Article(id=1244213317594624755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11676/qxxb2025.20240065, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717430400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-04, revisedDate=1738944000000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774573171279, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774573171279, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774573171279, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573171279, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244213313182221193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, year='2025', volume='83', issue='5', pageStart='1139', pageEnd='1384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774573170228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573255889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1169, endPage=1185, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244213317892420343, articleId=1244213317594624755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, language=EN, title=Observational study of extreme winds induced by a mountain-crossing intensified squall line, columnId=1244213315661054860, journalTitle=Acta Meteorologica Sinica, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on dual-polarization radar observations, surface data and ERA5 reanalysis product, an extensive propagation high wind event in Hubei province triggered by squall line is studied. Results show that in the environment with typical thunderstorm temperature and humidity profiles (wet downburst), the squall line originating in Southwest Henan province significantly enhanced after crossing Tongbai mountain, and resulted in a Derecho event in Hubei province. The direct reason for the enhancement of the squall line is that several isolated storms on the south side merged into the squall line. Further analysis reveals that the key mesoscale systems for the enhancement of the squall line included a shallow cold outflow from another squall line, an boundary-layer jet forced by the topography and the cold pool outflow of the squall line. The topographic effects include the blocking of cold pool outflow, the valley penetration of outflow, and the orographic uplift, which triggered isolated storms and provided a mesoscale ascending environment. After the squall line crossed the mountain, extreme winds in Guangshui were mainly caused by downward momentum transfer and divergence of strong downdrafts. The intense convective cells in the squall line were composed of graupels or small hails above the melting layer, and many small solid particles melted into large water droplets or water-covered ice cores near the melting layer. Significant evaporation under the melting layer significantly reduced the diameter of raindrops and liquid water content. This indicates that significant melting and evaporation are the main mechanisms for the formation of strong downdrafts in the storm. The results enhance our understanding of the effects of mesoscale topography on storms and physical processes of the formation of extreme winds.

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为增加对飑线发展及形成大风过程的认识,基于双偏振雷达、地面加密观测站观测资料以及ERA5再分析资料等,对一次飑线翻山增强引发湖北大范围极端强风事件进行了研究,结果表明:在典型雷暴大风温、湿度廓线(湿下击暴流)环境下,源于河南省西南部的飑线翻越桐柏山过程中显著增强,在湖北省引发Derecho事件。飑线翻山增强的直接原因是其南侧多个孤立风暴向北移动逐渐并入飑线。进一步分析表明,受桐柏山阻挡先于飑线主体从山谷和豁口渗入山南侧的另一飑线的浅薄出流、受地形抬升的边界层急流以及飑线本身的冷池出流是导致飑线翻山增强的关键中尺度系统。地形作用主要表现在对山北侧冷池出流的阻挡、豁口渗透、喇叭口地形和山南侧抬升,从而触发了孤立风暴并提供风暴发展的中尺度上升环境。飑线翻山后雷达低仰角径向速度跃增至30 m/s以上,广水14级极端大风主要由动量下传、强下沉气流辐散等共同造成。飑线内强对流单体在融化层之上由霰或者小冰雹组成,大量小的固态粒子在融化层附近迅速融化为大水滴或水包冰粒,融化层之下强烈的蒸发使得雨滴直径显著减小,液态含水量显著下降,这表明高浓度水凝物粒子的强烈融化和蒸发作用是风暴内强下沉气流形成的主要机制。研究结果增加了对中尺度地形影响风暴发展以及极端强风形成物理过程的认识。

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王秀明,主要从事雷暴与强对流天气短时临近预报及灾害性强对流天气形成机理研究。E-mail:
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韦惠红,主要从事强对流天气预报预警技术研究。E-mail:

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refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈博宇,谌芸,孙继松2023.诱发四川冕宁“6.26”山洪灾害的突发性暴雨特征及其形成机制.大气科学47(1): 1-19., articleTitle=诱发四川冕宁“6.26”山洪灾害的突发性暴雨特征及其形成机制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213334522835318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=47, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=19, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=1, authorNames=Chen B Y, Chen Y, Sun J S, journalName=Chinese J Atmos Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen B Y, Chen Y, Sun J S, et al. 2023. Characteristics and formation mechanism of the sudden rainstorm inducing the "6.26" mountain torrent disaster in Mianning, Sichuan province. 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Numerical simulation study of interactional effects of the low-level vertical wind shear with the cold pool on a squall line evolution in North China. Acta Meteor Sinica, 70(3):371-386 (in Chinese), articleTitle=Numerical simulation study of interactional effects of the low-level vertical wind shear with the cold pool on a squall line evolution in North China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213334829019519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=82, issue=5, pageStart=615, pageEnd=631, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=4, authorNames=陈涛, 谌芸, 郑丽娜, journalName=气象学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈涛,谌芸,郑丽娜2024.5—7月大别山地区降水与边界层风场日变化特征关系研究.气象学报82(5): 615-631., articleTitle=5—7月大别山地区降水与边界层风场日变化特征关系研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213334971625860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=82, issue=5, pageStart=615, pageEnd=631, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=5, authorNames=Chen T, Chen Y, Zheng L N, journalName=Acta Meteor Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen T, Chen Y, Zheng L N, et al. 2024. The relationship between diurnal variations of precipitation and boundary layer winds over the Dabie mountains during May—July. Acta Meteor Sinica, 82(5):615-631 (in Chinese), articleTitle=The relationship between diurnal variations of precipitation and boundary layer winds over the Dabie mountains during May—July, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213335084872069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=49, issue=6, pageStart=641, pageEnd=656, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=6, authorNames=程文静, 俞小鼎, 王秀明, journalName=气象, refType=null, unstructuredReference=程文静,俞小鼎,王秀明2023.太行山东麓对流风暴下山演变气候特征.气象49(6): 641-656., articleTitle=太行山东麓对流风暴下山演变气候特征, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213335198118280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=49, issue=6, pageStart=641, pageEnd=656, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=7, authorNames=Cheng W J, Yu X D, Wang X M, journalName=Meteor Mon, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cheng W J, Yu X D, Wang X M, et al. 2023. Climatic characteristics of convective storms moving from Taihang Mountains to North China plain. Meteor Mon, 49(6):641-656 (in Chinese), articleTitle=Climatic characteristics of convective storms moving from Taihang Mountains to North China plain, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213335307170187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=49, issue=7, pageStart=790, pageEnd=804, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=8, authorNames=高帆, 俞小鼎, 王秀明, journalName=气象, refType=null, unstructuredReference=高帆,俞小鼎,王秀明.2023.山东较大范围致灾雷暴大风的多普勒天气雷达特征.气象49(7): 790-804., articleTitle=山东较大范围致灾雷暴大风的多普勒天气雷达特征, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213335412027790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=49, issue=7, pageStart=790, pageEnd=804, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=9, authorNames=Gao F, Yu X D, Wang X M, journalName=Meteor Mon, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gao F, Yu X D, Wang X M. 2023. Doppler radar characteristics of wide-range damaging thunderstorm gales in Shandong province. Meteor Mon, 49(7):790-804 (in Chinese), articleTitle=Doppler radar characteristics of wide-range damaging thunderstorm gales in Shandong province, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213335512691087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023a, volume=34, issue=6, pageStart=681, pageEnd=693, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=10, authorNames=郭飞燕, 刁秀广, 褚颖佳, journalName=应用气象学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭飞燕,刁秀广,褚颖佳2023a.弱垂直风切变环境下强下击暴流双偏振雷达特征.应用气象学报34(6): 681-693., articleTitle=弱垂直风切变环境下强下击暴流双偏振雷达特征, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213335630131604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023a, volume=34, issue=6, pageStart=681, pageEnd=693, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=11, authorNames=Guo F Y, Diao X G, Chu Y J, journalName=J Appl Meteor Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guo F Y, Diao X G, Chu Y J, et al. 2023a. Dual polarization radar characteristics of severe downburst occurred in weak vertical wind shear. J Appl Meteor Sci, 34(6):681-693 (in Chinese), articleTitle=Dual polarization radar characteristics of severe downburst occurred in weak vertical wind shear, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213335730794907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023b, volume=81, issue=2, pageStart=328, pageEnd=339, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=12, authorNames=郭飞燕, 刁秀广, 马艳, journalName=气象学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭飞燕,刁秀广,马艳2023b.山东一次飑线双偏振结构与地面降水滴谱特征分析.气象学报81(2): 328-339., articleTitle=山东一次飑线双偏振结构与地面降水滴谱特征分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213335848235424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023b, volume=81, issue=2, pageStart=328, pageEnd=339, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=13, authorNames=Guo F Y, Diao X G, Ma Y, journalName=Acta Meteor Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guo F Y, Diao X G, Ma Y, et al. 2023b. Characteristics of the dual-polarization structure and raindrop size distribution of a squall line in Shandong. Acta Meteor Sinica, 81(2):328-339 (in Chinese), articleTitle=Characteristics of the dual-polarization structure and raindrop size distribution of a squall line in Shandong, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213335936315811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=78, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=14, authorNames=雷蕾, 邢楠, 周璇, journalName=气象学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=雷蕾,邢楠,周璇2020.2018年北京“7.16”暖区特大暴雨特征及形成机制研究.气象学报78(1): 1-17., articleTitle=2018年北京“7.16”暖区特大暴雨特征及形成机制研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213336036979110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=78, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=15, authorNames=Lei L, Xing N, Zhou X, journalName=Acta Meteor Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lei L, Xing N, Zhou X, et al. 2020. A study on the warm-sector torrential rainfall during 15—16 July 2018 in Beijing area. Acta Meteor Sinica, 78(1):1-17 (in Chinese), articleTitle=A study on the warm-sector torrential rainfall during 15—16 July 2018 in Beijing area, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213336108282280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=50, issue=1, pageStart=71, pageEnd=83, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=16, authorNames=黎玥君, 马昊, 勾亚彬, journalName=气象, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黎玥君,马昊,勾亚彬2024.冷涡影响下杭州湾一次区域性极端大风的演变和机制分析.气象50(1): 71-83., articleTitle=冷涡影响下杭州湾一次区域性极端大风的演变和机制分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213336167002539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=50, issue=1, pageStart=71, pageEnd=83, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=17, authorNames=Li Y J, Ma H, Gou Y B, journalName=Meteor Mon, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Y J, Ma H, Gou Y B, et al. 2024. Evolution and formation mechanism of a regional extreme thunderstorm gale in Hangzhou bay affected by cold vortex. Meteor Mon, 50(1):71-83 (in Chinese), articleTitle=Evolution and formation mechanism of a regional extreme thunderstorm gale in Hangzhou bay affected by cold vortex, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213336246694320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=1, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=18, authorNames=李晓兰, 陈涛, 赵玮, journalName=大气科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李晓兰,陈涛,赵玮2025.太行山精细地形对“23.7”华北极端暴雨特征影响的观测分析.大气科学1(1): 1-22., articleTitle=太行山精细地形对“23.7”华北极端暴雨特征影响的观测分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213336364134838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=1, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=19, authorNames=Li X L, Chen T, Zhao W, journalName=Chinese J Atmos Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li X L, Chen T, Zhao W, et al. 2025. Observational analysis of Mount Taihang's orographic effects on the "23.7" extreme precipitation event in North China. Chinese J Atmos Sci, 1(1):1-22 (in Chinese), articleTitle=Observational analysis of Mount Taihang's orographic effects on the "23.7" extreme precipitation event in North China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213336498352572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=79, issue=1, pageStart=168, pageEnd=180, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=20, authorNames=潘佳文, 高丽, 魏鸣, journalName=气象学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=潘佳文,高丽,魏鸣2021.基于S波段双偏振雷达观测的雹暴偏振特征分析.气象学报79(1): 168-180., articleTitle=基于S波段双偏振雷达观测的雹暴偏振特征分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213336615793087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=79, issue=1, pageStart=168, pageEnd=180, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=21, authorNames=Pan J W, Gao L, Wei M, journalName=Acta Meteor Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pan J W, Gao L, Wei M, et al. 2021. Analysis of the polarimetric characteristics of hail storm from S band dual polarization radar observations. Acta Meteor Sinica, 79(1):168-180 (in Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of the polarimetric characteristics of hail storm from S band dual polarization radar observations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213336703873475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=45, issue=2, pageStart=141, pageEnd=154, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=22, authorNames=盛杰, 郑永光, 沈新勇, journalName=气象, refType=null, unstructuredReference=盛杰,郑永光,沈新勇2019.2018年一次罕见早春飑线大风过程演变和机理分析.气象45(2): 141-154., articleTitle=2018年一次罕见早春飑线大风过程演变和机理分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213336779370949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=45, issue=2, pageStart=141, pageEnd=154, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=23, authorNames=Sheng J, Zheng Y G, Shen X Y, journalName=Meteor Mon, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sheng J, Zheng Y G, Shen X Y, et al. 2019. Evolution and mechanism of a rare squall line in early spring of 2018. Meteor Mon, 45(2):141-154 (in Chinese), articleTitle=Evolution and mechanism of a rare squall line in early spring of 2018, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213336859062730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=49, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=24, authorNames=孙继松, journalName=气象, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙继松.2023.与直线型对流大风相关的强风暴形态结构和热动力学过程.气象49(1): 1-11., articleTitle=与直线型对流大风相关的强风暴形态结构和热动力学过程, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213336938754512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=49, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=25, authorNames=Sun J S, journalName=Meteor Mon, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sun J S. 2023. The pattern structure and thermodynamic and dynamic processes of severe storms associated with linear convective gales. Meteor Mon, 49(1):1-11 (in Chinese), articleTitle=The pattern structure and thermodynamic and dynamic processes of severe storms associated with linear convective gales, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213337005863380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=43, issue=4, pageStart=425, pageEnd=433, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=26, authorNames=王丛梅, 俞小鼎, 李芷霞, journalName=气象, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王丛梅,俞小鼎,李芷霞2017.太行山地形影响下的极端短时强降水分析.气象43(4): 425-433., articleTitle=太行山地形影响下的极端短时强降水分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244213338540978649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=43, issue=4, pageStart=425, pageEnd=433, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=27, authorNames=Wang C M, Yu X D, Li Z X, journalName=Meteor Mon, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang C M, Yu X D, Li Z X, et al. 2017. Investigation of extreme flash-rain events on the impact of Taihang mountain. 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Study of the orographic effects of the Dabie mountain on the development and structure of squall line. 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J Atmos Sci, 81(8):1449-1473, articleTitle=Dynamics of two episodes of high winds produced by an unusually long-lived quasi-linear convective system in South China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1244213334145347937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, awardId=U2142203; 42375018, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(U2142203; 42375018), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1244213334229234021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, awardId=FPZJ2023-084, language=CN, fundingSource=中国气象局复盘总结专项(FPZJ2023-084), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1244213334321508715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, awardId=BYKJ2024Z05, language=CN, fundingSource=全国暴雨研究开放基金(BYKJ2024Z05), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1244213323303072702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, 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country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.China Meteorological Administration Training Centre,Beijing 100081,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244213324292928454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, companyId=1244213324280345540, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国气象局气象干部培训学院,北京,100081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1244213327325409446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Hourly evolution of radar echo(a,shaded)and ground maximum wind speed(b)in Hubei on 26 July 2022(triangle represents the location of Guangshui extreme wind)(grayscale represents terrain height,the same hereafter), figureFileSmall=J0t7Wzlm5yEcnzozV1Pezw==, figureFileBig=YP9pZ+KWYHseOQ/TmSQv1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213327413489835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2022年7月26日雷达回波(a,色阶)和地面极大风速(b)逐时演变(三角为广水极端大风位置)(灰阶为地形高度,下同), figureFileSmall=J0t7Wzlm5yEcnzozV1Pezw==, figureFileBig=YP9pZ+KWYHseOQ/TmSQv1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213327702896821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Analysis of circulation patterns and soundings during 25—26 July 2022(a,b represent 500 hPa geopotential height at 20:00 BT 25 July and 08:00 BT 26 July(yellow solid contours,unit:dagpm;brown solid line represents trough line),wind(barb),and<40% relative humidity(green shaded),c,d represent soundings in Nanyang and Wuhan at 20:00 BT 25 July), figureFileSmall=YyvQftHeiORIzSsV9oqLoQ==, figureFileBig=CZWY2bY/YtpiaMtPNGyH/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213327786782907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2022年7月25—26日环流形势和探空分析(a、b分别为25日20时、26日08时500 hPa高度(黄色实线,单位:dagpm;棕色实线为槽线)、风(风羽)和<40%相对湿度(绿色阴影),c、d分别为25日20时南阳、武汉探空), figureFileSmall=YyvQftHeiORIzSsV9oqLoQ==, figureFileBig=CZWY2bY/YtpiaMtPNGyH/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213327904223424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Evolution of different intensity areas before and after the squall line crossing the mountain(35和45 dBz corresponding to the left coordinate axis,55和60 dBz corresponding to the right coordinate axis), figureFileSmall=jO+WM++1mKdt59tD6oO01w==, figureFileBig=Uvyd+8ziMNYG2VNeu1OnFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213327962943684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=CN, label=图3, caption=飑线翻山前后不同强度回波面积时间演变(35和45 dBz对应左侧坐标轴,55和60 dBz对应右侧坐标轴), figureFileSmall=jO+WM++1mKdt59tD6oO01w==, figureFileBig=Uvyd+8ziMNYG2VNeu1OnFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213329540001993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Evolution of composite radar reflectivity in Suizhou from 01:00 BT to 04:00 BT 26 July 2022(a. 01:48 BT,b. 03:00 BT,c. 03:24 BT,unit:dBz;arrow starting point and direction represent newborn cell position and movement,areas enclosed by solid purple and blue lines represent ≥200 m altitude in Tongbai mountain and Dabie mountain,respectively;the same hereafter), figureFileSmall=IF5Cxrs1niaE5W89hv1FPQ==, figureFileBig=+ekyUwQ4vu2QMNJqYA6Fig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213329632276686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2022年7月26日01—04时随州雷达组合反射率因子演变(a. 01时48分,b. 03时00分,c. 03时24分,单位:dBz;箭头起点和方向为单体新生位置和移动方向;紫色、蓝色线包围区分别为豫鄂接壤海拔高度≥200 m桐柏山、大别山,下同), figureFileSmall=IF5Cxrs1niaE5W89hv1FPQ==, figureFileBig=+ekyUwQ4vu2QMNJqYA6Fig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213329741328598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Evolution of ground maximum wind speed from 00:00 BT to 03:00 BT 26 July 2022(a. 00:00 BT,b. 01:00 BT,c. 02:00 BT,d. 03:00 BT;dotted and solid lines represent Hubei squall line gust front and Henan squall line gust front,respectively), figureFileSmall=L/ips9TBM2yTtP0WtrQ7TA==, figureFileBig=8vxK7/oeIUsWv0jlIHWyxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213329837797595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2022年7月26日00—03时地面极大风速演变(a. 00时,b. 01时,c. 02时,d. 03时;虚线、实线分为湖北飑线阵风锋、河南飑线阵风锋), figureFileSmall=L/ips9TBM2yTtP0WtrQ7TA==, figureFileBig=8vxK7/oeIUsWv0jlIHWyxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213329930072287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Locations of newly triggered convective cells near Tongbai mountain from 01:00 BT to 05:00 BT 26 July 2022(dots indicate convection triggering location;red,black,purple,and green triangles represent Tongbai station,Tianhekou station,Zhaopeng station,and Lidian station,respectively), figureFileSmall=6I3g6GWlSkKnzs+7IZj/Wg==, figureFileBig=7A8kKDT6ODfYvjSpPCQOZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330034929891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2022年7月26日01—05时桐柏山附近对流单体触发位置(圆点为对流触发位置,红色、黑色、紫色和绿色三角分别为桐柏站、天河口站、赵鹏站和李店站位置), figureFileSmall=6I3g6GWlSkKnzs+7IZj/Wg==, figureFileBig=7A8kKDT6ODfYvjSpPCQOZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330135593193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Wind field(barb)and vertical motions(contour line,unit:Pa/s)at 975(a,b)and 925 hPa(c,d)on 26 July 2022(a,c. 01:00 BT;b,d. 02:00 BT), figureFileSmall=aueWWnK4wDjai0VB2oQtsw==, figureFileBig=bDXOudjnmErejZqJf5WqWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330215284972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=CN, label=图7, caption=2022年7月26日975(a、b)和925 hPa(c、d)风场(风羽)和垂直上升运动(a、c. 01时,b、d. 02时;等值线,单位:Pa/s), figureFileSmall=aueWWnK4wDjai0VB2oQtsw==, figureFileBig=bDXOudjnmErejZqJf5WqWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330320142576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Composite radar reflectivity(a),radial velocity at 1.5° elevation(b)at 00:00 BT and radial velocity at 1.5° elevation(c)in Xinyang at 01:00 BT 26 July 2022, figureFileSmall=//txUZ7WrlzBnFjxgG6yhg==, figureFileBig=JNU61YI2KGPGQkhlWk1daA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330425000183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=CN, label=图8, caption=2022年7月26日00时信阳雷达组合反射率因子(a)、1.5°径向速度(b)和01时1.5°径向速度(c), figureFileSmall=//txUZ7WrlzBnFjxgG6yhg==, figureFileBig=JNU61YI2KGPGQkhlWk1daA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330517274873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Composite radar reflectivity(a)and vertical profile of reflectivity(b)and radial velocity(c)along the white solid line in Suizhou at 02:48 BT 26 July 2022, figureFileSmall=snODKm8DuwWuqxa+Mqe/BA==, figureFileBig=+svYhkKO4pK1XBxupjFDQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330592772349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=CN, label=图9, caption=2022年7月26日02时48分随州雷达组合反射率因子(a)和沿白色实线的反射率因子(b)、径向速度(c)垂直剖面, figureFileSmall=snODKm8DuwWuqxa+Mqe/BA==, figureFileBig=+svYhkKO4pK1XBxupjFDQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330643104001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Composite radar reflectivity(a)and vertical profile of reflectivity(b)and radial velocity(c)along the white solid line in Suizhou at 03:24 BT 26 July 2022, figureFileSmall=m6ohv74wYrtFEMEY77OU5g==, figureFileBig=vVAcbW+nUSnvMEF0DaJ0NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330731184392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=CN, label=图10, caption=2022年7月26日03时24分随州雷达组合反射率因子(a)和沿白色实线的反射率因子(b)、径向速度(c)垂直剖面, figureFileSmall=m6ohv74wYrtFEMEY77OU5g==, figureFileBig=vVAcbW+nUSnvMEF0DaJ0NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330836041995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Composite radar reflectivity(a1,a2,unit:dBz)and vertical profiles of reflectivity(b1,b2,unit:dBz),ZDR(c1,c2,unit:dB),KDP(d1,d2. unit:°/km),CC(e1,e2)along the white solid line at 03:24 BT(a1—e1)and 03:36 BT(a2—e2)26 July(A,B,C,D,E in Fig. a represent the positions of Yudian,Haodian,Caihe,Shili,and Guangshui stations,respectively;blue triangles in Figs. b—e represent the position of Yudian station), figureFileSmall=xMmRG0xTGuBUg/W0LPc3xw==, figureFileBig=WciEilGyxV9vXFUaQhjFgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213330936705296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=CN, label=图11, caption=2022年7月26日03时24分(a1—e1)、03时36分(a2—e2)随州雷达组合反射率因子(a1、a2,单位:dBz)和沿白色实线的反射率因子(b1、b2,单位:dBz),差分反射率(c1、c2,单位:dB),比差分相移(d1、d2,单位:°/km),相关系数(e1、e2)垂直剖面(a中A、B、C、D、E分别为余店、郝店、蔡河、十里、广水站位置,b—e中蓝色三角为余店站位置), figureFileSmall=xMmRG0xTGuBUg/W0LPc3xw==, figureFileBig=WciEilGyxV9vXFUaQhjFgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331020591378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Composite radar reflectivity(a1,a2,unit:dBz)and vertical profiles of reflectivity(b1,b2,unit:dBz),ZDR(c1,c2,unit:dB),KDP(d1,d2,unit:°/km),CC(e1,e2)along the white solid line at 04:06 BT(a1—e1)and 04:12 BT(a2—e2)26 July 2022(A,B,C,D,E in Fig. a represent the positions of Yudian,Haodian,Caihe,Shili,and Guangshui stations,respectively;blue triangles in Fig. b—e represent the position of Shili station), figureFileSmall=19nKuqLtu/F6i91nGc4GRQ==, figureFileBig=qBjGlIkAWp8naJ9ScTYTQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331117060374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=CN, label=图12, caption=2022年7月26日04时06分(a1—e1)、04时12分(a2—e2)随州雷达组合反射率因子(a1、a2,单位:dBz)和沿白色实线的反射率因子(b1、b2,单位:dBz)、差分反射率(c1、c2,单位:dB)、比差分相移(d1、d2,单位:°/km)、相关系数(e1、e2)垂直剖面(a中A、B、C、D、E分别为余店、郝店、蔡河、十里、广水站位置,b—e中蓝色三角为十里站位置), figureFileSmall=19nKuqLtu/F6i91nGc4GRQ==, figureFileBig=qBjGlIkAWp8naJ9ScTYTQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331196752154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Composite radar reflectivity(a),radial velocity at 4.3° elevation(b)at 04:00 BT and radial velocity at 4.3° elevation(c)in Suizhou at 04:06 BT 26 July 2022(white circle represents vortex position;C,D,E represent the positions of Caihe,Shili,and Guangshui stations,respectively), figureFileSmall=9Kykv4MOc0A2SKitcOV0xQ==, figureFileBig=zfLLxmNesCpPXPQOGyldSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331309998367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=CN, label=图13, caption=2022年7月26日04时随州雷达组合反射率因子(a)、4.3°仰角径向速度(b)和04时06分4.3°仰角径向速度(c)(白圈为中涡旋位置;C、D、E分别为蔡河、十里、广水站位置), figureFileSmall=9Kykv4MOc0A2SKitcOV0xQ==, figureFileBig=zfLLxmNesCpPXPQOGyldSg==, tableContent=null), 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caption=Evolution of surface precipitation(histograms),temperature(dotted line),and maximum wind(barb)at Yudian station(a)and Shili station(b)before and after the downburst occurrence, figureFileSmall=yw9Q8qs3uqrWEe90s9g2pw==, figureFileBig=9CNwVvm7aZROHUhCaUXDLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331674902832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=CN, label=图15, caption=下击暴流发生前后余店站(a)和十里站(b)地面降水(柱)、气温(虚线)、极大风(风羽)演变, figureFileSmall=yw9Q8qs3uqrWEe90s9g2pw==, figureFileBig=9CNwVvm7aZROHUhCaUXDLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331775566133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Diagram of strengthen of Hubei squall line crossing mountain and formation mechanism of extreme wind, figureFileSmall=SbBuvBbKCzAQ+83IJZGgXw==, figureFileBig=5/OrdjgXS25rtQvulqG/Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213331876229432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=CN, label=图16, caption=湖北飑线翻山增强和极端大风形成机制示意, figureFileSmall=SbBuvBbKCzAQ+83IJZGgXw==, figureFileBig=5/OrdjgXS25rtQvulqG/Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213332023030078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Initial convection trigger time and surface element changes at adjacent stations on the north and south sides of Tongbai mountain and between the two mountains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地点触发时间(BT)统计邻近站点触发前风向触发后风向触发前风速
(m/s)
触发后风速
(m/s)
触发前温度
(℃)
触发后温度
(℃)
桐柏山北侧00:36桐柏东北东北41026.824.8
桐柏山南侧01:00天河口偏南东北3830.126.3
桐柏山与大别山之间02:24赵鹏西北东北4728.927.6
), ArticleFig(id=1244213332228550979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

桐柏山北、南侧和桐柏山与大别山之间初始对流触发时间及邻近站点地面要素变化

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地点触发时间(BT)统计邻近站点触发前风向触发后风向触发前风速
(m/s)
触发后风速
(m/s)
触发前温度
(℃)
触发后温度
(℃)
桐柏山北侧00:36桐柏东北东北41026.824.8
桐柏山南侧01:00天河口偏南东北3830.126.3
桐柏山与大别山之间02:24赵鹏西北东北4728.927.6
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Intensity and range of 925 hPa southwesterly jet in Hubei from 20:00 BT 25 July to 06:00 BT 26 July 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参量25日20时25日21时25日22时25日23时26日00时26日01时26日02时26日03时26日04时26日05时26日06时
急流强度(m/s)1213141414141615161610
急流范围(个数)0057626403230340
), ArticleFig(id=1244213332371157325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2022年7月25日20时—26日06时湖北925 hPa西南急流强度和范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参量25日20时25日21时25日22时25日23时26日00时26日01时26日02时26日03时26日04时26日05时26日06时
急流强度(m/s)1213141414141615161610
急流范围(个数)0057626403230340
), ArticleFig(id=1244213332459237716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Low-level radial velocity evolution from 02:36 BT to 03:36 BT 26 July 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参量02时36分02时42分02时48分02时54分03时03时06分03时12分03时18分03时24分03时30分03时36分
大风核强度(m/s)2428293031313031343637
27 m/s大风距地高度(km)02.41.0*0.9*0.8*0.7*0.6*0.5*0.5*0.5*0.4
27 m/s以上大风面积(km2043950626350110350360370
), ArticleFig(id=1244213334015324505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317594624755, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2022年7月26日02时36分至03时36分低层径向速度演变

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参量02时36分02时42分02时48分02时54分03时03时06分03时12分03时18分03时24分03时30分03时36分
大风核强度(m/s)2428293031313031343637
27 m/s大风距地高度(km)02.41.0*0.9*0.8*0.7*0.6*0.5*0.5*0.5*0.4
27 m/s以上大风面积(km2043950626350110350360370
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一次飑线翻山增强引发极端大风的观测研究
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韦惠红 1 , 王秀明 2 , 孔海妹 1 , 韩汶君 1 , 章翠红 1 , 孙成龙 1
气象学报 | 论文 2025,83(5): 1169-1185
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气象学报 | 论文 2025, 83(5): 1169-1185
一次飑线翻山增强引发极端大风的观测研究
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韦惠红1 , 王秀明2 , 孔海妹1, 韩汶君1, 章翠红1, 孙成龙1
作者信息
  • 1.湖北省气象台,武汉,430074
  • 2.中国气象局气象干部培训学院,北京,100081
  • 韦惠红,主要从事强对流天气预报预警技术研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王秀明,主要从事雷暴与强对流天气短时临近预报及灾害性强对流天气形成机理研究。E-mail:
Observational study of extreme winds induced by a mountain-crossing intensified squall line
Huihong WEI1 , Xiuming WANG2 , Haimei KONG1, Wenjun HAN1, Cuihong ZHANG1, Chenglong SUN1
Affiliations
  • 1.Hubei Meteorological Observatory,Wuhan 430074,China
  • 2.China Meteorological Administration Training Centre,Beijing 100081,China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240065
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为增加对飑线发展及形成大风过程的认识,基于双偏振雷达、地面加密观测站观测资料以及ERA5再分析资料等,对一次飑线翻山增强引发湖北大范围极端强风事件进行了研究,结果表明:在典型雷暴大风温、湿度廓线(湿下击暴流)环境下,源于河南省西南部的飑线翻越桐柏山过程中显著增强,在湖北省引发Derecho事件。飑线翻山增强的直接原因是其南侧多个孤立风暴向北移动逐渐并入飑线。进一步分析表明,受桐柏山阻挡先于飑线主体从山谷和豁口渗入山南侧的另一飑线的浅薄出流、受地形抬升的边界层急流以及飑线本身的冷池出流是导致飑线翻山增强的关键中尺度系统。地形作用主要表现在对山北侧冷池出流的阻挡、豁口渗透、喇叭口地形和山南侧抬升,从而触发了孤立风暴并提供风暴发展的中尺度上升环境。飑线翻山后雷达低仰角径向速度跃增至30 m/s以上,广水14级极端大风主要由动量下传、强下沉气流辐散等共同造成。飑线内强对流单体在融化层之上由霰或者小冰雹组成,大量小的固态粒子在融化层附近迅速融化为大水滴或水包冰粒,融化层之下强烈的蒸发使得雨滴直径显著减小,液态含水量显著下降,这表明高浓度水凝物粒子的强烈融化和蒸发作用是风暴内强下沉气流形成的主要机制。研究结果增加了对中尺度地形影响风暴发展以及极端强风形成物理过程的认识。

飑线  /  极端大风  /  翻山  /  双偏振雷达

Based on dual-polarization radar observations, surface data and ERA5 reanalysis product, an extensive propagation high wind event in Hubei province triggered by squall line is studied. Results show that in the environment with typical thunderstorm temperature and humidity profiles (wet downburst), the squall line originating in Southwest Henan province significantly enhanced after crossing Tongbai mountain, and resulted in a Derecho event in Hubei province. The direct reason for the enhancement of the squall line is that several isolated storms on the south side merged into the squall line. Further analysis reveals that the key mesoscale systems for the enhancement of the squall line included a shallow cold outflow from another squall line, an boundary-layer jet forced by the topography and the cold pool outflow of the squall line. The topographic effects include the blocking of cold pool outflow, the valley penetration of outflow, and the orographic uplift, which triggered isolated storms and provided a mesoscale ascending environment. After the squall line crossed the mountain, extreme winds in Guangshui were mainly caused by downward momentum transfer and divergence of strong downdrafts. The intense convective cells in the squall line were composed of graupels or small hails above the melting layer, and many small solid particles melted into large water droplets or water-covered ice cores near the melting layer. Significant evaporation under the melting layer significantly reduced the diameter of raindrops and liquid water content. This indicates that significant melting and evaporation are the main mechanisms for the formation of strong downdrafts in the storm. The results enhance our understanding of the effects of mesoscale topography on storms and physical processes of the formation of extreme winds.

Squall line  /  Extreme wind  /  Crossing mountain  /  Dual-polarization radar
韦惠红, 王秀明, 孔海妹, 韩汶君, 章翠红, 孙成龙. 一次飑线翻山增强引发极端大风的观测研究. 气象学报, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1169 -1185 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240065
Huihong WEI, Xiuming WANG, Haimei KONG, Wenjun HAN, Cuihong ZHANG, Chenglong SUN. Observational study of extreme winds induced by a mountain-crossing intensified squall line[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1169 -1185 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240065
飑线可产生破坏性大风、冰雹和强降水等强对流天气,中国中东部地区由飑线引发的强对流天气频繁发生,造成严重的人员伤亡和财产损失(王秀明等,2012盛杰等,2019吴海英等,2023黎玥君等,2024)。相较于美国飑线,中国飑线形成在更高的湿度和相对弱的风垂直切变环境下(Meng,et al,2013)。“RKW理论”(Rotunno,et al,1988)从本质上解释了飑线系统与环境风垂直切变的相互作用问题(孙继松,2023),陈明轩等(2012)利用三维数值云模式基于RKW理论解释了一次华北飑线系统的演变。飑线或弓形回波产生的极端强风由多种物理过程共同作用生成,包括强单体的下沉辐散气流、冷池密度流和后侧入流急流的动量下传等,飑线不同部位强风形成机制有所不同(王秀明等,20122023高帆等,2023许长义等,2023),因而飑线引发的极端强风是预报、预警的难点。后侧入流急流在层云部分因蒸发作用增强,极端强风由后侧入流急流、强对流单体下沉辐散和冷池密度流共同作用形成(王秀明等,2012)。镶嵌在弓形回波内的中尺度涡旋极易引发局地强风,灾害大风可由后侧入流急流和中涡旋的线性叠加造成(Schenk-man,et al,2016Xu,et al,2024)。
强风形成与云微物理过程直接相关,基于双偏振雷达可获取云中水凝物粒子相态,并可大致估测其浓度,从微物理结构的变化可分析强下沉气流形成的物理过程(王秀明等,2023)。湿下击暴流主要由冰雹融化和融化后冰雹的蒸发作用形成,可以通过差分反射率(ZDR)槽口判识下击暴流(Kuster,et al,2016Mahale,et al,2016)。此外,对于伴随强降水的孤立风暴,冷池密度流作用亦不可忽视。基于ZDR柱(1 dB)高度、冷云顶高度、最大反射率因子、下沉反射率因子核内ZDR梯度和ZDR增至3 dB的高度这5个偏振量可提前数十分钟预判湿下击暴流(Amiot,et al,2019)。统计表明,融化层附近的比差分相移(KDP)核以及KDP垂直梯度再加上环境条件可识别不同强度的下击暴流(Kuster,et al,2021),准线性对流系统内中涡旋出现前KDP先下降,中层KDP核是中涡旋的潜在先兆信号,且产生致灾强风或龙卷的KDP核值更大(Kuster,et al,2024)。目前中国基于双偏振雷达探测资料主要进行冰雹和龙卷等相关研究(潘佳文等,2021袁潮等,2022吴举秀等,2023),分析极端强风的研究很少。郭飞燕等(2023b)对飑线微物理特征分析发现,在飑线前沿至对流主体之间,ZDR随高度降低明显增大,这主要是小冰粒下落时融化所致。郭飞燕等(2023a)分析了3次伴强降水的湿下击暴流个例,发现KDP核很清晰,但ZDR槽口均距地较高,融化层之上含大量水滴。
山脉阻挡可造成气流被迫抬升、绕流或从谷地穿过,地形热力差异产生的中尺度热力环流、背风波以及不同高度云层间的“播撒”作用等均可影响风暴强度(Morales,et al,2018陈涛等,2024郑丽娜等,2024)。中尺度精细地形可改变局地环流,并对中尺度对流系统(MCS)的组织和传播产生影响,导致局地产生极端强降水(韦惠红等,2022陈博宇等,2023)。太行山东麓迎风坡和喇叭口地形、快速下山雷暴冷出流与暖湿气流在山前辐合、下山雷暴结构以及平原地区热、动力条件等均对雷暴下山增强产生影响(王丛梅等,2017雷蕾等,2020程文静等,2023),李晓兰等(2025)研究发现,“杜苏芮”台风残涡东南风在中小尺度山脉构成的迎风坡喇叭口地形内侧形成辐合中心,在辐合中心内出现极端强降水中心。王瑾婷等(2017)通过地形敏感性试验发现,飑线东移至大别山东部时,其边缘的山谷地形有利于飑线发展,谷风使得低层风速增大、上升运动增强。
2022年7月26日凌晨至上午,湖北省中东部受飑线东移南压影响,出现大范围、长历时大风过程,造成大量房屋倒塌、农作物受损等,直接经济损失达1亿元。初步分析发现,飑线从桐柏山北侧到南侧翻山的过程中显著增强,增强的飑线在桐柏山南侧的广水县境内出现极端大风,最强阵风风速达45.4 m/s。翻山过程中飑线的增强是引发极端强风的关键。文中基于地面常规和加密气象站观测资料以及ERA5再分析等资料,对飑线翻越桐柏山后增强的物理过程进行分析,重点分析中尺度地形的影响,进而探讨极端大风形成原因,并基于双偏振多普勒天气雷达产品分析水凝物粒子相变等微物理过程对强下沉气流的影响,目的是提高对对流大风形成物理过程的科学认识,为提升极端强风精细预报、预警能力提供依据。
所用资料包括:(1)2022年7月25—26日高空、地面等常规观测资料,湖北省地面加密自动气象观测站逐5 min和逐时资料,用于分析飑线产生的环境条件以及地面气象要素变化。(2)河南省南阳站、信阳站,湖北省武汉站S波段雷达以及随州站S波段双偏振雷达逐6 min产品,用于分析径向速度、风暴演变及极端大风成因等,特别是微物理过程对极端强风的影响。(3)欧洲中期天气预报中心第5代全球大气再分析资料(简称ERA5再分析资料),空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°,时间分辨率为1 h。
源于河南省西南部的飑线进入湖北省后,26日02—08时具有弓形回波结构的飑线在湖北省境内维持时间长达7 h(图1a),产生大范围雷暴大风并伴有强降水,飑线结构减弱后雷暴大风还在湖北维持了数小时,地面加密气象站有438站·次出现17 m/s以上大风,36站·次出现10级以上大风(图1b)。飑线及其引发的雷暴大风从鄂西北向鄂东南推进,26日02—04时飑线位于桐柏山附近,回波强度显著增强,且04时前后飑线翻山后在桐柏山南侧产生极端大风天气,在30 min、30 km范围内,广水县境内先后有6站极大风力超过10级(图1b红色三角标记处),其中最强风出现在十里站,04时12分达到了14级(45.4 m/s)。05时后飑线及其引发的强风范围持续扩大,但回波强度远不如翻山阶段,08时飑线回波强度减弱但强风范围达到最大,8级以上大风达145站·次,随后飑线回波减弱,雷暴大风强度和范围也明显减小,10时之后飑线对湖北省的影响结束。
图2可见,飑线发生在副热带高压(副高)外围高空槽后西北气流背景下。从7月25日20时至26日08时,槽区风速增大,500 hPa西北气流显著增强,从甘肃北部、陕西一直延伸到湖北形成一条>10 m/s的西北风带,该西北风带相对湿度<40%(图2绿色阴影区),表明有干空气入侵;700 hPa切变线较500 hPa槽线偏西、偏北,850 hPa包括湖北在内的整个华中区域处于一致的偏南气流中,表明中、低层天气系统呈前倾结构,对流层中层干气流与低层西南暖湿气流叠置,环境条件有利于对流大风的形成。
25日20时南阳站和武汉站(图2c、d)探空显示,环境低层高湿,850 hPa露点均为20℃,8 g/kg比湿高度接近700 hPa,0℃层高度接近500 hPa,0℃层之上干层显著,500 hPa之上南阳站和武汉站最大温度露点差分别为39.3、42.6℃;加之边界层之上温度直减率大,850和500 hPa的温差分别为28.1、26.7℃,环境条件有利于雷暴大风形成,为典型雷暴大风的湿下击暴流形态(王秀明等,2013)。在低层高温、高湿且温度直减率大的环境条件下,大气层结极不稳定,南阳和武汉站对流有效位能(CAPE)分别达到了4220、6213 J/kg,对流抑制能量分别为25、35 J/kg,自由对流高度分别为875、875.4 hPa,表明对流极易触发。两站的0—3 km和0—6 km风垂直切变均小于10 m/s,一般来说不利于有组织风暴的形成。但是该环境下形成较强阵风锋的概率高,在对流抑制能较小的环境下,阵风锋可持续触发对流从而使得风暴传播。
图3可见,不同强度回波面积演变清晰地显示了飑线翻山增强过程(图3左侧坐标为≥35 dBz和≥45 dBz的面积,右侧坐标为≥55 dBz和≥60 dBz的面积),有两次明显跃增,第一次出现在02时36分,飑线翻山初期,≥60 dBz回波面积增至38 km2,第二次出现在03时24分,飑线翻山后,≥60 dBz回波面积增大至78 km2,最强回波强度达66 dBz,强回波面积和强度在飑线整个生命期最强;04时12分,广水极端大风发生后,55 dBz以上强回波面积骤减。由图4可见,26日01时18分飑线位于桐柏山(图4紫色实线区域)北侧,此时飑线东南侧的桐柏山上多个孤立强单体向北移动,翻山前到翻山后(01时48分到03时24分),飑线与北上孤立强单体经历了多次合并增强过程,同时山南侧迎风坡不断有对流单体触发向北移动。
04—06时,飑线继续向东南方向移动,与前沿单体又发生了多次合并,飑线尺度维持,引发了大范围雷暴大风,满足Derecho事件标准。值得注意的是,后续平原地区阵风锋触发的对流单体远不如桐柏山附近的孤立风暴强,因而飑线内55 dBz以上强回波面积无明显增大,亦未再引发12级以上极端大风。
综上所述,飑线过山阶段因前方孤立风暴持续并入而强烈发展引发山后极端强风,下面将分析孤立风暴触发增强机制以及地形的影响。
桐柏山位于豫鄂交界、大别山西侧,海拔高度大部分大于300 m,局部500—800 m,东西向约150 km,属于中尺度地形。图4给出的飑线(湖北飑线)翻山影响湖北前,还有一条即将在河南东南部减弱消亡的飑线(简称河南飑线),在有利于雷暴大风产生的环境下,即使回波即将衰亡,河南飑线的阵风锋依然明显。图5为地面加密站极大风表征的两条飑线阵风锋演变。26日00—02时,河南飑线的阵风锋(图5黑色实线)从桐柏山北侧进入桐柏山南侧,由于地形阻挡,阵风出流主要从地势低洼处分流过山,有一股出流向西进入桐柏山北侧的喇叭口地形。随着阵风出流南压,在桐柏山附近触发多个对流单体,图6为26日00—05时桐柏山附近对流触发位置(对流触发位置指新生单体回波强度≥40 dBz所在位置,且该单体最强回波≥50 dBz,01时指00—01时触发单体),共触发了32个对流单体,绝大部分位于山南侧迎风坡,山北侧仅在喇叭口地形处触发了2个单体。
为进一步说明河南飑线阵风锋在桐柏山附近触发对流系统情况,表1给出了桐柏山北侧、南侧、桐柏山与大别山之间(图6三角标注)对流触发前后地面站要素变化。26日00时36分,桐柏山北侧喇叭口地形内开始有对流单体触发(图6红色三角处的红点),26日00—01时,桐柏站东北风由4 m/s增大至10 m/s,气温下降了2℃,表明山北侧的孤立对流风暴由增强的阵风出流触发。01时,桐柏山南侧开始有对流新生(图6黑色三角处的红点),此时距离新生单体最近的天河口站由偏南风3 m/s转为东北风8 m/s,气温下降了3.8℃,飑线出流进入桐柏山南侧。值得一提的是,上述山两侧触发孤立风暴之间为地势相对低的豁口(海拔高度在350 m左右),表明冷出流先从桐柏山豁口或山谷渗透进入山南侧,中尺度地形精细结构影响阵风锋进而影响后续风暴发展。
26日02时,河南飑线阵风出流从桐柏山和大别山之间的豁口处(图6红色箭头)进入鄂东北,02时24分,多个对流单体在赵鹏站附近触发(图6紫色三角处的蓝点),赵鹏站位于两山豁口西南方向50 km处,26日02—03时,赵鹏站由西北风4 m/s转为东北风7 m/s,气温下降1.3℃,从两山豁口处进入的阵风锋在赵鹏站附近触发对流。
随着湖北飑线的发展,其阵风出流显著增强(图5黑色虚线)。由图5c可见,02时地面出流前沿的阵风达16 m/s,强的阵风出流亦可先于飑线通过山的豁口进入山南侧触发对流。02时48分,在飑线前沿10—30 km处有多个对流单体新生,03时合并发展成孤立的多单体强风暴(图4b白色圆圈处),从风暴追踪信息来看,此处对流单体触发后向东南方向移动,与山南侧其他孤立单体向北移动不同,由图5d可见,03时湖北飑线阵风出流已影响单体触发处,表明该孤立多单体风暴由湖北飑线的阵风出流触发。
值得一提的是,位于赵鹏站东北方15 km处的李店站(图6绿色三角)离两山豁口(图6红箭头处)更近,02和03时李店站东北风均在12 m/s以上,对流单体却未在其附近触发。由图6可见,阵风出流触发的对流单体主要分布在桐柏山南侧,一部分位于桐柏山迎风坡,一部分位于两山豁口南侧50 km处的平原地区,对流单体的触发不仅与风暴出流密切相关,还与山南侧低空急流有关。
表2给出的7月25日20时至26日06时湖北中东部925 hPa西南急流范围和强度变化可知,桐柏山附近对流单体触发期间,边界层急流显著增强。25日20时—26日02时,边界层西南急流显著增强,02时达到峰值,急流核达16 m/s,风速14 m/s以上的格点数增至40个。02—05时,边界层西南急流稳定维持,急流出口区位于湖北省中北部地区。夜间边界层急流增强过程亦可从随州雷达径向速度图上看到,26日01—03时,雷达站南侧30 km附近低层(距地高度1.3 km)存在17 m/s以上的径向速度大值区,且强风范围逐渐增大并向边界层(距地高度0.8 km)发展(图略)。
飑线阵风出流触发的对流单体集中在桐柏山南侧,距地高度在100—200 m,与桐柏山地形走向一致(图6)。桐柏山高度在975 hPa(海拔高度约250 m)和925 hPa(海拔高度约800 m)之间,26日01和02时随着边界层急流增强,在桐柏山南侧975和925 hPa均有上升运动(图7),且925 hPa上升运动随低空急流增强而有所增强,结合图6分析,02—03时为山南侧对流单体集中触发时段,也正是低空急流增强维持阶段,04—05时触发的对流距离山略远,但依然位于山前上升气流区,阵风出流与低空急流构成的强辐合叠加山前迎风坡抬升导致山南侧对流触发和增强。而02时李店站位于975 hPa下沉气流区(图7b),因而尽管有较强的阵风出流从豁口处南下却未能触发对流。
由信阳雷达观测资料可见,26日00时河南飑线仅残留少量积云回波,位于雷达站以北50 km处(图8a),而阵风出流前沿(径向速度图上北风与南风的不连续线处)远离母体风暴,位于雷达站以南23 km处;1.5°仰角东北风出流极大值10—14 m/s距地0.2—0.4 km,出流厚度低、强度不强(图8b)。随着风暴减弱,00—01时河南飑线阵风出流向南推进不明显,主体仍位于桐柏山北侧,且出流强度减弱(图8b、c),浅薄且相对弱的河南飑线出流受桐柏山阻挡,主要从山谷或豁口以渗透方式缓慢过山,导致在山南侧对流触发长达5 h,进一步从雷达资料证实了衰亡阶段的河南飑线阵风出流从山的豁口过山触发对流。
由于翻山前湖北飑线已显著加强(图9),其出流强而深厚,26日02时48分翻越桐柏山时,后侧偏北出流厚度接近5 km,径向速度图上极大值超过27 m/s,在强对流回波下方距地约3 km高度出现了速度模糊(图9b、c),出流强且厚度远超桐柏山高度,因而飑线出流整体快速翻过桐柏山,同时强的阵风出流与低空急流构成强而深厚的辐合,使得飑线在翻山过程中持续增强。
综上所述,受地形影响,湖北飑线在桐柏山附近显著增强,直接原因是其前侧孤立风暴持续并入使其增强,且飑线自身出流与低空急流构成强而深厚的辐合使得其继续发展。地形影响主要体现在对河南飑线出流的阻挡和渗透作用以及迎风坡对夜间增强的边界层急流的抬升作用。
表3给出广水境内极端大风发生前1 h逐6 min湖北飑线低层径向速度演变,包括大风核强度、27 m/s大风距地高度以及27 m/s以上大风面积。飑线翻山时与前方孤立风暴第一次合并后低层大风核增强,02时48分接近30 m/s,同时大风面积明显扩大,底高下降至距地面1.0 km。飑线翻山后与前方孤立风暴再次合并(03时18—36分),低层大风面积再次显著增大,从50 km2骤增至370 km2,同时大风核增强至37 m/s且距地仅0.4 km,此时飑线主体下山向平原移动。上述分析表明,飑线与其前方孤立风暴合并增强的同时低层大风核增强、范围增大且底高下降,广水县极端强风发生在第二次跃增后。
图10给出了飑线翻山增强时(03时24分)沿着雷达径向的反射率因子和径向速度垂直剖面,飑线呈现出多单体风暴结构,飑线后侧层云部分(回波强度35 dBz以下)存在后侧入流急流(RIJ,Rear Inflow Jet),RIJ从距地5 km下降至3 km,径向速度从14 m/s增大至24 m/s。层云区KDP在0.9—1.5 °/km,ZDR在0.5—1.4 dB,表明粒子直径小而密,有利于蒸发和下沉气流发展,层云区后侧入流急流的增幅与大量的小水滴蒸发密切相关。此外,飑线对流云区的扰动低压引发水平方向的扰动气压梯度力常被认为是后侧入流急流的形成机制(Weisman,1993)。飑线强回波区及对流云区(回波强度≥50 dBz)下方,雷达径向速度再次显著增大,由24 m/s增大至34 m/s,增幅10 m/s,距地1.5 km,强回波区径向速度增幅由对流云区强下沉辐散气流造成。
随着飑线发展,阵风出流增强,图10给出的阵风前沿推进至强回波区前侧十余千米处,其上方有新的小积云触发,结合图9共同表明,飑线自身阵风出流前沿强辐合持续对流触发发展亦是湖北飑线过山增强的关键影响因素。由图10可见,RIJ由高层到低层逐渐下降,结合表3分析,飑线翻山后、广水极端大风发生前,后侧低层入流急流强度和范围急剧增大,表明广水极端大风发生前RIJ形成强动量下传。
飑线翻过桐柏山在广水县造成多站10级以上强风,其中26日03时39分余店首先出现27.1 m/s强雷暴大风。03时48分至04时08分,飑线内镶嵌的强单体先后又引发多个下击暴流,造成郝店站、广水站和蔡河站11级以上极大风,04时11分十里站监测到45.4 m/s的极端强风。下面基于随州双偏振雷达探测资料从微物理角度对强下沉气流形成原因进行分析。
分析03时24分引发余店强风的风暴(简称余店风暴,图11a1—11e1)表明,大于60 dBz强回波高度在6.5—8.5 km(图11b1黑色方框),位于−10℃层以上,强回波范围较大,对应区域ZDR接近0(图11c1灰色),表明在融化层之上风暴主要由冰雹等固态粒子构成,相关系数(CC)在0.92—0.96,KDP在0—1.5 °/km,表明强回波区为固、液混合的非均匀相态,云中过冷水含量较高,未出现明显三体散射特征,表明冰雹等固态粒子直径在2 cm以下,为小冰雹和霰。在反射率因子核下方的融化层附近,ZDR迅速增大至3.5—5 dB,CC值在0.92—0.98,KDP在0.75—3.2 °/km,KDP显著增大,表明在融化层附近小冰雹和霰融化显著,异常大的ZDR值表明还有些雨滴内有冰核。
03时36分(图11a2—e2),余店风暴大于60 dBz反射率因子核(图中黑色方框)下降至融化层及以下(距地高度3—5 km)且范围缩小,反射率因子核处ZDR较小,同时KDP异常大,最大值为6.2 °/km,CC在0.92—0.98,表明强回波区冰雹即将融化,表现为液态水滴内含小冰核,个别大的冰雹到距地2.5 km左右才完全融化。强回波周围ZDR最大值约3 dB,KDP为2.4—4.6 °/km,表明融化后云中液态含水量非常高。03时42分(图略),余店风暴坍塌,下击暴流及地,近地面回波核强度减弱至50 dBz以下,CC接近1,表明此时风暴中均为雨滴,ZDR减小至1.5 dB以下,雨滴直径显著减小。
对产生极端强风前一个体扫的十里风暴进行偏振参量分析(图12a1—12e1),风暴60 dBz以上强回波核在融化层附近(黑色方框)且范围小,强回波附近KDPZDR均较大,分别在2.2—4.6 °/km、1.7—3.3 dB,CC为0.92—0.98,表明风暴内以雨滴为主,冰雹融化非常显著,仅在强回波核附近存在即将全部融化的小冰核。强风发生时,十里风暴迅速坍塌、减弱,04时12分(图12a2—12e2),下击暴流及地,KDP减小至2.4 °/km以下,ZDR多在1 dB以下,表明近地面雨滴直径减小明显,雨滴直径在1 mm以下。与余店风暴相比,十里站极端强风产生时,风暴整体衰亡,云内回波更弱,粒子直径更小,蒸发作用使得粒子直径减小更显著。
综上所述,引发极端强风的下击暴流发生前,融化层之上冷云内以小冰雹或霰为主,冰雹下降时出现明显蒸发、融化过程,冰雹在落地之前完全融化为雨滴;融化层之下雨滴直径快速减小,对应回波强度、ZDRKDP减小,融化的冰雹或雨滴经历了强烈的蒸发,液态水含量显著下降,大量的融化和蒸发吸热引发强下沉气流。
近年来观测和数值模拟研究表明,弓形回波内水平尺度2—20 km的γ中尺度涡旋(中涡旋)与地面极端强风密切相关,尤其是中涡旋与弓形回波后侧的入流急流叠加时,可以产生极端直线型雷暴大风(Wakimoto,et al,2006Atkins,et al,2009)。十里站最大阵风出现前风暴内可识别出γ中尺度涡旋。04时,十里站位于飑线弓形前侧(图13a),中涡旋开始在弓形回波前侧发展(图13b中白色圆圈),尺度(涡旋正负径向速度极大值之间的距离)约10 km,涡旋距地2 km左右,最大入流速度和出流速度分别为13和17 m/s。强风产生前一个体扫(04时06分),中涡旋移动至十里站附近(图13c中白色圆圈),在4.3°仰角、距地2 km高度涡旋最大入流、出流分别为27和17 m/s,旋转速度增大。
中涡旋附近地面大风强度增大,蔡河站(04时07分)、广水站(04时11分)、十里站(04时12分)先后出现11级以上强风,3个站极端大风发生期间正是中涡旋发展增强阶段,说明中涡旋对十里站附近出现的极端大风有一定作用,由于极端强风发生时风向与雷达径向近乎垂直,无法分析其对低层强风的影响或量化增幅。4.2节分析表明,十里风暴反射率因子核从融化层(距地高度5 km)迅速下降至近地面,表明下沉气流发展迅速,中涡旋很可能通过垂直向下的扰动气压梯度力增强了其上方的下沉气流(Xu,et al,2015),从而对下沉气流发动或增强产生正贡献。
一般来说,飑线或弓形回波等中尺度对流系统形成的冷池出流对地面大风有正贡献。图14给出了飑线翻山前后小时最大温度降幅和地面17 m/s以上极大风。山北侧冷池不强,翻山前地面小时降温幅度2—5℃,17 m/s以上极大风站数少,山南侧降温幅度4—9℃,极大风显著增强,表明飑线翻山增强冷池亦增强。翻山后飑线产生的10级大风站(图14红色风羽)的小时降温幅度为4—6℃,温度降幅并不大,这可能与夜间基础气温下降以及河南飑线弱冷出流已经进入桐柏山南侧有关。04时前后冷池中心与其前方温差增大,十里站最低为21.2℃,与前沿50 km距离处的暖区温差达7—9℃,可形成较强的冷池密度流。
图15(最后显示风羽为该站最强阵风)为广水境内极端大风发生前期(余店站)和后期(十里站)逐5 min地面观测,偏北阵风开始的同时气温下降,最强风出现后气温继续下降,5 min最大降幅约2℃,表明强风出现在冷池阵风锋过境至冷池中心到达前,冷池出流对大风有正贡献;余店站和十里站强降水均发生在极大风出现后,先风后雨表明,极大风受冷池出流影响,同时表明阵风锋前沿距离降水核区较远,极大风出现在阵风锋前沿和降水核之间,降水拖曳对强下沉气流影响不大,下沉气流主要由水凝物粒子融化、蒸发负浮力引发,进一步说明了水凝物粒子相变对广水极端强风的作用。
2022年7月26日凌晨至上午,受翻越桐柏山的飑线影响,湖北中东部出现大范围、长历时大风过程,引发了Derecho事件,飑线翻山增强在山南侧广水境内产生45.4 m/s极端大风,文中重点对飑线翻山增强以及极端大风机理进行分析,并给出了湖北飑线翻山后增强以及广水极端大风形成机制示意(图16),结论如下:
(1)飑线形成前华中地区处在副热带高压外围前倾槽后西北气流中,低层高温、高湿,温度直减率大,融化层之上干层明显,环境条件有利于雷暴大风形成,探空廓线为典型湿下击暴流形态。
(2)飑线翻山增强的关键中尺度系统是夜间增强的边界层急流、在桐柏山北侧消亡的另一飑线(河南飑线)的浅薄出流以及影响湖北的飑线自身的深厚冷池出流。地形对飑线增强的影响为:(a)桐柏山阻挡山北侧相对浅薄弱出流,使其从山谷或豁口过山,在山南侧自由对流高度低、对流抑制能小的条件下持续触发孤立风暴;(b)山体对气流的抬升作用,包括南侧山坡对夜间增强的低空急流的抬升,为飑线过山增强准备了中尺度上升环境,而山北侧喇叭口地形对偏东气流的抬升触发孤立风暴。飑线与其前方孤立风暴的多次合并是飑线过山增强的主要原因。
(3)飑线翻山过程中两次合并增强均伴随雷达径向速度图上低层大风增强,表现为大风核显著增大,强风面积跃增、底高降低。广水附近极端强风主要由后侧强风动量下传、飑线内镶嵌强单体的下沉气流辐散以及冷池出流造成,低层γ中尺度涡旋引发垂直向下的扰动气压梯度力或对下沉气流的发动和增强有影响。
(4)飑线内强对流单体引发的下沉气流是极端强风形成的关键,基于双偏振参量分析表明,风暴融化层之上冷云部分主要为小冰雹和霰等小的固态粒子,在融化层高度较高的环境下,大量小冰雹和霰明显融化。雨滴下落过程中直径明显减小,近地面雨滴直径在1 mm以下,对应回波强度、ZDRKDP减小,大量小的固态粒子融化以及明显的水滴蒸发在对流云区形成强下沉气流。一般来说,在RIJ之上上升、下沉气流基本是直立的,但是RIJ开始发展的高度之下,水平气流因动量下传和冷池密度流等增强,下沉气流不再直立,而是向风暴前侧倾斜。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U2142203; 42375018)
  • 中国气象局复盘总结专项(FPZJ2023-084)
  • 全国暴雨研究开放基金(BYKJ2024Z05)
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2025年第83卷第5期
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doi: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240065
  • 接收时间:2024-06-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-04
  • 修回日期:2025-02-08
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(U2142203; 42375018)
中国气象局复盘总结专项(FPZJ2023-084)
全国暴雨研究开放基金(BYKJ2024Z05)
作者信息
    1.湖北省气象台,武汉,430074
    2.中国气象局气象干部培训学院,北京,100081

通讯作者:

王秀明,主要从事雷暴与强对流天气短时临近预报及灾害性强对流天气形成机理研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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