Article(id=1244213317032588011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11676/qxxb2025.20240113, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725206400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-02, revisedDate=1750694400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774573171146, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774573171146, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774573171146, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573171146, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244213313182221193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, year='2025', volume='83', issue='5', pageStart='1139', pageEnd='1384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774573170228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573255889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1217, endPage=1228, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244213317280051953, articleId=1244213317032588011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, language=EN, title=Seasonality of the SST-precipitation relationship over the tropical North Atlantic and possible mechanisms, columnId=1244213315661054860, journalTitle=Acta Meteorologica Sinica, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the monthly Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data from the Met Office Hadley Centre, the Global Precipitation Climatology Project monthly precipitation data, and the historical simulations from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate models, the present work investigates the seasonality of the SST-precipitation relationship over the tropical North Atlantic and possible role of ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation). It is found that the relationship of SST anomalies in the tropical North Atlantic with local precipitation exhibits a remarkable seasonality. During spring and summer, there is a significant positive correlation between SST and precipitation in this region, indicating a strong local ocean-atmosphere coupling. In contrast, in autumn and winter, the ocean-atmosphere coupling weakens significantly, and almost no significant precipitation response to SST is detected. Further analysis reveals that this seasonality is mainly associated with the seasonal cycle of the background SST and local SST variability in the tropical North Atlantic. Despite cooler background SST in spring, the strong SST variability during this season makes SST easy to exceed the convection threshold and thus induces precipitation anomalies. In summer, the warm background SST favors the enhanced local ocean-atmosphere coupling. The relatively weak SST variability in autumn weakens the local precipitation response, despite a relatively warm SST background. The cooler background SST in winter results in a weak ocean-atmosphere coupling. ENSO has a significant influence on spring SST and precipitation anomalies in the tropical North Atlantic. As a result, the strong local SST anomalies in spring are more likely to actively trigger local convective responses under ENSO forcing. However, in other seasons, the impact of ENSO on SST anomaly in the tropical North Atlantic is relatively small, and thus there is almost no difference in local ocean-atmosphere coupling in the tropical North Atlantic with or without ENSO SST forcing. These findings emphasize the critical role of spring and summer tropical North Atlantic SST anomalies in local convection and associated climate impacts, which is important for short-term climate prediction related to the tropical North Atlantic SST.

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基于英国哈得来中心提供的逐月海表温度资料、美国全球降水气候中心提供的逐月降水资料以及CMIP6历史模拟资料,探究了热带北大西洋海温异常与局地降水异常关系的季节性特征及其在有无ENSO海温强迫下的差异,并分析了可能的物理机制。结果表明,热带北大西洋海温异常和局地降水异常的关系呈现出明显的季节性差异。春、夏季,该区域海温与降水呈显著正相关,局地海-气耦合强;相对而言,秋、冬季海-气耦合弱,局地降水对海温异常几乎没有响应。进一步研究表明,这种季节性变化特征主要是由热带北大西洋气候态海温及局地海温变率的季节循环导致。春季热带北大西洋气候态海温偏低,但该季的强海温变率使海温可突破对流阈值引发降水异常;夏季偏高的气候态海温使得该区域海-气耦合活跃;尽管秋季气候态海温也偏高,但是较小的海温变率使得局地降水响应减弱,易受外界噪声干扰;冬季偏低的气候态海温导致该区域海-气耦合较弱。由于ENSO对春季热带北大西洋海温异常的显著影响,春季该区域在ENSO强迫下的局地海温异常更容易激发局地对流;而在其他季节,该区域海-气耦合程度受ENSO的影响较小。本研究的结果强调了春、夏季热带北大西洋海温异常对激发热带强对流和引起远距离气候影响的重要作用,这对短期气候预测具有重要意义。

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张文君,主要从事ENSO机理及海-气相互作用等的研究。E-mail:
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徐蓉蓉,主要从事海-气相互作用研究。E-mail:

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Climate, 11(2):47, articleTitle=Subseasonal variation in the winter ENSO-NAO relationship and the modulation of Tropical North Atlantic SST variability, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1244213327564484786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, awardId=42125501, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(42125501), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1244213321717625699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244213321726014309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, companyId=1244213321717625699, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster,Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation 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figureFileBig=jiP5Whm9/YUdLPSo1aqkXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213324771079142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1979—2023年NTA分别回归的同期降水异常(色阶)和海表温度异常(等值线,单位:℃)(a. 春季,b. 夏季,c. 秋季,d. 冬季;打点表示通过95%信度检验的降水异常,颜色深度表示显著性强度,蓝色框是研究的热带北大西洋区域), figureFileSmall=LvVLVKbneusFgc20aejJRQ==, figureFileBig=jiP5Whm9/YUdLPSo1aqkXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325026931704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Same as Fig. 1 but for years without ENSO SST forcing, figureFileSmall=2pfFiqRRJeI6nP4e5ZLbxA==, figureFileBig=5lpgeBX8Jf5zYXMCn/VqOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325144371207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图2, caption=图1,但为无ENSO海温强迫, figureFileSmall=2pfFiqRRJeI6nP4e5ZLbxA==, figureFileBig=5lpgeBX8Jf5zYXMCn/VqOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325266006031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Same as Fig. 1 but for years with ENSO SST forcing, figureFileSmall=3GvrDBJ7IKyv0Rm0Bv4bxQ==, figureFileBig=JjmfZ2CdaZ5mFoDeu2orwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325404418071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图3, caption=图1,但为有ENSO海温强迫, figureFileSmall=3GvrDBJ7IKyv0Rm0Bv4bxQ==, figureFileBig=JjmfZ2CdaZ5mFoDeu2orwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325500887067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Simultaneous correlation coefficient of area-averaged sea surface temperature with precipitation over the tropical North Atlantic in four seasons during 1979—2023(red bars indicate all years;gray bars indicate years without ENSO SST forcing;yellow bars indicate years with ENSO SST forcing;the solid bars represent values above the 95% confidence level), figureFileSmall=mJrDRuFnrQFQiJyn+Bwdsg==, figureFileBig=l0pDoDlS74SD69806W3AWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325626716199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图4, caption=1979—2023年各季节的热带北大西洋区域平均海温和降水异常的同期相关系数(红色表示所有年,灰色表示无ENSO海温强迫,黄色表示有ENSO海温强迫,实心柱表示相关系数通过95%的信度检验), figureFileSmall=mJrDRuFnrQFQiJyn+Bwdsg==, figureFileBig=l0pDoDlS74SD69806W3AWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325710602281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Climatological mean of SST(shaded)and precipitation(contour,unit:mm/d)in the tropical Atlantic during(a)spring,(b)summer,(c)autumn,and(d)winter of 1979—2023(the blue box denotes the tropical North Atlantic region), figureFileSmall=PPXbfmpPrDOfGl2u5ipCjg==, figureFileBig=ArMlbJEfhHm8uYaoBRH7UA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325781905455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图5, caption=1979—2023年的热带大西洋气候态海温(色阶)和降水强度(等值线,单位:mm/d)的空间分布(a. 春季,b. 夏季,c. 秋季,d. 冬季;蓝色框是研究的热带北大西洋区域), figureFileSmall=PPXbfmpPrDOfGl2u5ipCjg==, figureFileBig=ArMlbJEfhHm8uYaoBRH7UA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325911928885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Climatological mean(solid lines)and standard deviation(dotted lines)of SST(red)and precipitation(green)in the tropical North Atlantic during 1979—2023, figureFileSmall=JQk0tKWjMaDRtvC4n6QFyA==, figureFileBig=C5NVKWoy2VZBVEBCdkShxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326025175101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图6, caption=1979—2023年的热带大西洋海温(红色)、降水(绿色)年循环(实线)及各月标准差(虚线), figureFileSmall=JQk0tKWjMaDRtvC4n6QFyA==, figureFileBig=C5NVKWoy2VZBVEBCdkShxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326134227013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Composite differences in SST(shaded)and precipitation(contour,unit:mm/d)between positive and negative phases of NTA for years without ENSO SST forcing during(a)spring,(b)summer,(c)autumn,and(d)winter(only SST anomalies above the 95% confidence level are shown;the blue box denotes the tropical North Atlantic region), figureFileSmall=tJq+bgA8xSVXkZH79IEgzw==, figureFileBig=ggAe32chSoOC1ymDPxaIGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326234890315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图7, caption=在无ENSO海温强迫下(具体年份见表2),NTA正负异常年合成的海温(色阶)和降水(等值线,单位:mm/d)异常差值场(a. 春季,b. 夏季,c. 秋季,d. 冬季;海温异常仅显示了通过95%信度检验的区域;蓝色框是研究的热带北大西洋区域), figureFileSmall=tJq+bgA8xSVXkZH79IEgzw==, figureFileBig=ggAe32chSoOC1ymDPxaIGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326322970708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Same as Fig. 7 but for years with ENSO SST forcing, figureFileSmall=Dd62jEAKQm/1hZV/wkzf9Q==, figureFileBig=R6KApRivW6654cHH6wT+yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326406856795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图8, caption=图7,但为有ENSO海温强迫, figureFileSmall=Dd62jEAKQm/1hZV/wkzf9Q==, figureFileBig=R6KApRivW6654cHH6wT+yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326507520098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Regressed precipitation anomalies upon(a)spring,(b)summer,(c)autumn,and(d)winter Nino3.4 index(dots represent precipitation anomalies above the 95% confidence leve;the blue box denotes the tropical North Atlantic region), figureFileSmall=/W2uxxIuEYenSn+egN2NGw==, figureFileBig=IbU80OhklzeKFxehsnYQSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326616572014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图9, caption=1979—2023年Nino3.4指数回归的降水异常场(a. 春季,b. 夏季,c. 秋季,d. 冬季;打点区表示通过95%信度检验,蓝色框是研究的热带北大西洋区域), figureFileSmall=/W2uxxIuEYenSn+egN2NGw==, figureFileBig=IbU80OhklzeKFxehsnYQSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326700458101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Correlation coefficient of area-averaged sea surface temperature with precipitation over the tropical North Atlantic for four seasons in CMIP6 historical simulations(red bars represent the correlation for all years,the gray and orange bars denote the correlation for years with and without ENSO SST forcing,respectively;the black error bar indicates one standard deviation error estimate,green circles show individual model's correlation and solid circles denote correlation above the 95% confidence level), figureFileSmall=cH2qtBmG+CLvcchHZOQcsw==, figureFileBig=kUxYOjq+wqhQ+PpItx399A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326792732799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图10, caption=CMIP6模式历史模拟中1969—2014年各个季节NTA与局地降水异常的相关系数(红色柱表示所有年的相关系数,灰色柱和橙色柱分别表示在无ENSO海温强迫下和有ENSO海温强迫下的相关系数;黑色误差条代表一个标准差的误差估计,绿点表示各个模式的结果,其中实心绿点代表通过95%信度检验), figureFileSmall=cH2qtBmG+CLvcchHZOQcsw==, figureFileBig=kUxYOjq+wqhQ+PpItx399A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326889201800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Annual cycles(a)and standard deviations(b)of area-average SST and precipitation in the tropical North Atlantic from observations and CMIP6 historical simulations(solid and dashed gray lines represent SST and precipitation in observation,respectively;red and green lines represent multi-model mean SST and precipitation,respectively;the shadows represent 35 CMIP6 simulation ranges), figureFileSmall=BJjVooBmjcn4Vu+ov/cdjw==, figureFileBig=kI3acVVhk9IvW502W4MFSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326994059409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=图11, caption=观测和CMIP6模式模拟的热带北大西洋区域平均海温和降水的气候态年循环(a)及标准差(b)(灰色实线和虚线分别代表观测的海温和降水,红色实线和绿色实线分别代表多模式平均的海温和降水,阴影表示35个CMIP6模式的模拟区间), figureFileSmall=BJjVooBmjcn4Vu+ov/cdjw==, figureFileBig=kI3acVVhk9IvW502W4MFSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213327094722710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

35 CMIP6 climate models utilized in this study

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模式名所属国家
和地区
模式名所属国家
和地区
ACCESS-CM2澳大利亚GISS-E2-1-G美国
ACCESS-ESM1-5澳大利亚GISS-E2-1-H美国
BCC-CSM2-MR中国GISS-E2-2-G美国
BCC-ESM1中国GISS-E2-2-H美国
CAMS-CSM1-0中国IPSL-CM6A-LR法国
CanESM5加拿大IPSL-CM6A-LR-INCA法国
CAS-ESM2-0中国MCM-UA-1-0美国
CESM2美国MIROC6日本
CESM2-WACCM-FV2美国MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM德国
CMCC-CM2-HR4加拿大MPI-ESM1-2-HR德国
EC-Earth3-CC欧盟MPI-ESM1-2-LR德国
FGOALS-f3-L中国MRI-ESM2-0日本
FIO-ESM-2-0中国NESM3中国
E3SM-1-0美国NorESM2-LM挪威
E3SM-1-1-ECA美国NorESM2-MM挪威
E3SM-1-1美国SAM0-UNICON韩国
GFDL-CM4美国TaiESM1中国台湾
GFDL-ESM4美国
), ArticleFig(id=1244213327182803102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

文中使用的35个CMIP6气候模式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式名所属国家
和地区
模式名所属国家
和地区
ACCESS-CM2澳大利亚GISS-E2-1-G美国
ACCESS-ESM1-5澳大利亚GISS-E2-1-H美国
BCC-CSM2-MR中国GISS-E2-2-G美国
BCC-ESM1中国GISS-E2-2-H美国
CAMS-CSM1-0中国IPSL-CM6A-LR法国
CanESM5加拿大IPSL-CM6A-LR-INCA法国
CAS-ESM2-0中国MCM-UA-1-0美国
CESM2美国MIROC6日本
CESM2-WACCM-FV2美国MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM德国
CMCC-CM2-HR4加拿大MPI-ESM1-2-HR德国
EC-Earth3-CC欧盟MPI-ESM1-2-LR德国
FGOALS-f3-L中国MRI-ESM2-0日本
FIO-ESM-2-0中国NESM3中国
E3SM-1-0美国NorESM2-LM挪威
E3SM-1-1-ECA美国NorESM2-MM挪威
E3SM-1-1美国SAM0-UNICON韩国
GFDL-CM4美国TaiESM1中国台湾
GFDL-ESM4美国
), ArticleFig(id=1244213327266689185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Events with or without influence of ENSO in the four seasons

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有ENSO影响年无ENSO影响年
春季1983、1984、1985、1986、1987、1989、1992、1996、1998、1999、2000、2006、2008、2009、2010、2011、2016、2018、20191979、1980、1981、1982、1988、1990、1991、1993、1994、1995、1997、2001、2002、2003、2004、2005、2007、2012、2013、2014、2015、2017、2020
夏季1982、1983、1984、1985、1987、1988、1989、1991、1993、1997、1999、2000、2002、2010、2015、20191979、1980、1981、1986、1990、1992、1994、1995、1996、1998、2001、2003、2004、2005、2006、2007、2008、2009、2011、2012、2013、2014、2016、2017、2018、2020
秋季1982、1983、1985、1986、1987、1988、1995、1997、1998、1999、2002、2004、2006、2007、2009、2010、2011、2015、2017、20201979、1980、1981、1984、1989、1990、1991、1992、1993、1994、1996、2000、2001、2003、2005、2008、2012、2013、2014、2016、2018、2019
冬季1979、1982、1983、1984、1986、1987、1988、1991、1994、1995、1997、1998、1999、2000、2001、2002、2004、2005、2006、2007、2008、2009、2010、2011、2014、2015、2016、2017、2018、20201980、1981、1985、1989、1990、1992、1993、1996、2003、2012、2013、2019
), ArticleFig(id=1244213327413489836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213317032588011, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各季节有无ENSO强迫事件选取

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有ENSO影响年无ENSO影响年
春季1983、1984、1985、1986、1987、1989、1992、1996、1998、1999、2000、2006、2008、2009、2010、2011、2016、2018、20191979、1980、1981、1982、1988、1990、1991、1993、1994、1995、1997、2001、2002、2003、2004、2005、2007、2012、2013、2014、2015、2017、2020
夏季1982、1983、1984、1985、1987、1988、1989、1991、1993、1997、1999、2000、2002、2010、2015、20191979、1980、1981、1986、1990、1992、1994、1995、1996、1998、2001、2003、2004、2005、2006、2007、2008、2009、2011、2012、2013、2014、2016、2017、2018、2020
秋季1982、1983、1985、1986、1987、1988、1995、1997、1998、1999、2002、2004、2006、2007、2009、2010、2011、2015、2017、20201979、1980、1981、1984、1989、1990、1991、1992、1993、1994、1996、2000、2001、2003、2005、2008、2012、2013、2014、2016、2018、2019
冬季1979、1982、1983、1984、1986、1987、1988、1991、1994、1995、1997、1998、1999、2000、2001、2002、2004、2005、2006、2007、2008、2009、2010、2011、2014、2015、2016、2017、2018、20201980、1981、1985、1989、1990、1992、1993、1996、2003、2012、2013、2019
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热带北大西洋海温与降水关系的季节性特征及其物理机制
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徐蓉蓉 , 张文君 , 胡苏琼
气象学报 | 论文 2025,83(5): 1217-1228
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气象学报 | 论文 2025, 83(5): 1217-1228
热带北大西洋海温与降水关系的季节性特征及其物理机制
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徐蓉蓉 , 张文君 , 胡苏琼
作者信息
  • 南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心,南京,210044
  • 徐蓉蓉,主要从事海-气相互作用研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张文君,主要从事ENSO机理及海-气相互作用等的研究。E-mail:
Seasonality of the SST-precipitation relationship over the tropical North Atlantic and possible mechanisms
Rongrong XU , Wenjun ZHANG , Suqiong HU
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster,Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters,Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,Nanjing 210044,China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240113
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基于英国哈得来中心提供的逐月海表温度资料、美国全球降水气候中心提供的逐月降水资料以及CMIP6历史模拟资料,探究了热带北大西洋海温异常与局地降水异常关系的季节性特征及其在有无ENSO海温强迫下的差异,并分析了可能的物理机制。结果表明,热带北大西洋海温异常和局地降水异常的关系呈现出明显的季节性差异。春、夏季,该区域海温与降水呈显著正相关,局地海-气耦合强;相对而言,秋、冬季海-气耦合弱,局地降水对海温异常几乎没有响应。进一步研究表明,这种季节性变化特征主要是由热带北大西洋气候态海温及局地海温变率的季节循环导致。春季热带北大西洋气候态海温偏低,但该季的强海温变率使海温可突破对流阈值引发降水异常;夏季偏高的气候态海温使得该区域海-气耦合活跃;尽管秋季气候态海温也偏高,但是较小的海温变率使得局地降水响应减弱,易受外界噪声干扰;冬季偏低的气候态海温导致该区域海-气耦合较弱。由于ENSO对春季热带北大西洋海温异常的显著影响,春季该区域在ENSO强迫下的局地海温异常更容易激发局地对流;而在其他季节,该区域海-气耦合程度受ENSO的影响较小。本研究的结果强调了春、夏季热带北大西洋海温异常对激发热带强对流和引起远距离气候影响的重要作用,这对短期气候预测具有重要意义。

热带北大西洋  /  海温  /  降水  /  季节性  /  ENSO

Based on the monthly Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data from the Met Office Hadley Centre, the Global Precipitation Climatology Project monthly precipitation data, and the historical simulations from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate models, the present work investigates the seasonality of the SST-precipitation relationship over the tropical North Atlantic and possible role of ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation). It is found that the relationship of SST anomalies in the tropical North Atlantic with local precipitation exhibits a remarkable seasonality. During spring and summer, there is a significant positive correlation between SST and precipitation in this region, indicating a strong local ocean-atmosphere coupling. In contrast, in autumn and winter, the ocean-atmosphere coupling weakens significantly, and almost no significant precipitation response to SST is detected. Further analysis reveals that this seasonality is mainly associated with the seasonal cycle of the background SST and local SST variability in the tropical North Atlantic. Despite cooler background SST in spring, the strong SST variability during this season makes SST easy to exceed the convection threshold and thus induces precipitation anomalies. In summer, the warm background SST favors the enhanced local ocean-atmosphere coupling. The relatively weak SST variability in autumn weakens the local precipitation response, despite a relatively warm SST background. The cooler background SST in winter results in a weak ocean-atmosphere coupling. ENSO has a significant influence on spring SST and precipitation anomalies in the tropical North Atlantic. As a result, the strong local SST anomalies in spring are more likely to actively trigger local convective responses under ENSO forcing. However, in other seasons, the impact of ENSO on SST anomaly in the tropical North Atlantic is relatively small, and thus there is almost no difference in local ocean-atmosphere coupling in the tropical North Atlantic with or without ENSO SST forcing. These findings emphasize the critical role of spring and summer tropical North Atlantic SST anomalies in local convection and associated climate impacts, which is important for short-term climate prediction related to the tropical North Atlantic SST.

Tropical North Atlantic  /  SST  /  Precipitation  /  Seasonality  /  ENSO
徐蓉蓉, 张文君, 胡苏琼. 热带北大西洋海温与降水关系的季节性特征及其物理机制. 气象学报, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1217 -1228 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240113
Rongrong XU, Wenjun ZHANG, Suqiong HU. Seasonality of the SST-precipitation relationship over the tropical North Atlantic and possible mechanisms[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1217 -1228 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240113
热带北大西洋的海表温度在全球天气和气候系统中发挥着重要作用,其异常不仅能对局地的天气、气候产生影响,还可通过大气遥相关影响全球的气候变率(Saravanan,et al,2000Marshall,et al,2001Pezzi,et al,2001Chang,et al,2006Vimont,et al,2007Kushnir,et al,2010Yoon,et al,2010Hastenrath,2012Murakami,et al,2018徐集云等,2019)。早期的研究(Hastenrath,et al,1977Markham,et al,1977)已表明,热带北大西洋区域的海温异常与巴西东北部和西非地区的降水存在显著的相关,偏高的热带北大西洋海温异常通常会导致巴西东北部出现异常干旱,而西非地区易发生洪涝;相反,偏低的海温则会导致巴西东北部降水增多、西非地区降水减少。热带北大西洋地区的海温异常还与北大西洋上的飓风活动存在显著的正相关,即当夏、秋季热带北大西洋海温升高时,北大西洋飓风的数量及其登陆美国东南部地区的频率会显著上升,反之则会下降(Gray,1984Xie,et al,2005Wang,et al,2006Kossin,et al,2007Vimont,et al,2007赵晓彤等,2020Saunders,et al,2020Jones,et al,2022)。进一步研究(Watanabe,et al,1999Robertson,et al,2000Brönnimann,2007Sung,et al,2013Yang,et al,2018李忠贤等,2019Zhang,et al,20192023Wang,et al,2022Gozdz,et al,2024)表明,热带北大西洋海温异常还可通过调控北大西洋涛动(North Atlantic Oscillation,NAO)对热带太平洋的厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)的响应进而对欧亚地区的天气和气候产生影响。以往的大量研究都已表明热带海温异常对遥远地区天气、气候的影响主要是通过激发对流进而引起大气遥相关实现的,因此,深入探究热带北大西洋局地海温异常与降水的关系对于理解其相关的天气、气候影响具有重要的科学意义。
热带北大西洋地区的海温和对流活动随太阳辐射的年循环表现出明显的季节变化。春季太阳直射点主要在赤道上,随后逐渐向北移动;相应地,热带大西洋的暖池和赤道辐合带(Intertropical Convergence Zone,ITCZ)也会随之北移,并且滞后于太阳辐射年循环约四分之一个周期(Mitchell,et al,1992Philander,et al,1996Li,et al,1997Gu,et al,2006王懿彬等,2022)。大量研究(Graham,et al,1987Lau,et al,1997Johnson,et al,2010Ren,et al,2021Williams,et al,2023)发现,热带海温和对流系统存在非线性关系,只有当海温达到一定的阈值时才能引发对流;也就是说当背景态海温较低时,即使存在海温异常,也不足以激发对流。因此,热带北大西洋地区气候态海温的季节循环很有可能导致其局地海温异常与对流的关系在不同季节表现出显著差异。例如,Jiang L S等(2022)指出,尽管从北半球的春季到夏季热带北大西洋海温变率的强度在减弱,但是其激发的局地对流却在显著增强,他们认为这主要与热带大西洋暖池和赤道辐合带的向北移动有关。因此,考虑到热带北大西洋背景态海温季节循环的可能调制作用,在探究热带北大西洋局地海温与降水关系时,有必要将四季分开进行研究。
作为热带太平洋最显著的年际变率信号,ENSO能够通过大气遥相关在热带北大西洋区域引起显著的海温异常(Covey,et al,1978Nobre,et al,1996Enfield,et al,1997Chiang,et al,2002Huang,2004Xie,et al,2004郑建等,2010Amaya,et al,2014Taschetto,et al,2016García-Serrano,et al,2017Yang,et al,2018Yin,et al,2019)。在ENSO衰减年的春季,热带北大西洋区域可以观测到显著的海温异常,通常在厄尔尼诺衰减年春季热带北大西洋海温异常偏高,而在拉尼娜衰减年春季热带北大西洋海温则显著偏低。ENSO主要通过引起热带北大西洋上信风强度变化,进而影响局地潜热通量变化导致热带北大西洋区域的海温异常(Carton,et al,1996Enfield,et al,1997Saravanan,et al,2000)。有关专家提出两种主要机制以理解热带北大西洋上信风异常的确切起源,一种即直接通过热带沃克环流的调整,另一种则与热带外的太平洋-北美(Pacific North American,PNA)遥相关有关(Hoskins,et al,1981Wallace,et al,1981Enfield,et al,1997Sasaki,et al,2015Hu,et al,2023)。除此之外,ENSO也对热带大西洋区域的降水分布有重要的调制作用(Enfield,et al,1999Dai,et al,2000Jiang F,et al,2021)。Jiang F等(2021)研究表明,从ENSO发展年的夏季至其衰减年的春季,热带大西洋降水对ENSO的响应显著,并且随着大西洋ITCZ的季节性移动,这种影响也呈现出经向移动的特征。因此,考虑到ENSO对热带北大西洋局地海温和降水的影响,自然而然地提出了一个问题:在ENSO海温强迫下,热带北大西洋局地海温与降水的关系是否会发生显著变化?
尽管大量研究揭示了热带北大西洋海温异常对全球天气和气候变率的影响,但关于其局地海温与降水关系的研究仍然较为有限,这涉及到该区域海温异常对局地和远程气候影响重要性的问题。鉴于热带北大西洋背景态海温明显的季节循环,局地海温与降水关系的季节性差异亟待研究。进一步,在ENSO强迫的作用下,海温与降水的耦合关系是否会发生变化也值得探讨。因此,本研究旨在通过分析热带北大西洋局地海温与降水关系的季节差异,并探讨ENSO海温强迫在其中的可能作用,为理解和预测热带北大西洋海温异常相关的天气和气候影响提供科学依据。
使用的资料包括:(1)英国哈得来中心提供的逐月平均海表温度资料(HadISST1.1),数据水平分辨率为1°×1°(Rayner,et al,2003);(2)美国全球降水气候中心(GPCC)提供的全球降水资料;文中取研究时段1979—2023年。为了验证观测中北大西洋局地海温与降水的关系,文中也使用了参与国际耦合模式比较计划第6阶段(CMIP6)的35个气候模式历史模拟试验提供的海温与降水资料(表1)。由于不同模式提供的集合数量不同,文中只分析每个模式的第一个成员(即r1i1p1f1试验)。考虑到各模式空间分辨率存在差异,文中通过双线性插值法将CMIP6数据先插值到1°×1°的格点上再进行统计分析。由于CMIP6历史模拟只提供至2014年,为保证与观测一样的资料长度,使用1969—2014年资料进行分析。
Nino3.4指数被定义为(5°N—5°S,170°—120°W)区域平均海表温度异常。热带北大西洋海表温度异常指数(NTA)被定义为(5°—25°N,75°—15°W)的区域平均海表温度异常。为了分析与ENSO相关的热带太平洋海温强迫在热带北大西洋局地海表温度异常与降水关系季节性差异中的作用,针对每个季节进行分类。对于每个季节,当同期Nino3.4指数的绝对值不小于0.5时记为有ENSO海温强迫,小于0.5时则记为无ENSO海温强迫,具体年份见表2。此外,为避免全球变暖可能的影响,对所有的资料进行了去趋势处理;采用了相关分析、合成分析、一元线性回归等常用的气象诊断分析方法,利用双边t检验对统计结果进行显著性检验。
图1给出了4个季节NTA分别回归的同期海表温度和降水异常的空间分布。可以看到,NTA总是对应着全区正海温异常(反之,NTA的负值将对应负海温异常),这表明NTA可以描述热带北大西洋局地海温异常的整体年际变化特征。此外,海温异常的空间分布和强度表现出一定的季节差异,冬、春季(文中定义春季为3—5月、夏季为6—8月、秋季为9—11月、冬季为12月—次年2月)较强,而夏、秋季较弱,并且最强的海温异常中心位于东侧,这可能与该区域较浅的温跃层和海水的上翻运动有关。然而,NTA与局地降水异常的关系在不同季节存在明显的差异。具体地,春季,显著的降水正异常出现在热带北大西洋上的大部分区域,这表明热带北大西洋局地正海温异常可以激发正的降水异常,反之,低海温则会导致局地降水减少(图1a)。夏季NTA与局地降水异常的耦合关系相对于春季明显增强,如图1b所示,该区域的正海温异常对应着更强的降水正异常,这表明夏季NTA具有更强的影响局地和远程气候异常的潜力。这与之前的研究一致,夏季NTA容易激发对流引起大气遥相关,从而影响全球的天气、气候(Hong,et al,2014霍利微等,2016Jiang L S,et al,20212022)。相比之下,秋季NTA与局地降水异常的耦合关系明显较弱,具体地,在热带北大西洋的南部地区几乎不存在显著的降水异常,显著的降水正异常主要位于其北部地区(图1c)。冬季,总体上类似于秋季,且北部地区海温与降水的耦合关系进一步减弱。也就是说,秋、冬季热带北大西洋的海温异常对局地对流及其相关气候影响中的作用明显下降。
已有研究(Jiang F,et al,20212022Zhang,et al,2021)指出,ENSO对热带北大西洋的海温和降水异常存在明显的影响。那么上述海-气耦合关系是否会受到ENSO海温强迫的影响呢?为了探究这一问题,进一步检查了有无ENSO海温强迫的热带北大西洋局地海温与降水的耦合关系(图23)。如图2所示,在无ENSO海温强迫下,春、夏季NTA与局地降水异常依旧存在正相关(图2a、b),而秋、冬季不存在显著相关(图2c、d),这与前文结论一致。在有ENSO海温强迫的情况下,春季该区域海温异常与局地对流的相关(图3a)强于无ENSO海温强迫的情况(图2a),夏季略有减弱(图3b),秋、冬季依然不存在显著相关(图3c、d)。为了进一步验证上述结论,图4给出了热带北大西洋区域平均的海温与降水异常在各季节的相关系数及其在有无ENSO海温强迫下的差异。对于春、夏季,该区域海温与降水具有强耦合关系,所有年相关系数为0.59和0.77,在有ENSO海温强迫下的相关系数分别为0.71和0.74,在无ENSO海温强迫下分别为0.49和0.79,相关系数都通过了95%信度检验。对比之下,秋、冬季海-气耦合很弱,所有年相关系数为0.2或0,有ENSO海温强迫下的相关系数分别为0.08和−0.02,无ENSO海温强迫下分别为0.27和0.13,相关系数都没有通过95%信度检验。
为了探究NTA与局地降水异常关系季节差异的可能机制,首先检查了热带北大西洋气候态海温与降水在各季节的空间分布(图5)。Jiang F等(2021)发现大西洋ITCZ具有明显的南北不对称,表现为窄带状的强降水,信风在此交汇(见该文献附图S1a)。一般而言,ITCZ位于热带海洋并延伸到陆地,而陆地上的ITCZ往往是不规则的,并且与海洋上的ITCZ分离(Mitchell,et al,1992Philander,et al,1996Li,et al,1997Gu,et al,2006王懿彬等,2022),所以主要关注热带大西洋上的ITCZ。春季,热带大西洋暖池和ITCZ主要位于南北纬10°以内的赤道地区(图5a)。到了夏、秋季,随着太阳直射点向北移动,热带大西洋暖池主要位于赤道以北,ITCZ及其相应的强对流活动也随之北移至热带北大西洋区域(图5b、c)。冬季,随着太阳直射点向南移动,热带大西洋暖池范围明显减小,ITCZ也南移至赤道大西洋上(图5d)。更具体地,检查了热带北大西洋局地(5°—25°N,75°—15°W)区域平均的海温和降水年循环及各月年际变率的标准差。由图6可见,热带北大西洋海温和降水有明显的年循环,秋季海温最高,区域平均接近28℃,而暖池区大部分区域能超过28℃(图5c),同时降水也最强,而春季海温最低、降水最少,这与ITCZ的季节性南北移动有关。此外,各月降水变率标准差大致随着区域平均降水强度的变化而变化,夏、秋季较强,而冬、春季较弱。海温变率则表现出春季相对最强的特征,这很可能与冬季北半球活跃的大气环流异常和ENSO引起的沃克环流异常有关。值得注意的是,春季海温变率最强的情况下,降水变率却并不强,这很可能与春季气候态海温偏低有关,在较低的背景海温下,只有海温异常达到一定强度,才可能引起降水异常变化;而秋季海温变率最弱,降水变率却最强,这主要是由于秋季气候态海温非常高,局地水汽和大气不稳定能量充足,当存在环流异常扰动带来上升运动时就能产生强烈的对流降水,反之则没有,此时降水异常与海温变率的关系较弱。
进一步,对比了有无ENSO海温强迫下的热带北大西洋正、负海温异常合成的降水和海温差值场(图78)。在无ENSO海温强迫的情况下,春、夏季的热带北大西洋的正海温异常对应着局地正降水异常(图7a、b),而秋、冬季则对应负降水异常(图7c、d),这与图2的结果类似。其中春季热带大西洋暖池位于赤道附近,而热带北大西洋气候态海温较低,但由于春季该地区的海温异常较强(图6),因此容易突破对流阈值引起局地降水异常。夏季,暖池主要位于热带北大西洋区域,因此夏季的海温异常叠加在较高的背景态海温上极易激发局地对流异常。而在秋季,尽管暖池依旧位于热带北大西洋,但该区域的海温变率明显减弱(图6),因此没有显著的局地降水响应(图7c)。冬季则由于背景态海温相对较低,该区域海温异常很难突破对流阈值激发降水异常,因此海-气耦合较弱(图7d)。在有ENSO海温强迫情况下(图8),春季热带北大西洋的正海温异常对应着更强的局地正降水异常(图7a8a),其他季节没有明显差异,这与图3的结果类似。那么为何ENSO影响下热带北大西洋区域海-气耦合存在这种季节差异?一般情况而言,ENSO主要通过沃克环流抑制热带大西洋的降水(Jiang F,et al,2022),由于热带大西洋降水对ENSO的响应受到背景态年循环的调制而表现出经向移动,其中春季降水负异常的区域最偏南(图9)。另一方面,春季热带北大西洋响应ENSO强迫产生较强的海温异常,这导致在ENSO强迫下春季热带北大西洋局地海温异常与降水异常有更强的相关关系。而在其他季节,ENSO对NTA的影响较弱,因而其对该地区海-气耦合关系的调制作用就较弱。
为了验证上述观测的结论,还进一步检查了35个CMIP6模式历史模拟的1969—2014年NTA与局地降水异常关系的季节差异。图10给出了模式模拟的各个季节NTA与降水异常的相关系数,其中春、夏季的相关明显更强,这与观测结果一致,再次表明春、夏季NTA对激发局地降水异常具有重要作用。而在秋季,模式模拟的该区域海温与降水异常为显著正相关,这不同于观测中秋季海温与降水的弱耦合关系,可能与模式模拟的NTA变率在秋季过强有关(图11b)。冬季,模式模拟的海温与降水异常的关系较弱,这与观测中的结果一致,表明冬季热带北大西洋正海温异常不能导致对流降水增多,因此也不能产生远程气候影响。另外,CMIP6模式模拟的NTA与局地降水异常关系在有无ENSO强迫下的季节差异也与观测基本一致,即ENSO强迫下春季热带北大西洋海-气耦合增强,而其他季节有所减弱。另外,值得关注的是,虽然模式间差异较大,但夏季NTA与降水异常的关系在大部分模式里都存在显著正相关,这进一步证明了夏季热带北大西洋的强海-气耦合特征,即正NTA能带来更强的对流降水正异常,从而对全球气候有重要影响。虽然针对模式资料各季节选取的有无ENSO影响的年份与观测并不一致,并且每个模式也有区别,但这并不影响多模式模拟的结论。此外,为检验模式对热带北大西洋海温和降水气候特征的模拟效果,对比了模式模拟与观测的热带北大西洋气候态海温和降水,以及各月海温和降水异常标准差,虽然模式间存在较大差异,但都表现出了热带北大西洋的基本气候特征。如图11a所示,模式对热带北大西洋海温气候态的模拟普遍偏低,多模式集合平均的降水气候态的量级与观测基本一致,而对秋季降水气候态模拟,模式间差异很大。模式模拟的海温异常标准差表现出与观测一致的特征,即春季最强、秋季最弱,但其量级在春季弱于观测,而在秋季强于观测(图11b)。
基于1979—2023年的再分析海表温度、降水资料以及1969—2014年CMIP6模式的历史模拟资料,分析了NTA与局地降水异常关系的季节性特征及其在有无ENSO强迫下的差异,并探讨了其中可能的物理机制。主要结论概括如下:
(1)NTA与局地降水异常的关系存在明显的季节差异。具体地,在春、夏季,NTA与局地降水异常存在显著的正相关,表明春、夏季热带北大西洋正海温异常能导致降水增多,反之亦然;而秋、冬季,该区域海温异常与降水异常的耦合关系明显较弱。
(2)NTA与局地降水异常的这种季节差异主要与该区域海温气候态的季节循环及海温变率强弱有关。春季,尽管气候态海温相对较低,但春季较强的海温异常依旧能够突破对流阈值从而引起降水异常;夏季,相对较弱的海温异常叠加在较高的气候态海温上也极易激发局地对流异常;秋季,该区域的海温异常很弱,不易激发降水异常;冬季,由于气候态海温相对较低,该区域海温异常很难突破对流阈值激发降水,海-气耦合关系较弱。
(3)由于ENSO强迫对春季NTA影响很强,而其对该区域春季局地降水异常的影响相对较弱,这导致春季该区域海-气耦合在ENSO强迫下比无ENSO强迫明显更强;而ENSO对该区域其他季节海温异常的影响相对较小,所以其对该区域其他季节海-气耦合程度的影响也相对较小。
本研究表明,春、夏季NTA对局地对流及其相关气候影响具有明显的作用,这对与NTA相关的天气、气候预测具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。值得注意的是,CMIP6历史模拟可以很好地再现观测中NTA与局地降水异常在春季、夏季、冬季的耦合关系,但却无法再现秋季该区域的海-气耦合关系。本研究的初步分析表明这可能与模式对NTA变率的模拟偏差有关,将来可以进一步针对此偏差来源进行探究,以期提高模式对于热带北大西洋地区海-气耦合关系的模拟能力,继而提高气候模式的短期气候预测技巧。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42125501)
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2025年第83卷第5期
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doi: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240113
  • 接收时间:2024-09-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-02
  • 修回日期:2025-06-24
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国家自然科学基金项目(42125501)
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    南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心,南京,210044

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张文君,主要从事ENSO机理及海-气相互作用等的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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