Article(id=1244213321268838448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11676/qxxb2025.20240093, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722355200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-31, revisedDate=1734883200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774573172156, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774573172156, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774573172156, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573172156, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244213313182221193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, year='2025', volume='83', issue='5', pageStart='1139', pageEnd='1384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774573170228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573255889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1301, endPage=1312, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244213321944121444, articleId=1244213321268838448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, language=EN, title=Development of an atmosphere-wave coupled modeling system(GRIST-WW3)based on the ESMF/NUOPC coupling strategy and related numerical simulations, columnId=1244213315661054860, journalTitle=Acta Meteorologica Sinica, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Atmosphere-wave interaction is a crucial dynamic process at the air-sea interface, with the sea surface momentum roughness length being a key variable in the coupled atmosphere-wave modelling system. The Global-Regional Integrated Forecast System (GRIST), a next-generation unstructured-grid unified weather and climate modelling system, has been independently designed and developed in China in recent years. By employing the ESMF/NUOPC framework, GRIST has been integrated with the WW3 model to create the coupled atmosphere-wave modelling system (GRIST-WW3). In this system, the atmospheric model provides 10 m wind fields over the sea surface to drive the wave model, while the sea surface roughness, derived from a wave parameterization scheme, is fed back into the atmospheric model. Preliminary results show that the GRIST-WW3 system accurately captures spatial distribution of sea surface wind field and significant wave height, both of which agree well with observations. However, in regions such as the Southern Hemisphere's westerlies and areas near typhoons, where the wind speeds are notably high, the model tends to overestimate 10 m wind speed and significant wave height. The two-way coupling process increases the average and dispersion of sea surface roughness, reducing wind speed biases in areas of high wind speed. In terms of typhoon simulation, improvements in the simulation of typhoon trajectory and 10 m maximum wind speed are evident with the atmosphere-wave coupled modelling system, although the minimum sea level pressure remains unaffected. In the coupled atmosphere-wave modelling system, the wave parameterization scheme of sea surface roughness is essential for accurately simulating high wind speed areas. The optimization of the scheme should be guided by the atmospheric model's bias characteristics, with the primary goal of reducing bias in high wind speed regions.

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气-浪相互作用是海-气交互面重要的动力学过程。海表空气动力粗糙度是气-浪相互作用的关键变量。旨在构建气-浪耦合系统并初步探索海浪模式提供的海表空气动力粗糙度对天气、气候模拟的影响。研究依托ESMF/NUOPC地球系统耦合框架,基于全球-区域一体化预测系统(GRIST)和海浪模式(WW3),发展了GRIST-WW3气-浪耦合模式系统。耦合系统中由大气模式提供海表10 m风场驱动海浪模式运行,根据海浪模式反馈的波浪参数计算海表粗糙度并导入大气模式。模拟结果表明,GRIST-WW3气-浪耦合模式系统能够保证大气和海浪模式的准确数据交换和高效运行,可再现和观测较为一致的海表风场和有效波高的空间分布。在南半球西风带和台风附近等高风速区域,GRIST模式模拟的10 m风速和有效波高相对ERA5再分析数据偏高。引入气-浪双向耦合过程显著提高了海表粗糙度的平均值和离散度,可减小高风速区域的模拟误差。在台风“烟花”个例的模拟试验中,气-浪耦合对台风中心最低气压的影响较小,对台风路径和10 m最大风速的模拟有一定优化效果。海表粗糙度参数化方案显著影响气-浪耦合模式系统在高风速区域的模拟准确性,方案后续优化应基于模式偏差特征,以降低风速模拟的偏差为主要出发点。

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张祎,主要从事模式发展改进及评估等研究。E-mail:
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郜婕,主要从事大气海洋模式开发研究。E-mail:

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routine is for integrating calculation of sub-models;the Finalize routine is for implementing the termination of sub-models), figureFileSmall=44TehHAK3WEohRgmY0t7tw==, figureFileBig=mYmkoFamywW+MeTHpnQzxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330357895630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321268838448, language=CN, label=图1, caption=GRIST-WW3气-浪耦合模式的代码结构和变量交换示意(GRIST-WW3由NUOPC驱动层、NUOPC调解器以及NUOPC模式分量组件(ATM和WAV)组成;虚线框内为NUOPC驱动层的初始化阶段,自动化通用NUOPC连接器操作通过灰色框实现;Advertize例程用于定义子模式和模式交换变量;Realize例程用于子模式初始化和网格设置;Advance例程用于控制子模式积分计算;Finalize例程用于实现子模式的结束), figureFileSmall=44TehHAK3WEohRgmY0t7tw==, figureFileBig=mYmkoFamywW+MeTHpnQzxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330550833622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321268838448, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=10 m wind speed(a,d;unit:m/s),significant wave height(b,e;unit:m)and sea surface roughness length(c,f;unit:cm)at 00:00 UTC 24 July 2021(a—c. ERA5,d—f. ATM), figureFileSmall=65kte4rdAVQ+TeZxtLInpA==, figureFileBig=tOzG4WQKDS9zjKq9JZoprg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330626331097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321268838448, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2021年7月24日00时10 m风速(a、d,单位:m/s)、有效波高(b、e,单位:m)和海表粗糙度(c、f,单位:cm)(a—c. ERA5,d—e. ATM), figureFileSmall=65kte4rdAVQ+TeZxtLInpA==, figureFileBig=tOzG4WQKDS9zjKq9JZoprg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330743771613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321268838448, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Same as Fig. 2 but Fig. a—c show deviations between OO02 and ATM,and Fig. d—f are deviations between TY01 and ATM, figureFileSmall=2iQuzae2Fu0zRNZCYfMCng==, figureFileBig=1KYCS+h5hFSSpbL2GQmhgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330848629216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321268838448, language=CN, label=图3, caption=图2,但a—c为OO02与ATM的偏差,d—f为TY01与ATM的偏差, figureFileSmall=2iQuzae2Fu0zRNZCYfMCng==, figureFileBig=1KYCS+h5hFSSpbL2GQmhgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330949292516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321268838448, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=ERA5 data(a,b),ATM experiment(c,d),deviations between OO02 and ATM(e,f),and deviations between TY01 and ATM(g,h)in the Northwest Pacific at 00:00 UTC 24 July 2021(a,c. 10 m wind speed;e,g. 10 m wind speed deviations;b,d. wave height;f,h. wave height deviations), figureFileSmall=Wd+XMUxdsRmV2uRY5UyNzg==, figureFileBig=N4+uffXuRNyQ9oeHnLNOag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331049955817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321268838448, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2021年7月24日00时西北太平洋区域ERA5再分析数据(a、b),单向耦合试验ATM(c、d),耦合试验OO02和ATM的偏差(e、f),耦合试验TY01和ATM的偏差(g、h)的空间分布(a、c. 10 m风速;e、g. 10 m风速偏差;b、d. 有效波高;f、h. 有效波高偏差), figureFileSmall=Wd+XMUxdsRmV2uRY5UyNzg==, figureFileBig=N4+uffXuRNyQ9oeHnLNOag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331129647596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321268838448, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Sea surface roughness length at Northwest Pacific at 00:00 UTC 24 July 2021(a. ERA5,b. ATM,c. OO02,d. TY01), figureFileSmall=wBfMJtFVXsvQ194QqZaXCA==, figureFileBig=o5zchSnbeX+VPcM0s8PAVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331205145073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321268838448, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2021年7月24日00时的海表粗糙度(a. ERA5,b. ATM,c. OO02,d. 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Experiment configuration of the coupling model

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试验名称模式数据交换海表粗糙度方案
ATMATM ==>WAV(单向)Charn55
OO02ATM <==>WAV(双向)OO02
TY01ATM <==>WAV(双向)TY01
), ArticleFig(id=1244213332274692637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321268838448, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

耦合试验配置

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试验名称模式数据交换海表粗糙度方案
ATMATM ==>WAV(单向)Charn55
OO02ATM <==>WAV(双向)OO02
TY01ATM <==>WAV(双向)TY01
), ArticleFig(id=1244213332354384417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321268838448, language=EN, label=Table A1, caption=

List of model and software abbreviations

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简称全称
ESMFEarth System Modeling Framework
NUOPCNational Unified Operational Prediction Capability
GRISTGlobal-Regional Integrated Forecast System
WW3WAVEWATCH Ⅲ
OASIS3Ocean Atmosphere Sea Ice Soil,version 3
RegCM3Regional Climate Model Version 3
LICOM2LASG/IAP Climate Ocean Model,version 2
MASNUMMarine Science and Numerical Modeling
COAWSTThe Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Wave Sediment Transport Modeling System
C-Coupler2The Community Coupler 2
MPAS-AModel for Prediction Across Scales-Atmosphere
RCMThe Regional Climate Model
WAMThe third generation Wave Model
COAREThe Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment
JMAJapan Meteorological Agency
GDAS-FNLThe Global Data Assimilation System-Final
), ArticleFig(id=1244213332463436325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213321268838448, language=CN, label=附表1, caption=

文中英文缩写索引

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简称全称
ESMFEarth System Modeling Framework
NUOPCNational Unified Operational Prediction Capability
GRISTGlobal-Regional Integrated Forecast System
WW3WAVEWATCH Ⅲ
OASIS3Ocean Atmosphere Sea Ice Soil,version 3
RegCM3Regional Climate Model Version 3
LICOM2LASG/IAP Climate Ocean Model,version 2
MASNUMMarine Science and Numerical Modeling
COAWSTThe Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Wave Sediment Transport Modeling System
C-Coupler2The Community Coupler 2
MPAS-AModel for Prediction Across Scales-Atmosphere
RCMThe Regional Climate Model
WAMThe third generation Wave Model
COAREThe Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment
JMAJapan Meteorological Agency
GDAS-FNLThe Global Data Assimilation System-Final
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基于ESMF/NUOPC耦合框架的GRIST-WW3气-浪耦合模式及其数值模拟初探
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郜婕 1, 2 , 容新尧 3, 4 , 张祎 1, 2 , 付振 1, 2 , 林鹏飞 5
气象学报 | 论文 2025,83(5): 1301-1312
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气象学报 | 论文 2025, 83(5): 1301-1312
基于ESMF/NUOPC耦合框架的GRIST-WW3气-浪耦合模式及其数值模拟初探
全屏
郜婕1, 2 , 容新尧3, 4, 张祎1, 2 , 付振1, 2, 林鹏飞5
作者信息
  • 1.南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室,南京,210044
  • 2.南京信息工程大学大气科学学院,南京,210044
  • 3.中国气象局地球系统数值预报中心,北京,100081
  • 4.灾害天气科学与技术全国重点实验室,中国气象科学研究院,北京,100081
  • 5.中国科学院大气物理研究所地球系统数值模拟与应用全国重点实验室,北京,100029
  • 郜婕,主要从事大气海洋模式开发研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张祎,主要从事模式发展改进及评估等研究。E-mail:
Development of an atmosphere-wave coupled modeling system(GRIST-WW3)based on the ESMF/NUOPC coupling strategy and related numerical simulations
Jie GAO1, 2 , Xinyao RONG3, 4, Yi ZHANG1, 2 , Zhen FU1, 2, Pengfei LIN5
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management,Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,Nanjing 210044,China
  • 2.School of Atmospheric Sciences,Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,Nanjing 210044,China
  • 3.CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre,Beijing 100081,China
  • 4.State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Meteorological Science and Technology,Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,Beijing 100081,China
  • 5.State Key Laboratory of Earth System Numerical Modeling and Application,Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029,China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240093
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气-浪相互作用是海-气交互面重要的动力学过程。海表空气动力粗糙度是气-浪相互作用的关键变量。旨在构建气-浪耦合系统并初步探索海浪模式提供的海表空气动力粗糙度对天气、气候模拟的影响。研究依托ESMF/NUOPC地球系统耦合框架,基于全球-区域一体化预测系统(GRIST)和海浪模式(WW3),发展了GRIST-WW3气-浪耦合模式系统。耦合系统中由大气模式提供海表10 m风场驱动海浪模式运行,根据海浪模式反馈的波浪参数计算海表粗糙度并导入大气模式。模拟结果表明,GRIST-WW3气-浪耦合模式系统能够保证大气和海浪模式的准确数据交换和高效运行,可再现和观测较为一致的海表风场和有效波高的空间分布。在南半球西风带和台风附近等高风速区域,GRIST模式模拟的10 m风速和有效波高相对ERA5再分析数据偏高。引入气-浪双向耦合过程显著提高了海表粗糙度的平均值和离散度,可减小高风速区域的模拟误差。在台风“烟花”个例的模拟试验中,气-浪耦合对台风中心最低气压的影响较小,对台风路径和10 m最大风速的模拟有一定优化效果。海表粗糙度参数化方案显著影响气-浪耦合模式系统在高风速区域的模拟准确性,方案后续优化应基于模式偏差特征,以降低风速模拟的偏差为主要出发点。

气-浪耦合模式系统  /  ESMF/NUOPC耦合框架  /  GRIST  /  台风模拟

Atmosphere-wave interaction is a crucial dynamic process at the air-sea interface, with the sea surface momentum roughness length being a key variable in the coupled atmosphere-wave modelling system. The Global-Regional Integrated Forecast System (GRIST), a next-generation unstructured-grid unified weather and climate modelling system, has been independently designed and developed in China in recent years. By employing the ESMF/NUOPC framework, GRIST has been integrated with the WW3 model to create the coupled atmosphere-wave modelling system (GRIST-WW3). In this system, the atmospheric model provides 10 m wind fields over the sea surface to drive the wave model, while the sea surface roughness, derived from a wave parameterization scheme, is fed back into the atmospheric model. Preliminary results show that the GRIST-WW3 system accurately captures spatial distribution of sea surface wind field and significant wave height, both of which agree well with observations. However, in regions such as the Southern Hemisphere's westerlies and areas near typhoons, where the wind speeds are notably high, the model tends to overestimate 10 m wind speed and significant wave height. The two-way coupling process increases the average and dispersion of sea surface roughness, reducing wind speed biases in areas of high wind speed. In terms of typhoon simulation, improvements in the simulation of typhoon trajectory and 10 m maximum wind speed are evident with the atmosphere-wave coupled modelling system, although the minimum sea level pressure remains unaffected. In the coupled atmosphere-wave modelling system, the wave parameterization scheme of sea surface roughness is essential for accurately simulating high wind speed areas. The optimization of the scheme should be guided by the atmospheric model's bias characteristics, with the primary goal of reducing bias in high wind speed regions.

Atmosphere-wave coupled modelling system  /  ESMF/NUOPC framework  /  GRIST  /  Typhoon simulation
郜婕, 容新尧, 张祎, 付振, 林鹏飞. 基于ESMF/NUOPC耦合框架的GRIST-WW3气-浪耦合模式及其数值模拟初探. 气象学报, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1301 -1312 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240093
Jie GAO, Xinyao RONG, Yi ZHANG, Zhen FU, Pengfei LIN. Development of an atmosphere-wave coupled modeling system(GRIST-WW3)based on the ESMF/NUOPC coupling strategy and related numerical simulations[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1301 -1312 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240093
多圈层耦合的地球系统模式描述地球系统各圈层间复杂的相互作用,是应对气候变化、预防极端天气灾害等多领域的重要科技支撑。在大气和海洋交界面,气-浪相互作用是最为显著的动力过程之一。大气向海洋传递的动能绝大多数被海浪直接吸收,海浪状况影响着海-气界面的动量、热量和物质通量交换。引入气-浪相互作用可提高数值模式对海-气界面相关要素的模拟能力。同时,气-浪耦合模式的构建和拓展也是发展地球模式系统的关键基础。
中国已开展了一些围绕气-浪(流)耦合的相关工作。Zou等(2017)采用OASIS3(英文缩写见附表1,下同)耦合器,耦合RegCM3、LICOM2和MASNUM海浪模式。模式通过引入浪-流相互作用中的非破碎波致混合过程,使得海洋上层混合增强,混合层深度增加,进一步增强了东亚夏季风。Bao等(2020)采用CPL耦合器,引入非破碎波致混合、斯托克斯漂流以及飞沫破碎等海浪相关的过程,实现了基于MASNUM海浪模式的海-气-浪耦合。然而,上述研究均未考虑气-浪相互作用中的海表空气动力粗糙度(海表粗糙度)对大气的反馈。
海表粗糙度是气-浪相互作用的直接体现,也是耦合大气和海浪模式时的关键要素。气-浪耦合模式引入了考虑海浪状况的海表粗糙度参数化方案,将改变大气底层风场和海浪场的结构及强度,进而影响整个大气-海洋系统,对天气和气候模拟具有重要价值。Lin等(2006)基于P-σ坐标的RCM和WAM浪模式,以海表空气动力粗糙度作为关键耦合变量,构建了气-浪耦合模式,并指出气-浪耦合可加速中国南海夏季风的建立和推进。Xu等(2023)将波致混合和海浪破碎产生的飞沫引入COAWST海-气-浪耦合模式系统。波致混合的负反馈和来自飞沫的正反馈叠加,总体增强了台风系统的强度,使风速预报的误差减少了约10%。Peng等(2024)利用C-Coupler2(Liu,et al,2018),以海表空气动力粗糙度作为关键耦合变量,构建了基于MPAS-A大气和WW3海浪的耦合模式。模式在高风速区域模拟性能较好。
全球-区域一体化预测系统(GRIST)是面向全球-区域、天气-气候一体化模拟设计发展的大气数值模式系统(Zhang,et al,201920202024)。基于自主设计的非结构网格、静力-非静力一体化动力框架,模式先后配置了用于天气和气候尺度模拟的物理过程方案包(Zhang,et al,2021Li,et al,2023),使模式可最优适配不同时空尺度模拟需求。GRIST模式系统分辨率灵活可调、适用场景多、求解准确且计算成本可控,已被广泛用于科学研究(Zhang,et al,2022陈苏阳等,2023陈湉茹等,2024王一鸣等,2024张萌等,2024Fu,et al,2024Sun,et al,2024)和业务化试运行
为了推进GRIST模式向地球系统多圈层的模拟,在标准化耦合器软件框架下,实现其与其他地球系统分量模式的耦合是一个重要课题。鉴于GRIST模式已经被用于业务化试运行,而气-浪耦合对于提高天气尺度预报技巧具有帮助,本研究将在地球系统耦合软件框架下,首先实现GRIST面向耦合器软件的功能扩展,在此基础上实现其与海浪模式的耦合。这对开展极端天气预报和季节气候预测、探索地球多圈层相互作用机制具有重要价值。
文中详细介绍了利用ESMF/NUOPC耦合框架(版本8.3.0,下文简称ESMF/NUOPC)耦合GRIST模式和WW3海浪模式的具体技术设计思路及关键参数方案。在对耦合模式基本正确性检验的基础上,通过分析台风个例的模拟试验结果,展示GRIST-WW3气-浪耦合模式系统的基本性能。
耦合器软件架构集成了多样化的核心组件,具备高效并行计算能力、不同网格类型间的数据插值和传输等功能,为快速搭建和拓展定制化的地球系统模式提供了强有力的支持(周天军等,20042020王斌等,2008邹立维等,2012Liu,et al,2018)。中外各大研究机构已经发展了多种耦合器,研究采用的ESMF/NUOPC具备代码架构清晰,接口灵活,网格、插值方法多样等优势(Theurich,et al,2016),已被广泛应用于众多耦合模式和地球系统模式。NUOPC依托ESMF底层软件,通过定义一套包含核心规则、接口和组件的工作流,构建了高效的ESMF/NUOPC耦合器框架。
ESMF/NUOPC包括4个通用基本组件:NUOPC驱动层、NUOPC调解器、NUOPC连接器和NUOPC模式分量,由驱动层控制子模式运行和耦合。ESMF/NUOPC可支持单个模式、两个模式耦合、多个模式耦合等运行方式。对于已有的数值模式,仅需对关键阶段(初始化、运行和结束)的代码进行对应的优化和接口配置,即可通过ESMF/NUOPC控制。ESMF/NUOPC耦合框架支持经纬度网格和非结构网格,具备多种插值方案可选。
GRIST模式的动力框架水平方向采用非结构网格,水平离散化采用基于交错有限体积法的六边形C网格设计方案,垂直方向采用基于干质量的广义垂直坐标,使用控制体积层平均离散化的方式,可实现静力和非静力的灵活转换(Zhang,et al,20192020)。动力框架可支持准均匀网格、变分辨率网格的切换(Zhou,et al,2020)。模式还具有独立的有限区域模拟功能,可满足定制化的区域模拟预测需求(Zhang,et al,2024)。
基于天气-气候一体化的设计思路,GRIST包含针对高分辨率天气预报开发的PhysW物理包和面向长期气候模拟的PhysC物理包(Li,et al,2023)。由于海表粗糙度计算与物理参数化方案紧密联系,本研究中GRIST-WW3气-浪耦合模式是基于PhysW物理包发展的,未来同样可兼容PhysC。基于PhysW物理包的GRIST模式已经开展了多时空尺度的模拟试验和性能分析,显示出较好的模拟效果(陈苏阳等,2023陈湉茹等,2024王一鸣等,2024张萌等,2024Fu,et al,2024),这些前期工作为本研究奠定了坚实基础。
WW3是由美国国家海洋和大气管理局国家环境预报中心研发的基于非线性波-波相互作用的第三代海浪模式(WW3DG,2019)。模式支持多种计算网格,包括经纬度网格、曲面网格和非结构三角网格。控制方程为动谱平衡方程,除传统的深水源函数外,也可反映底摩擦、底散射、海冰、来自冰山和陡峭海岸线的反射、拍岸浪破碎、流化泥浆和三波非线性相互作用的影响。模式可使用多种驱动场,包括:表面流、水位、冰特性、10 m风矢量和气-海温度差等。对同一物理过程,模式允许不同的理论、参数化方案和数值精密性参与数值模拟计算。气-浪耦合模式模拟的关键在于风输入、耗散函数的计算,WW3海浪模式提供多种风输入、耗散函数计算方案,如ST1、ST2、ST3、ST4和ST6方案等。
GRIST-WW3气-浪耦合模式系统以ESMF/NUOPC地球系统耦合框架为耦合控制核心,以GRIST大气模式和WW3海浪模式作为分量子模式构成。GRIST-WW3气-浪耦合模式系统的代码结构和变量交换关系如图1所示。
NUOPC驱动层控制气-浪耦合模式系统的核心流程并驱动模式分量和调解器组件,包括初始化、运行和结束3个模块。模式分量组件包括:大气子模式ATM和海浪子模式WAV组件,用于连接大气模式GRIST和海浪模式WW3,控制子模式的积分计算、数据交换和诊断输出。GRIST/WW3模式对初始化、运行和结束的代码进行匹配修改,接入ESMF/NUOPC中并在其控制下运行。连接器组件选择双线性插值方法进行GRIST非结构网格数据和WW3经纬度网格数据间的插值计算,插值权重在初始化期间仅需计算1次,运行阶段可被重复调用。
在气-浪耦合过程中,海浪模式从耦合器得到大气10 m风场,通过计算波浪的方向谱得到海表的波浪状况(波龄、波陡、有效波高等),发送到耦合器后根据配置选择参数化方案计算海表粗糙度。大气模式通过耦合器获得海表粗糙度,并将其引入边界层内各变量的后续计算,模式积分后将10 m风速发送到耦合器参与下一时间步长的数据交换和耦合计算。
完成GRIST-WW3气-浪耦合模式的构建后,本研究首先进行了基本的技术正确性检验,包括:基于ESMF/NUOPC“可插拔”的特性运行单个模式,计算结果与在耦合器框架外独立运行该模式的计算结果一致;同时运行两个模式,模式数据通过耦合器进行双线性插值、交换前后保持一致。技术检验确保了后续科学试验的可靠性。
海表粗糙度是耦合大气和海浪模式的关键变量。一种典型的计算海表粗糙度的参数化方案是采用Charnock(1955)定义的粗糙度公式
z0=αU2g+0.11υamax(U,0.05)
式中,U是摩擦速度,g是重力加速度,υa是空气分子粘性系数,α是Charnock(查诺克)常数,海表取为0.0185。GRIST模式的PhysW物理包中使用了此方案(下文称Charn55方案)。
COAREv3.0基于观测结果提供了多种海表粗糙度的计算方法(Fairall,et al,2003),包括两组考虑海浪状况的海表空气动力学粗糙度方案:OO02方案(Oost,et al,2002)和TY01方案(Taylor,et al,2001)。在耦合海浪模式后,考虑到空气粗糙度受海表状况的影响,引入由WW3模式计算的海浪参数(有效波高、波长和波浪相速度),并在耦合器中选择适当的参数化方案计算海表粗糙度参数。
OO02方案从风输入的角度出发,利用波长及波龄因子来对粗糙长度或拖曳系数进行参数化
z0=25πLp(UCp)4.5+0.11υamax(U,0.05)
式中,Lp是谱峰频率对应的波长,U/Cp为波龄因子,Cp是相速度。
TY01方案仅考虑海表的起伏状态,综合风浪和涌浪的表现,利用有效波高得到波陡,最终得到海表粗糙度
z0=1200Hs(HsLp)4.5+0.11υamax(U,0.05)
式中,Hs是有效波高。
为检验GRIST-WW3气-浪耦合模式在预报试验中的性能,开展对2106号台风“烟花”的模拟试验。台风“烟花”生成于西北太平洋洋面上,2021年7月18日获命名,7月25日登录中国浙江舟山沿海。其自南向北影响中国东部地区长达10 d(7月22—31日),是有记录以来影响中国大陆地区时间最长的台风系统,具有影响范围广、累计降雨量大的特点(王海平等,2022)。
用于评估模式模拟性能的台风观测数据取自中国气象局热带气旋资料中心提供的热带气旋最佳路径数据集(Lu,et al,2021),再分析数据使用欧洲中期天气预报中心的ERA5数据集。波浪数据选择日本气象厅(JMA)屋久岛海洋观测站(YaKu Shima,30°13′57′′N,130°33′22′′E)测得的有效波高。
气-浪耦合试验的模型配置如下:大气模式的水平分辨率为0.25°,垂直方向为层顶到2.25 hPa的30层,积分时间步长为600 s;海浪模式的水平分辨率为0.25°,模拟时间和积分步长同大气模式一致。耦合模式系统中耦合器交换步长为3600 s,即每小时交换一次。海浪模式采用JONSWAP谱初始化方案,频率分布为0.0418—0.41 Hz,共25个频段、36个波向。
试验自2021年7月19日起模拟13 d。采用美国国家海洋和大气管理局的全球再分析资料(GDAS-FNL,水平分辨率0.25°)2021年7月19日00时(世界时,下同)数据作为GRIST模式冷启动的初值条件。外强迫数据包括逐日的海冰密集度和海表温度数据。海冰密集度也取自GDAS-FNL资料,逐步的海表温度则由GRIST自带的活跃的混合层海洋模型计算得到。
利用GRIST-WW3气-浪耦合模式开展3组耦合试验(表1):单向耦合试验ATM和2组双向耦合试验(OO02和TY01)。为减少噪音误差,各组试验均设计了风场随机扰动的4个初始场,文中分析基于各组随机扰动初始场的集合平均结果。3组试验中海浪模式均由大气模式模拟的海表10 m风场驱动。单向耦合试验中大气模式采用Charn55方案计算海表粗糙度(不考虑海浪反馈)。双向耦合试验中大气模式读取耦合器计算的海表粗糙度,并传递给大气模式的近地面层和边界层方案。耦合器中的海表粗糙度利用参数化方案由海浪模式反馈的波浪参数计算得到。双向耦合试验计算时大气模式分量从2021年7月19日00时开始积分,先进行6 h的初始积分后接收海浪推算的海表粗糙度。
分析GRIST-WW3气-浪耦合模式积分5 d后(2021年7月24日00时)主要要素的全球分布特征以考察气-浪耦合模式的基本模拟性能。图2为ERA5数据集和单向耦合试验ATM模拟得到的10 m风场、有效波高和海表粗糙度。单向耦合试验ATM可再现与观测基本一致的全球风速和有效波高分布。模式结果在南半球西风带附近存在一定高估。海表粗糙度及有效波高的分布和全球风场相关,大值主要分布在南半球西风带和台风活动区域。
在引入气-浪相互作用后,双向耦合试验仍可维持较为一致的全球分布特征。比较双向耦合试验(OO02和TY01)与单向耦合试验的偏差(图3),风速和有效波高为正偏差,海表粗糙度以负偏差为主。TY01试验的海表粗糙度存在部分正偏差,其分布特征与有效波高的大值区显著相关,对应降低了风速和有效波高,体现出考虑波陡的海表粗糙度参数化方案对气-浪耦合模式系统的影响。这表明考虑海浪状况的海表粗糙度参数化方案对强风区的风速模拟有一定影响。
2021年7月24日,西北太平洋洋面上同时存在3个台风(2106号台风“烟花”、2107号台风“查帕卡”和2108号台风“尼伯特”)。图4选取台风“烟花”的主要发生发展区域(西北太平洋),进一步分析模式各组试验的10 m风速、有效波高及其偏差的分布特征。在台风影响区域内(风速较高的区域),ATM试验结果中风速和有效波高均显著大于再分析数据,且台风结构更为紧密。双向耦合试验使得此区域内的风速和有效波高降低,模式偏差减小。其中,OO02试验中的平均风速降低3 m/s,TY01试验中的平均风速降低2.5 m/s。在非台风影响区域内,ATM试验结果的风速和有效波高均较ERA5数据偏小,风速偏差在1 m/s,有效波高偏差在0.5 m以内。分别计算3组试验与ERA5数据的皮尔逊相关系数,双向耦合试验优于单向耦合试验(图略)。
对比ERA5数据集和3组试验得到的海表粗糙度(图5),其分布和台风风场结构有较强的相关性,展现出较为一致的分布特征。结果表明考虑了海浪状况的海表粗糙度方案(OO02和TY01)应用于GRIST-WW3气-浪耦合模式系统时取得了较好的模拟效果。考虑了海浪状况的OO02和TY01方案较Charn55方案计算得到的海表粗糙度增加,且极值分布更为集中。OO02方案中的海表粗糙度受局地风速影响,因此在台风涡旋风雨区海表粗糙度较高,风速显著降低,台风结构的非对称性增强。由于海浪向外海洋面传播,考虑涌浪的TY01方案较OO02方案在台风外围区域可计算得到较大海表粗糙度。
在西北太平洋区域内,将风速以0.5 m/s间隔划分,计算对应风速区间内的平均海表粗糙度。如图6所示,文中对比分析3组试验结果与ERA5数据集的区间平均海表粗糙度。风速小于15 m/s时,试验模拟所得的平均海表粗糙度与ERA5再分析数据具有较高的一致性。风速在15—30 m/s时,3组试验模拟得到的海表粗糙度均低于ERA5数据。当风速大于30 m/s,ERA5数据缺乏高风速区间内的信息。相对单向耦合的ATM试验,双向耦合试验的海表粗糙度较高,在各风速区间内标准差较大。其中,OO02试验的海表粗糙度远大于其他2组试验,且海表粗糙度随风速增加的速率最大。
由观测可知,台风“烟花”生成后先向西行,在7月22日前后转为西北方向,最终登陆浙江北部。图78显示了耦合试验对台风系统的移动路径和台风强度的模拟情况。3组耦合试验对台风移动路径的模拟结果较为一致,均成功地预报了台风“烟花”路径转折这一重要特征,并合理再现了台风轨迹和登陆点。与观测相比,模式模拟的台风路径向西北行的拐点偏早、移速更快。GRIST模式对台风“烟花”移动路径的模拟结果较好,台风位置预报的24 h偏差在25 km以内,48 h偏差在80 km以内,模拟准确性取决于大尺度环流背景场。3组耦合试验结果中,双向耦合试验路径在后期更偏西,与观测数据相比偏差增大。
中心最低气压和10 m最大风速作为衡量台风强度的物理量,被广泛应用于模式性能评估。从图8b、c可以看出,3组试验方案的中心最低气压和10 m最大风速结果较为一致,均可反映出台风中心最低海平面气压和10 m最大风速的大致变化特征。
7月19日00时—21日00时,观测台风强度迅速增强,台风中心最低气压迅速降低、10 m最大风速迅速增大,3组耦合试验模拟的变化趋势与观测较为一致。7月21日后,观测台风强度保持稳定,而耦合试验中的台风系统仍持续发展、强度不断增大。此阶段海表粗糙度参数化方案的影响开始显现,双向耦合试验OO02模拟的10 m最大风速较低。自7月23日00时—25日00时,台风强度开始衰减:观测台风中心最低海平面气压略有回升、10 m最大风速降低。此时3组耦合试验模拟的台风强度仍持续增加。与单向耦合试验ATM相比,双向耦合试验OO02模拟的10 m最大风速较低,双向耦合试验TY01的模拟风速略高,2组试验显示出不同的偏差特征。3组试验的台风中心最低海平面气压相对于实况均偏低,即耦合模式系统中的大气模式对台风“烟花”强度的模拟偏强,且气-浪耦合对中心最低气压的模拟影响较小。
比较耦合试验与海洋台站观测数据(屋久岛测站)的有效波高(图9),耦合模式系统的模拟结果可基本反映有效波高的时间变化特征。由于模式模拟结果中的台风强度偏强、路径偏东(7月22—24日),因此有效波高在台风过境期间偏大。
本研究介绍了基于GRIST和WW3的气-浪耦合模式系统的总体框架设计和耦合策略。在验证了气-浪耦合系统的基本技术实施正确性之后,重点分析了其对于一次台风个例的模拟表现,结论如下。
各组试验对10 m风场和海浪有效波高的模拟结果与ERA5数据集的空间分布特征基本一致。GRIST模式在南半球西风带、台风附近等风速较大的区域内10 m风速和有效波高模拟偏大。气-浪双向耦合显著增加模式在高风速区域模拟的海表粗糙度的平均值和离散度,有助于减小模拟偏差。
针对台风“烟花”的模拟,GRIST模式对台风移动路径和登陆时间、地点的模拟较为准确,对台风强度的模拟偏强(台风中心最大风速偏大,最低海平面气压偏低),对应的有效波高结果也偏大。气-浪耦合的引入对台风“烟花”中心最低气压预报的影响较小,可减小对台风路径和10 m最大风速的模拟偏差。OO01方案可显著降低台风涡旋风雨和外围大风区内的10 m风速。
与引言中其他气-浪耦合工作相比,本研究的特色在于实现了天气-气候一体化模式GRIST与海浪模式WW3围绕海表空气动力粗糙度这一关键变量的耦合,GRIST大气模式向标准化耦合软件框架(ESMF/NUOPC)的扩展。技术层面,自主发展的GRIST大气模式面向标准化耦合软件框架的扩展是一个重要突破。该技术不仅可满足气-浪模式耦合,还可在相同的体系下实现海-陆-气-冰-浪等模式耦合,形成基于GRIST的地球气候系统模式。
在气-浪耦合算法方面,GRIST-WW3气-浪耦合模式采用COAREv3.0算法,配置2组考虑海浪影响的海表空气动力粗糙度计算方案,实现了对大气模式中原有粗糙度方案的替代。GRIST-WW3气-浪耦合模式总体模拟性能较好,但仍有改进空间。首先,文中的海表粗糙度参数化方案均为中等风速条件下得出,其在高风速条件下的适用性仍需探讨。其次,在高风速条件下,波浪状态与海表粗糙度的关系会发生变化,同时波浪破碎产生飞沫水滴的作用明显增强,考虑飞沫悬浮层影响的参数化方案以及复杂的浪-流相互作用将会对模拟结果有一定影响。由于GRIST模式本身在南半球西风带、台风影响区域处模拟的风速偏大,方案的后续优化应基于模式偏差特征,以降低风速模拟的偏差为主要出发点。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3004203)
  • 中国气象科学研究院科技发展基金(2024KJ013; 2023KJ039)
  • 国家青年人才支持计划、南京信息工程大学人才启动经费(2025r096)
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2025年第83卷第5期
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doi: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240093
  • 接收时间:2024-07-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-31
  • 修回日期:2024-12-23
基金
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3004203)
中国气象科学研究院科技发展基金(2024KJ013; 2023KJ039)
国家青年人才支持计划、南京信息工程大学人才启动经费(2025r096)
作者信息
    1.南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室,南京,210044
    2.南京信息工程大学大气科学学院,南京,210044
    3.中国气象局地球系统数值预报中心,北京,100081
    4.灾害天气科学与技术全国重点实验室,中国气象科学研究院,北京,100081
    5.中国科学院大气物理研究所地球系统数值模拟与应用全国重点实验室,北京,100029

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张祎,主要从事模式发展改进及评估等研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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