Article(id=1244213320958456640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11676/qxxb2025.20240140, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725379200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-04, revisedDate=1739462400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774573172081, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774573172081, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774573172081, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573172081, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244213313182221193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, year='2025', volume='83', issue='5', pageStart='1139', pageEnd='1384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774573170228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573255889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1363, endPage=1384, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244213321348526928, articleId=1244213320958456640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, language=EN, title=A century of meteorological service development at the Hong Kong Observatory, columnId=1244213321176560460, journalTitle=Acta Meteorologica Sinica, columnName=History of Meteorological Science and Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hong Kong is a coastal city in southern China. In the nineteenth century, Hong Kong's shipping industry had been well developed, serving as an important entrepot in the region. The Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) was established in 1883. Early operations of the HKO were all related to the shipping industry at the time, including meteorological observations and tropical cyclone warning service. The HKO has been conducting meteorological measurements at its Headquarters in Tsimshatsui since 1884. The long-term weather observations document the variations of climate in Hong Kong caused by global climate change and local urbanization. In 2017, the HKO Headquarters received the World Meteorological Organization's recognition as one of the first batches of centennial observing stations in the world. In more than a century, the HKO's services have evolved in pace with the increasing expectations and requirements of the modern society. During the period, the HKO made use of advanced technologies from time to time in tandem with its operational developments. Looking ahead, the HKO will further strengthen the cooperation with meteorological authorities in mainland China and the Greater Bay Area, playing the role of connecting the world to promote close meteorological cooperations regionally and internationally, and improving the ability to prevent natural disasters and respond to emergencies.

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香港是位于中国南部的沿海城市,在19世纪时其航运业已相当发达,是重要的贸易中转站。香港天文台在1883年成立,初期提供气象观测和热带气旋警报服务等,皆与当时的航运业有关。香港天文台自1884年开始在其位于尖沙咀的总部进行常规气象观测,所搜集的数据一点一滴地记录了香港百年来受全球气候变化和本地城市化影响下的气候变迁。2017年,香港天文台总部获世界气象组织认证,成为世界上首批百年观测站之一。一个多世纪以来,香港天文台的服务范围不断与时俱进,以满足现代社会的期望和需求,其间不断引入先进科技,以配合业务发展。展望未来,香港天文台将继续加强与中国内地和大湾区气象部门的合作,发挥联通世界的作用,促进区域及国际气象方面的紧密合作,提高防御天灾及应变的能力。

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林学贤,E-mail:
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Shaping Aviation Weather Services in the 21st Century. https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201002/11/P201002110244_print.htm, articleTitle=Shaping Aviation Weather Services in the 21st Century, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213347906859634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=6, authorNames=香港天文台, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=香港天文台.2014.天文台与国家环境保护部辐射环境监测技术中心签署技术合作协议., articleTitle=天文台与国家环境保护部辐射环境监测技术中心签署技术合作协议, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213347973968499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=7, authorNames=Hong Kong Observatory, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hong Kong Observatory. 2014. HKO signs technical co-operation agreement with Environmental Radiation Monitoring Technical Center. https://www.hko.gov.hk/sc/press/pre20140124e.htm, articleTitle=HKO signs technical co-operation agreement with Environmental Radiation Monitoring Technical Center, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213348041077364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=8, authorNames=香港天文台, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=香港天文台.2016.天文台与中国民用航空局及中国气象局签署亚洲航空气象中心合作协议., articleTitle=天文台与中国民用航空局及中国气象局签署亚洲航空气象中心合作协议, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213348099797621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=9, authorNames=Hong Kong Observatory, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hong Kong Observatory. 2016. HKO signs co-operation agreement with CAAC and CMA on Asian Aviation Weather. https://www.hko.gov.hk/sc/press/pre20161028.htm, articleTitle=HKO signs co-operation agreement with CAAC and CMA on Asian Aviation Weather, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213348171100790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=10, authorNames=香港天文台, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=香港天文台.2017.数字台风信号百周年., articleTitle=数字台风信号百周年, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213348225626743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=11, authorNames=Hong Kong Observatory, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hong Kong Observatory. 2017. Hong Kong Observatory commemorates 100th anniversary of numbered typhoon signals. https://www.weather.gov.hk/sc/100YearsTCSignals/index.htm, articleTitle=Hong Kong Observatory commemorates 100th anniversary of numbered typhoon signals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213348280152696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=12, authorNames=香港天文台, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=香港天文台.2019.推出大湾区天气网站., articleTitle=推出大湾区天气网站, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213348338872953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=13, authorNames=Hong Kong Observatory, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hong Kong Observatory. 2019. 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Doppler Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) systems. https://www.hko.gov.hk/sc/aviat/amt/lidar.htm, articleTitle=Doppler Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213348716360318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023a, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=18, authorNames=香港天文台, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=香港天文台.2023a.香港天文台的历史., articleTitle=香港天文台的历史, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213348812829311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023a, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=19, authorNames=Hong Kong Observatory, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hong Kong Observatory. 2023a. History of the Hong Kong Observatory. https://www.hko.gov.hk/sc/abouthko/history.htm, articleTitle=History of the Hong Kong Observatory, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213348867355264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023b, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=20, authorNames=香港天文台, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=香港天文台.2023b.香港天文台简史(2023 年版)., articleTitle=香港天文台简史(2023 年版), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213348926075521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023b, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=21, authorNames=Hong Kong Observatory (2023 Edition), journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hong Kong Observatory (2023 Edition). 2023b. A Brief History of the Hong Kong Observatory (2023 Edition). https://hko140.weather.gov.hk/img/140_year_journey/A%20brief%20history%20of%20HKO_Traditional%20Chinese_ToDHKO_v3_low.pdf, articleTitle=A Brief History of the Hong Kong Observatory (2023 Edition), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213348984795778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023c, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=22, authorNames=香港天文台, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=香港天文台.2023c.南中国海区域海啸预警中心备份中心(香港)正式启用., articleTitle=南中国海区域海啸预警中心备份中心(香港)正式启用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213349051904643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023c, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=23, authorNames=Hong Kong Observatory, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hong Kong Observatory. 2023c. Backup South China Sea Tsunami Advisory Center (Hong Kong) commences operation. https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/Press-Releases/107981/Backup-South-China-Sea-Tsunami-Advisory-Center-Hong-Kong--commences-operation, articleTitle=Backup South China Sea Tsunami Advisory Center (Hong Kong) commences operation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213349114819204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023d, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=24, authorNames=香港天文台, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=香港天文台.2023d.粤港澳大湾区气象监测预警预报中心(香港)建设筹备工作正式启动., articleTitle=粤港澳大湾区气象监测预警预报中心(香港)建设筹备工作正式启动, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213349177733765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023d, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=25, authorNames=Hong Kong Observatory, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hong Kong Observatory. 2023d. Preparation work for Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Meteorological Monitoring and Warning Center in Hong Kong commences. https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/Press-Releases/108245/Preparation-work-for-Guangdong-Hong-Kong-Macao-Greater-Bay-Area-Meteorological-Monitoring-and-Warning-Center-in-Hong-Kong-commences, articleTitle=Preparation work for Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Meteorological Monitoring and Warning Center in Hong Kong commences, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213349249036934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024a, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=26, authorNames=香港天文台, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=香港天文台.2024a.天文台与世界气象组织更新谅解备忘录进一步加强气象合作., articleTitle=天文台与世界气象组织更新谅解备忘录进一步加强气象合作, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213349316145799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024a, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=27, authorNames=Hong Kong Observatory, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hong Kong Observatory. 2024a. HKO and WMO update MOU to further strengthen meteorological co-operation. https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/Press-Releases/108676/HKO-and-WMO-update-MOU-to-further-strengthen-meteorological-co-operation, articleTitle=HKO and WMO update MOU to further strengthen meteorological co-operation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213349408420488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024b, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=28, authorNames=香港天文台, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=香港天文台.2024b.天文台台长当选世界气象组织技术委员会联合副主席., articleTitle=天文台台长当选世界气象组织技术委员会联合副主席, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213349488112265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024b, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=29, authorNames=Hong Kong Observatory, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hong Kong Observatory. 2024b. Director of HKO elected co-Vice-President of WMO Technical Commission. https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/Press-Releases/108698/Director-of-HKO-elected-co-Vice-President--of-WMO-Technical-Commission-, articleTitle=Director of HKO elected co-Vice-President of WMO Technical Commission, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1244213334287954278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244213334296342888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, companyId=1244213334287954278, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hong Kong Meteorological Society,Hong Kong,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244213334304731496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, companyId=1244213334287954278, language=CN, country=null, 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shed,transit room,equatorial telescope,and magnetic hut, figureFileSmall=Ch+xOk8OZAb3wHourjtOVw==, figureFileBig=g3ZwqK8uIveexcfGYH7ZmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213336129253804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图2, caption=图1经放大后的天文台主楼、温度表棚、中星仪室、赤道仪及地磁小屋, figureFileSmall=Ch+xOk8OZAb3wHourjtOVw==, figureFileBig=g3ZwqK8uIveexcfGYH7ZmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213336200556972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The long-term observing station accreditation certificate awarded by the World Meteorological Organization(WMO)to the Hong Kong Observatory, figureFileSmall=dzQQ89AEq5XNQyrpz70jnQ==, figureFileBig=0sAgrX0Gq20u7UA1qAu2Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213336292831665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图3, caption=世界气象组织授予香港天文台的长期观测站认证证书, figureFileSmall=dzQQ89AEq5XNQyrpz70jnQ==, figureFileBig=0sAgrX0Gq20u7UA1qAu2Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213336355746228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The thermometer shed of the Hong Kong Observatory(taken in the 1950s), figureFileSmall=9OV1qOlhqOZ0DG/BH6YLEA==, figureFileBig=slhA78k9pOBqPpoOMbY6Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213336489963962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图4, caption=香港天文台总部温度表棚(摄于20世纪50年代), figureFileSmall=9OV1qOlhqOZ0DG/BH6YLEA==, figureFileBig=slhA78k9pOBqPpoOMbY6Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213336582238655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Staff of the Hong Kong Observatory launching a pilot balloon at the Tsimshatsui Headquarters in the 1930s(the staff on the left was holding a pilot balloon,while the staff on the right was responsible for operating the theodolite to record the balloon's azimuth and elevation angle,for calculating the upper-air wind speed and wind direction;photo courtesy of the family of Mr G S P Heywood,former Director of the Hong Kong Observatory), figureFileSmall=YF69nKjNGwSSoOk3Vcrd4w==, figureFileBig=LNIO8fRX0sBJVH0toD30/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213336670319040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图5, caption=20世纪30年代,香港天文台职员在尖沙咀的总部施放测风气球(照片左侧的工作人员手持测风气球,右侧的工作人员负责操作经纬仪,记录气球的方位和仰角,从而计算出高空的风速和风向;照片由前香港天文台台长希活先生家人提供), figureFileSmall=YF69nKjNGwSSoOk3Vcrd4w==, figureFileBig=LNIO8fRX0sBJVH0toD30/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213336745816516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=French edition of the China Coast Code(courtesy of Xujiahui Observatory, Shanghai), figureFileSmall=G9/2YT1l3FqOJ1GHkBzXeA==, figureFileBig=fuTJtXImn2BqIyPg+rhhuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213336821313993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图6, caption=《中国沿海信号》法文版海报(图片来源:上海徐家汇观象台), figureFileSmall=G9/2YT1l3FqOJ1GHkBzXeA==, figureFileBig=fuTJtXImn2BqIyPg+rhhuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213336901005776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The Hong Kong Government Gazette of 15 June 1917 announcing the introduction of the new Local Storm Signal Code on 1 July(photo courtesy of the Library of the University of Hong Kong), figureFileSmall=t9EGOlAVjfKvmwCufTwBoQ==, figureFileBig=zBA2k5Boqlvx/dFj08PSEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213336989086165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图7, caption=天文台于1917年6月15日刊登宪报公布在7月1日实施的新《本地风暴信号》(图片来源:香港大学图书馆), figureFileSmall=t9EGOlAVjfKvmwCufTwBoQ==, figureFileBig=zBA2k5Boqlvx/dFj08PSEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213338536784344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Weather report of 1945 at Stanley(photo courtesy of the Public Records Office,Hong Kong), figureFileSmall=0NWFlJ8KvhBfDofF9jYZ3Q==, figureFileBig=FSbjWRv7LdRgFHmOwdpEjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213338620670426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图8, caption=1945年赤柱天气报告(照片来源:香港特区政府档案处), figureFileSmall=0NWFlJ8KvhBfDofF9jYZ3Q==, figureFileBig=FSbjWRv7LdRgFHmOwdpEjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213338717139424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Rainfall record of April 1943 on the wrapper of cigarettes pack with the signature of Mr Evans in the Internment Camp(photo courtesy of the Public Records Office,Hong Kong), figureFileSmall=h4RADxnuqeuC553af3B0yQ==, figureFileBig=ysGb+g990Dnu3uZ0GIeMjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213338813608421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图9, caption=1943年4月在烟包纸上的笔录雨量记录,纸上有伊云斯先生在拘留营的签名(照片来源:香港特区政府档案处), figureFileSmall=h4RADxnuqeuC553af3B0yQ==, figureFileBig=ysGb+g990Dnu3uZ0GIeMjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213338931048934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Temperature records of 1943 written on Internment Camp letter paper(photo courtesy of the Public Records Office,Hong Kong), figureFileSmall=8pxgaDhB94Zhlz6w0pW9Jw==, 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language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption="Heat Stress Monitoring System" developed in-house by the Hong Kong Observatory, figureFileSmall=DsVOqCsXpoEkPr2YuHPEDA==, figureFileBig=3IJ/bPpv3XEXpTlKrVxoaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213340172562953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图16, caption=香港天文台自行研发的“暑热压力测量系统”, figureFileSmall=DsVOqCsXpoEkPr2YuHPEDA==, figureFileBig=3IJ/bPpv3XEXpTlKrVxoaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213340277420557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption="Bollard type automatic weather station" developed in-house by the Hong Kong Observatory, figureFileSmall=xQxVfSllCoU0V4fnr1v6cQ==, figureFileBig=0VyQ2klx5aF0riJbS6mb0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213340361306641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图17, caption=香港天文台自行研发的“路灯型自动气象站”, figureFileSmall=xQxVfSllCoU0V4fnr1v6cQ==, figureFileBig=0VyQ2klx5aF0riJbS6mb0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213340453581331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 18, caption=Mr Shun Chi-ming,the Senior Scientific Officer at the time(left),and Chan Pak-wai,Scientific Officer(right),introduced to the media the LIDAR-based windshear alerting system developed by the Hong Kong Observatory(Hong Kong Observatory,2022, figureFileSmall=WC02zyVzuDWzlGdObCcEgQ==, figureFileBig=Ox5GktSAkVZl/kG9lT33lA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213340512301590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图18, caption=时任天文台高级科学主任岑智明(左)及科学主任陈栢纬(右)向媒体介绍天文台开发的激光雷达风切变预警系统(香港天文台,2022, figureFileSmall=WC02zyVzuDWzlGdObCcEgQ==, figureFileBig=Ox5GktSAkVZl/kG9lT33lA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213340583604761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 19, caption=Colleagues of the Hong Kong Observatory were preparing to launch an upper-air sounding balloon in front of the 1883 Building at the HKO Headquarters on the morning of 16 December 1949(the staff on the far left and the centre of the photo were holding the radiosonde and the balloon respectively;due to the relatively large size and heavy weight of the instrument at that time,a dedicated staff was required to operate the radiosonde;courtesy of Mr Shun Chi-ming), figureFileSmall=FD0iPZwXJNZ2cd4ZAa3LUg==, figureFileBig=al59bvqvGNfElkAl8df3wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213340659102236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图19, caption=香港天文台职员在1949年12月16日上午于香港天文台总部的1883大楼前准备就绪,即将施放高空探测气球(照片中最左面及中间的工作人员分别手持探空仪器和探测气球,当时仪器体积较大及较重,需要专人负责操作;照片由岑智明先生提供), figureFileSmall=FD0iPZwXJNZ2cd4ZAa3LUg==, figureFileBig=al59bvqvGNfElkAl8df3wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213340747182624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 20, caption=The inauguration ceremony of the King's Park meteorological station on 9 November 1951(courtesy of the family of Mr L Starbuck,former Deputy Director of the Hong Kong Observatory), figureFileSmall=6fAYz0jwgXpzltK8CYTiNA==, figureFileBig=ldRxNmLP+sWe5CddRd3mHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213340810097188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图20, caption=京士柏气象站于1951年11月9日正式启用仪式(照片由前副台长史他白先生的家人提供), figureFileSmall=6fAYz0jwgXpzltK8CYTiNA==, figureFileBig=ldRxNmLP+sWe5CddRd3mHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213340902371879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 21, caption=The windfinding radar at King's Park meteorological station in 1962(courtesy of Mr Peterson,former Senior Scientific Officer), figureFileSmall=9OtMQ3fPbFYGppJSzNsj5w==, figureFileBig=RplhQ7Nz3m/I426wZzDAyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213340965286442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图21, caption=1962年安装在京士柏气象站的测风雷达(照片由前高级科学主任彼得生先生提供), figureFileSmall=9OtMQ3fPbFYGppJSzNsj5w==, figureFileBig=RplhQ7Nz3m/I426wZzDAyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213341044978220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 22, caption=The fully automatic upper-air sounding system was commissioned at King's Park meteorological station in 2004,the first of its kind in Southeast Asia at that time, figureFileSmall=Zn0VjDdIOOe/xvjLFib25A==, figureFileBig=cyc2IVBUiKBoNXLAQxC5ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213341170807342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图22, caption=京士柏气象站的全自动高空探测系统在2004年启用,是当时东南亚首台同类系统, figureFileSmall=Zn0VjDdIOOe/xvjLFib25A==, figureFileBig=cyc2IVBUiKBoNXLAQxC5ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213341242110512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 23, caption=The long-term observing station accreditation certificate awarded by the WMO to the Hong Kong upper air observing station, figureFileSmall=GMP8xmwoHhspvIPXoXbzpw==, figureFileBig=OljYTxLDzyC4Je5yeWtATw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213341309219378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图23, caption=世界气象组织授予香港高空观测站的长期观测站认证证书, 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language=EN, label=Fig. 25, caption=Since 2011,the Hong Kong Observatory has been making use of the fixed wing aircraft operated by the Government Flying Service in many occasions to collect meteorological data on tropical cyclones over the South China Sea by flying into the tropical cyclones and a dropsonde launching system was installed on the new fixed wing aircraft for collecting weather data along the vertical direction, figureFileSmall=sqp1RoYFE8nHN5cRybpMHA==, figureFileBig=SkRsYtHfxUyEM3PldFb3vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213343062438455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图25, caption=自2011年起,香港天文台曾多次利用政府飞行服务队的固定翼飞机飞进中国南海的热带气旋中收集气象数据;新一代固定翼飞机更添置了下投式探空系统,提供垂直方向的气象数据, figureFileSmall=sqp1RoYFE8nHN5cRybpMHA==, figureFileBig=SkRsYtHfxUyEM3PldFb3vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213343142130233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 26, caption=Local storm signal in the late 1950s and 1960s, figureFileSmall=qO9y3l/Y3VccnsUPDKdIxw==, figureFileBig=vp72QgdX5BLGPQTBy/vd2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213343213433402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图26, caption=20世纪50年代后期及60年代的香港风暴信号, figureFileSmall=qO9y3l/Y3VccnsUPDKdIxw==, figureFileBig=vp72QgdX5BLGPQTBy/vd2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213343280542268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 27, caption=Major evolution of the numbered tropical cyclone warning signal system in Hong Kong since 1917, figureFileSmall=mwM//kWikm7wnEQyO7TE9A==, figureFileBig=qtmXHaNyZbUznK0WGUfjYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213343368622654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图27, caption=香港自1917年以来数字热带气旋警报信号系统的主要演变, figureFileSmall=mwM//kWikm7wnEQyO7TE9A==, figureFileBig=qtmXHaNyZbUznK0WGUfjYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213343435731520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 28, caption=Webpage on "Automatic Regional Weather Forecast", figureFileSmall=D9PBlLAIg4DXlAf6NplrtQ==, figureFileBig=XklCSJkCFPgmChOT+n9jkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213343536394818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图28, caption=“自动分区天气预报”网页, figureFileSmall=D9PBlLAIg4DXlAf6NplrtQ==, figureFileBig=XklCSJkCFPgmChOT+n9jkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213343616086596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 29, caption=Probability forecast of daily minimum temperature for the next 14 d, 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articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 34, caption=The Director of the Hong Kong Observatory,Dr Chan Pak-wai(left),and the Secretary-General of the WMO,Professor Celeste Saulo(right),signed an updated MOU on 24 March 2024 to further strengthen meteorological co-operation, figureFileSmall=k2f/lwJFPTuD5WXa3ygIYA==, figureFileBig=1/1R2tv7IE1Nmse8ra4nIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213344488501847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=CN, label=图34, caption=香港天文台台长陈栢纬博士(左)和世界气象组织秘书长席列斯特·绍罗教授(右)在2024年3月28日签署更新的谅解备忘录,进一步加强双方在气象方面的合作, figureFileSmall=k2f/lwJFPTuD5WXa3ygIYA==, figureFileBig=1/1R2tv7IE1Nmse8ra4nIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213344618525272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213320958456640, language=EN, label=Fig. 35, caption=Mr Lam Chiu-ying,the then Director of the Hong Kong Observatory(centre)was the Vice-President of the WMO 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香港天文台百年气象服务发展
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香港气象学会
气象学报 | 气象科技史 2025,83(5): 1363-1384
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气象学报 | 气象科技史 2025, 83(5): 1363-1384
香港天文台百年气象服务发展
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香港气象学会
作者信息
  • 香港气象学会,香港

通讯作者:

林学贤,E-mail:
A century of meteorological service development at the Hong Kong Observatory
Hong Kong Meteorological Society
Affiliations
  • Hong Kong Meteorological Society,Hong Kong,China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240140
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香港是位于中国南部的沿海城市,在19世纪时其航运业已相当发达,是重要的贸易中转站。香港天文台在1883年成立,初期提供气象观测和热带气旋警报服务等,皆与当时的航运业有关。香港天文台自1884年开始在其位于尖沙咀的总部进行常规气象观测,所搜集的数据一点一滴地记录了香港百年来受全球气候变化和本地城市化影响下的气候变迁。2017年,香港天文台总部获世界气象组织认证,成为世界上首批百年观测站之一。一个多世纪以来,香港天文台的服务范围不断与时俱进,以满足现代社会的期望和需求,其间不断引入先进科技,以配合业务发展。展望未来,香港天文台将继续加强与中国内地和大湾区气象部门的合作,发挥联通世界的作用,促进区域及国际气象方面的紧密合作,提高防御天灾及应变的能力。

香港天文台  /  百年观测站  /  气象服务  /  香港气象学会

Hong Kong is a coastal city in southern China. In the nineteenth century, Hong Kong's shipping industry had been well developed, serving as an important entrepot in the region. The Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) was established in 1883. Early operations of the HKO were all related to the shipping industry at the time, including meteorological observations and tropical cyclone warning service. The HKO has been conducting meteorological measurements at its Headquarters in Tsimshatsui since 1884. The long-term weather observations document the variations of climate in Hong Kong caused by global climate change and local urbanization. In 2017, the HKO Headquarters received the World Meteorological Organization's recognition as one of the first batches of centennial observing stations in the world. In more than a century, the HKO's services have evolved in pace with the increasing expectations and requirements of the modern society. During the period, the HKO made use of advanced technologies from time to time in tandem with its operational developments. Looking ahead, the HKO will further strengthen the cooperation with meteorological authorities in mainland China and the Greater Bay Area, playing the role of connecting the world to promote close meteorological cooperations regionally and internationally, and improving the ability to prevent natural disasters and respond to emergencies.

Hong Kong Observatory  /  Centennial observing station  /  Meteorological services  /  Hong Kong Meteorological Society
香港气象学会. 香港天文台百年气象服务发展. 气象学报, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1363 -1384 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240140
Hong Kong Meteorological Society. A century of meteorological service development at the Hong Kong Observatory[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1363 -1384 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240140
19世纪中叶,香港开埠后人口逐渐增多,台风造成的伤亡及破坏日益受社会关注。1874年的“甲戌风灾”在香港及澳门造成严重伤亡,建立一个能够监测风暴来临和发出预警的机构显得相当迫切。另外,香港作为重要的贸易港口,需要为市民和航海人士提供准确的报时服务和地磁观测。基于以上的背景,量地官派斯(John M Price)先生于1877年向英属香港政府提出建立天文台的计划(香港天文台,2023a2023b),英国皇家学会亦在1879年建议在香港成立专业气象观测台。经多方详细探讨,英属香港政府于1882年决定在九龙半岛成立香港天文台,选址尖沙咀艾尔尊山(Mount Elgin)(图12)。
第一任天文司(即首任香港天文台台长)杜伯克(W Doberck)博士被委任后于1883年7月抵达香港,香港天文台在同年成立,成为英属香港政府的一个部门。香港天文台早期工作包括气象观测、观象授时、地磁观测和发出热带气旋警报。
香港天文台自1884年以来一直在总部进行气象观测,为市民提供香港市区的温度、湿度、雨量等气象信息和记录。2017年,香港天文台总部获世界气象组织认证,成为首批百年观测站之一(图3)。这些长期观测数据记录了香港百年来受全球气候变化和本地城市化影响下的气候变迁,是香港乃至全球的珍贵气候资料资源。
随着第一任台长杜伯克博士于1883年制定出香港和中国条约港口的气象观测指南,香港天文台总部的常规地面气象观测在1884年展开。当时观测项目有气压、气温、风速、风向、云种、云量、云的移动方向、雨量及日照时间等,而相对湿度由干、湿球温度根据湿度表计算出来。在1889年或之前开始采用“印度模式”以棕榈叶制成的温度表棚(图4),以改善温度表的通风和减少一般温度计百叶箱在夏季日间可能出现过热的情况。这种温度表棚一直沿用至今。香港天文台总部及香港其他气象站录得的地面气象观测数据由1884年起均刊载于每年出版的《气象资料第一部分—地面观测》。
香港天文台的高空气象观测始于1921年,当时是在香港天文台总部内施放测风气球(图5),然后利用经纬仪追踪测风气球来计算高空风向、风速。1924年,香港天文台首次与英国皇家空军合作,利用飞机探测高空温度。香港天文台的航空气象服务于1937年5月开始,每日为启德机场提供气象服务,而1938年远东飞行训练学校开始为香港天文台提供高空温度及湿度观测数据。1939年,机场气象所在新建成的临时客运楼设立并投入运行。
香港天文台成立的一个首要任务就是建立一套热带气旋警报系统。自1884年开始,采用圆柱形、向下圆锥形、圆形和向上圆锥形4个红色信号,作为日间的目视系统向港内船只发布关于热带气旋相对于香港的4个不同方向的消息(香港天文台,2017)。这个信号系统当时称为“非本地风暴信号”,其系统紧随当时在中国沿海港口使用的风暴信号而变化,包括1906—1917年采用《中国沿海信号符号》(图6)。本地警报信号方面,每当热带气旋逼近香港时,会以鸣炮或燃放炸药的巨响警告居民强风将会吹袭香港,这些措施在1937年“丁丑风灾”最后一次使用。
香港在1917年开始采用以数字为基础的本地热带气旋警报信号系统,主要是向市民提供热带气旋带来的风力威胁警报。这个本地热带气旋警报信号系统以1—7号信号代表本地风暴情况(图7)。为了满足社会发展的需求,本地热带气旋警报信号系统亦逐步演变。自1931年起,本地热带气旋信号系统更改为1—10号,其中5—8号分别代表来自不同方向的强风,10号代表飓风吹袭。
香港在1941年12月8日早上遭到日军侵袭,并最终于1941年12月25日沦陷,香港天文台所有运作被迫停止。虽然香港天文台建筑物仅遭受表面损坏,但几乎所有设备都被日军拆除。
日占香港时期,时任台长伊云士(B D Evans)先生被囚禁于赤柱拘留营,而时任助理台长希活先生和同事史他白先生则被关押在深水埗战俘营。虽然当时环境恶劣,情況十分艰难,伊云士仍凭借人工及简单仪器,在赤柱拘留营内断断续续地维持部分天气观测工作(包括雨量、气温、气压、风向和相对湿度等天气状况),并把收集到的气象数据记录在账簿、信纸、香烟包装和罐装饼干内附送的动物卡上(图811)。
第二次世界大战结束后,香港天文台的华人职员于1945年联署申请复职(图12)。1946年5月,香港政府重新执掌天文台,员工纷纷复职,曾被关押在深水埗战俘营的希活先生继任为战后首位香港天文台台长。
第二次世界大战后,香港天文台重启气象观测,观测项目增加了能见度、最低草温、土壤温度等。香港天文台于20世纪50年代建立了横澜岛和长洲气象站,并在京士柏气象站测量太阳辐射、蒸散量和蒸发量。1959年,香港天文台在大老山设置首台风暴探测天气雷达(图13)(香港天文台,2009),并于1994年引进香港首台多普勒天气雷达,提升风暴探测能力。1999年,香港天文台在大帽山添置另一台多普勒天气雷达,加强风暴探测的可靠性。这两台雷达分别于2015和2024年被更新成双偏振S波段多普勒天气雷达(图14)。2021年,香港天文台安装首台相控阵天气雷达,试验此新科技对暴雨和强对流的监测能力(图15)。
香港天文台在20世纪70年代末开始发展自动气象站,将气象观测逐步扩展至不同区域,并增加观测密度及种类。2005年,香港天文台与广东省气象局和澳门地球物理气象局合作建立闪电定位系统,提供实时闪电探测数据。2009年,香港天文台自行研发的“暑热压力测量系统”成功取得专利,该系统所收集的干球温度、自然湿球温度和黑球温度数据用作综合计算切合香港气候及环境的暑热指数,帮助香港天文台提升暑热天气信息服务(图16)。2020年,香港天文台研发的路灯型自动气象站设计亦取得专利,解决了传统气象站难以安装于城市有限空间的问题,有助于未来微尺度天气监测的发展(图17)。
位于赤鱲角的新机场于1998年启用后,香港天文台为其建立的一系列气象系统亦开始业务运行,包括机场气象观测系统及探测风切变的多普勒天气雷达。为更有效监测晴空风切变,香港天文台人员自行研发的世界第一套激光雷达风切变预警系统于2005年投入业务运行,填补了晴空风切变探测的技术空白,得到国际航空和气象界的高度认可(图18)。为配合机场三跑道系统项目,香港天文台于2024年完成扩展地面气象监测网络。
香港天文台在1949年安装了首套无线电探空系统,每日08时(北京时)进行常规高空探测,实施人工气球充气及释放,实现高空气压、气温及湿度探测(图19)。后来,香港天文台在总部北面的京士柏觅得一个更适合施放探空气球的地方,于1951年6月开始,每日早上的无线电探空改在京士柏高空气象站进行(图20)(香港天文台,2021)。除了搭载无线电探空仪外,高空探测气球亦搭载一个雷达反射器,工作人员借助地面雷达追踪雷达反射器,测定其距离、方位及仰角,从而计算高空的风向和风速(图21)。
1993年,香港天文台引入数码探空系统,可支持特别设计的探测组件来测量高空臭氧含量及γ和β射线辐射水平,自此香港天文台每周一次在京士柏气象站观测高空臭氧含量,及每年定期在不同的天气情况下进行高空辐射探测。2004年,香港天文台在京士柏气象站装备当时东南亚首台全自动高空探测系统,提升探测效率和安全水平(图22)。2020年,京士柏气象站成为世界气象组织全球气候观测系统基准高空网络(GCOS Reference Upper Air Network,GRUAN)候选成员,同年10月,开始按要求每月施放低温霜点湿度计探空气球一次,为气象界提供长期且高质量的高空大气水汽含量数据。2021年,香港高空气象观测站成为全球首个获世界气象组织认证的百年高空观测站(图23)。
香港天文台于20世纪60年代中期开始利用自行研发的无线电天线和仪器于京士柏接收美国气象卫星的云图(图24)。随后数十年,香港天文台安装更多地面接收设备接收中国内地、日本和韩国的气象卫星云图和数据,并通过互联网获取全球气象卫星云图。
2003年,香港天文台首次成功接收商业航班上计算机发送的自动天气报告。翌年,香港天文台开始业务性接收及向全世界发送商业航班的自动气象数据。此系统由建立时的1部航机逐渐扩展至最高2020年的50部航机。
香港天文台于2011年与香港政府飞行服务队合作,首次派遣定翼飞机飞进中国南海的热带气旋中收集气象数据,并于2016年开始从高空投放下投式探空仪,收集热带气旋附近不同高度的气象数据,以助香港天文台测定风暴位置和强度(图25)。
第二次世界大战后,香港天文台逐步完善热带气旋警报信号系统(香港天文台,2017)。1956年在1号戒备信号和5号烈风信号之间加入3号强风信号(图26)。1973年,天文台以8号西北、西南、东北及东南4个信号取代5—8号烈风信号,形成现今的1-3-8-9-10方案(图27)。随着科技发展,目视信号站逐渐被淘汰,最后一个信号站于2002年关闭。
香港天文台同时不断提升热带气旋预报准确度和时效。热带气旋路径及强度预报时效由1978年的2 d,逐步延长至2015年的5 d。2017年,香港天文台推出“热带气旋路径概率预报”,提供未来9 d热带气旋移动路径的概率预报,覆盖范围于2020年扩展至经度180°的西北太平洋,让市民尽早掌握热带气旋动态。
随着预测技术的发展,香港天文台亦逐步延长天气预测的时效,由第二次世界大战前的24 h增至1983年的3 d,1998年延长至4 d,2000年延长至5 d,2003年延长至7 d,之后在2014年延长至9 d。香港天文台除了提供9 d天气预测外,亦在2013年起通过“香港自动分区天气预报”网页(图28)提供香港各地区及珠三角区域未来9 d逐时自动分区天气预报。在2017年,香港天文台推出“延伸展望”预报服务,提供未来14 d每日最低和最高温度的概率预报(图29),随后在2019年推出平均海平面气压的概率预报,方便市民掌握未来的天气变化趋势。在2021年,香港天文台进一步加强9 d天气预报服务,推出“显著降雨概率”预报(图30),为用户提供雨量及未来9 d降雨趋势方面的额外参考。
香港天文台自1997年开始开发“小涡旋”临近预报系统,利用雷达、雨量及闪电数据与计算机模式结合,预测未来数小时暴雨及恶劣天气。该系统支持香港暴雨和山洪泥石流(山泥倾泻)警报运行,香港天文台亦与内地有关省(市)气象局合作拓展科研应用,包括支持2008年北京奥林匹克运动会、2010年上海世界博览会、2011年深圳世界大学生运动会等项目的天气预报。
针对闪电对香港国际机场的威胁,香港天文台在2008年推出机场雷暴和闪电预警系统,为停机坪上人员提供闪电预警服务。2012年,香港天文台在其网站和“我的天文台”手机应用程序推出未来2 h降雨临近预报,并在2017年推出1 h闪电临近预报,让市民随时随地获得高影响天气的预测。
香港天文台近年来通过与高校合作,开创深度学习与临近预报的研究,2018年亦与深圳市气象局合办“全球气象人工智能挑战赛”,推广人工智能技术在气象预报中的研发和创新应用。
另外,香港天文台利用天气模式预测香港及邻近海区的天气,为市民提供在空间及时间上精细的天气预报。
天文台在2023年加强“地球天气”网页内容,向市民提供计算机模式对未来15 d的风向、风速、气温及海平面气压预报。此外,近年来人工智能、机器学习和深度学习在各个领域迅速发展,分析气象大数据的效率得以大幅度提高。香港天文台于2023年引进并试验运行以人工智能和大数据技术预报天气,网页亦新增人工智能天气预测模式预报产品(图31)。
除了热带气旋警报外,香港天文台亦发展其他的恶劣天气警报,包括在1967年开始发出雷暴及大雨警报,于1977年开始发出山洪泥石流警报,以及在1983年引入水浸警报信号系统等。上述水浸警报信号系统在1992年设立暴雨警报系统时取消,现在暴雨警报信号系统以黄、红、黑3色表示暴雨严重程度。此外,香港天文台在1999年新增寒冷天气警报和酷热天气警报,提高市民的御寒及防暑意识(图32)。
香港天文台发出的天气信息会经不同渠道,如电视天气节目、互联网、手机应用程序(App)和社交媒体等向公众发布(图33),而发出的天气警报或预警信息会启动各政府部门、公用事业公司及非政府机构的应变计划,让社会尽早应对天灾,减少伤亡。
1950年3月23日,世界气象组织成立,香港成为世界气象组织其中一个地区会员,由香港天文台台长出任常任代表。1956年,应国际民航组织的新标准,香港天文台被指定为香港的气象当局,提供国际空中航行气象服务。1968年,联合国亚太经济社会委员会及世界气象组织下属的台风委员会成立,香港是创始成员之一。1973年9月,香港天文台前台长岑柏在檀香山举行的国际民航组织亚太区域空中航行会议获选为其下的气象委员会主席。1997年,香港回归祖国,在国家的支持下,中国香港保留了世界气象组织的地区会员身份,为香港天文台继续参与国际事务奠定了重要基础。
世界气象组织委托香港天文台开发和管理的“世界天气信息服务”网站在2005年正式业务运作,提供全球官方天气信息,而在2011年,香港天文台代表世界气象组织推出“My World Weather”,成为首个提供全球官方天气信息的手机应用程序。随后香港天文台再受世界气象组织委托开发《国际云图》网页版(www.cloudatlas.wmo.int),建立网上平台收集世界各地提供的照片,并在2017年推出新版《国际云图》。2018年,香港天文台与世界气象组织签订谅解备忘录(MOU),同时推出“恶劣天气信息中心”SWIC 2.0,以汇集世界各地官方气象警报信息,并与中国气象局合作,推出世界气象组织“全球多灾种预警系统”亚洲版。香港天文台在2024年与世界气象组织更新谅解备忘录,进一步加强气象合作,并推出“恶劣天气信息中心”SWIC 3.0(图34),为落实联合国的全民早期预警倡议做出贡献(香港天文台,2024a)。
此外,2018年,香港天文台被世界气象组织指定为亚洲区的临近预报区域专业气象中心,为气象和水文部门提供临近预报产品、社群版“小涡旋”临近预报系统及相关的专业培训课程。香港天文台亦于同年被世界气象组织指定成为航空应用多普勒激光雷达的试验平台(2021年更名为测量牵头中心)。
香港天文台一直积极参与国际气象合作,曾主办多个重要国际会议,包括台风委员会会议、航空气象学委员会会议、国际临近预报及超短期预报专题研讨会等。香港天文台每年举办世界气象组织志愿合作计划国际工作坊,为来自世界各地的气象人员提供培训,亦派出专家参与世界气象组织的培训或技术工作坊,协助外国气象部门提升预报系统和服务。
香港天文台前台长林鸿鋆博士和林超英先生均曾任世界气象组织第二区域协会(亚洲)副主席(图35),而另一位前台长岑智明先生则在2010—2018年担任世界气象组织航空气象委员会主席(图36)。2024年,香港天文台台长陈栢纬博士获选为世界气象组织观测、基础设施与信息系统委员会联合副主席(图37)。此外,多年来香港天文台不少同事亦有参与各国际组织会议并担任各类职务(香港天文台,2024b),如委员会主席、工作组成员等,为国际气象和相关科学发展做出贡献。
早在1975年,香港与北京就建立了直通线路以交换气象数据(香港天文台,1992)。改革开放后,香港天文台与广东省气象局率先于1984年签署在香港以南的黄茅洲岛上建立自动气象站的合作协议(图38),并于翌年开始轮流主办粤港重要天气研讨会,1989年以后澳门加入这个研讨会,之后发展为每年一度的粤港澳气象业务合作会议暨气象科技研讨会。
天文台先后于1996和2001年与中国气象局签订《中国气象局和香港天文台气象科技长期合作谅解备忘录》及《中国气象局与香港天文台气象科技长期合作安排》,并于2011年与深圳市气象局签署《数值天气预报技术长期合作协议》,之后再于2014年与广东省气象局签署《气象科技合作协议》,以及分别于2016和2017年与上海市气象局和海南省气象局签订合作计划。
近年粤港澳交流愈趋频繁,研讨会和培训课程众多。除共享实时观测数据和分享暑热压力测量技术外,三方于2005年合作建成闪电定位网络,并从2011年开始推出“大珠三角天气网站”(香港天文台,2019),为区内公众提供最新的天气警报、预报和实况观测。2019年,三方进一步携手合作,将“大珠三角天气网站”加强成为“粤港澳大湾区天气网站”,而天气预报亦延长至7 d,为往来大湾区的市民提供便捷可靠的优质气象服务(图39)。
2014年,香港天文台与生态环境部辐射环境监测技术中心签署技术合作协议(香港天文台,2014),是香港天文台首次与内地环境辐射监测部门签订合作协议,以促进双方环境辐射监测技术的交流和合作(图40)。同年,香港天文台与中国原子能科学研究院及上海市辐射环境监督站签订技术合作意向书。随后,香港天文台与多个内地专业机构签订技术合作意向书或合作备忘录,包括中国辐射防护研究院(2017年)、核工业航测遥感中心及生态环境部核与辐射安全中心(2019年)。
1999年4月21日,香港天文台与中国民用航空局辖下的空中交通管理局签订航空气象服务长期技术合作备忘录。
为促进与各国的气象数据交换、协同发展和交流培训等,香港天文台先后与韩国(2012年)、法国(2015年)、菲律宾(2015年)、泰国(2017年)、缅甸(2018年)、越南(2018年)、所罗门群岛(2022年)、印度尼西亚(2023年)和巴布亚新几内亚(2023年)的国家气象水文部门以及柬埔寨(2018年)的民航气象部门签署合作谅解备忘录。
为进一步改善“危险天气警报”服务,国际民航组织在2015年开始推广跨飞行情报区边界的合作和联系,协调气象相关产品。香港天文台为此发展地区危险天气警报协调平台,并在2017年成功完成世界气象组织前期研究,获东南亚国家采用。2017年至今,天文台相继在业务上与相邻的飞行情报区(中国广州、三亚,越南和菲律宾)进行天气协作,亦支持太平洋岛国及印度洋国家开展协调,以提升区内的天气警报质量。2018年,由中国民用航空局、中国气象局及香港天文台合建的亚洲航空气象中心正式运行(香港天文台,2016),通过多元合作,为亚洲区内航空业界提供优质的气象服务,提升飞行安全和效率(图41)。
2019年,在得到自然资源部批准后,国家海洋环境预报中心邀请香港天文台设立南中国海区域海啸预警中心的备份中心(香港天文台,2023c),为中国南海周边的联合国教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会的9个国家海啸预警中心提供有关潜在破坏性海啸的警报/预警信息。香港天文台在天气预测总部内设立了南中国海区域海啸预警中心备份中心(香港),并于2023年3月29日正式启用(图42)。
中国气象局局长陈振林博士于2023年9月到访香港天文台,与台长陈栢纬博士签订扩大的《气象科技长期合作安排》,包括“一带一路”倡议,并加强粤港澳大湾区合作(图43)。双方亦出席了第八届“一带一路高峰论坛”的合作协议交换仪式。粤港澳大湾区气象监测预警预报中心(香港)的建设筹备工作亦在同月正式展开(图44)(香港天文台,2023d)。粤港澳大湾区气象监测预警预报中心是中国气象局公布的《粤港澳大湾区气象发展规划(2020—2035)》中由三地联合建设的工作项目,通过气象数据共享、气象科研创新、气象人才培训等,提升大湾区精细化气象监测、预警、预报服务。
香港天文台于1883年成立,迄今已逾百年,是香港历史最悠久的政府部门之一。香港天文台自1884年开始在其位于尖沙咀的总部开展常规气象观测,所搜集的数据一点一滴地记录了香港多年来受全球气候变化和本地城市化影响下的气候变迁。气象万千,一个多世纪以来,天文台的运作模式及服务范围不断与时俱进,以满足现代社会的期望和需求。其间香港天文台不断引入先进科技,以改进服务及配合业务发展。
百年风云,香港天文台气象服务越来越多元化及现代化。展望未来(香港天文台,2010),香港天文台除了进一步加强与中国内地和大湾区气象部门的合作外,亦会继续发挥联通世界的角色,促进区域及国际气象方面的紧密合作,提高防御天灾及应变的能力。
参考文献 引证文献
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香港天文台.1992.香港天文台与中国气象机构的合作.
Hong Kong Observatory. 1992. Cooperation between the Hong Kong Observatory and meteorological authorities in China. https://www.hko.gov.hk/tc/publica/reprint/files/r223.pdf
香港天文台.2009.香港天气雷达观测五十载.
Hong Kong Observatory. 2009. 50 Years of Weather Radar Observations in Hong Kong. https://www.hko.gov.hk/tc/press/files/Radar-50years.pdf
香港天文台.2010.塑造二十一世纪航空天气服务的发展蓝图.
Hong Kong Observatory. 2010. Shaping Aviation Weather Services in the 21st Century. https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201002/11/P201002110244_print.htm
香港天文台.2014.天文台与国家环境保护部辐射环境监测技术中心签署技术合作协议.
Hong Kong Observatory. 2014. HKO signs technical co-operation agreement with Environmental Radiation Monitoring Technical Center. https://www.hko.gov.hk/sc/press/pre20140124e.htm
香港天文台.2016.天文台与中国民用航空局及中国气象局签署亚洲航空气象中心合作协议.
Hong Kong Observatory. 2016. HKO signs co-operation agreement with CAAC and CMA on Asian Aviation Weather. https://www.hko.gov.hk/sc/press/pre20161028.htm
香港天文台.2017.数字台风信号百周年.
Hong Kong Observatory. 2017. Hong Kong Observatory commemorates 100th anniversary of numbered typhoon signals. https://www.weather.gov.hk/sc/100YearsTCSignals/index.htm
香港天文台.2019.推出大湾区天气网站.
Hong Kong Observatory. 2019. Launching the Weather Website for Greater Bay Area. https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/Whats-New/100458/Launching-the-Weather-Website-for-Greater-Bay-Area
香港天文台.2021.香港高空观测一百年暨京士柏气象站七十周年.
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doi: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240140
  • 接收时间:2024-09-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-04
  • 修回日期:2025-02-14
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    香港气象学会,香港

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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