5
气象学报 | 论文 2025,83(5): 1202-1216
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气象学报 | 论文 2025, 83(5): 1202-1216
穿过江苏热带气旋活动及潜在破坏力的时空分布特征
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张雪蓉1, 2 , 廖一帆3, 濮梅娟4 , 陈联寿5, 李英5
作者信息
  • 1.江苏省气候中心,南京,210041
  • 2.中国气象局交通气象重点开放实验室,南京,210041
  • 3.广西水利电力职业技术学院,南宁,530023
  • 4.江苏省气象台,南京,210041
  • 5.中国气象科学研究院,北京,100081
  • 张雪蓉,主要从事热带气旋机理研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

濮梅娟,主要从事天气动力与大气物理研究。E-mail:
Spatiotemporal distributions of tropical cyclones passing through Jiangsu province and their destructive potential
Xuerong ZHANG1, 2 , Yifan LIAO3, Meijuan PU4 , Lianshou CHEN5, Ying LI5
Affiliations
  • 1.Jiangsu Climate Center,Nanjing 210041,China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration,Nanjing 210041,China
  • 3.Guangxi Vocational College of Water Resources and Electric Power,Nanning 530023,China
  • 4.Jiangsu Meteorological Observatory,Nanjing 210041,China
  • 5.Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,Beijing 100081,China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240136
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利用中国气象局上海台风研究所(CMA-STI)西北太平洋海域热带气旋(TC)最佳路径数据集,选取路径穿过江苏省的TC,采用统计分析与合成分析等方法,揭示了穿过江苏的TC活动及潜在破坏力的时空分布。结果表明,1949—2021年西北太平洋TC中共有67个穿过江苏,分别占西北太平洋和登陆中国TC总数的2.7%和10.2%,7和8月生成频数最多、源地分布范围最广。从生成到进入江苏,穿过江苏TC主要在6—10月登陆,8月登陆频次最多、登陆点南北跨度最大,登陆路线共有14种,其中以登陆中国台湾后二次登陆福建省经陆上进入江苏的登陆路线占比最高。穿过江苏的TC其4类路径的整体形态和穿过江苏时的运动方向与西太平洋副热带高压西伸北抬程度密切相关。TC主要发生在7—9月,从江苏东南部进入,于江苏东部沿海离开,西太平洋副热带高压和季风环流等大尺度系统的季节性调整使得TC进入和离开江苏的位置随月份分别发生北上-南落和西进-东退的分布变化。江苏TC路径频率总体上表现为由江苏东南部向西北方向减少的分布特征,TC平均移动方向以偏北或北偏东为主,路径频率和移速矢量的空间分布存在明显的月际变化。由于1949—2021年穿过江苏TC的登陆强度和在江苏境内平均强度均显著增大,江苏区域TC潜在破坏力(JS-PDI)存在显著上升趋势。JS-PDI存在明显月际变化,其中8月JS-PDI明显高于其他月份。JS-PDI大值区主要分布于沿海区域和苏南东部,与江苏区域TC平均强度大值区分布较为一致,同时JS-PDI大值中心与江苏省TC路径频率大值中心存在较好的对应关系。

热带气旋(TC)活动  /  热带气旋(TC)路径  /  江苏省  /  潜在破坏力

In this study, 67 Tropical Cyclones (TCs) crossing Jiangsu province are identified from a total of 2440 western North Pacific TCs during the 73 a period of 1949—2021 using the best-track data archived at the China Meteorological Administration's Shanghai Typhoon Institute (CMA-STI). Temporal and spatial characteristics of activities and potential destructiveness associated with TCs crossing Jiangsu province are investigated. Results show that TCs crossing Jiangsu province, which mainly generated in July and August over a broader region, account for 2.7% and 10.2% of TCs over the western North Pacific and those making landfall in China, respectively. TCs crossing Jiangsu province made landfall in China mainly in June—November, with the highest landfalling frequency and widest landfalling distribution in August. The landfalling routes of TCs crossing Jiangsu are categorized into 14 types (T1—T14), of which the route T4 for TCs that made landfall first in Taiwan, China and then in Fujian accounts for the highest proportion. The TC tracks crossing Jiangsu are classified into four types. The moving directions in Jiangsu and overall track morphologies of TCs corresponding to these four types are closely related to the westward extension and northward shift of the western Pacific subtropical high. TCs entered and left mainly from the southeast and east coast of Jiangsu respectively during July—September. The entering locations of TCs crossing Jiangsu shift northward from June to August and retreat southward in September—October, while leaving locations shift westward and then retreat eastward, due to seasonal adjustments of large-scale systems, such as the western Pacific subtropical high and monsoon circulation. The track density of TCs in Jiangsu generally decreases from southeast to northwest, with most of the TCs moving northward or northeastward. Spatial distributions of track density and average velocity vectors of TCs crossing Jiangsu are characterized by significant monthly variations. There is a significant increase in potential destructiveness of TCs in Jiangsu (JS-PDI) during the period of 1949—2021, corresponding to increases in their landfall intensity and average intensity in Jiangsu. The JS-PDI in August is considerably higher than in other months. In agreement with the distribution of average TC intensity in Jiangsu, larger JS-PDI values are mainly distributed in the coastal region and Southeast of Jiangsu, and the locations of maximum JS-PDI agree well with the TC track density.

Tropical cyclone activities  /  Tropical cyclone tacks  /  Jiangsu province  /  Potential destructiveness
张雪蓉, 廖一帆, 濮梅娟, 陈联寿, 李英. 穿过江苏热带气旋活动及潜在破坏力的时空分布特征. 气象学报, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1202 -1216 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240136
Xuerong ZHANG, Yifan LIAO, Meijuan PU, Lianshou CHEN, Ying LI. Spatiotemporal distributions of tropical cyclones passing through Jiangsu province and their destructive potential[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1202 -1216 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240136
中国是受热带气旋(TC)影响最多、最严重的国家之一,自南向北整条海岸线均在TC的袭击范围之内,每年约有7.2个TC给中国造成大风、暴雨、洪涝、风暴潮等灾害(陈联寿等,1979雷小途等,2009端义宏等,2014Zhang,et al,2018),特别是华南和华东沿海省份所受威胁和破坏更大,江苏在沿海省份中纬度较高,处于中高纬度和低纬度天气系统过渡带,该区域受多时空尺度系统相互作用影响,是TC北上后路径发生转向和异常变化的关键区,这使得江苏不仅受到中纬度近海TC直接登陆的威胁,也受到较低纬度登陆北上和转向TC的影响(Lander,1996Zhang,et al,2018),其中不乏路径直接穿过江苏的TC,令江苏遭受狂风暴雨侵袭的同时,准确预报这些TC的路径也更具挑战性(王美苏,2010潘威等,2012魏章进等,2017)。
TC路径及活动特征是TC研究的重要方面之一(Chen,et al,2022Guo,et al,2022),对TC路径及活动特征的准确认识是进一步掌握其引发的大风、降水、风暴潮灾害发生与发展规律并准确预报的重要基础(Cheung,et al,2021)。诸多研究发现,TC引发的风雨、风暴潮、海浪等发生位置与其移动路径密切相关(陈联寿等,1979沈树勤,1990Chen,et al,2010丛春华等,2011Meng,et al,2012何倩倩等,2015),不同类型路径TC在江苏引发的暴雨、风暴潮、海浪等也往往具有不同的分布和发展特征(田辉等,1999钮学新等,2005于华,2014张雪蓉等,20212022)。对华东地区各类台风路径的降水分析发现,华东登陆西行、华东登陆北上、华南登陆和近海北上4类不同路径台风在江苏产生降水的量级、分布、影响因子等特征各不相同(钮学新等,2005)。此外,不同类型路径TC在江苏沿海引起的风暴增水也具有不同的分布、振荡周期、海浪形状等特征,其中又以正面登陆型、登陆北上型和近海活动型对江苏产生的影响最为严重(刘金芳等,2002俞亮亮等,2013高清清等,2014于华,2014谭家辉等,2022)。
目前江苏省TC引起的风雨、风暴潮、海浪等灾害的发生、发展机理的研究已较为全面(陶祖钰等,1994朱洪岩等,2000沈树勤等,2001孟智勇等,2002濮梅娟等,2002),且诸多研究发现,TC穿越江苏过程中,其本体及本体与周围天气系统相互作用产生的风雨等灾害的分布与路径联系更为紧密,对江苏影响也更强(丁治英等,1996李英等,2004何立富等,2006蒋义芳等,20112013刘佳等,2013吴海英等,2015Wu,et al,2015陆逸等,2016陈燕等,2019),这就需要对穿过江苏TC的路径及活动特征有详细、系统的定量认识,但目前针对这方面的系统研究不多。同时,研究发现近几十年影响中国的西北太平洋TC的盛行路径、最大强度位置及登陆点存在显著北移的趋势(Zhao,et al,2014a2014bChen,et al,2022Guo,et al,2022),江苏在华东沿海省份中虽所处纬度较高,但在西北太平洋TC活动北移且强度和强台风占比显著上升的背景下(Park,et al,2014Li,et al,2017Wang,et al,2022),TC对江苏潜在破坏力的长期变化趋势也值得关注。故文中针对1949—2021年穿过江苏TC的生成、登陆、路径分类、环流背景等特征进行细致分析,并进一步揭示其穿越江苏过程中的移动路径及潜在破坏力的时空分布特征,以期为沿海防台减灾提供有益参考。
所用资料包括:(1)CMA-STI热带气旋最佳路径数据集(http://tcdata.typhoon.org.cn)中1949—2021年(共73 a)的西北太平洋海域TC路径资料(Ying,et al,2014Lu,et al,2021),包括TC每6 h的位置(经度、纬度)和强度,同时参考国家气象中心2004年开始发布的TC报文资料;(2)对应年份和区域的欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)第5代再分析资料(ERA5),时间分辨率为1 h,水平空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°。
选取路径经过江苏的所有TC作为穿过江苏TC的统计样本(包含所有强度、命名及未命名的TC),1949—2021年西北太平洋生成的所有TC中穿过江苏的TC共67个(其中包括3个进入江苏后填塞消亡的TC)(图1a、b),平均每年有0.92个TC穿过江苏,分别占西北太平洋和登陆中国TC总数的2.7%和10.2%,其中1994年频数最多(4个),其次是1956、1959、1962、1985和2018年,均有3个TC穿过江苏(图1c)。
TC潜在破坏力(Power Dissipation Index,PDI)定义为
PDI0τVmax3dt
式中,Vmax为TC近中心最大风速,τ为TC生命期(Emanuel,2005),分析江苏区域TC潜在破坏力时,τ为TC在江苏境内的停留时间。
文中运用合成方法(Chan,et al,1980Hodanish,et al,1993)分析TC穿过江苏时的环流特征;基于CMA-STI最佳路径数据中TC每6 h的经度和纬度,结合haversine公式计算得到TC移速矢量(Xu,et al,1982);运用t检验检测变量序列趋势的显著性。
1949—2021年穿过江苏TC主要生成于7月(26个)和8月(25个),其次是9月(13个)和6月(3个)(图2),其余月份生成于西北太平洋的TC路径不会进入江苏,往往由其外围环流形成的风雨对江苏产生影响。穿过江苏的TC多生成于7和8月,一方面是由于7和8月西北太平洋赤道辐合带及季风槽中热带扰动活动最为活跃,TC生成频数达到峰值(Lander,1994),另一方面是由于7和8月西太平洋副热带高压(西太副高)环流北跳、夏季风北上,在上述两个条件的共同作用下中国沿海TC活动频数增多,且在环境气流引导下北上移动至较高纬度进入江苏(Lander,1996)。
穿过江苏TC的生成源地多位于西北太平洋TC生成的高频区,即西北太平洋中部(7°—17°N,128°—150°E)的热带洋面上(图2中绿色方格区域),且生成位置分布跨度较大。受西太副高环流及季风环流的活动变化影响,穿过江苏TC的生成源地分布在各月具有不同的特征(图2),6月西太副高及夏季风尚处在第一次季节性北进阶段,副高脊线位于20°N附近,西南季风尚未发展为闭合环流,故穿过江苏TC在6月的生成源地均分布在15°N以南;7—8月西太副高第二次季节性北跳,夏季风也进一步北推,副高脊线北进至27°—30°N,西南季风发展形成闭合环流,且7月西太副高西伸脊点达到130°E附近,故生成于7—8月的穿过江苏TC的源地分布范围最广;9月西太副高开始南落东退,夏季风南撤减弱,西太副高西伸脊点东移至139°E附近,故生成于9月的穿过江苏TC源地分布较7—8月偏南,且生成位置最偏东的TC出现在9月。
1949—2021年穿过江苏的TC从生成到进入江苏在中国沿海7个省级行政区登陆106次(图3),其中登陆江苏6次(占5.7%),登陆其他省级行政区(台湾、福建、浙江、上海、广东、香港)100次(占94.3%),登陆台湾次数最多(31次),其次为福建(29次)和浙江(25次)。登陆均发生在6—10月(图4),其中8月(26个TC,39次)登陆TC数量及频次最多、登陆点分布南北跨度最大,其次是7月(19个TC,32次)和9月(19个TC,31次),且9月登陆点分布较7、8月略偏南。
穿过江苏TC仅登陆中国1次的有30个,登陆2次的有35个,登陆3次的仅有2个;根据TC由不同省级行政区登陆的具体情况,表1列出了穿过江苏TC的14种登陆路线(编号T1—T14),并给出了每种登陆路线的登陆TC数量、频次、月份、登陆省级行政区具体顺序以及首次登陆到进入江苏的平均路径长度和平均时长,其中登陆月份列内加星号(*)月份为登陆频次最高的月份。如表1所示T1—T3路线(6个TC,登陆8次)从海上登陆江苏,其中T1路线在生成后由海上直接登陆江苏,T2和T3路线分别先登陆台湾或浙江后再由海上登陆江苏;T4—T14路线(61个TC,登陆98次)由其他省份登陆后经陆上进入江苏,其中以登陆台湾后二次登陆福建再经陆上进入江苏的T4路线占比最高(37.3%,登陆50次),其次是由浙江登陆经陆上进入江苏的T8路线(占19.4%);14种登陆路线中有7种登陆峰值发生在8月(T1—T4、T8、T11、T14),另外7种登陆峰值发生在7月或9月(T5—T7、T9—T10、T12—T13);TC登陆中国各省级行政区到进入江苏的平均时长和路径长度由南向北逐渐缩短,除了T1路线在生成后从海上直接登陆江苏,穿过江苏TC首次登陆中国其他省份到进入江苏的平均路径长度和时长分别为795.9 km和39.3 h,其中T11路线从首次登陆上海到进入江苏的平均路径和时长最短,T2路线仅有1例,即9414号强台风Doug在登陆台湾岛东北角后沿近海北上登陆江苏,是首次登陆到进入江苏时长最长(116.8 h)、路径第2长(1627.7 km)的TC。
根据TC整体路径形态,结合穿过江苏时的移动方向和环流特征,将穿过江苏TC路径分为4类,分别为抛物线转向路径、北上直行路径、西北行路径和突然西折路径(图5)。
第一类,抛物线转向路径为西北太平洋TC的典型路径,以该类路径穿过江苏的TC共43个,占比最高(64.2%),6—9月广泛生成于台湾岛以东的中国近海至165°E附近的西北太平洋热带洋面,6—10月在中国上海、浙江、福建、广东、香港、台湾沿海登陆,登陆点分布南北、东西跨度均较大,登陆路线中T4路线最多(20个TC),其次是T8路线(10个TC),多由江苏南部和西部进入江苏,从江苏东部和北部离开,其中79.1%直接从江苏沿海三市(连云港、盐城、南通)入海(图5a)。TC以抛物线转向路径进入江苏时TC环流中心的平均位置位于苏南地区(31.3°N,120.3°E)附近,江苏处于低压槽内受TC北部环流影响,中纬度西风气流带平直且南压明显,其南缘位于37°N附近,西太副高呈东西带状分布,西伸脊点位于124°E附近,副高西侧偏南气流超过20 m/s,副高北侧与中纬度西风带之间的西风气流超过18 m/s,TC受西太副高西侧偏南气流引导完成转向穿过江苏,之后在中纬度西风带引导下向东北方向移动离开江苏。
第二类,北上直行路径共11个TC(占16.4%),多在7月前后生成于140°E以西的菲律宾以东洋面,生成位置较其他类型路径偏西。生成后该类路径TC基本保持向偏北方向移动,并主要以T4、T6、T8登陆路线在台湾东部以及闽北、浙南沿海登陆,继续北上后多由苏南进入江苏,此类TC的72.7%从江苏沿海直接入海(图5b)。TC以北上直行路径进入江苏时,TC环流中心的平均位置位于(31.2°N,120.2°E)附近,江苏也处于低压槽内,影响江苏的主要是TC东北象限和低压槽前的偏南气流,同时中纬度西风气流明显较第一类路径北抬减弱,西太副高西伸脊点稍偏东(126°E附近),副高西侧到江苏上空是一条北缘到达40°N附近的宽阔偏南气流带(最大风速超过18 m/s),TC在这条偏南气流带的引导下持续北上穿过江苏。
第三类,西北行路径TC共10个(占14.9%),均在7月中旬至8月中旬生成于西北太平洋15°N以北海域,生成位置较其他类型偏北。该类路径TC生成后向西北方向移动过程中,由海上直接登陆江苏(T1登陆路线)或是先登陆上海、浙北沿海(T8、T10、T11登陆路线),之后多由江苏东南部进入江苏,又从江苏东北部或西部离开(图5c)。TC以西北行路径进入江苏时,TC环流中心的平均位置位于苏南地区东南部(31.2°N,121.0°E)附近,江苏受TC西北象限环流影响,西太副高略有西伸且明显北抬,西伸脊点位于(40°N,123°E)附近,由于副高呈明显的西北—东南向分布,副高南侧的东海北部及黄海海域上空均为稳定的东南气流(最大风速超过16 m/s),TC受东南气流引导向西北穿过江苏后逐渐填塞消亡或是继续北上进入西风带变性转向。
第四类,突然西折路径穿过江苏的TC共3个,仅占穿过江苏TC路径的4.5%,却是4类路径中最特别的,该类路径TC均生成于8月,在中国近海及其附近海域北上至30°N以北后,不像抛物线路径那样向东转向远离中国而是突然西折从海上或是短暂掠过崇明岛后直接袭击江苏东南部(T2、T3、T11登陆路线),增加了沿海TC业务预报和防灾、减灾的难度与压力,属于异常TC路径(图5d)。TC以突然西折路径进入江苏时,西太副高北抬且西伸至中国大陆,西伸脊点位于117.5°E附近,TC环流中心的平均位置位于(32.2°N,121.5°E)附近,江苏处于副高南侧受TC西侧环流影响,强势西伸的西太副高阻挡了TC继续北上而发生转向,在其南侧偏东气流(最大风速超过16 m/s)引导下,TC突然西折穿过江苏。
1949—2021年TC主要于7—9月进入和离开江苏,占穿过江苏TC总数的95.5%,其中8月最多(进入和离开均为26个),9月次之(进入和离开均为20个),7月生成的穿过江苏TC多在中旬和下旬,故7月进入(18个)和离开(15个)江苏的TC频数略少于8和9月。4类路径中,抛物线转向路径穿过江苏的峰值出现在9月,北上直行路径的峰值在7月,西北行和突然西折路径的峰值均在8月(图6)。
TC进入和离开江苏既具有不同的时间变化特征,也表现出不同的空间分布特征(图7)。TC进入江苏频次的空间分布上,TC主要从江苏东南部进入,占总频次的58.8%(40次);从江苏西部进入频次占总频次的39.7%(27次),分布较为分散;从江苏东北部进入的概率很小,1949年至今仅有1个TC由盐城响水进入江苏(1210号台风达维),占总频次的1.5%。从TC离开江苏频次的空间分布看,TC从江苏东部沿海离开的频次最高(共44次,占67.7%),其次是江苏淮北北部地区(共21次,占32.3%),从苏南离开的频次较少,仅占总数的6.2%(4次),从江苏江淮之间西部离开仅有2次。由于穿过江苏占比最高的抛物线转向路径多由江苏西南向东北方向移动,TC从江苏东部沿海直接入海离开的次数(44次)明显多于从江苏东部沿海登陆进入的次数(6次)。
西太副高和季风环流等大尺度系统的季节性调整(Lander,1996),使得TC进入和离开江苏的位置随月份分别发生北上-南落和西进-东退的分布变化(图7)。进入位置:6月仅分布在苏南地区太湖附近,7—8月由苏南向北分布至江苏淮北西北部和淮北东部沿海,9月江苏东、西部进入位置分别向南回落至长江入海口北岸和淮河以南;离开位置:6月分布于江苏江淮之间东部沿海,7—8月向北、向西扩展,在江苏整个东部沿海、淮北地区和江苏西南部均有分布,9月向东退回至江苏东部沿海一线。
江苏区域TC路径频率总体上表现为由江苏东南部向西北方向减少的分布特征,其中东南部频率最高(0.5°×0.5°网格内频次最高达17次),其次是沿淮地区(0.5°×0.5°网格内频次最高达10次),TC平均移动方向以偏北或北偏东为主(图8a)。图8b—d显示穿过江苏TC路径频率和移速矢量的空间分布存在明显的月际变化,7月江苏沿淮地区均为向北偏东方向移动的抛物线路径,平均移速最大超过50 km/h,江苏西北部和淮河以南东部多为向偏北方向移动的抛物线路径和北上直行路径,其中淮河以南东部平均移速最大超过40 km/h,江苏西北部除9406号超强台风以73.2 km/h移速掠过外,平均移速为10—17 km/h。8月由于西太副高进一步北抬,西北行和突然西折路径增多,江苏东南部TC路径频率明显增加并高于其他区域(0.5°×0.5°网格内频次最高达9次),江苏东部沿海形成一条移动方向为北偏西的移速大值带,平均移速最大超过48 km/h。9月路径频率分布向东南方向回落至江苏沿淮及以南区域,TC多以抛物线路径向北偏东方向移动,且在沿淮地区和东南部路径频率较高,江苏沿淮地区、江淮之间和东南部各形成一条西南—东北走向的移速大值带(平均移速最大分别超过51、57、40 km/h)。
Emanuel(2005)提出用TC潜在破坏力反映TC频数、影响时长以及影响期间TC强度造成的综合影响,较单独的TC频率或强度更能体现TC的威胁。分析江苏区域TC潜在破坏力(以下简称为JS-PDI)发现,1949—2021年JS-PDI呈现显著上升趋势,线性趋势系数0.0035×109 m3/(s2·a)通过了显著性水平为0.05的统计检验,与Emanuel(2005)和Li等(2017)指出的西北太平洋及登陆华东热带气旋PDI自1975年开始显著增长的结论一致,1975—2021年JS-PDI增长了约110%(图9a)。由于1949—2021年穿过江苏TC频数和在江苏区域停留时间无显著变化趋势(图略),JS-PDI显著增长主要来源于穿过江苏TC强度的增强,图9b、c显示1949—2021年穿过江苏TC在江苏境内平均强度及登陆强度均显著增长,线性趋势系数均通过了显著性水平为0.05的统计检验,其中1975—2021年分别增长了17.3%和18.6%。虽然中国观测站网的发展以及20世纪70年代起卫星资料的运用等对CMA-STI最佳路径数据集中包括TC强度在内的数据时间均一性和趋势分析存在一定影响(Ying,et al,2014Lu,et al,2021),但运用RSMC-Tokyo和JTWC最佳路径数据集分析西北太平洋TC气候特征的研究也发现,20世纪70、80年代起,西北太平洋尤其是登陆华东TC的强度、强台风和超强台风数量及占比、TC强度增长率均存在显著上升趋势(Kang,et al,2012Kishtawal,et al,2012Holland,et al,2014Park,et al,2014Li,et al,2017),这与上文分析结果吻合。并有研究(Emanuel,2005Chen,et al,2011Holland,et al,2014Zhao,et al,2014a2014bMei,et al,2016)指出,这与西北太平洋TC生成位置东移、全球变暖造成的热带海表温度上升以及东海南部及其附近区域水平风速垂直切变减弱等因素有关。
江苏区域TC潜在破坏力存在明显的月际变化(图10)。8月穿过江苏TC频数最多,在江苏区域TC停留时间平均可达9.1 h,强度达热带风暴等级及以上的TC频数最多(17个),相应地,8月JS-PDI达6.0×109 m3/s2,明显高于其他月份,即江苏区域8月的TC潜在破坏力最高。9月穿过江苏TC频数略多于7月,但7月江苏区域TC停留时间较9月长,强度达热带风暴等级及以上的TC频数也较9月多,相应地,7月JS-PDI约为9月的1.6倍,这是由于9月西太副高所处平均位置较7月偏南、偏西,在环境引导气流影响下7月西北太平洋TC路径较9月偏北(Yao,et al,2020),其中7月穿过江苏TC北上直行和西北行路径明显较9月多,登陆点也较9月略偏北(图2),故虽然9月西北太平洋生成超强台风最多、登陆TC平均强度最强,但TC进入江苏时强度较7月弱,变性为温带气旋的数量最多,且在江苏停留时间较7月短,使得9月JS-PDI明显弱于7月。
江苏区域TC潜在破坏力也存在明显的空间分布特征,JS-PDI大值区主要分布于沿海区域和苏南东部,与江苏区域TC平均强度大值区分布较为一致(图11a),与江苏区域TC灾害危险性等级较高及以上区域分布也基本一致(图略),同时JS-PDI大值中心(图11a—d)与江苏TC路径频率大值中心(图8a—d)存在较好的对应关系,其中7月JS-PDI大值区和大值中心位于江淮之间东南部和苏南东部,8月由于穿过江苏的西北行和突然西折TC路径增多,沿海JS-PDI大值区和大值中心向北伸展分布至淮北东部。结合图8分析发现,对江苏区域存在较大潜在破坏力的TC主要经由3种路径进入江苏:(1)TC自启东角附近由南通进入江苏;(2)TC自杭州湾经沪浙交界处附近由苏州进入江苏;(3)TC登陆浙江省沿海中部,之后北上穿过浙江省经由太湖附近进入江苏。以上3种路径的TC进入江苏前陆上路径的长度和时间较短或是直接登陆江苏,较进入江苏前陆上路径的长度和时间较长而强度明显减弱的TC对江苏存在更大的潜在破坏力。
利用CMA-STI西北太平洋海域TC最佳路径数据集,选取路径穿过江苏的TC,分析得到穿过江苏TC活动、路径分类、环流背景特征,以及穿过江苏TC过程中的路径移动及潜在破坏力的时空分布特征。主要结论如下:
(1)1949—2021年西北太平洋生成的穿过江苏TC共67个(其中包括3个进入江苏后填塞消亡的TC),平均每年0.92个,分别占西北太平洋和登陆中国TC总数的2.7%和10.2%。穿过江苏TC生成于6—9月,受西北太平洋赤道辐合带、西太副高和季风环流共同活动的影响,7和8月生成频数最多、源地分布范围最广。
(2)1949—2021年穿过江苏TC从生成到进入江苏在中国沿海7个省级行政区登陆106次,其中登陆江苏省6次(占5.7%),登陆台湾省(31次)和福建省(29次)次数较多,登陆各省级行政区到进入江苏的平均时长和路径长度由南向北逐渐缩短。登陆均发生在6—10月,8月登陆TC数量及频次最多,登陆点分布南北跨度最大;9月登陆点分布较7和8月略偏南。穿过江苏TC登陆路线共14种,其中以登陆台湾后二次登陆福建再经陆上进入江苏的T4登陆路线占比最高。
(3)穿过江苏TC路径可分为4类,分别为抛物线转向路径、北上直行路径、西北行路径和突然西折路径,其中抛物线转向路径占比最高(64.2%),是西北太平洋TC穿过江苏的典型路径。西太副高和中纬度西风气流的不同配置形态是影响TC以4类不同路径穿过江苏的主要原因。
(4)TC主要于7—9月进入和离开江苏,占穿过江苏TC总数的95.5%,其中8月最多,9月次之。TC从江苏东南部进入的频次最多,从江苏西部进入频次稍低,从江苏东北部进入的概率很小。TC从江苏东部沿海离开的频次最多,其次是江苏淮北北部地区,从苏南和江淮之间西部离开的频次较少。西太副高和季风环流等大尺度系统的季节性调整,使得TC进入和离开江苏的位置随月份分别发生北上-南落和西进-东退的分布变化。
(5)江苏区域TC路径频率总体上表现为由江苏东南部向西北方向减少的分布特征,其中东南部频率最高,其次是沿淮地区,TC平均移动方向以偏北或北偏东为主,路径频率和移速矢量的空间分布存在明显的月际变化。
(6)1949—2021年穿过江苏TC的登陆强度和在江苏境内平均强度均显著增长,使江苏区域TC潜在破坏力(JS-PDI)呈显著上升趋势。JS-PDI存在明显月际变化,其中8月JS-PDI明显高于其他月份,7月穿过江苏TC频数略少于9月,但7月JS-PDI约为9月的1.6倍。JS-PDI大值区主要分布于沿海区域和苏南东部,与江苏区域TC平均强度大值区分布较为一致,同时JS-PDI大值中心与江苏区域TC路径频率大值中心存在较好的对应关系。
本研究得到的穿过江苏TC活动、环流及潜在破坏力特征,有助于进一步加深TC对江苏影响的认识,虽然TC穿过江苏时强度多数已减弱或变性为温带气旋,但对江苏造成的影响不容忽视(陈联寿等,1979),1949年以来JS-PDI呈显著上升趋势,故后续工作中将对江苏TC风雨分布及影响机制进行更深入的研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41805036)
  • 江苏省气象学会青年科研基金项目(KQ201908)
  • 广西高校中青年教师科研基础能力提升项目(2023KY1135)
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  • 修回日期:2024-12-01
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国家自然科学基金项目(41805036)
江苏省气象学会青年科研基金项目(KQ201908)
广西高校中青年教师科研基础能力提升项目(2023KY1135)
作者信息
    1.江苏省气候中心,南京,210041
    2.中国气象局交通气象重点开放实验室,南京,210041
    3.广西水利电力职业技术学院,南宁,530023
    4.江苏省气象台,南京,210041
    5.中国气象科学研究院,北京,100081

通讯作者:

濮梅娟,主要从事天气动力与大气物理研究。E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qxxb/CN/10.11676/qxxb2025.20240136
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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