Article(id=1244213316239868818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11676/qxxb2025.20240171, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727366400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-27, revisedDate=1733068800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774573170957, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774573170957, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774573170957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573170957, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244213313182221193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, year='2025', volume='83', issue='5', pageStart='1139', pageEnd='1384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774573170228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573255889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1186, endPage=1201, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244213316487332756, articleId=1244213316239868818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, language=EN, title=Comparative analysis of daytime and nighttime torrential rainfall processes in North China, columnId=1244213315661054860, journalTitle=Acta Meteorologica Sinica, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The similarities and differences in environmental conditions between daytime and nighttime torrential precipitation processes in North China have not been fully clarified. Based on precipitation data collected at 981 surface meteorological stations and ERA5 reanalysis data, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and environmental conditions of daytime and nighttime types of torrential precipitation processes in North China during the period from May to September of 2013—2023 are comprehensively analyzed. The objective classification method of the obliquely rotated T-mode principal component analysis is used to classify the circulation situations of daytime and nighttime types of torrential precipitation processes, and the characteristics of environmental physical variables of their corresponding circulation situations are then compared and analyzed. Direct comparison reveals that the environmental conditions of the nighttime heavy precipitation process in North China are different from that of the daytime heavy precipitation process, which provides an important basis for deepening our understanding of the formation mechanism of nighttime heavy rainfall in North China. The results show that the nighttime type torrential precipitation processes in North China develop more often after midnight, and have more occurrences over more concentrated regions, while the daytime processes and the first half-night precipitation of the nighttime processes have stronger convection and they mainly occur in July and August. Moisture of nighttime type is richer than that of daytime type, while CAPE of daytime type is higher than that of nighttime type. The distributions of both 850 hPa and 500 hPa temperature difference and 850 hPa vertical velocity are similar between the two types. Low-level wind speed and 0—1 km vertical wind shear are significantly higher in the nighttime type than in the daytime type. Low troughs and vortices at the edge of the subtropical high are the main synoptic systems influencing torrential precipitation processes in North China. The distribution characteristics of physical variable of the environments in different types of circulation situations are somewhat different. Moisture of deep trough circulation of daytime type and cold vortex circulation of nighttime type are the worst. 0—6 km vertical wind shear (SHR6) and 0—3 km vertical wind shear (SHR3) are generally not strong. SHR6 of daytime torrential precipitation processes is slightly stronger than that of nighttime type, and SHR3 of nighttime torrential precipitation processes is slightly stronger than that of daytime type. The above results indicate that the nighttime heavy rainfall over North China is closely related to the East Asian summer monsoon, which is characterized by abundant water vapor, high θse value, appropriate CAPE value and strong wind speed in the lower atmosphere. The low-level wind field and SHR3 distribution indicate that one of the dominant factors of nighttime heavy rainfall over North China is the diurnal variations of low level jet or strong wind speed.

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华北地区日间和夜间强降水过程的环境条件特征异同尚未完全明确。利用经质量控制的981个地面加密气象站降水观测数据和ERA5再分析资料,综合分析了2013—2023年5—9月华北地区日间型和夜间型强降水过程的时、空分布特征和环境条件的异同,并利用倾斜旋转T模态主成分分析方法对这两类强降水过程分别进行了环流形势分类,从而对比分析各类环流形势的相应环境物理量分布特征,为加深对华北夜间强降水形成机制认识提供依据。结果表明:华北地区夜间型强降水过程午夜后加强特征突出、过程数多、站点分布集中,而夜间型过程的前半夜降水和日间型过程对流性更强,二者都主要发生在7和8月。夜间型强降水过程水汽条件显著好于日间型,而日间型对流有效位能(CAPE)强于夜间型;两类强降水过程的850和500 hPa温差、850 hPa垂直速度分布接近;降水峰值时刻前的低层风速和0—1 km风垂直切变夜间型明显强于日间型。副高边缘低槽和低涡是华北地区强降水过程的主要影响系统。不同类型环流形势的强降水环境物理量场特征分布存在差异,日间型的深槽类和夜间型的冷涡类环流形势水汽条件最差;0—6 km风垂直切变(SHR6)和0—3 km风垂直切变(SHR3)总体较弱,日间型强降水过程SHR6略强于夜间型,夜间型强降水过程SHR3略强于日间型。以上结果表明华北夜间强降水过程与东亚夏季风关系密切,具体表现为非常充沛的水汽、较高的假相当位温(θse)、适当的CAPE和强的大气低层风速等,而低层风场和SHR3分布表明华北夜间强降水的主导因子之一是低空急流或强风速区的日变化。

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郑永光,主要从事强对流天气研究。E-mail:
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王美慧,主要从事强对流天气研究。E-mail:

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September 2013—2023(a)station precipitation accumulation in the daytime heavy precipitation process for heavy precipitation(12 h precipitation ≥50 mm),(b)station precipitation accumulation in the nighttime heavy precipitation process for heavy precipitation(12 h precipitation ≥50 mm), figureFileSmall=shvVNsCwEQWVOCMp1zkzow==, figureFileBig=lozNajy/AG03rNYqGl2hLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213322938171553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316239868818, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2013—2023年5—9月(a)日间型强降水过程的强降水(即12 h降水量≥50 mm)站点累计降水量,(b)夜间型强降水过程的强降水(即12 h降水量≥50 mm)站点累计降水量, figureFileSmall=shvVNsCwEQWVOCMp1zkzow==, figureFileBig=lozNajy/AG03rNYqGl2hLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213323005280424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316239868818, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Diurnal variations of accumulation amount,numbers,and intensity of precipitation at all torrential precipitation stations for all daytime and nighttime torrential precipitation processes(where the solid lines indicate precipitation amount,the dotted lines show the number of precipitation stations,and the dot dash lines are for precipitation intensity;the red lines represent daytime type,and the blue lines denote nighttime type), figureFileSmall=PNCybS0MBaojc+qsZaJgig==, figureFileBig=/69IY7PDDPi8M/dNnJUrRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213323076583598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316239868818, language=CN, label=图3, caption=日间型和夜间型强降水过程强降水站点的降水量、降水站次数、降水强度日变化(其中实线表示降水量、点线表示降水站次数、点划线表示降水强度;红色表示日间型过程,蓝色表示夜间型过程), figureFileSmall=PNCybS0MBaojc+qsZaJgig==, figureFileBig=/69IY7PDDPi8M/dNnJUrRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213323156275379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316239868818, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Diurnal variations of different variables of daytime and nighttime torrential rainfall stations(a. PW,b. CAPE,c. ΔT850-500,d. 850 hPa T,e. 850 hPa ω,f. 850 hPa QDIV,g. 925 hPa wind speed,h. 850 hPa wind speed,i. SHR3,j. SHR6, figureFileSmall=+kd6WfO/DILNVArpXToOoA==, figureFileBig=0YKfilP549jQ8pqErltcsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213324271960248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316239868818, language=CN, label=图4, caption=日间型和夜间型过程强降水站点的不同物理量日变化(a. PW,b. CAPE,c. ΔT850-500,d. 850 hPa T,e. 850 hPa ω,f. 850 hPa QDIV,g. 925 hPa风速,h. 850 hPa风速,i. SHR3,j. SHR6, figureFileSmall=+kd6WfO/DILNVArpXToOoA==, figureFileBig=0YKfilP549jQ8pqErltcsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213324372623549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316239868818, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=500 hPa geopotential height(blue solid line,unit:dagpm),850 hPa wind fields(barb)and geopotential height standard deviations(shaded)of the four types of circulation types for daytime(a,c,e,g)and nighttime(b,d,f,h)types(the red box represents the North China), figureFileSmall=3uplEaqO6wnBvUdL6XhtvQ==, figureFileBig=3H3NpUY9PGOt5TWWRSsIbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213324460703940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316239868818, language=CN, label=图5, caption=日间型(a、c、e、g)和夜间型(b、d、f、h)第一至第四类环流类型对应的500 hPa位势高度场(蓝色实线,单位:dagpm)、850 hPa风场(风羽)和位势高度标准差分布(色阶)(红色方框为华北地区), figureFileSmall=3uplEaqO6wnBvUdL6XhtvQ==, figureFileBig=3H3NpUY9PGOt5TWWRSsIbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213324544590026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316239868818, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The numbers of daytime and nighttime torrential precipitation processes of the four types of weather circulation types for every half a month during the period from May to September(B represents the first half of the month in the x-axis,and E denotes the second half of the month), figureFileSmall=nozPn0jiMHLMBcyvJYGAQA==, figureFileBig=dfdbLCkV60OG1ct8JJ61Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213324636864723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316239868818, language=CN, label=图6, caption=5—9月4类天气环流类型下日间型和夜间型强降水过程次数逐半月分布(x轴中B代表上半月,E代表下半月), figureFileSmall=nozPn0jiMHLMBcyvJYGAQA==, figureFileBig=dfdbLCkV60OG1ct8JJ61Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213324787859674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316239868818, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Distributions of physical variables before the occurrence of short-duration heavy precipitation for different circulation types of the daytime and nighttime torrential precipitation processes(red boxes represent daytime torrential precipitation process,and blue boxes are for nighttime torrential precipitation process;the markers from top to bottom are 90,75,25 and 10 percentiles;green dotted lines(green numbers)represent the averages;black solid lines show the medians)(a. PW,b. 850 hPa q,c. ΔT850-500,d. CAPE,e. 850 hPa wind speed,f. 925 hPa wind speed,g. SHR6,h. SHR3, figureFileSmall=AwnXLYg1f+cGGLG58PgEng==, figureFileBig=s3DjPMJJd7d+y30vrJhV+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213324884328669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316239868818, language=CN, label=图7, caption=日间型和夜间型强降水过程中不同类型环流形势短时强降水发生前物理量箱线图(红色框代表白天强降水过程,蓝色框代表夜间强降水过程;其中标记自上而下分别为:第90、第75、第25、第10百分位,绿色虚线(绿色数字)为平均值,黑色实线为中位数)(a. PW,b. 850 hPa q,c. ΔT850-500,d. CAPE,e. 850 hPa风速,f. 925 hPa风速,g. SHR6,h. 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华北日间型与夜间型强降水过程特征对比研究
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王美慧 1, 2 , 郑永光 1, 2 , 李典南 2, 3 , 华珊 2
气象学报 | 论文 2025,83(5): 1186-1201
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气象学报 | 论文 2025, 83(5): 1186-1201
华北日间型与夜间型强降水过程特征对比研究
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王美慧1, 2 , 郑永光1, 2 , 李典南2, 3, 华珊2
作者信息
  • 1.中国气象科学研究院,北京,100081
  • 2.国家气象中心,北京,100081
  • 3.南京信息工程大学大气科学学院,南京,210044
  • 王美慧,主要从事强对流天气研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

郑永光,主要从事强对流天气研究。E-mail:
Comparative analysis of daytime and nighttime torrential rainfall processes in North China
Meihui WANG1, 2 , Yongguang ZHENG1, 2 , Diannan LI2, 3, Shan HUA2
Affiliations
  • 1.Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,Beijing 100081,China
  • 2.National Meteorological Centre,Beijing 100081,China
  • 3.School of Atmospheric Science,Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,Nanjing 210044,China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240171
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华北地区日间和夜间强降水过程的环境条件特征异同尚未完全明确。利用经质量控制的981个地面加密气象站降水观测数据和ERA5再分析资料,综合分析了2013—2023年5—9月华北地区日间型和夜间型强降水过程的时、空分布特征和环境条件的异同,并利用倾斜旋转T模态主成分分析方法对这两类强降水过程分别进行了环流形势分类,从而对比分析各类环流形势的相应环境物理量分布特征,为加深对华北夜间强降水形成机制认识提供依据。结果表明:华北地区夜间型强降水过程午夜后加强特征突出、过程数多、站点分布集中,而夜间型过程的前半夜降水和日间型过程对流性更强,二者都主要发生在7和8月。夜间型强降水过程水汽条件显著好于日间型,而日间型对流有效位能(CAPE)强于夜间型;两类强降水过程的850和500 hPa温差、850 hPa垂直速度分布接近;降水峰值时刻前的低层风速和0—1 km风垂直切变夜间型明显强于日间型。副高边缘低槽和低涡是华北地区强降水过程的主要影响系统。不同类型环流形势的强降水环境物理量场特征分布存在差异,日间型的深槽类和夜间型的冷涡类环流形势水汽条件最差;0—6 km风垂直切变(SHR6)和0—3 km风垂直切变(SHR3)总体较弱,日间型强降水过程SHR6略强于夜间型,夜间型强降水过程SHR3略强于日间型。以上结果表明华北夜间强降水过程与东亚夏季风关系密切,具体表现为非常充沛的水汽、较高的假相当位温(θse)、适当的CAPE和强的大气低层风速等,而低层风场和SHR3分布表明华北夜间强降水的主导因子之一是低空急流或强风速区的日变化。

强降水过程  /  日间和夜间  /  分类  /  环流形势  /  环境物理量

The similarities and differences in environmental conditions between daytime and nighttime torrential precipitation processes in North China have not been fully clarified. Based on precipitation data collected at 981 surface meteorological stations and ERA5 reanalysis data, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and environmental conditions of daytime and nighttime types of torrential precipitation processes in North China during the period from May to September of 2013—2023 are comprehensively analyzed. The objective classification method of the obliquely rotated T-mode principal component analysis is used to classify the circulation situations of daytime and nighttime types of torrential precipitation processes, and the characteristics of environmental physical variables of their corresponding circulation situations are then compared and analyzed. Direct comparison reveals that the environmental conditions of the nighttime heavy precipitation process in North China are different from that of the daytime heavy precipitation process, which provides an important basis for deepening our understanding of the formation mechanism of nighttime heavy rainfall in North China. The results show that the nighttime type torrential precipitation processes in North China develop more often after midnight, and have more occurrences over more concentrated regions, while the daytime processes and the first half-night precipitation of the nighttime processes have stronger convection and they mainly occur in July and August. Moisture of nighttime type is richer than that of daytime type, while CAPE of daytime type is higher than that of nighttime type. The distributions of both 850 hPa and 500 hPa temperature difference and 850 hPa vertical velocity are similar between the two types. Low-level wind speed and 0—1 km vertical wind shear are significantly higher in the nighttime type than in the daytime type. Low troughs and vortices at the edge of the subtropical high are the main synoptic systems influencing torrential precipitation processes in North China. The distribution characteristics of physical variable of the environments in different types of circulation situations are somewhat different. Moisture of deep trough circulation of daytime type and cold vortex circulation of nighttime type are the worst. 0—6 km vertical wind shear (SHR6) and 0—3 km vertical wind shear (SHR3) are generally not strong. SHR6 of daytime torrential precipitation processes is slightly stronger than that of nighttime type, and SHR3 of nighttime torrential precipitation processes is slightly stronger than that of daytime type. The above results indicate that the nighttime heavy rainfall over North China is closely related to the East Asian summer monsoon, which is characterized by abundant water vapor, high θse value, appropriate CAPE value and strong wind speed in the lower atmosphere. The low-level wind field and SHR3 distribution indicate that one of the dominant factors of nighttime heavy rainfall over North China is the diurnal variations of low level jet or strong wind speed.

Torrential precipitation process  /  Daytime and nighttime  /  Classification  /  Circulations  /  Environmental variables
王美慧, 郑永光, 李典南, 华珊. 华北日间型与夜间型强降水过程特征对比研究. 气象学报, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1186 -1201 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240171
Meihui WANG, Yongguang ZHENG, Diannan LI, Shan HUA. Comparative analysis of daytime and nighttime torrential rainfall processes in North China[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1186 -1201 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240171
降水受大气环流、太阳辐射、地势分布、海陆热力差等多个因素的影响,时空特征复杂多变。研究(Chen,et al,2013Qian,et al,2015Zheng,et al,2019)显示,陆地上一天中降水峰值主要出现在午后至傍晚,但在中国四川盆地、青藏高原和沿海等地也广泛存在夜间至清晨的峰值。对于华北地区降水峰值而言,西部山区出现在午后,平原西部贴近山地出现在夜间,东部沿海地区则出现在清晨(宇如聪等,2016韩函等,2017Zheng,et al,2019刘菲凡等,2023)。
强降水与不同尺度天气系统之间相互作用有关(罗亚丽等,2020)。其中,天气形势分型是研究大尺度环流背景的重要方法,研究人员利用不同方法对强降水天气形势进行分类研究(丁一汇等,1980Zhao,et al,2019周璇等,2020),比如可基于副热带高压(副高)的活动特点(周鸣盛,1993)或影响华北地区强降水的主要天气系统(低涡、低槽、台风、锋面、切变线、气旋等)(丁一汇等,1980孙建华等,2005刘菲凡等,2024)对华北暴雨的环流形势进行分类研究;对环流形势的客观分类方法已被广泛应用于强降水研究中(Zhao,et al,2019Wang,et al,2021齐铎等,2024)。
不同地区、不同环流背景下,强降水发生所需大气水汽、热力不稳定、动力抬升和风垂直切变等条件不尽相同(Brooks,et al,2003郑永光等,2007郑媛媛等,2011孙继松等,2015Ma,et al,2021)。Tian等(2015)指出,中国中东部暖季短时强降水事件的整层大气可降水量普遍超过28 mm、K指数均在28.1℃以上;但不同的环流形势产生强降水的物理条件还是存在差异的,如周璇等(2020)对华北持续性极端暴雨过程的环流背景和环境特征进行了统计分析,发现经向型存在弱的层结不稳定异常,纬向型对流活动一般要强于经向型;热带气旋类环流背景下,水汽条件更好,热力和能量条件较差,而副高边缘弱天气尺度强迫类则是不稳定能量条件更好(刘菲凡等,2024)。
尽管已有众多关于华北地区降水日变化的研究,但这些研究大多集中于分析降水量和地区间的差异(Yu,et al,2007Zhou,et al,2008Chen,et al,2010He,et al,2010Yuan,et al,2010原韦华等,2014韩函等,2017Zheng,et al,2019刘菲凡等,2023丁乙等,2024)。以往研究(Yu,et al,2007He,et al,2010)已关注到短时降水对傍晚的降水量峰值贡献较大,而长时间降水则对午夜至凌晨的峰值影响更大,但对日间与夜间强降水环境条件差异尚不清楚,缺乏对这两类强降水形成机理的直接对比分析。另外,天气尺度环流的稳定维持对强降水的持续性起重要作用,而目前影响华北日间和夜间强降水的大气环流异同仍不清楚。为了深入理解华北地区日间和夜间强降水形成机制的异同,本研究将首先对比分析日间型和夜间型强降水过程的强降水分布和环境物理条件日变化特征,然后分别确定导致这两型强降水过程的不同大气环流形势类型,进而分析各类环流形势下其相应环境条件特征,从而为深化华北这两型强降水机理认识提供依据。
所用地面资料为中国气象局提供的2013—2023年5—9月华北地区(34°—42°N,112°—120°E,但不包括苏、皖北部)逐时降水资料,包括了国家级气象站和区域加密气象站。为保证数据时间序列的完整,如果选取的站点降水数据在当年有20%以上的缺测,则不使用该站的数据;为确保数据质量,所用站点均为2022年中国气象局确定的纳入国家级气象观测考核站,且通过了站点降水记录的极值检测,并将这些降水数据与雷达回波观测数据进行了对比检验。经过站点筛选和质量控制,华北地区共筛选出981个站点(如图1中蓝色圆点所示)。
大气环流形势分类和相关环境物理量分析采用欧洲中期天气预报中心第5代大气再分析资料(ERA5)逐时数据集,水平空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°。为研究强降水发生前的大尺度环流形势特征和类型,日间型强降水使用相应的08时(北京时,下同)ERA5数据进行环流形势分类,夜间型强降水则选用20时的数据。
文中日间时段为08—20时、夜间时段为20时—次日08时。
为了统计分析华北地区强降水特征,首先客观定义了强降水过程标准。基于百分位法研究强降水对指定研究区域和时段更具针对性(Manton,et al,2001),本研究把所有站点的降水量按大小排序,以其第99.5百分位数作为极端短时强降水的阈值(侯淑梅等,2020)。将华北区域所有站点小时降水量分别按照日间时段和夜间时段进行排序,得到两个降水量序列的第99.5百分位数均大致为30 mm,将此值作为本研究中定义强降水过程所用的小时降水量阈值。
参考孙继松等(2015)和刘菲凡等(2024)的筛选方法,采取了如下标准筛选日间型和夜间型强降水过程:(1)日间(夜间)累计降水量不小于50 mm的站点数≥5个,且这些站中至少有1站最大小时降水量不小于30 mm,定义为一个日间(夜间)强降水过程。中央气象台定义24 h降水量不小于50 mm为暴雨,因此,本研究将12 h累计降水量≥50 mm的站点称为强降水站点。(2)较多的强降水过程并不局限于日间或夜间,在其相邻日间或夜间时段也会发生符合上述标准的日间(夜间)强降水过程,是更长持续时间的强降水过程。因此,为了突出对比日间和夜间强降水过程的环境条件特征,文中分别定义了日间型和夜间型强降水过程,即对于日间型(夜间型)强降水过程除了满足前述第1条的标准外,还要求华北地区在该过程相邻的夜间(日间)时段都没有降水过程达到第1条的标准。
大气环流的客观分类比主观分类更具有普适性,因为这不受研究者的主观影响(Huth,1996)。倾斜旋转T模态主成分分析(PCT)客观分类方法是得到广泛应用的分型方法之一(Huth,2000),可以获得更真实且物理可解释的主成分模式,其分类结果在时间和空间上都比较稳定(Li,et al,2016He,et al,2017)。该方法是对海平面气压、位势高度或其他能够表征大气环流的变量进行时空展开,T模态分析以时间序列作为列、不同时间的网格点观测值作为行,对网格点数据进行主成分分析,再对主成分分析结果进行倾斜旋转,寻找不同时间数据在空间维度上的一般性规律,实现环流类型划分,更多细节可以参阅相关文献(Huth,19962000Huth,et al,2008)。
本研究对图1所示华北区域进行大气环流客观分类。先将ERA5再分析数据的500、700、850和925 hPa位势高度场分别输入到PCT算法中进行分类试验,对比不同的分类结果,发现采用500 hPa位势高度场联合850 hPa温度场的分类效果更好,其结果能够反映已有研究(周鸣盛,1993Zhao,et al,2019)给出的华北强降水的主要环流特征,为了判断各个大气环流类型中每个过程的环流场与该类合成环流场的相关关系,进一步计算了每个过程的500 hPa位势高度场、850 hPa温度场同相应合成场的相关系数,然后分别将各类环流形势中每个过程的相关系数按从大到小排序,计算表明,相关系数均大于0,且每类相关系数的第25百分位数均高于0.7,因此最后仅保留每类中相关系数高于第25百分位数的过程,以确保环流形势的客观分类结果更加合理。
本研究统计了与强降水密切有关的环境物理量分布特征,以考察前述两类强降水过程的环境条件异同。水汽相关的物理量包括大气可降水量(PW)、比湿(q)和相对湿度(RH);热力和不稳定能量相关的物理量包括地表气块抬升的对流有效位能(CAPE)、850和500 hPa温差(ΔT850-500)、气温(T)和假相当位温(θse)等;动力条件包括风速、p坐标垂直速度(ω)、风垂直切变(SHR)和水汽通量散度(QDIV)等。
环境物理量日变化统计分析方法为:针对前述选取的物理量,将发生强降水的站点(即前述12 h累计降水量≥50 mm的站点)与最邻近的ERA5再分析资料的格点做匹配,获取相应的环境物理量数据后,根据这些物理量的逐时分布分别得到它们各自的日变化特征。
对于各类天气形势的强降水过程,对强降水发生前的环境物理量统计分析方法为:首先针对日间型和夜间型降水过程的强降水站点,分别挑选出小时降水量达到短时强降水阈值标准的站点,然后选取该站点最邻近的格点数据,并从该站点达到最大小时降水量的时间往前推,将最近没有降水的时次作为强降水前的时刻,基于此时刻分别计算出各类环流型强降水发生前不同环境物理量的百分位数,并制作相应的箱线图。
以往的研究(宇如聪等,2016韩函等,2017Zheng,et al,2019)已指出,在华北地区的暖季,短时强降水事件通常在午后时段达到峰值,而长持续时间强降水事件则更倾向于在凌晨发生。本研究共筛选出71次日间型强降水过程和86次夜间型强降水过程,虽然这些强降水过程没有包含同时涵盖日间和夜间的长持续时间强降水过程,但也表明华北地区夜间强降水较日间更频发。需要补充说明的是,也统计分析了降水峰值发生在日间和夜间的所有强降水过程(即不要求这些过程满足第2节中强降水过程定义的第2条标准)分布,结果同样是夜间强降水过程次数较多。
从日间型和夜间型强降水过程的强降水(即12 h降水量≥50 mm)站点降水量累计空间分布(图2)来看,这两类过程都主要发生在太行山以东河北中部和东北部偏南的地区、天津中部附近、山东西南部和南部的部分地区等;河南北部与山东西南部交界附近区域也是日间型强降水过程累计降水量大值中心之一,部分强降水站点累计雨量超过200 mm,但强降水站点分布较为分散;而夜间型强降水明显在山东中部偏西的区域强降水量较大,北京东北部、天津北部、河北东北部的部分地区、河北中部平原和天津中部偏南区域强降水站点数与降水量也明显多于日间型,且强降水站点的分布更集中,这主要是由于夜间型强降水多由系统性大范围降水过程主导以及受地形抬升作用影响的缘故(Zheng,et al,2008罗亚丽等,2020),降水系统的组织化程度更高;此外,夜间型多个站点累计降水量超过300 mm,部分站点在400 mm以上,是日间型的1—1.5倍。
日间型强降水过程在2022年出现的频率最高,共有11次,其他年份的过程相对较少,每年大致有3—9次;而对于夜间型强降水过程,2013年和2020—2022年这4 a的过程数量最多,共有46次夜间型强降水过程。
日间型和夜间型强降水过程都主要发生在7和8月;其中7月较多,日间型有36次,夜间型有37次;5和9月发生最少;每个月份都是夜间型发生数比日间型多,进一步表明华北地区夜间强降水更为频繁。
图3给出了日间型和夜间型强降水过程中强降水站点的小时降水量累计(简称降水量)、小时降水站次数累计(简称降水站次数)和平均降水强度(简称降水强度,即降水量除以降水站次数)的日变化特征,其中强降水站点即前文给出的12 h累计降水量不小于50 mm的站点。
日间型强降水过程中强降水站点的降水峰值时段为14—18时,降水站次数峰值在17时;降水强度峰值不凸出,10—19时降水强度都较大,但呈现为波动变化特征,这明显不同于以前获得的华北区域强降水量和频次日变化以下午为主峰的特征(如韩函等,2017Zheng,et al,2019刘菲凡等,2023),与后文日间型强降水过程CAPE的日变化对应,日间型强降水过程中强降水站点的CAPE值在上午也普遍大于1000 J/kg,远大于傍晚至凌晨的CAPE,表明日间型强降水的对流性更强。
夜间型强降水过程降水站点的降水量峰值时段在01—03时,降水站次数在03时达到峰值,降水站次数峰值略不同于降水量峰值,夜间的降水强度达到峰值比降水量和降水站次数早约6 h,说明前半夜降水较强,午夜后的降水强度偏弱,与后文的环境物理量日变化结合来看,主要是夜间型强降水过程前半夜CAPE值较大的缘故,进一步说明了降水过程时间演变的不对称性,这是对流风暴加强发展阶段对流活动强的具体表现。
日间型强降水的降水量、降水站次数和降水强度随时间变化较为平缓,峰值都较夜间型弱,但降水强度明显强于夜间型强降水,说明日间强降水过程对流性更强;而夜间型强降水由于降水过程更多,因而降水站次数更多、累计降水量更大,但降水强度在21时至次日03时变化更平缓。
日间型和夜间型强降水过程的PW日变化都为单峰型(图4a),与强降水过程降水量峰值时间基本一致,但较相应的强降水量日变化更平缓,且峰值都超过54 mm,都具有充沛的水汽条件,但夜间型强降水过程PW峰值更高,表明夜间型强降水过程的水汽相对更充沛(日间型强降水过程PW日变化峰值出现在14—17时,峰值时刻接近55 mm,夜间型强降水过程PW日变化峰值出现在00—03时,峰值时刻接近58 mm)。850 hPa RH与q的日变化特征与PW非常类似(图略),这里不再赘述。
日间型和夜间型强降水过程的CAPE日变化都是在午后时段最强(图4b)。日间型强降水过程CAPE峰值出现在10—17时,17时以后迅速下降,之后CAPE值均在800 J/kg以下,夜间型强降水过程中CAPE峰值出现在16—18时,之后CAPE逐渐下降,但在夜间型强降水过程的峰值时刻前(20—23时),CAPE仍维持在1000 J/kg左右,00—05时CAPE为800—1000 J/kg,变化平缓,说明日间型和夜间型强降水前都有较好的不稳定能量条件,但日间型强降水峰值时刻前CAPE值要大于夜间型强降水峰值时刻的值,相比之下日间型强降水前不稳定能量条件更好,因此,如前所述,日间型强降水过程的降水强度和对流性更强。
ΔT850-500很大程度上代表了大气垂直减温率。ΔT850-500的日变化峰值同样出现在日间(图4c),虽然日间型强降水过程降水峰值时刻前的ΔT850-500要稍大于夜间型强降水过程的值,但由于ΔT850-500的日变化幅度并不大(主要集中在23—25℃),峰值时刻也不超过25℃,所以日间型和夜间型强降水的ΔT850-500具有很高的一致性。
850 hPa T的日变化特征与ΔT850-500类似(图4d),日间型和夜间型强降水前T的差异并不明显,基本一致;且T的日变化峰值都出现在17时前后;值得注意的是,夜间型比日间型同时刻对应的T更高,综合前文的水汽分布特征,表明夜间型强降水过程发生在更暖湿的环境中,也就是前文给出的多发生在7和8月。850 hPa θse日变化显示(图略),日间型和夜间型降水过程θse均在降水峰值时刻前达到峰值,夜间型强降水峰值时刻前θse值大于日间型强降水峰值时刻的值,此外夜间型强降水过程θse从午后就保持一个较高的值(接近348 K),这个数值超过了通常表示东亚夏季风北界前沿的θse值(340 K)(陈隆勋等,1991),意味着东亚夏季风是影响华北夜间型强降水的重要因素。
从不同高度层上ω、QDIV和风速的日变化来看,500(图略)和850 hPa(图4eω在日间型和夜间型的强降水过程中日变化均为单峰型,具有在降水峰值时刻前上升运动明显加强特征,在降水峰值时刻前后ω最强。日间型强降水过程的850 hPa ω在午后迅速减弱;对于夜间型强降水过程,850 hPa ω从傍晚开始显著增强,并在00时前后达到最强。850 hPa QDIV的日变化特征与ω相似(图4f),这是因为ω的增强和水汽辐合相对应的缘故,虽然环境大气的上升运动通常不能直接触发对流风暴,但说明环境大气的水汽辐合和上升运动是有利于区域性强降水发展的重要方面。
有很多研究指出低空急流是导致降水昼夜循环的一个重要物理机制(孙建华等,2006罗亚丽等,2020智协飞等,2022)。夜间南风低空急流向降水区输送温暖、潮湿的水汽,为夜间降水提供水汽来源和辐合抬升条件。日间型和夜间型强降水过程的925 hPa(图4g)和850 hPa(图4h)风速日变化显示,低层大气风速在这两类强降水过程中日变化差异较大。夜间型强降水过程的风速日变化呈现单峰型,傍晚开始明显增强,在01—04时达到最大,850 hPa上风速超过8 m/s,925 hPa上风速峰值达7.4 m/s;对于日间型强降水过程,日间强降水时段风速增强较快,但总体显著弱于夜间型强降水的相应风速,说明日间型强降水过程中低空急流(或强风速区)作用不显著,而夜间型过程中低空急流(或强风速区)具有重要作用。
Weisman等(1988)研究表明,强SHR有利于强对流风暴的发展和组织化,但研究表明大多数短时强降水事件发生在较弱SHR环境下(田付友等,2017)。图4i、j给出了华北地区发生强降水的站点0—3 km SHR(SHR3)和0—6 km SHR(SHR6)的日变化特征,日间型和夜间型强降水过程的SHR峰值均小于12 m/s,SHR都不是很强。日间型强降水过程中,无论是0—6 km或是0—3 km的SHR,都在16时前后达到峰值,与降水的峰值时间吻合;夜间型强降水过程的SHR则都在凌晨时段较强,也与降水峰值时间对应。特别值得注意的是,日间型和夜间型强降水过程在降水量峰值时间前SHR6大小相近,都在11 m/s左右,都不是很强;但相对于SHR3,0—1 km SHR(SHR1)(图略)夜间型降水峰值前要明显大于日间型,同样表明低空急流(或强风速区)对夜间降水形成和发展有重要影响。
总结以上环境物理量的日变化特征,水汽、ω等物理量日变化都存在着降水峰值时刻达到物理量峰值的特征,说明日间型和夜间型强降水的发生都具备良好的水汽条件和环境抬升条件,但夜间水汽更充沛;对于表征热力、不稳定能量等条件的物理量,并没有完全呈现出在强降水发生前明显达到峰值的特征,强降水峰值时刻前日间型的CAPE和ΔT850-500的量值大于夜间型,但都维持在一个相对较高的值,说明日间型和夜间型强降水具备较好的热力不稳定和能量条件,但日间型强降水发生前的热力和能量条件要好于夜间型强降水。相对日间型过程,夜间型强降水过程具有更为强烈的夜间风速增大和较大的大气低层SHR特征,说明夜间型强降水的形成与低空急流(或强风速区)关系更为密切。
确定强降水的大气环流形势特征是认识强降水机理和进行主观预报的重要基础。如前所述,本研究分别使用PCT分类方法得到了华北日间型和夜间型强降水过程的4类环流类型(图5)。由于去掉了每类环流形势中与相应合成场相关系数低于第25百分位数的过程,因此,过程数较第3节给出的过程数有所减少;其中共有52次日间型强降水过程,第一至第四类环流形势的过程数分别为21(40.38%)、14(26.92%)、8(15.38%)、9次(17.31%);夜间型强降水过程共有63次,每类环流形势的过程数分别为23(36.51%)、23(36.51%)、9(14.29%)、8次(12.7%);从各类强降水过程数目来看,日间型和夜间型强降水的环流形势都以前两类为主,不同于以往研究(孙建华等,2005刘菲凡等,2024),这些过程中不包括台风类降水。
日间型和夜间型强降水过程的第一类环流形势(分别称为DWT1类和NWT1类)类似,都可称为副高边缘东北扰动类。该类主要影响系统都是华北地区的东北方有小槽,华北地区处于西风槽前,850 hPa切变线明显,西北太平洋副高位置偏北,584 dagpm等高线在36°N附近,但NWT1类与DWT1类相比,槽的位置更偏东,588 dagpm等值线在华北区域东南部,说明NWT1类强降水受副高影响更明显。此类环流形势下强降水过程主要发生在7和8月,发生在8月上半月的最多,而5和9月较少发生(图6)。
日间型第二类过程的环流背景与夜间型第二类过程相似(分别称为DWT2类和NWT2类),同属副高边缘西北扰动类。在此环流背景下,华北地区受小槽控制,副高偏北,500 hPa华北地区等高线密集,副高西侧边缘具有较大的气压梯度,其外围西南暖湿气流输送有利于强对流生成,但NWT2类槽的位置更偏西一些,且槽更深;该类与第一类的主要差别是小槽位置相对于华北地区偏西北方向。此类环流形势下发生的强降水过程集中于7月上半月到8月下半月,日间型发生在7月下半月的居多,夜间型发生在7月上半月和8月下半月的居多(图6)。
日间型第三类和夜间型第三类(分别称为DWT3类和NWT3类)从500 hPa平均位势高度场看,都可称为冷涡类。华北地区以北区域都有冷涡,华北地区位于槽前或冷涡南部,副高位置偏南。DWT3类低涡中心位于(45°—53°N,105°—115°E),冷涡位置在华北地区西北方向;而NWT3类冷涡中心位于(40°—47°N,113°—120°E),即华北地区北侧,华北地区位于850 hPa切变线附近。这两类环流形势强降水过程主要发生在6—8月,DWT3类在7月下半月发生的频数明显高于其他时段(图6)。
日间型强降水过程第四类和夜间型第四类(分别称为DWT4类和NWT4类)明显不同,DWT4类为深槽类,NWT4类为脊前类。DWT4类700 hPa流场上渤海、辽西及其附近区域西南—东北向的流线分布密集(图略),表明具有强风速区,500 hPa位势高度场上高压中心稳定在日本南部附近,华北地区位于槽前,同DWT1类和DWT2类相比,槽要深得多;NWT4类副高偏南,华北地区位于高压脊前。DWT4类的强降水过程在8月下半月最多,NWT4类集中在6月下半月到8月(图6)。
总体上,日间型和夜间型强降水过程在环流形势上有很多共性,但也有明显差别。DWT1类和NWT1类均受东北方向小槽和副高影响,DWT2类和NWT2类则受西北方向槽和偏北副高影响,其中NWT2类低槽更明显。DWT3类和NWT3类均由低涡主导,但低涡位置不同。DWT4类和NWT4类差异最明显,DWT4类受东北冷涡外围大槽影响,而NWT4类华北地区位于高压脊前。日间型和夜间型这两型强降水过程的第一类与第二类都主要在7和8月发生,与强盛的东亚夏季风密切相关;4类天气形势的强降水过程都很少发生在5和9月,多发生于7和8月,更多发生在华北暴雨的主要时段“七下八上”,与华北主汛期一致。
本节对日间型和夜间型强降水过程不同环流形势影响强降水的关键环境物理量进行对比,统计分析这两类强降水过程的各种环流形势下短时强降水发生前时刻的环境物理量分布,从而为这两类强降水过程短时强降水预报提供参考依据。
PW值越大,短时强降水发生的可能性越高,PW超过59 mm时,通常认为有足够的水汽条件来形成强降水(Tian,et al,2015)。图7a显示日间型和夜间型强降水过程都需要有充沛的水汽条件。除DWT4类和NWT3类外,各类型PW均值均超过51 mm,第25百分位值接近50 mm。日间和夜间型强降水过程的第一、二、四类环流形势PW分布与前文得出的相应强降水类型的PW日变化特征一致,都是夜间型强降水过程水汽条件略好,尤其第一类和第二类同属副高偏北的环流配置下,有75%的PW超过50 mm;而DWT3类PW值要略高于NWT3类。日间型4种类型中DWT1类水汽条件最好,其次是DWT2类和DWT3类,DWT4类水汽条件最差。夜间型4类天气形势中NWT1类、NWT2类和NWT4类的PW值较大,均值接近60 mm,NWT1类在所有夜间类型中水汽最充沛,而NWT3类水汽条件最差。
低层850 hPa比湿(图7b)与PW分布基本类似:第一和第四类环流形势比湿的分布都是夜间型强降水过程更强一点,同前文给出的比湿日变化分布也基本一致;第二类环流形势比湿的分布是日间型略好一点,但与夜间型均值接近;而第三类为日间型比湿值更大,但如前所述,这类强降水过程数量很少。
日间型和夜间型强降水过程的ΔT850-500图7c)差异不大,均值接近25℃,与雷蕾等(2011)得到的北京对流性降水过程的ΔT850-500均值基本一致。同CAPE分布对比可发现,强降水发生前存在中等强度的条件不稳定和不太大的温差条件即可产生强降水。第二和第四类环流形势的日间型强降水过程ΔT850-500略强于夜间型强降水,与前文的ΔT850-500日变化对比一致,而第一和第三类是夜间型强降水过程的ΔT850-500略强。日间型强降水过程的各类环流形势中,ΔT850-500均值在25℃左右,各类形势的差异不是很大,只是DWT2类和DWT4类略大一些;夜间型强降水过程中NWT1类和NWT2类的ΔT850-500的第75百分位值超过26℃,NWT3类的ΔT850-500的均值也接近25℃,只有NWT4类ΔT850-500最小,均值仅23.4℃,结合前文给出的PW分布,表明NWT4类形势下整层大气非常暖湿。
日间型和夜间型强降水过程的CAPE均不是很强(图7d)(均值都在2100 J/kg以下,主要集中在1000—1500 J/kg),属于中等强度的条件不稳定,如前文给出的CAPE日变化特征所示,总体上日间型强降水过程CAPE要大于夜间型。日间型4类环流形势中,DWT2类CAPE值最大,均值达到2071.2 J/kg;其次是DWT1类,该类副高偏北环流形势的热力和不稳定能量条件要略优于其他类环流形势,如前所述,水汽也非常充沛;DWT3类和DWT4类CAPE最小。夜间型中,NWT1类CAPE的均值高于NWT2、NWT3和NWT4类,NWT2类CAPE值较分散,第75百分位、第25百分位值分别为1697.8和270.6 J/kg,NWT3类和NWT4类不稳定能量条件最差。对比相似环流形势的日间型和夜间型强降水过程CAPE分布,DWT1类和NWT1类CAPE值分布非常类似,DWT2类和DWT3类CAPE值要明显大于相应的夜间型。以上CAPE分布表明,多数日间型强降水过程CAPE值高于夜间型,而副高偏北环流形势的日间型强降水过程不稳定能量条件更好。
前文环境物理量日变化特征显示,夜间型强降水过程表现出显著的夜间风速加强和低层风切变较大的特征。夜间型强降水过程各类环流型的850 hPa风速要普遍大于日间各类型(图7e),其中NWT1类和NWT2类风速较大,平均值达8.8 m/s,最大超过12 m/s;NWT3类和NWT4类风速较小,均值接近6 m/s。日间型强降水过程的各类环流型中850 hPa风速都不是很大(风速都在12 m/s以下),DWT1类风速略高于其余两种类型,DWT4类强降水前风速最小。类似地,925 hPa风速也是夜间型普遍大于日间型(图7f),日间型各类环流的风速差异不大,夜间型NWT1类和NWT2类风速最强,NWT3类和NWT4类风速很接近。以上结果表明,强降水在副高偏北的环流形势下大气低层风速都显著大于其他环流类型,而且夜间型降水过程的风速明显更强;日间型与夜间型强降水过程的925 hPa风速差异比850 hPa更明显,说明夜间型强降水过程边界层风速加强对夜间强降水产生具有更为重要的作用。
850 hPa ω分布与其日变化特征很类似(图略)。日间型与夜间型强降水过程的差异很小,夜间型略强;日间型与夜间型的第一类环流形势ω均值接近;第二、三和四类环流形势ω分布都是夜间型强降水过程更强一点,均值为−0.4—−0.16 Pa/s。
从各类环流型的SHR来看,日间型和夜间型强降水过程的所有类型天气形势的SHR6均值均小于15 m/s(图7g),与以前的研究结果“短时强降水SHR以弱风垂直切变为主”基本一致(田付友等,2017)。第一、三和四类天气形势SHR6分布与日变化统计结果一致,日间型强降水过程略强,但同夜间型差异不明显,而第二类天气形势是夜间型降水过程SHR6更强一些,这与NWT2类天气形势的500 hPa低槽更强、等高线更密集有关。日间型强降水过程4类天气形势类型中,DWT1、DWT3和DWT4类的SHR6中值都接近12 m/s,其中DWT3类最强,平均值为14.2 m/s,DWT2类最弱。夜间型强降水过程也是第三类天气形势(即NWT3类)SHR6最强,NWT2类和NWT4类差别不是很明显,NWT1类最弱。从SHR3图7h)来看,SHR3都是夜间型强降水过程略强于日间型,说明夜间型强降水700 hPa也存在很明显的大风速区,可能与大气低层925和850 hPa的强风速区密切相关。
利用华北地区2013—2023年5—9月981个气象站逐时降水量数据,共筛选出71次日间型强降水过程和86次夜间型强降水过程,对比分析了这两类强降水时空分布特征和主要的环流形势及其环境条件特征。得到主要结论如下:
(1)华北强降水夜发性特征突出,夜间型强降水站点分布集中,而日间型强降水过程对流性更强,但夜间型过程的前半夜降水较后半夜具有更强的对流性。日间型强降水过程降水量峰值主要集中在14—18时,但降水强度峰值集中在10—18时,峰值时段很长且不显著;夜间型强降水过程降水量峰值出现在01—03时,而降水强度峰值出现在22时前后。华北日间型和夜间型强降水过程主要发生在主汛期的7和8月。
(2)日间型与夜间型强降水过程日降水峰值时段也是PW峰值时段,水汽充沛,但夜间型水汽条件好于日间型;CAPE和ΔT850-500峰值均出现在日间,但日间型强降水CAPE值强于夜间型,而ΔT850-500日间型与夜间型差异并不明显;850 hPa ω也存在降水峰值时刻达到物理量峰值的特征;在强降水峰值时刻前,925 hPa风速以及SHR1都是夜间型明显强于日间型,说明夜间边界层风速加强对夜间强降水形成有重要作用。
(3)日间型和夜间型强降水过程的环流形势都可分为4种类型,两类强降水过程的环流形势有很多共同点,主要影响天气系统均是副高边缘的低槽和低涡,但没有台风类降水。4类降水过程天气形势中,副高边缘东北扰动类和副高边缘西北扰动类共占所有过程的约70%;冷涡类占比约15%;日间型强降水过程的深槽类和夜间型的脊前类环流形势总共占约15%。
(4)两类强降水过程的各种环流形势环境物理量分布与其相应的日变化特征非常类似,但不同的环流形势存在差异。日间型的DWT4类(深槽类)和夜间型的NWT3类(冷涡类)环流形势水汽条件最差。日间型的DWT2类(副高边缘西北扰动类)CAPE最大,均值超过2000 J/kg。夜间型强降水过程大气低层风速均强于日间型,但NWT3类(冷涡类)和NWT4类(脊前类)风速较小。不同类型天气形势的850 hPa ω分布差异不大。SHR6和SHR3总体上不强,日间型强降水过程SHR6略强于夜间型,但DWT2类(副高边缘西北扰动类)SHR6在所有类型中最弱;夜间型强降水过程SHR3略强于日间型,其中DWT2类(副高边缘西北扰动类)和DWT4类(深槽类)的环流形势最弱。
本研究结果表明,华北夜间强降水过程与东亚夏季风关系密切,其具备的充沛水汽、适当的CAPE值、较高的θse值和强的大气低层风等环境条件揭示了东亚夏季风活动是决定该型强降水过程的主导因素,与Zheng等(2007)和郑永光等(2007)发现华北7和8月多为以强降水为主的夜间深厚湿对流具有显著一致性。
文中针对华北地区强降水日变化的双峰特征,明确揭示了日间型和夜间型强降水过程的主要环境条件、环流形势及其异同,以及不同环流形势的强降水环境物理量分布与其日变化特征的对应关系等;未来,将对比分析日间型和夜间型这两类强降水过程的对流系统的触发和维持机制及结构特征等共性和差异,以及低空急流、地势分布和海陆分布等的影响,以进一步深入认识华北夜间强降水的形成机理;还需指出的是,发生在非主导类型的环境条件和环流形势下的夜间型强降水过程在预报业务中具有更大的难度,其形成机制也是下一步研究工作的重要内容。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42175017)
  • 中国气象局强对流天气重点创新团队项目(CMA2022ZD07)
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2025年第83卷第5期
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doi: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240171
  • 接收时间:2024-09-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-27
  • 修回日期:2024-12-02
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(42175017)
中国气象局强对流天气重点创新团队项目(CMA2022ZD07)
作者信息
    1.中国气象科学研究院,北京,100081
    2.国家气象中心,北京,100081
    3.南京信息工程大学大气科学学院,南京,210044

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郑永光,主要从事强对流天气研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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