Article(id=1244213317032588011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11676/qxxb2025.20240113, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725206400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-02, revisedDate=1750694400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774573171146, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774573171146, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774573171146, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573171146, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244213313182221193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, year='2025', volume='83', issue='5', pageStart='1139', pageEnd='1384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774573170228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573255889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1217, endPage=1228, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244213317280051953, articleId=1244213317032588011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, language=EN, title=Seasonality of the SST-precipitation relationship over the tropical North Atlantic and possible mechanisms, columnId=1244213315661054860, journalTitle=Acta Meteorologica Sinica, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Based on the monthly Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data from the Met Office Hadley Centre, the Global Precipitation Climatology Project monthly precipitation data, and the historical simulations from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate models, the present work investigates the seasonality of the SST-precipitation relationship over the tropical North Atlantic and possible role of ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation). It is found that the relationship of SST anomalies in the tropical North Atlantic with local precipitation exhibits a remarkable seasonality. During spring and summer, there is a significant positive correlation between SST and precipitation in this region, indicating a strong local ocean-atmosphere coupling. In contrast, in autumn and winter, the ocean-atmosphere coupling weakens significantly, and almost no significant precipitation response to SST is detected. Further analysis reveals that this seasonality is mainly associated with the seasonal cycle of the background SST and local SST variability in the tropical North Atlantic. Despite cooler background SST in spring, the strong SST variability during this season makes SST easy to exceed the convection threshold and thus induces precipitation anomalies. In summer, the warm background SST favors the enhanced local ocean-atmosphere coupling. The relatively weak SST variability in autumn weakens the local precipitation response, despite a relatively warm SST background. The cooler background SST in winter results in a weak ocean-atmosphere coupling. ENSO has a significant influence on spring SST and precipitation anomalies in the tropical North Atlantic. As a result, the strong local SST anomalies in spring are more likely to actively trigger local convective responses under ENSO forcing. However, in other seasons, the impact of ENSO on SST anomaly in the tropical North Atlantic is relatively small, and thus there is almost no difference in local ocean-atmosphere coupling in the tropical North Atlantic with or without ENSO SST forcing. These findings emphasize the critical role of spring and summer tropical North Atlantic SST anomalies in local convection and associated climate impacts, which is important for short-term climate prediction related to the tropical North Atlantic SST.
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基于英国哈得来中心提供的逐月海表温度资料、美国全球降水气候中心提供的逐月降水资料以及CMIP6历史模拟资料,探究了热带北大西洋海温异常与局地降水异常关系的季节性特征及其在有无ENSO海温强迫下的差异,并分析了可能的物理机制。结果表明,热带北大西洋海温异常和局地降水异常的关系呈现出明显的季节性差异。春、夏季,该区域海温与降水呈显著正相关,局地海-气耦合强;相对而言,秋、冬季海-气耦合弱,局地降水对海温异常几乎没有响应。进一步研究表明,这种季节性变化特征主要是由热带北大西洋气候态海温及局地海温变率的季节循环导致。春季热带北大西洋气候态海温偏低,但该季的强海温变率使海温可突破对流阈值引发降水异常;夏季偏高的气候态海温使得该区域海-气耦合活跃;尽管秋季气候态海温也偏高,但是较小的海温变率使得局地降水响应减弱,易受外界噪声干扰;冬季偏低的气候态海温导致该区域海-气耦合较弱。由于ENSO对春季热带北大西洋海温异常的显著影响,春季该区域在ENSO强迫下的局地海温异常更容易激发局地对流;而在其他季节,该区域海-气耦合程度受ENSO的影响较小。本研究的结果强调了春、夏季热带北大西洋海温异常对激发热带强对流和引起远距离气候影响的重要作用,这对短期气候预测具有重要意义。
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Regressed simultaneous precipitation(shaded)and SST(contour,unit:℃)anomalies upon(a)spring,(b)summer,(c)autumn,and(d)winter NTA index during 1979—2023(dots represent precipitation anomalies above the 95% confidence level;the blue box denotes the tropical North Atlantic region), figureFileSmall=LvVLVKbneusFgc20aejJRQ==, figureFileBig=jiP5Whm9/YUdLPSo1aqkXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213324771079142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
1979—2023年NTA分别回归的同期降水异常(色阶)和海表温度异常(等值线,单位:℃)(a. 春季,b. 夏季,c. 秋季,d. 冬季;打点表示通过95%信度检验的降水异常,颜色深度表示显著性强度,蓝色框是研究的热带北大西洋区域), figureFileSmall=LvVLVKbneusFgc20aejJRQ==, figureFileBig=jiP5Whm9/YUdLPSo1aqkXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325026931704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
Same as Fig. 1 but for years without ENSO SST forcing, figureFileSmall=2pfFiqRRJeI6nP4e5ZLbxA==, figureFileBig=5lpgeBX8Jf5zYXMCn/VqOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325144371207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
同图1,但为无ENSO海温强迫, figureFileSmall=2pfFiqRRJeI6nP4e5ZLbxA==, figureFileBig=5lpgeBX8Jf5zYXMCn/VqOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325266006031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Same as Fig. 1 but for years with ENSO SST forcing, figureFileSmall=3GvrDBJ7IKyv0Rm0Bv4bxQ==, figureFileBig=JjmfZ2CdaZ5mFoDeu2orwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325404418071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
同图1,但为有ENSO海温强迫, figureFileSmall=3GvrDBJ7IKyv0Rm0Bv4bxQ==, figureFileBig=JjmfZ2CdaZ5mFoDeu2orwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325500887067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Simultaneous correlation coefficient of area-averaged sea surface temperature with precipitation over the tropical North Atlantic in four seasons during 1979—2023(red bars indicate all years;gray bars indicate years without ENSO SST forcing;yellow bars indicate years with ENSO SST forcing;the solid bars represent values above the 95% confidence level), figureFileSmall=mJrDRuFnrQFQiJyn+Bwdsg==, figureFileBig=l0pDoDlS74SD69806W3AWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325626716199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
1979—2023年各季节的热带北大西洋区域平均海温和降水异常的同期相关系数(红色表示所有年,灰色表示无ENSO海温强迫,黄色表示有ENSO海温强迫,实心柱表示相关系数通过95%的信度检验), figureFileSmall=mJrDRuFnrQFQiJyn+Bwdsg==, figureFileBig=l0pDoDlS74SD69806W3AWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325710602281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
Climatological mean of SST(shaded)and precipitation(contour,unit:mm/d)in the tropical Atlantic during(a)spring,(b)summer,(c)autumn,and(d)winter of 1979—2023(the blue box denotes the tropical North Atlantic region), figureFileSmall=PPXbfmpPrDOfGl2u5ipCjg==, figureFileBig=ArMlbJEfhHm8uYaoBRH7UA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325781905455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
1979—2023年的热带大西洋气候态海温(色阶)和降水强度(等值线,单位:mm/d)的空间分布(a. 春季,b. 夏季,c. 秋季,d. 冬季;蓝色框是研究的热带北大西洋区域), figureFileSmall=PPXbfmpPrDOfGl2u5ipCjg==, figureFileBig=ArMlbJEfhHm8uYaoBRH7UA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325911928885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=
Climatological mean(solid lines)and standard deviation(dotted lines)of SST(red)and precipitation(green)in the tropical North Atlantic during 1979—2023, figureFileSmall=JQk0tKWjMaDRtvC4n6QFyA==, figureFileBig=C5NVKWoy2VZBVEBCdkShxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326025175101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
1979—2023年的热带大西洋海温(红色)、降水(绿色)年循环(实线)及各月标准差(虚线), figureFileSmall=JQk0tKWjMaDRtvC4n6QFyA==, figureFileBig=C5NVKWoy2VZBVEBCdkShxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326134227013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=
Composite differences in SST(shaded)and precipitation(contour,unit:mm/d)between positive and negative phases of NTA for years without ENSO SST forcing during(a)spring,(b)summer,(c)autumn,and(d)winter(only SST anomalies above the 95% confidence level are shown;the blue box denotes the tropical North Atlantic region), figureFileSmall=tJq+bgA8xSVXkZH79IEgzw==, figureFileBig=ggAe32chSoOC1ymDPxaIGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326234890315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
在无ENSO海温强迫下(具体年份见表2),NTA正负异常年合成的海温(色阶)和降水(等值线,单位:mm/d)异常差值场(a. 春季,b. 夏季,c. 秋季,d. 冬季;海温异常仅显示了通过95%信度检验的区域;蓝色框是研究的热带北大西洋区域), figureFileSmall=tJq+bgA8xSVXkZH79IEgzw==, figureFileBig=ggAe32chSoOC1ymDPxaIGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326322970708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=
Same as Fig. 7 but for years with ENSO SST forcing, figureFileSmall=Dd62jEAKQm/1hZV/wkzf9Q==, figureFileBig=R6KApRivW6654cHH6wT+yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326406856795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
同图7,但为有ENSO海温强迫, figureFileSmall=Dd62jEAKQm/1hZV/wkzf9Q==, figureFileBig=R6KApRivW6654cHH6wT+yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326507520098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=
Regressed precipitation anomalies upon(a)spring,(b)summer,(c)autumn,and(d)winter Nino3.4 index(dots represent precipitation anomalies above the 95% confidence leve;the blue box denotes the tropical North Atlantic region), figureFileSmall=/W2uxxIuEYenSn+egN2NGw==, figureFileBig=IbU80OhklzeKFxehsnYQSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326616572014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
1979—2023年Nino3.4指数回归的降水异常场(a. 春季,b. 夏季,c. 秋季,d. 冬季;打点区表示通过95%信度检验,蓝色框是研究的热带北大西洋区域), figureFileSmall=/W2uxxIuEYenSn+egN2NGw==, figureFileBig=IbU80OhklzeKFxehsnYQSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326700458101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=
Correlation coefficient of area-averaged sea surface temperature with precipitation over the tropical North Atlantic for four seasons in CMIP6 historical simulations(red bars represent the correlation for all years,the gray and orange bars denote the correlation for years with and without ENSO SST forcing,respectively;the black error bar indicates one standard deviation error estimate,green circles show individual model's correlation and solid circles denote correlation above the 95% confidence level), figureFileSmall=cH2qtBmG+CLvcchHZOQcsw==, figureFileBig=kUxYOjq+wqhQ+PpItx399A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326792732799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
CMIP6模式历史模拟中1969—2014年各个季节NTA与局地降水异常的相关系数(红色柱表示所有年的相关系数,灰色柱和橙色柱分别表示在无ENSO海温强迫下和有ENSO海温强迫下的相关系数;黑色误差条代表一个标准差的误差估计,绿点表示各个模式的结果,其中实心绿点代表通过95%信度检验), figureFileSmall=cH2qtBmG+CLvcchHZOQcsw==, figureFileBig=kUxYOjq+wqhQ+PpItx399A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326889201800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=
Annual cycles(a)and standard deviations(b)of area-average SST and precipitation in the tropical North Atlantic from observations and CMIP6 historical simulations(solid and dashed gray lines represent SST and precipitation in observation,respectively;red and green lines represent multi-model mean SST and precipitation,respectively;the shadows represent 35 CMIP6 simulation ranges), figureFileSmall=BJjVooBmjcn4Vu+ov/cdjw==, figureFileBig=kI3acVVhk9IvW502W4MFSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326994059409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
观测和CMIP6模式模拟的热带北大西洋区域平均海温和降水的气候态年循环(a)及标准差(b)(灰色实线和虚线分别代表观测的海温和降水,红色实线和绿色实线分别代表多模式平均的海温和降水,阴影表示35个CMIP6模式的模拟区间), figureFileSmall=BJjVooBmjcn4Vu+ov/cdjw==, figureFileBig=kI3acVVhk9IvW502W4MFSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213327094722710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
35 CMIP6 climate models utilized in this study
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模式名 | 所属国家 和地区 | 模式名 | 所属国家 和地区 |
|---|
| ACCESS-CM2 | 澳大利亚 | GISS-E2-1-G | 美国 |
| ACCESS-ESM1-5 | 澳大利亚 | GISS-E2-1-H | 美国 |
| BCC-CSM2-MR | 中国 | GISS-E2-2-G | 美国 |
| BCC-ESM1 | 中国 | GISS-E2-2-H | 美国 |
| CAMS-CSM1-0 | 中国 | IPSL-CM6A-LR | 法国 |
| CanESM5 | 加拿大 | IPSL-CM6A-LR-INCA | 法国 |
| CAS-ESM2-0 | 中国 | MCM-UA-1-0 | 美国 |
| CESM2 | 美国 | MIROC6 | 日本 |
| CESM2-WACCM-FV2 | 美国 | MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM | 德国 |
| CMCC-CM2-HR4 | 加拿大 | MPI-ESM1-2-HR | 德国 |
| EC-Earth3-CC | 欧盟 | MPI-ESM1-2-LR | 德国 |
| FGOALS-f3-L | 中国 | MRI-ESM2-0 | 日本 |
| FIO-ESM-2-0 | 中国 | NESM3 | 中国 |
| E3SM-1-0 | 美国 | NorESM2-LM | 挪威 |
| E3SM-1-1-ECA | 美国 | NorESM2-MM | 挪威 |
| E3SM-1-1 | 美国 | SAM0-UNICON | 韩国 |
| GFDL-CM4 | 美国 | TaiESM1 | 中国台湾 |
| GFDL-ESM4 | 美国 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1244213327182803102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
文中使用的35个CMIP6气候模式
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模式名 | 所属国家 和地区 | 模式名 | 所属国家 和地区 |
|---|
| ACCESS-CM2 | 澳大利亚 | GISS-E2-1-G | 美国 |
| ACCESS-ESM1-5 | 澳大利亚 | GISS-E2-1-H | 美国 |
| BCC-CSM2-MR | 中国 | GISS-E2-2-G | 美国 |
| BCC-ESM1 | 中国 | GISS-E2-2-H | 美国 |
| CAMS-CSM1-0 | 中国 | IPSL-CM6A-LR | 法国 |
| CanESM5 | 加拿大 | IPSL-CM6A-LR-INCA | 法国 |
| CAS-ESM2-0 | 中国 | MCM-UA-1-0 | 美国 |
| CESM2 | 美国 | MIROC6 | 日本 |
| CESM2-WACCM-FV2 | 美国 | MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM | 德国 |
| CMCC-CM2-HR4 | 加拿大 | MPI-ESM1-2-HR | 德国 |
| EC-Earth3-CC | 欧盟 | MPI-ESM1-2-LR | 德国 |
| FGOALS-f3-L | 中国 | MRI-ESM2-0 | 日本 |
| FIO-ESM-2-0 | 中国 | NESM3 | 中国 |
| E3SM-1-0 | 美国 | NorESM2-LM | 挪威 |
| E3SM-1-1-ECA | 美国 | NorESM2-MM | 挪威 |
| E3SM-1-1 | 美国 | SAM0-UNICON | 韩国 |
| GFDL-CM4 | 美国 | TaiESM1 | 中国台湾 |
| GFDL-ESM4 | 美国 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1244213327266689185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Events with or without influence of ENSO in the four seasons
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 有ENSO影响年 | 无ENSO影响年 |
|---|
| 春季 | 1983、1984、1985、1986、1987、1989、1992、1996、1998、1999、2000、2006、2008、2009、2010、2011、2016、2018、2019 | 1979、1980、1981、1982、1988、1990、1991、1993、1994、1995、1997、2001、2002、2003、2004、2005、2007、2012、2013、2014、2015、2017、2020 |
| 夏季 | 1982、1983、1984、1985、1987、1988、1989、1991、1993、1997、1999、2000、2002、2010、2015、2019 | 1979、1980、1981、1986、1990、1992、1994、1995、1996、1998、2001、2003、2004、2005、2006、2007、2008、2009、2011、2012、2013、2014、2016、2017、2018、2020 |
| 秋季 | 1982、1983、1985、1986、1987、1988、1995、1997、1998、1999、2002、2004、2006、2007、2009、2010、2011、2015、2017、2020 | 1979、1980、1981、1984、1989、1990、1991、1992、1993、1994、1996、2000、2001、2003、2005、2008、2012、2013、2014、2016、2018、2019 |
| 冬季 | 1979、1982、1983、1984、1986、1987、1988、1991、1994、1995、1997、1998、1999、2000、2001、2002、2004、2005、2006、2007、2008、2009、2010、2011、2014、2015、2016、2017、2018、2020 | 1980、1981、1985、1989、1990、1992、1993、1996、2003、2012、2013、2019 |
), ArticleFig(id=1244213327413489836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
各季节有无ENSO强迫事件选取
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 有ENSO影响年 | 无ENSO影响年 |
|---|
| 春季 | 1983、1984、1985、1986、1987、1989、1992、1996、1998、1999、2000、2006、2008、2009、2010、2011、2016、2018、2019 | 1979、1980、1981、1982、1988、1990、1991、1993、1994、1995、1997、2001、2002、2003、2004、2005、2007、2012、2013、2014、2015、2017、2020 |
| 夏季 | 1982、1983、1984、1985、1987、1988、1989、1991、1993、1997、1999、2000、2002、2010、2015、2019 | 1979、1980、1981、1986、1990、1992、1994、1995、1996、1998、2001、2003、2004、2005、2006、2007、2008、2009、2011、2012、2013、2014、2016、2017、2018、2020 |
| 秋季 | 1982、1983、1985、1986、1987、1988、1995、1997、1998、1999、2002、2004、2006、2007、2009、2010、2011、2015、2017、2020 | 1979、1980、1981、1984、1989、1990、1991、1992、1993、1994、1996、2000、2001、2003、2005、2008、2012、2013、2014、2016、2018、2019 |
| 冬季 | 1979、1982、1983、1984、1986、1987、1988、1991、1994、1995、1997、1998、1999、2000、2001、2002、2004、2005、2006、2007、2008、2009、2010、2011、2014、2015、2016、2017、2018、2020 | 1980、1981、1985、1989、1990、1992、1993、1996、2003、2012、2013、2019 |
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