Article(id=1244213318722892562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11676/qxxb2025.20240119, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724774400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-28, revisedDate=1732032000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774573171548, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774573171548, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774573171548, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573171548, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244213313182221193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, year='2025', volume='83', issue='5', pageStart='1139', pageEnd='1384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774573170228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573255889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1286, endPage=1300, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244213320857793338, articleId=1244213318722892562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, language=EN, title=Dynamical downscaling prediction of persistent heavy rainfall in Henan province in July 2021 based on CMA_CPSv3 and CWRF climate models, columnId=1244213315661054860, journalTitle=Acta Meteorologica Sinica, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An unprecedented persistent heavy precipitation occurred in Henan province during 17—22 July 2021, causing huge economic losses. Currently, extreme precipitation forecasting is still a hotspot and a difficult issue in sub-seasonal climate prediction research. Regional climate models provide a new way to further improve sub-seasonal precipitation forecasting in China with finer spatial resolution and better parameterization of physical processes compared to that of the global models. This study uses the regional Climate-Weather Research and Forecasting model (CWRF) nested with the China Meteorological Administration Climate Prediction System version 3 (CMA_CPSv3) to improve prediction capabilities for this persistent heavy precipitation event. It is shown that the spatial distribution, magnitude, and forecast accuracy of precipitation predicted by CWRF are improved compared to that predicted by CMA_CPSv3. Although both models underestimate the amount of precipitation, the CWRF forecasts larger accumulated precipitation and spatial distribution of precipitation is more consistent with observation. CWRF forecasts initialized on 26 June and 29 June are better than that of CMA_CPSv3 on the same initial dates. The CWRF significantly improves the forecast of low-level wind fields and low-level jets in East Asia compared with the CMA_CPSv3. The CWRF is particularly effective in improving the simulation of directions of low-level jets and water vapor fluxes, allowing water vapor to converge on the windward slopes of mountain ranges and providing favorable water vapor conditions for precipitation. The CWRF better forecasts the water vapor flux convergence and ascending motions over Zhengzhou, and all these improvements lead to higher precipitation forecasting skill of CWRF.

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2021年7月17—22日河南省发生了一次历史罕见的持续性强降水,造成了巨大的经济损失。目前极端降水预报仍是次季节气候预测研究的热点和难点。区域气候模式有着比全球模式更精细的空间分辨率和更为完善的物理过程参数化方案,为进一步提高中国次季节降水预报能力提供了新途径。使用区域气候模式CWRF(regional Climate-Weather Research and Forecasting model)对中国气象局全球气候模式次季节预测系统CMA_ CPSv3(China Meteorological Administration Climate Prediction System version 3)的预报结果进行中国区域动力降尺度,分析了CWRF和CMA_ CPSv3模式对河南省2021年7月17—22日持续性强降水的预测效果。结果表明,区域模式和全球模式预报的降水空间分布和量级存在明显差异。尽管两个模式都低估了此次强降水过程的降水量,但总体上CWRF模式预报的降水量更大且更好地捕捉到了降水的空间分布。CWRF模式自6月26和29日起报的降水预报明显好于同一起报日CMA_ CPSv3模式的预报结果。与CMA_ CPSv3预报相比,CWRF显著地改善了东亚低空风场和低空急流的预报。CWRF对低空急流和水汽通量输送方向的改善尤为明显,预报的水汽在山脉的迎风坡辐合,为降水提供了有利的水汽条件。同时CWRF更好地预报了郑州上空的垂直上升运动,这些改善都有利于CWRF模式对降水有更高的预报技巧。

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李清泉,主要从事气候异常机理及预测研究。E-mail:
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郝天雨,主要从事次季节气候预测研究。E-mail:

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Preliminary investigation on the extreme rainfall event during July 2021 in Henan Province and its multi-scale processes. 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Analysis of the synoptic-scale dynamic process causing the extreme moisture environment in the "7.21" heavy rain case. 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Evaluation of the spatio-temporal variations of extreme temperature simulations in China based on the regional Climate-Weather Research and Forecasting model. 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Application of Climate-Weather Research and Forecasting model (CWRF) in China:Domain optimization. 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Science and prediction of heavy rainfall over China:Research progress since the reform and opening-up of the People's Republic of China. 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Impact of double low-level jets on the extreme rainstorm in Henan province in July 2021. 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An assessment on extreme precipitation events in Yangtze river basin as simulated by CWRF regional climate model. 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Diagnostic analysis on water vapor and jet characteristics of the July 2021 severe torrential rain in Henan province. 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Analysis on the influence of distance typhoon on the extreme precipitation in July 2021 in Henan. 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Front Earth Sci, 18(1):256-277, articleTitle=Understanding and improving Yangtze river basin summer precipitation prediction using an optimal multi-physics ensemble, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213344194900563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=80, authorNames=Zheng L N, Li T, Liu D D, journalName=Front Earth Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zheng L N, Li T, Liu D D. 2023. Evaluation of sub-seasonal prediction skill for an extreme precipitation event in Henan province, China. 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distribution of accumulative precipitation(shaded)observed in Henan province and surrounding areas during 17—22 July 2021(red curves indicate city boundaries,yellow box indicates the central area of accumulative precipitation),(b)terrain height(shaded)in eastern China(A,B and C indicate the Taihang mountains,the Funiu mountains and the Dabie mountains,respectively;blue curve indicates the boundary of Henan province), figureFileSmall=sJBcXnKLUsuMy67e+wY18Q==, figureFileBig=qpIsbCyU/M7+NhSOlL8/XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213329946849506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=CN, label=图1, caption=(a)河南省及周边地区观测的2021年7月17—22日累计降水量(色阶)的空间分布(红色曲线表示城市边界,黄框为降水集中区),(b)中国东部的地形高度(色阶,A、B和C分别表示太行山、伏牛山和大别山,蓝色曲线表示河南省省界), figureFileSmall=sJBcXnKLUsuMy67e+wY18Q==, figureFileBig=qpIsbCyU/M7+NhSOlL8/XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330181730539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Spatial distributions of accumulative precipitation(shaded)during 17—22 July 2021 predicted by CWRF(a1—a10)and CPSv3(b1—b10)models starting from 10 initial dates,respectively(the upper-left number on each panel indicates the initial date of model prediction,red curves indicate city boundaries within Henan province), figureFileSmall=9nwnaqn3lzUrvXbf0LVNvw==, figureFileBig=JqCmueZz6DL92jM/sqk4Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330253033710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=CN, label=图2, caption=CWRF(a1—a10)和CPSv3(b1—b10)分别自10个起报日起报的2021年7月17—22日累计降水量(色阶)的空间分布(各子图左上角标记的数字代表起报日期,红色曲线为河南省各市界线), figureFileSmall=9nwnaqn3lzUrvXbf0LVNvw==, figureFileBig=JqCmueZz6DL92jM/sqk4Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330336919795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Regionally averaged accumulative precipitation during 17—22 July 2021 over the central area predicted by CPSv3 and CWRF models, figureFileSmall=bDxQIoqN3Y0Jsufmb2Yv9Q==, figureFileBig=DBA3jkvQcUA1L6gl0wUnsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330420805877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=CN, label=图3, caption=模式预报的降水集中区2021年7月17—22日累计降水量平均, figureFileSmall=bDxQIoqN3Y0Jsufmb2Yv9Q==, figureFileBig=DBA3jkvQcUA1L6gl0wUnsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330517274876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Pattern correlation coefficients between predicted and observed accumulative precipitation over the central area during 17—22 July 2021(black dot indicates PCC passing significance test at the 95% confidence level,red and green dashed lines denote the mean values of PCC for CWRF and CPSv3,respectively), figureFileSmall=/lIexMhjnFTTIzdWrHjb3w==, figureFileBig=o3YKxIPP8d3JGd3pMYZ+Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330613743873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=CN, label=图4, caption=CWRF和CPSv3预报的降水集中区2021年7月17—22日累计降水量与相应观测降水量的空间相关系数(黑点表示PCC通过95%信度检验,红色、绿色虚线分别表示CWRF和CPSv3的PCC均值), figureFileSmall=/lIexMhjnFTTIzdWrHjb3w==, figureFileBig=o3YKxIPP8d3JGd3pMYZ+Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330731184391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=ETS(shaded)for predicted accumulative precipitation during 17—22 July 2021 over the central area at the precipitation thresholds of 50(a),100(b),150(c)and 200 mm(d),respectively(color shades indicate the ETS(×10)for different precipitation thresholds;annotated numbers correspond to values>0), figureFileSmall=IB+YHLy+HX0GQI8+55QEDQ==, figureFileBig=UtAAoa+DAKBgA/5Vxo1gYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330840236297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=CN, label=图5, caption=模式预报的降水集中区2021年7月17—22日的累计降水在50(a)、100(b)、150(c)和200 mm(d)降水阈值下的ETS(色阶表示不同降水阈值下的ETS评分,为便于显示,其数值已扩大10倍,图中标注的数字为ETS扩大10倍后大于0的数值), figureFileSmall=IB+YHLy+HX0GQI8+55QEDQ==, figureFileBig=UtAAoa+DAKBgA/5Vxo1gYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330936705294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=850 hPa atmospheric circulations and differences between model forecasts and observations during 17—22 July 2021(a1—a3. ERA5,b1—b3. difference between CWRF and ERA5,c1—c3. difference between CPSv3 and ERA5;average results of forecasts initialized on 26 and 29 June are shown here;figures from left to right show the mean circulations on 17—18,19—20,and 21—22 July,respectively;blue curve indicates the boundary of Henan province;isogram/shaded indicate bias of potential height;vector,wind field,unit:m/s), figureFileSmall=U/Tg6M62H5MTGCceOAIjmw==, figureFileBig=AAvR+zUVc5wgTpIgi65U4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331016397073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2021年7月17—22日850 hPa大气环流以及模式预报850 hPa大气环流结果与观测的差值(a1—a3. ERA5再分析资料,b1—b3. CWRF预报结果与观测的差,c1—c3. CPSv3预报结果与观测的差;模式预报结果为6月26和29日两个起报日预报结果的平均;从左至右依次为7月17—18日、7月19—20日和7月21—22日平均环流;蓝色曲线为河南省省界;等值线/色阶:位势高度差值;箭矢:风,单位:m/s), figureFileSmall=U/Tg6M62H5MTGCceOAIjmw==, figureFileBig=AAvR+zUVc5wgTpIgi65U4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331121254680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=950 hPa wind(green vector,unit:m/s)and 850—700 hPa mean wind(red vector,unit:m/s)on 20(a,c,e)and 21(b,d,f)July 2021 for ERA5 reanalysis(a,b),CWRF forecast(c,d)and CPSv3 forecast(e,f)(the average results of forecasts initialized on 26 June and 29 June are shown here,the darker the arrow is the higher wind speed,blue curve indicates the boundary of Henan province), figureFileSmall=iQSg4fCcAkFBX5dirDaJdw==, figureFileBig=iJNT9x9twm1DBpnBs4q9yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331226112284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=CN, label=图7, caption=ERA5再分析资料(a、b)及CWRF(c、d)和CPSv3(e、f)分别预报的2021年7月20(a、c、e)和21日(b、d、f)950 hPa风场(绿箭矢,单位:m/s)和850—700 hPa平均风场(红箭矢,单位:m/s)(模式预报为6月26和29日两个起报日预报结果的平均,箭矢颜色越深表示风速越大,蓝色曲线为河南省省界), figureFileSmall=iQSg4fCcAkFBX5dirDaJdw==, figureFileBig=iJNT9x9twm1DBpnBs4q9yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331309998368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Profiles of the pattern correlation coefficients(PCC)between predicted and observed meridional(a)and latitudinal(b)wind averaged during 17—22 July 2021 over eastern China(15°—55°N,90°—145°E)(the average results of forecasts initialized on 26 June and 29 June are shown here), figureFileSmall=RbIpRt5skZnygM79SjcFqA==, figureFileBig=Ws59mymL8NdLLQTL5jhrUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331414855973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=CN, label=图8, caption=CWRF和CPSv3预报的中国东部(15°—55°N,90°—145°E)对流层经向风(a)和纬向风(b)的2021年17—22日平均值与ERA5再分析资料的空间相关系数(PCC)的垂直廓线(模式预报结果为起报日6月26和29日的预报结果的平均), figureFileSmall=RbIpRt5skZnygM79SjcFqA==, figureFileBig=Ws59mymL8NdLLQTL5jhrUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331519713577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=1000—850 hPa vertically integrated water vapor flux(vector)and its divergence(shaded)averaged during 17—22 July 2021 for ERA5 reanalysis(a),CWRF forecast(b)and CPSv3 forecast(c)(the average results of forecasts initialized on 26 June and 29 June are shown here,red curves indicate city boundaries in Henan province), figureFileSmall=REwni8W9jo6EvZfBWD3W0w==, figureFileBig=XpL/EFtdyYd/btuaVaIOYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331624571182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=CN, label=图9, caption=ERA5再分析资料(a)及CWRF(b)和CPSv3(c)预报的2021年7月17—22日平均对流层低层(1000—850 hPa)水汽通量(箭矢)和水汽通量散度(色阶)(模式预报结果为6月26和29日两个起报日预报结果的平均,红色曲线表示河南省), figureFileSmall=REwni8W9jo6EvZfBWD3W0w==, figureFileBig=XpL/EFtdyYd/btuaVaIOYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331716845874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Longitude-height cross sections of water vapor flux divergence(shaded)and composite vectors of zonal wind(unit:m/s)and vertical velocity(unit:Pa/s)along 34.43°N averaged during 19—22 July 2021 for ERA5 reanalysis(a),CWRF forecast(b)and CPSv3 forecast(c)(the average results of forecasts initialized on 26 June and 29 June are shown here,gray shaded indicates terrain), figureFileSmall=QDJtig3vrxCCXWZodFdstg==, figureFileBig=nVjWhKd6ifpxx6KFqbVotA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331830092088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=CN, label=图10, caption=ERA5再分析资料(a)及CWRF(b)和CPSv3(c)预报的2021年7月19—22日平均沿34.43°N(郑州)的水汽通量散度(色阶)及纬向风(单位:m/s)和垂直速度(箭矢,单位:Pa/s)合成的经度-高度剖面(模式预报结果为6月26和29日两个起报日预报结果的平均,灰色阴影表示地形), figureFileSmall=QDJtig3vrxCCXWZodFdstg==, figureFileBig=nVjWhKd6ifpxx6KFqbVotA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331943338298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

10 initial dates of CPSv3 and CWRF models from 8 June to 10 July 2021 and corresponding digital markers

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起报日6月8日6月12日6月15日6月19日6月22日6月26日6月29日7月3日7月6日7月10日
标记0608061206150619062206260629070307060710
), ArticleFig(id=1244213332060778815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213318722892562, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CPSv3和CWRF模式2021年6月8日—7月10日10个起报日及对应的标记

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起报日6月8日6月12日6月15日6月19日6月22日6月26日6月29日7月3日7月6日7月10日
标记0608061206150619062206260629070307060710
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基于CMA_CPSv3和CWRF气候模式对2021年7月河南持续性强降水的动力降尺度预测试验研究
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郝天雨 1, 2 , 董李丽 2 , 李清泉 1, 2 , 谢冰 2 , 赵崇博 2 , 郭莉 2 , 梁信忠 3
气象学报 | 论文 2025,83(5): 1286-1300
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气象学报 | 论文 2025, 83(5): 1286-1300
基于CMA_CPSv3和CWRF气候模式对2021年7月河南持续性强降水的动力降尺度预测试验研究
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郝天雨1, 2 , 董李丽2, 李清泉1, 2 , 谢冰2, 赵崇博2, 郭莉2, 梁信忠3
作者信息
  • 1.南京信息工程大学气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心/气象灾害教育部重点实验室,南京,210044
  • 2.中国气象局气候预测研究重点开放实验室,国家气候中心,北京,100081
  • 3.马里兰大学地球系统科学跨学科中心,马里兰,20742
  • 郝天雨,主要从事次季节气候预测研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李清泉,主要从事气候异常机理及预测研究。E-mail:
Dynamical downscaling prediction of persistent heavy rainfall in Henan province in July 2021 based on CMA_CPSv3 and CWRF climate models
Tianyu HAO1, 2 , Lili DONG2, Qingquan LI1, 2 , Bing XIE2, Chongbo ZHAO2, Li GUO2, Xin-zhong LIANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education,Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,Nanjing 210044,China
  • 2.China Meteorological Administration Key Laboratory for Climate Prediction Studies,National Climate Centre,Beijing 100081,China
  • 3.Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center,University of Maryland,MD 20742,USA
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240119
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2021年7月17—22日河南省发生了一次历史罕见的持续性强降水,造成了巨大的经济损失。目前极端降水预报仍是次季节气候预测研究的热点和难点。区域气候模式有着比全球模式更精细的空间分辨率和更为完善的物理过程参数化方案,为进一步提高中国次季节降水预报能力提供了新途径。使用区域气候模式CWRF(regional Climate-Weather Research and Forecasting model)对中国气象局全球气候模式次季节预测系统CMA_ CPSv3(China Meteorological Administration Climate Prediction System version 3)的预报结果进行中国区域动力降尺度,分析了CWRF和CMA_ CPSv3模式对河南省2021年7月17—22日持续性强降水的预测效果。结果表明,区域模式和全球模式预报的降水空间分布和量级存在明显差异。尽管两个模式都低估了此次强降水过程的降水量,但总体上CWRF模式预报的降水量更大且更好地捕捉到了降水的空间分布。CWRF模式自6月26和29日起报的降水预报明显好于同一起报日CMA_ CPSv3模式的预报结果。与CMA_ CPSv3预报相比,CWRF显著地改善了东亚低空风场和低空急流的预报。CWRF对低空急流和水汽通量输送方向的改善尤为明显,预报的水汽在山脉的迎风坡辐合,为降水提供了有利的水汽条件。同时CWRF更好地预报了郑州上空的垂直上升运动,这些改善都有利于CWRF模式对降水有更高的预报技巧。

CWRF  /  CMA_CPSv3  /  动力降尺度  /  持续性强降水  /  次季节预报

An unprecedented persistent heavy precipitation occurred in Henan province during 17—22 July 2021, causing huge economic losses. Currently, extreme precipitation forecasting is still a hotspot and a difficult issue in sub-seasonal climate prediction research. Regional climate models provide a new way to further improve sub-seasonal precipitation forecasting in China with finer spatial resolution and better parameterization of physical processes compared to that of the global models. This study uses the regional Climate-Weather Research and Forecasting model (CWRF) nested with the China Meteorological Administration Climate Prediction System version 3 (CMA_CPSv3) to improve prediction capabilities for this persistent heavy precipitation event. It is shown that the spatial distribution, magnitude, and forecast accuracy of precipitation predicted by CWRF are improved compared to that predicted by CMA_CPSv3. Although both models underestimate the amount of precipitation, the CWRF forecasts larger accumulated precipitation and spatial distribution of precipitation is more consistent with observation. CWRF forecasts initialized on 26 June and 29 June are better than that of CMA_CPSv3 on the same initial dates. The CWRF significantly improves the forecast of low-level wind fields and low-level jets in East Asia compared with the CMA_CPSv3. The CWRF is particularly effective in improving the simulation of directions of low-level jets and water vapor fluxes, allowing water vapor to converge on the windward slopes of mountain ranges and providing favorable water vapor conditions for precipitation. The CWRF better forecasts the water vapor flux convergence and ascending motions over Zhengzhou, and all these improvements lead to higher precipitation forecasting skill of CWRF.

CWRF  /  CMA_ CPSv3  /  Dynamical downscaling  /  Persistent heavy rainfall  /  Subseasonal prediction
郝天雨, 董李丽, 李清泉, 谢冰, 赵崇博, 郭莉, 梁信忠. 基于CMA_CPSv3和CWRF气候模式对2021年7月河南持续性强降水的动力降尺度预测试验研究. 气象学报, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1286 -1300 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240119
Tianyu HAO, Lili DONG, Qingquan LI, Bing XIE, Chongbo ZHAO, Li GUO, Xin-zhong LIANG. Dynamical downscaling prediction of persistent heavy rainfall in Henan province in July 2021 based on CMA_CPSv3 and CWRF climate models[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1286 -1300 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240119
2021年7月17—22日,河南省发生了一次历史罕见的极端强降水事件,本次事件降水强度之大、持续时间之长均创下历史新高,最大过程累计降水量达985.2 mm(张霞等,2021)。强降水集中分布在河南省中北部的郑州、焦作、新乡、鹤壁和安阳等地,导致这些城市发生严重内涝,受灾人口约300万,农作物受灾21.52万km2,造成经济损失约12.2亿元。学者们(梁旭东等,2022姚秀萍等,2023Liu,et al,2023)对此次降水的主要影响天气系统、发生和发展的机制、数值模式预报等方面做了较详细的分析。研究表明,此次极端降水受到对流层高、中、低层多尺度天气和气候系统的共同影响,同时叠加了地形的作用(梁旭东等,2022)。对流层低层有东南低空急流将来自海洋的水汽输送至河南,河南西部伏牛山和太行山的阻挡和动力抬升作用,使得水汽在此处辐合的同时产生了上升运动(李超等,2022汪小康等,2022Liu,et al,2023)。在此次降水过程中,台风也起到了很大作用,低纬度地区双台风“查帕卡”和“烟花”缓慢西行,“烟花”与副热带高压之间的偏东气流以及副热带高压南缘的东南气流是此次降水的主要水汽输送带(布和朝鲁等,2022王军等,2022)。
近年来,数值模式的快速发展极大地提高了天气预报和气候预测的准确率。天气预报的理论上限为2周左右,模式的预报能力在超过10 d后明显下降(陈伯民等,20172023)。次季节时间尺度(15—90 d)预报是介于天气预报和气候预测之间的“预报缝隙”,其影响因素和变化规律更加复杂,预报难度更大。为了能够更早地为极端事件提供预报和预警,填补“预报缝隙”,各个国家相继发展出不同的次季节-季节(Sub-seasonal to Seasonal,S2S)气候预测模式。世界天气研究计划(WWRP)和世界气候研究计划(WCRP)联合发起了“次季节至季节预测计划”,重点关注极端事件预测和模式检验,建立了包含多个国家的次季节预测模式的数据库,致力于提升对次季节可预测性以及预报技巧相关过程和方法的理解(Lang,et al,2020)。已有一些学者评估了S2S模式对2021年7月河南持续性强降水过程的预报技巧。Wang等(2022)分析了CMA、ECMWF、KMA、NCEP和UKMO的全球模式对此次事件的预报情况,结果表明5个模式对此次极端降水事件提前20 d的预报能力有限,NCEP能提前20 d预报出接近实况的环流异常,其他4个模式只能提前6 d捕捉到相应的环流异常信号,各个模式都能提前3 d较好地预报降水的位置,但预报的降水量远小于实际降水,模式对水汽辐合和垂直运动的再现能力是影响这次持续性强降水预报能力的重要因素。Zheng等(2023)评估了CMA、ECMWF、NCEP、KMA、UKMO的全球模式对此次事件的预报情况,结果表明ECMWF、NCEP、UKMO和KMA能够提前1周较好地预报出累计降水量的空间分布,但模式预报的降雨量仅为观测降水量的20%,未能预报出此次事件的极端性;5个模式预报的西太平洋副热带高压(西太副高)和台风的位置都更偏东,对台风“烟花”的预报偏差直接影响到对东南气流水汽输送的预报,模式低估了台风“烟花”的远距离影响。类似地,Yan等(2023)检验了CMA等11个S2S全球模式对此次极端降水事件的可预报性,结果表明只有ECMWF、UKMO、NCEP和KMA模式能够提前1周预报出极端降水的位置及降雨量的骤增,这得益于这4个模式较好地预测了西太副高异常,但是它们仍然低估了这次事件的极端性,模式对台风“烟花”的预报偏差导致了对降水的预报偏差,对台风移动速度的预报偏差会歪曲台风的位置,从而低估台风对水汽输送及降水的远距离影响。
目前的次季节预报模式大多为全球模式,由于分辨率较低,全球模式在捕获区域和局地气候过程时仍有许多不足。具有更高分辨率的区域气候模式可以获取更精细的下垫面信息,更好地描述物理过程及参数化方案,从而更好地模拟和预测局地的气候特征(姚素香等,2008房永杰等,2011)。区域气候模式可以通过与全球模式的嵌套作为研究工作中动力降尺度和机理诊断的工具,在区域气候模拟、极端事件归因诊断等方面得到越来越广泛的应用(董广涛等,20122016)。Liang等(2004)自2001年起在WRF模式的基础上研发用于区域气候研究的新一代CWRF(Climate-Weather Research and Forecasting model)模式。由于其优异的性能,CWRF在中外得到广泛应用(Liang,et al,2006刘术艳等,2008刘冠州等,2017Liang,et al,2019)。CWRF对中国气候、极端气温、极端降水、热带气旋有较好的模拟能力(董晓云等,2019刘旗洋等,2021徐蓉蓉等,2021Li,et al,2021孙晨等,2022Xu,et al,2022Zhang,et al,2023Zhao,et al,2024a2024b)。把CWRF与全球气候模式嵌套开展次季节-季节预测,以期满足精细化气候预测和服务需求,是CWRF在中国的发展前景之一(刘冠州等,2017),这也是本研究的目的之一。
本研究使用中国气象局的全球气候预报系统CMA_CPSv3(China Meteorological Administration Climate Prediction System version 3,大气模式水平分辨率为45 km)的预测结果驱动区域气候模式CWRF(水平分辨率为15 km)进行中国区域气候次季节动力降尺度预测,分析CWRF模式对2021年7月河南持续性强降水的预报能力和可预报性来源。
使用的区域模式为水平分辨率为15 km的CWRF区域气候模式(董李丽等,2024)。CWRF模式采用兰伯特投影,模拟区域为东亚,中心位置(35.45°N,110.34°E),垂直方向为36层,顶层气压为50 hPa。CWRF集成了多种参数化方案(Liang,et al,2012刘冠州等,2017),主要包括ECP(Ensemble Cumulus Parameterization)对流方案(Qiao,et al,20162017)、GSFCGCE微物理方案(Tao,et al,2003)、GSFCLXZ辐射方案(Chou,et al,2001)、CAM3边界层方案(Rontu,2006)、CSSP陆面方案(Yuan,et al,2011Xu,et al,2014)和XRL气溶胶方案(Liang,et al,2004)。
中国气象局全球气候模式次季节预测系统CMA_CPSv3中的全球大气环流模式是北京气候中心高分辨率大气模式的第3版(Beijing Climate Center-Atmospheric General Circulation Model version 3-High Resolution,BCC-AGCM3-HR;李海燕等,2023),水平分辨率为T266(约45 km),垂直56层,模式上界为0.1 hPa;海洋模式为模块化海洋模式第5版(Modular Ocean Model version 5,MOM5),水平分辨率为0.25°×0.25°,垂直50层;陆面过程模式为BCC-AVIM2,海冰模式采用美国地球物理流体动力实验室-海冰模拟器第5版(Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory-Sea Ice Simulator version5,GFDL-SIS5)。
文中使用CMA_CPSv3(以下简称CPSv3)的次季节预测结果驱动区域模式CWRF对中国区域气候进行次季节动力降尺度预测。CPSv3进行预报时使用了基于观测的同化资料作为模式预报的初值场(Liu,et al,2021)。CWRF在四周14个格点的缓冲区范围内将CPSv3预报的大气环流和海温插值到CWRF的网格上,作为区域模式的边界条件。CWRF使用给定的初边界场与大气耦合积分,对粗网格环流做精细化的降尺度预测。CPSv3每周起报两次,提供未来60 d的预测结果。相应地,CWRF每周起报两次进行动力降尺度预测。预报试验设计是CPSv3和CWRF模式自2021年6月8日—7月10日每周起报两次,共有10个起报日(表1),使用10个起报日的预报结果分析模式对2021年7月17—22日河南持续性强降水的预报性能和预报技巧来源。
使用的模拟数据为CPSv3和CWRF模式2021年6月8日—7月10日起报的降水和大气环流预测结果。使用中国CN05.1网格化逐日降水观测资料(吴佳等,2013)及欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)最新发布的第5代(ERA5)大气再分析资料(Hersbach,et al,2020),水平分辨率均为0.25°×0.25°。为了方便比较和计算,将全球模式预测数据和区域模式预测数据插值到与观测资料相同的网格上。
使用空间相关系数(Pattern Correlation Coefficient,PCC)和公平技巧评分(Equitable Threat Score,ETS)定量地评估模式的预报性能。PCC可以定量评估预报和实况空间型的相似程度,检验模式能否预测要素场的空间分布特征,并使用学生t检验对相关系数进行显著性检验。ETS评分表示除去随机偶然事件后,事件发生且预报正确的次数与事件发生总次数的比率。具体计算公式为
ETS=HHrH+M+FHr
Hr=(H+M)×(H+F)H+M+F+D
式中,H为成功预报降水的次数;M为观测有、预报没有的次数;F为观测没有、预报有的次数;D为观测和预报均没有出现降水的情形;Hr为随机情况下正确预报的次数。ETS数值的范围为−1/3—1,负值或0表示没有预报技巧。
图1a为河南省及周边地区观测的2021年7月17—22日累计降水量。由图可见,7月17—22日河南省中北部以及河北省西南部等地出现强降水,河南省中北部的累计降雨量为200—500 mm,郑州市、焦作市、新乡市、鹤壁市等地的降雨量超过了500 mm。降水集中区为(33.5°—36.5°N,112°—115°E)(图1a中黄色方框),靠近太行山和伏牛山(图1b),降水集中区区域平均累计降水量为278.4 mm。
图2是CWRF(a1—a10)和CPSv3(b1—b10)分别自10个起报日起始预报的2021年7月17—22日累计降水量的空间分布。从CWRF模式10个起报日的预报结果来看,CWRF自6月8日(图2a1)、6月15日(图2a3)、6月19日(图2a4)和6月22日(图2a5)起始预报的降水中心位于河南省的西南部或西南侧;6月12日(图2a2)起始预报的降水主要集中在河南省的东部;自6月26日(图2a6)、6月29日(图2a7)和7月10日(图2a10)起报的预报结果显示,河南省中西部皆出现一条东北—西南向的雨带,雨带覆盖了平顶山、郑州、新乡等市,与观测中位于河南中北部的雨带较为相似;自7月3日(图2a8)和7月6日(图2a9)起始的预报为河南省内没有明显的雨带。CPSv3的10个起报日的预报结果显示,CPSv3自6月12日(图2b2)、6月15日(图2b3)、6月19日(图2b4)、6月22日(图2b5)和7月3日(图2b8)起报的预报结果为河南省内主要的降水中心都位于河南西部和南部;自6月8日(图2b1)、6月26日(图2b6)、6月29日(图2b7)、7月6日(图2b9)和7月10日(图2b10)起报的预报结果显示,河南省内没有明显的降水中心。从累计降水的空间分布可以看出,模式预报的累计降水远小于观测累计降水量。图3为模式预报的降水集中区区域平均2021年7月17—22日累计降水量的柱状图。由图3可见,CWRF和CPSv3预报的累计降水量最大为136.5 mm(CWRF自6月15日起报)和59.6 mm(CPSv3自6月22日起报),都远小于实况区域平均降水(278.4 mm),两个模式都低估了此次持续性强降水事件降水量的极端性。当起报日为6月12日、6月15日、6月26日、6月29日、7月6日和7月10日时,CWRF预报的降水集中区的累计降水量远大于CPSv3,CWRF预报的降水量分别是观测的32%、49%、30%、29%、13%和22%,而CPSv3预报的累计降水量分别是观测的14%、7%、8%、1%、1%和5%,累计降水量差值分别为51、116、63、79、34和46 mm。
总之,从累计降水量的空间分布以及降水集中区的区域平均降水量可以看出,起报日为6月12日、6月26日、6月29日和7月10日时,CWRF一定程度上反映了降水位于河南省中北部这一空间特征,同时这4个起报日预报的降水集中区的累计降水量仅次于6月15日起报,其中6月26和29日起报预报的降水中心位于郑州、鹤壁、焦作一带,与观测较为相似。CWRF在6月15日起报预报的降水集中区的累计降水虽然较大,但降水中心位于南阳,与观测不符。
进一步计算模式预报的降水集中区累计降水量的空间相关系数(PCC,图4)。图4显示,10次预报中,CWRF和CPSv3预报结果的PCC有效次数(PCC>0)分别为7次和4次;CWRF和CPSv3的10次预报结果PCC平均分别为0.19和−0.12,CWRF的PCC平均值比CPSv3的PCC平均值大0.31。在10次预报中,CWRF有8次(起报日为6月8日、6月12日、6月15日、6月26日、6月29日、7月3日、7月6日和7月10日)预报累计降水量的PCC大于CPSv3,这8次预报结果PCC的差值(CWRF−CPSv3)平均为0.4;仅有2次(起报日为6月19日和6月22日)CWRF预报结果的PCC略小于CPSv3,这2次预报结果PCC的差值(CWRF−CPSv3)平均为−0.05。CWRF的预报结果中,6月26日起报预报的累计降水空间型与实况最为接近,PCC为0.64;6月29日和7月10日起报的预报结果的PCC相当,分别为0.43和0.47,均高于CPSv3的PCC。
图5是模式预报的降水集中区2021年7月17—22日的累计降水量在不同阈值下的ETS评分。由图5可见,阈值为50 mm时,CWRF和CPSv3预报结果的ETS评分大于0的次数分别为5和3,CWRF和CPSv3的ETS平均分别为0.01和−0.05;阈值为100 mm时,CWRF和CPSv3预报结果的ETS大于0的次数分别为7和3,CWRF和CPSv3的ETS评分平均分别为0.30和−0.04;阈值为150 mm时,CWRF和CPSv3预报结果的ETS评分大于0的次数分别为4和3,CWRF和CPSv3的ETS评分平均分别为0.20和−0.07;阈值为200 mm时,CWRF和CPSv3预报结果的ETS评分大于0的次数分别为3和5,CWRF和CPSv3的ETS评分平均分别为0.04和−0.004。阈值为100 mm,CWRF的ETS评分最高,达到1.25。在100 mm阈值下,起报日为6月8日、6月12日、6月15日、6月26日、6月29日、7月3日和7月10日时,CWRF预报结果的ETS评分均大于CPSv3;在150 mm阈值下,起报日为6月15日、6月26日、6月29日、7月3日和7月10日时,CWRF预报结果的ETS评分均大于CPSv3。这与上文对PCC的分析较为一致。
综上所述,从预报降水的空间分布、降水量、空间相关系数和ETS评分总体情况来看,CWRF自6月26和29日起报的预报结果与观测最为接近,且明显好于同一起报日CPSv3的预报结果。为了更好地理解CWRF模式动力降尺度对降水预报技巧改进的原因,下面分析CWRF和CPSv3模式6月26和29日起报预报的大气环流、水汽条件及上升运动,并与再分析资料做比较。
图6为2021年7月17—22日的850 hPa环流形势。再分析资料(图6a1—a3)显示,7月17—18日,河南省南部主要受气旋低压系统的影响。7月19—20日,河南省中部有明显的暖式气旋式切变。7月21—22日,暖式切变线北抬减弱至消失,此次过程基本结束。在西北太平洋上空,西太副高向西北延伸至40°N。7月18—21日,台风“查帕卡”西行并在广东登陆。7月17—22日,台风“烟花”逐渐向西北移动,同时范围扩大,强度增强,副高与台风“烟花”之间的东南风将水汽输送至长江以北地区。
从CWRF和CPSv3模式的预报结果(图略)来看,两个模式的预报结果大体上一致,基本上都捕捉到了850 hPa等压面上的环流形势,均预报出了西太副高向西延伸的位置特征,副高南侧存在台风沿副高南缘向西北移动。模式的预报结果与观测的差异(图6b1—c3)显示,两个模式均对中国中东部850 hPa的位势高度存在低估。7月17—18日的预报结果(图6b1、c1)显示,两个模式均未能报出影响河南的低压系统,河南省南部存在反气旋偏差,对副高北部的位势高度均存在低估,均未能预报出副高南侧的台风“烟花”,即模式预报台风“烟花”的出现时间晚于观测。7月19—20日的预报结果(图6b2、c2),两个模式预报河南西部均出现反气旋偏差,说明模式均低估了此时河南省上空环流的气旋式切变,同时对台风“烟花”的预报存在明显偏差,预报台风的面积、强度、风速远小于观测,预报台风的位置比观测偏东、偏南(预报的台风位置大致为(17°N,133°E),而观测台风的位置为(25°N,130°E))。7月21—22日的预报结果(图6b3、c3)显示,模式预报的河南省上空的东南风风速小于观测,预报的台风“烟花”强度偏小,移动速度也偏慢,因此预报的“烟花”相比观测的“烟花”位置更偏东南,离陆地更远。通过两个模式预报结果作差(CWRF−CPSv3)发现(图略),尽管两个模式均对西太副高北部的位势高度存在低估,但CWRF预报的位势高度大于CPSv3,CWRF预报的副高脊线位置更偏北,与观测更为接近。CWRF预报的7月21—22日的台风“烟花”面积更大,台风位置更偏西北,与观测更接近。已有的研究(Deng,et al,2022Xu,et al,2022Wei,et al,2023)表明,台风“烟花”对此次持续性强降水的水汽输送起重要作用,CWRF对“烟花”更好的捕捉有利于正确预报此次事件的水汽条件。
低空急流是影响华北暴雨的主要环流系统之一,在大气中建立远距离水汽输送通道,并在急流下游产生辐合、加强风垂直切变,为暴雨的产生提供有利的动力、热力条件(廖晓农等,2013Xia,et al,2019雷蕾等,2020罗亚丽等,2020)。由于此次河南持续性强降水过程中7月20和21日降水量最大(图略),本节重点分析这2 d的边界层急流(BLJ,Boundary Layer Jet;950 hPa)和850—700 hPa天气尺度低空急流(SLLJ,Synoptic-system-related Low Level Jet)。ERA5再分析资料显示,7月20日(图7a),BLJ出口区位于河南省中北部的太行山—伏牛山山前,此处的SLLJ有气旋式偏转。BLJ出口区的辐合与SLLJ的正涡度叠加,加上山脉的动力抬升作用促成了7月20日位于河南省中北部的强降水。7月21日,BLJ的出口区和SLLJ入口区在河南省中北部叠加,双急流的耦合造成低层辐合、中层辐散,触发了强烈的上升运动,使得7月21日的强降水得以维持(图7b)。已有研究(马长健等,2023Luo,et al,2023)表明,2021年7月20和21日降水均发生在BLJ的出口区和SLLJ的入口区,双低空急流的耦合对降水的维持起到了一定的作用。
从CWRF的预报结果(图7c、d)可以看到,7月20日河南省东南侧急流的方向和大小与观测较为一致,河南省上空为边界层急流和天气尺度急流的出口区,出口区的低层辐合作用有利于降水的产生,同时边界层急流在河南西南部存在微小的气旋式切变,这可能是预报的雨带向西南延伸的原因之一。河南省上空的风速略小于观测,急流风速的大值区位于华东、东海上空。东海和太平洋上空急流的风向为东南,与观测有一定的偏差,渤海上空风向的顺时针偏转相比观测更强,但这些误差对河南省的影响较小。CWRF预报的7月21日的急流与20日的急流较为相似,河南省中西部地区上空为边界层急流和天气尺度急流的出口区,有一定的低层辐合作用。而CPSv3的预报结果(图7e、f)显示,7月20和21日河南省上空的风速非常小,最大风速仅有4—6 m/s。华东、渤海、黄海、东海上空风向发生大面积的顺时针偏转,以至于河南省上空的风向为西南或偏南,与观测的差异较大。
总之,与CPSv3相比,CWRF预报的双低空急流位置、方向及风速大小与观测更为接近,且双低空急流在河南省上空存在有一定的耦合作用,这可能是CWRF降水预报技巧更高的原因之一。
为了进一步探究CWRF动力降尺度对大气环流场预报的改善程度,分别计算了全球模式和区域模式预报的不同等压面上经向风和纬向风与观测的空间相关系数,并绘制了PCC的垂直廓线(图8)。在6月26和29日起报的预报中,CWRF对中低层(1000—500 hPa)经向风的预报明显好于CPSv3,对中高层经向风的预报技巧与CPSv3相当;CWRF和CPSv3都对纬向风有较好的捕捉能力,PCC在0.6以上;CWRF对高层(200—100 hPa)和低层(1000—600 hPa)纬向风的预报好于CPSv3,对中层(600—300 hPa)纬向风的预报不如CPSv3。总的来说,对于6月26和29日两个起报日的预报结果,CWRF降尺度后对大气环流预报技巧的改善主要体现在对流层中低层的经向风和纬向风,对中低层经向风的改善尤为明显。CWRF采用动态张弛技术接受侧边界强迫信息,在垂直方向上采用不同的张弛系数:高层的张弛系数取得比较大,以侧边界强迫为主;低层的张弛系数取得比较小,以CWRF内部预报为主。这种设置使得CWRF模拟大气环流时,在高空倾向于边界场控制,在低空允许动力和物理过程相互作用并充分发展,这可能是CWRF对低空经向和纬向风预报空间相关系数更大的原因(张焓等,2023)。
河南省位于黄淮西部的地貌过渡区,北、西、东南面被太行山、伏牛山、大别山环绕(图1b),地势整体西高东低,太行山和河南省西部山地高度均在500 m以上,地形的动力抬升在此次降水中也起到了关键作用。由于水汽主要分布在对流层低层,因此文中主要分析1000—850 hPa的水汽通量及其散度。由再分析资料(图9a)可见,来自西北太平洋的水汽通量向西到达中国大陆后,一部分继续向西北方向输送,途经河南省;一部分在渤海发生顺时针偏转后流向东北。河南省上空来自东南方向的水汽通量受到太行山—伏牛山的阻挡和抬升作用,在山前发生强烈的辐合上升运动,为强降水的发生提供了良好的水汽条件。CWRF的预报结果(图9b)显示,来自西北太平洋的水汽通量一部分经过黄海后在渤海上空发生顺时针偏转,一部分深入内陆到达河南省上空,河南上空的水汽通量为东南向,东南向的水汽通量在太行山—伏牛山的迎风侧堆积,使得河南省西北侧地区有明显的水汽辐合中心,CWRF预报的水汽辐合位置与观测结果较为一致,水汽辐合值与观测相当。而CPSv3的预报结果(图9c)显示,大部分来自西北太平洋的水汽通量经过中国东海后发生顺时针偏转流向北方,只有一小部分途经河南省,水汽通量也远小于观测,河南省东北侧的水汽通量辐合微弱,从而难以产生降水。
由此可见,水汽通量方向的预报会直接影响到水汽辐合的位置和大小,从而影响对降水的预报。CWRF降尺度后对低层水汽通量方向的预报改善较为明显,水汽通量的方向、大小以及其散度大小与观测较为接近。
降水的产生除了需要充足的水汽外,还需要有足够强的上升运动,因此通过对比全球模式和区域模式预报的上升运动进一步分析CWRF降尺度的改善效果。再分析资料(图10a)显示,在强降水期间有大量的水汽在山前迎风坡的边界层中汇合,112°—113°E范围内的整个对流层中低层都有水汽的辐合,强度随高度上升而减弱;同时,在110°—115°E的山地上空对流层中低层有强烈的上升运动,有利于降水的产生。CWRF的预报结果(图10b)显示,山脉迎风坡对流层低层的水汽通量辐合与观测相当,但水汽辐合区的纬向跨度小于观测,山地上空有微弱的上升运动直至对流层中层。而CPSv3的预报结果(图10c)显示,山地迎风坡一侧的边界层水汽辐合微弱,同时山地上空为下沉运动,这样的垂直运动不足以支持强降水的产生。尽管在CWRF的预报结果中山前迎风坡水汽通量的辐合范围略小于观测且上升运动较弱,但水汽辐合值仍远大于CPSv3。CPSv3预报的结果没有同时满足上升运动和水汽辐合这两个条件,而区域模式预报结果同时满足了这两个条件,因此有利于CWRF对降水的预报。
2021年7月17—22日,河南省发生了一次历史罕见的持续性强降水事件,造成了巨大的经济损失和人员伤亡。大部分S2S全球模式都没能预报出此次极端降水事件(Yan,et al,2023)。文中使用区域气候模式CWRF对全球气候模式次季节预测系统CPSv3的预报结果进行中国区域动力降尺度预测,基于两个模式的回报资料,检验评估了全球模式和区域模式对此次持续性强降水事件的预报技巧,并探究了两个模式对此次降水事件预报技巧差异的原因。结果显示,尽管两个模式预报的降水量都明显小于观测,低估了此次强降水的极端性,但CWRF模式预报的累计降水量可以达到观测的30%—40%,而CPSv3模式预报的最大累计降水量仅为观测的20%左右,CWRF模式预报的累计降水量的空间分布更接近观测。CWRF模式预报降水与观测降水的空间相关系数的平均值比CPSv3大0.31;在50、100、150和200 mm降水量阈值下,CWRF预报的ETS平均均高于CPSv3;其中阈值为100 mm时,CWRF降水预报的ETS评分最高。总的看来,采用CWRF模式动力降尺度对此次持续性强降水的预报能力有所提高。CWRF自6月26和29日起报的预报结果对此次持续性强降水有较高的预报技巧,所预报的降水量、降水的空间分布以及ETS评分均好于CPSv3。
为了探究CWRF对此次持续性强降水预报技巧改进的可能原因,重点分析了6月26和29日两个起报日预报的大气环流、水汽输送和垂直运动。CWRF预报的低空急流的风向及风速更接近观测,一定程度上改善了全球模式中低空急流在进入河南之前顺时针偏转的问题,使得河南省上空存在双低空急流的耦合,有利于降水的发生。对于6月26和29日两个起报日的预报结果,CWRF模式对环流的改善主要体现在中低层的经向风和纬向风,CWRF对整层经向风以及高层和低层的纬向风的预报技巧都有所提高,对经向风的改善尤为明显。此外,两个模式预报的台风强度较弱以及台风位置离陆地较远,可能是模式预报的向暴雨区输送的水汽强度偏弱、降水量偏小的原因之一。
CWRF对低层水汽和垂直运动的较好预报是此次持续性强降水预测技巧改进的重要原因之一。在全球模式CPSv3的预报结果中,低层的水汽通量只有一小部分到达河南省,水汽辐合微弱,郑州市上空的垂直运动和低层水汽辐合配合不佳,郑州市水汽辐合远不及观测。采用CWRF动力降尺度后,水汽通量的方向以及辐合的位置预测与观测的相似度大幅度提高,尤其是6月26日起报的预报结果与观测最为相似。CWRF预报的垂直上升运动和水汽辐合配合较好,有利于降水的产生。Zhang等(2023)指出,CWRF采用的集合积云对流参数化方案(ECP)包含5个主要的闭合假设且在陆地和海洋使用不同的权重,可以更合理地确定云底质量通量,对华北极端降水空间分布和时间演变特征有较好的模拟效果,这可能是CWRF对2021年7月河南持续性强降水预测技巧较高的原因之一。
通过上述分析发现,仍有许多问题值得深入探索。例如,在10个预报试验中,CWRF模式在提前21 d(6月26日起报)和提前18 d(6月29日起报)的两个预报试验中较好地捕捉了这次强降水过程(7月17—22日)的位势高度、纬向风、经向风、垂直运动以及水汽通量。CWRF对极端降水事件的预测技巧与预报提前时间有什么样的关系?CWRF为何对台风“烟花”和“查帕卡”预报效果不同?这些问题尚不清楚。此外,区域模式的初始和侧边界条件、模式物理方案的配置也会影响模式对降水的预报性能。这些问题都需要在今后的工作中进一步研究。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFE0136000)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U2242207; 41790471)
  • 中国气象局气象能力提升联合研究专项青年项目(22NLTSQ007)
  • 中国气象局创新发展专项项目(CXFZ2023J003)
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2025年第83卷第5期
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doi: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240119
  • 接收时间:2024-08-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-28
  • 修回日期:2024-11-20
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFE0136000)
国家自然科学基金项目(U2242207; 41790471)
中国气象局气象能力提升联合研究专项青年项目(22NLTSQ007)
中国气象局创新发展专项项目(CXFZ2023J003)
作者信息
    1.南京信息工程大学气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心/气象灾害教育部重点实验室,南京,210044
    2.中国气象局气候预测研究重点开放实验室,国家气候中心,北京,100081
    3.马里兰大学地球系统科学跨学科中心,马里兰,20742

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李清泉,主要从事气候异常机理及预测研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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