Article(id=1244213316072096657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11676/qxxb2025.20240092, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722355200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-31, revisedDate=1735228800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774573170917, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774573170917, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774573170917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573170917, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244213313182221193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, year='2025', volume='83', issue='5', pageStart='1139', pageEnd='1384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774573170228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573255889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1313, endPage=1328, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244213316273423251, articleId=1244213316072096657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, language=EN, title=Controlling data quality and assessing turbulence detection capability of a Doppler wind lidar, columnId=1244213315661054860, journalTitle=Acta Meteorologica Sinica, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To obtain high precision wind profile and turbulence products and fully understand the application potential of wind lidar, quality control of Doppler wind lidar with five-beam swing (DBS5) mode is investigated in this work using radial velocity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Three-dimensional wind and turbulence measurements by the DBS5 mode of wind lidar are systematically evaluated based on measurements of a three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer mounted on a tower. The results show that the wind lidar exhibits excellent observational accuracy with root mean square errors (RMSEs) as low as 0.4 m/s, 0.1 m/s, 0.1 m/s, 0.1 m/s, and 0.5 m2/s2 for horizontal wind speed (WS), vertical velocity (w), standard deviation of vertical velocity (σw), friction velocity (u*), and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), respectively at the height of 140 m. Moreover, the impacts of time scale, elevation angle, and spatial scale on observational accuracy of wind lidar are investigated. The results indicate that variations in time scale have little impact on observational accuracy, while elevation angle may affect the accuracy of TKE. Additionally, the RMSEs of WS and TKE gradually increase with increasing spatial scale, while the accuracy of w, σw, and u* remain relatively stable. Further investigation of profiles of turbulence and vertical velocity under clear-sky conditions in Beijing indicates that the power spectra of vertical velocity is consistent with the classical −5/3 scaling law at different periods and heights, whereas white noise appears in the high-frequency region and intensifies with increasing height, especially above the boundary layer. Finally, the vertical turbulence of low-level jets (LLJs) observed by Doppler wind lidar is stronger below the jet height and weaker in and above the jet height.

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为获取高精度的风廓线和湍流产品,全面认识测风激光雷达应用潜力,基于径向速度和信噪比,开展了测风激光雷达5波束(DBS5)模式观测资料的质量控制算法研究。通过与铁塔上安装的三维超声风速仪观测资料对比,评估了测风激光雷达DBS5模式获取的三维风速和湍流的探测性能。结果显示,在140 m高度处,测风激光雷达具有卓越的观测精度,水平风速(WS)、垂直速度(w)、垂直速度标准差(σw)、摩擦速度(u*)和平均湍流强度(TKE)的均方根误差(RMSE)分别低至0.4 m/s、0.1 m/s、0.1 m/s、0.1 m/s和0.5 m2/s2。此外,还分析了时间尺度、观测仰角和空间尺度对雷达观测精度的影响。分析发现,时间尺度的变化对其观测精度影响可以忽略不计,而观测仰角对TKE影响较大。空间尺度对wσwu*影响较小,而对WS和TKE影响较大。研究北京晴空条件下的湍流廓线特征发现,不同时段、不同高度垂直速度功率谱均展现经典−5/3幂次律特征,但在高频区域存在白噪声,且白噪声随着探测高度的上升而增大,在边界层以上尤为显著。对低空急流的垂直湍流结构特征分析表明,低空急流期间伴有强烈的上升运动,且急流高度以下的湍流较强,急流高度及其以上的湍流大幅度减弱。研究为测风激光雷达在不同场景下的应用提供了基础支撑,揭示了北京晴空条件下的湍流廓线特征。

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权建农,主要从事城市边界层气象与环境研究工作。E-mail:
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程志刚,主要从事城市边界层气象观测与高影响天气研究工作。E-mail:

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程志刚,主要从事城市边界层气象观测与高影响天气研究工作。E-mail:

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A study on turbulence and three-dimensional wind field based on observations of three wind lidars. 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Basic principle and technical progress of Doppler wind lidar. 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Wind disaster risk assessment for facility agriculture in Shandong province. 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, companyId=1244213321134620711, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Urban Meteorology,Beijing 100089,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244213321151397929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, companyId=1244213321134620711, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京城市气象研究院,北京,100089)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1244213325576388873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=(a)Distribution of observation sites and photos used in this article(the map is Ovi World map image;IUM,IAP,and NJ are respectively the Institute of Urban Meteorology,Institute of Atmospheric Physics tower,and Beijing basic meteorological observation station;E1—E14 are the observation experiments conducted in this study;see Table 2 for details);(b)and(c)are schematic diagrams of DBS5 mode and vertical LOS10Hz mode of Doppler wind lidar,respectively, figureFileSmall=eBsd8lG40sHqf0cYwEhE/A==, figureFileBig=dXy4/ztWktGqFGL2kIJv/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325693829388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=CN, label=图1, caption=(a)开展观测试验的站点分布及观测现场照片(地图为天地图影像;其中IUM、IAP和NJ分别为北京城市气象研究院、大气所铁塔、南郊观象台;E1—E14为本研究所开展的观测试验,详见表2);(b)和(c)分别是测风激光雷达DBS5模式和垂直LOS10Hz模式的示意, figureFileSmall=eBsd8lG40sHqf0cYwEhE/A==, figureFileBig=dXy4/ztWktGqFGL2kIJv/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325878378779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Variation of horizontal wind speed error with elevation(S1 and S2 are the first and second terms on the right side of the formulas(15)—(16);S1 is the result when the wind speed is 20 m/s,and the value of ±εθ in S1 and S2 is +0.1°), figureFileSmall=LvtynVr7tEHidttgKkXjYQ==, figureFileBig=XrPvoAS0kp+iKNpaZF7+6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325958070560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=CN, label=图2, caption=水平风速误差随仰角的变化(S1和S2分别是式(15)和(16)中等号右边的第1项和第2项;其中S1是在20 m/s风速情况下的结果,S1和S2的±εθ取+0.1°), figureFileSmall=LvtynVr7tEHidttgKkXjYQ==, figureFileBig=XrPvoAS0kp+iKNpaZF7+6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326037762341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Flow chart of data quality control for wind lidar, figureFileSmall=KRJktoxmtJ1Mo2rDNzhAMA==, figureFileBig=wSj9UELNkgJPmL2e+Ihe4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326134231344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=CN, label=图3, caption=测风激光雷达资料质量控制流程, figureFileSmall=KRJktoxmtJ1Mo2rDNzhAMA==, figureFileBig=wSj9UELNkgJPmL2e+Ihe4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326230700347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Relationship between radial velocity and SNR(gray dots are excluded data by SNR threshold quality control;red dots are excluded data by quality control of radial wind shear threshold and maximum missing gate threshold;green dots are effective data after quality control;the cyan solid line is the standard deviation of radial velocity under different SNR;the black dashed line is the line with SNR equals to 8), figureFileSmall=ZrfHObKrhpHSTqzQYriZxA==, figureFileBig=veOUQ7LN1cLedUN3lswcSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326318780738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=CN, label=图4, caption=径向速度与SNR关系的散点图(灰点为SNR阈值质控剔除的数据,红点为径向风切变阈值和连续缺测距离门数阈值质控剔除的数据,绿点为质控后的有效数据;青色实线为不同SNR下的径向速度标准差(σVr_SNR),黑色虚线为SNR=8的线), figureFileSmall=ZrfHObKrhpHSTqzQYriZxA==, figureFileBig=veOUQ7LN1cLedUN3lswcSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326411055437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Comparison of wind lidar DBS5 mode and three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer(Sonic)during E1(Figs. a—h are horizontal wind speed(WS,unit:m/s),horizontal wind direction(WD,unit:°),vertical velocity(w,unit:m/s),standard deviation of u-wind(σu,unit:m/s),standard deviation of v-wind(σv,unit:m/s),standard deviation of vertical velocity(σw,unit:m/s),frictional velocity(u,unit:m/s)and average turbulent kinetic energy(TKE,unit:m2/s2),respectively;the black dotted line is a 1∶1 line;color shadings show the normalized scatter density), figureFileSmall=zqj5s2zO7Zwn1TvCxjl4xA==, figureFileBig=rwjMeMLh3ppKmeZoZt0P+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326515913045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=CN, label=图5, caption=E1期间,测风激光雷达DBS5模式与三维超声风速仪(Sonic)的对比结果(a—h分别是水平风速(WS,单位:m/s),水平风向(WD,单位:°),垂直速度(w,单位:m/s),纬向风标准差(σu,单位:m/s),经向风标准差(σv,单位:m/s),垂直速度标准差(σw,单位:m/s),摩擦速度(u,单位:m/s)和平均湍流动能(TKE,单位:m2/s2);黑色虚线为1∶1线,色阶为归一化的散点密度), figureFileSmall=zqj5s2zO7Zwn1TvCxjl4xA==, figureFileBig=rwjMeMLh3ppKmeZoZt0P+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326603993435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=(a,b)the comparison results of averaged w(a)and σw(b)of wind lidar vertical LOS10Hz mode and DBS5 mode during E3;(c,d)the comparison results of averaged w(c)and σw(d)of wind lidar vertical LOS10Hz mode and three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer(Sonic)during E2(unit:m/s), figureFileSmall=gOP/HWHOT8YijusyJ54KyA==, figureFileBig=4BBwarfv5VyQRY2L6PUCzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326738211173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=CN, label=图6, caption=(a、b)E3期间,测风激光雷达垂直LOS10Hz模式和DBS5模式的平均w(a)和σw(b)的对比结果;(c、d)E2期间,测风激光雷达垂直LOS10Hz模式和三维超声风速仪(Sonic)的平均w(c)和σw(d)的对比结果(单位:m/s), figureFileSmall=gOP/HWHOT8YijusyJ54KyA==, figureFileBig=4BBwarfv5VyQRY2L6PUCzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326822097257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Comparative analysis of vertical velocity power spectra(Sw)under stable(a,c)and unstable(b,d)stratification(Figs. a and b are the comparison of wind lidar DBS5 mode and three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer,and the comparison periods are 02:00—04:00 BT 3 October and 12:00—14:00 BT 25 October 2019,respectively;Figs. c and d are the comparison of wind lidar vertical LOS10Hz mode and three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer(Sonic),and the comparison periods are 03:00—05:00 BT 20 October and 11:00—13:00 BT 13 October 2022,respectively;the dashed line is the −5/3 slope line), figureFileSmall=ciDWux7YoGduzjydvnnZ5g==, figureFileBig=9mn3S/xUH6CtSCkx7xJwrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326914371950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=CN, label=图7, caption=稳定层结(a、c)和不稳定层结(b、d)下,垂直速度功率谱(Sw)的对比(a、b为测风激光雷达DBS5模式和三维超声风速仪的对比结果,对比时段分别为2019年10月3日02—04时、2019年10月25日12—14时;c、d为测风激光雷达垂直LOS10Hz模式与三维超声风速仪(Sonic)的对比,对比时段分别为2022年10月20日03—05时、2022年10月13日11—13时;虚线为−5/3斜率线), figureFileSmall=ciDWux7YoGduzjydvnnZ5g==, figureFileBig=9mn3S/xUH6CtSCkx7xJwrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326998258035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Box plot of ideal errors of vertical velocity standard deviations at different temporal resolutions(the yellow horizontal line is the median,the upper and lower limits of the box are the 75% and 25% quantiles(Q3 and Q1),the upper and lower whiskers are Q3+1.5(Q3−Q1)and Q1−1.5(Q3−Q1),and the circles are the values exceeding the upper and lower whiskers;the yellow and red solid lines are the 10% and 90% quantiles,respectively;the data used are the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer at the altitude of 140 m during E1), figureFileSmall=PQr7odSRbDWYDoWrL5RV8g==, figureFileBig=Rs0w/dCe5RtuazhvN+O9kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213327119892861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同时间分辨率下的垂直速度标准差的理想误差箱线图(其中,黄色横线为中位数,箱体上下限为75%和25%分位数(Q3和Q1),上下须分别为Q3+1.5(Q3−Q1)和Q1−1.5(Q3−Q1),圆圈为超过上下须的值,黄色和红色实线分别为10%和90%分位数,所用资料为E1期间大气所铁塔140 m高度处的三维超声风速仪), figureFileSmall=PQr7odSRbDWYDoWrL5RV8g==, figureFileBig=Rs0w/dCe5RtuazhvN+O9kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213327191196030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Correlation coefficients and errors between wind lidar DBS5 mode at different elevations and three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer mounted at 140 m during E4—E13(Figs. a—h are WS,WD,wσuσvσwu and TKE,respectively;values in Fig. h are RMSEs of TKE), figureFileSmall=AWae3CcU0sANE11Fnbdrbw==, figureFileBig=apQEvDFVH7bEHsgHBQFc3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213327279276420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=CN, label=图9, caption=E4—E13期间,不同仰角下测风激光雷达DBS5模式与大气所铁塔140 m高度处三维超声风速仪的不同变量对比的相关系数和偏差(a—h分别是WS、WD、wσuσvσwu、TKE;h中的数值为TKE的RMSE), figureFileSmall=AWae3CcU0sANE11Fnbdrbw==, figureFileBig=apQEvDFVH7bEHsgHBQFc3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213327405105549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Same as Fig. 9 but for the comparison between wind lidar DBS5 mode at 60 degree elevation and three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer at different heights in IAP tower, figureFileSmall=XRbCCtJRf00rzvoH2vB3bw==, figureFileBig=G4jAygwla1i/5L1IrNXnQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213327518351760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=CN, label=图10, caption=图9,但为60°仰角下测风激光雷达DBS5模式与大气所铁塔不同高度处三维超声风速仪对比, figureFileSmall=XRbCCtJRf00rzvoH2vB3bw==, figureFileBig=G4jAygwla1i/5L1IrNXnQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213327681929622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Horizontal scale of wind lidar DBS5 mode(green dotted line is horizontal scale at 140 m height under different elevation angles;red dotted line is horizontal scale at different altitudes under 60 degree elevation), figureFileSmall=HXn99nG/eD6dJjEjQcUP0A==, figureFileBig=tjpnTKZLtqrIweZ3LvAoqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213327761621404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=CN, label=图11, caption=测风激光雷达DBS5模式探测的水平尺度(绿色点线为不同仰角下140 m高度处的水平尺度;红色点线为60°仰角下不同高度处的水平尺度), figureFileSmall=HXn99nG/eD6dJjEjQcUP0A==, figureFileBig=tjpnTKZLtqrIweZ3LvAoqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213327874867618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Wind profiles and atmospheric turbulence intensities from 21:00 BT 11 July to 00:00 BT 13 July 2019(a. wind profiles;shadings show vertical velocity,and the vertical velocity greater than 0 denotes ascending motion;b. standard deviation of vertical velocity;black points show PBLH;the black profiles are potential temperature from radiosonde at NJ;the purple dashed lines are the periods and heights of power spectrum analysis), figureFileSmall=Hogt7tl1lrCZRIE54MICeg==, figureFileBig=R6MKVvtOGyBtyKYvTtLyBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213327962948005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=CN, label=图12, caption=2019年7月11日21时—13日00时的风廓线和大气湍流强度(a. 风羽,色阶为垂直速度,其中,大于0的垂直速度为上升运动;b. 垂直速度标准差,黑点为PBLH,黑色廓线为南郊观象台的探空位温廓线,紫色虚线为功率谱分析的时段和高度), figureFileSmall=Hogt7tl1lrCZRIE54MICeg==, figureFileBig=R6MKVvtOGyBtyKYvTtLyBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213329510646186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Power spectra of vertical velocity at different periods and heights(denoted by purple dashed lines in Fig. 12b)based on wind lidar vertical LOS10Hz mode on 12 July 2019, figureFileSmall=lCWyKq6cWrvQaXMq11+ejg==, figureFileBig=nbBvQjj6qPcBxaPxxDnNfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213329615503792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=CN, label=图13, caption=2019年7月12日基于测风激光雷达垂直LOS10Hz模式获取的不同时段、不同高度处(图12b中的紫色虚线)的垂直速度功率谱的分析结果, figureFileSmall=lCWyKq6cWrvQaXMq11+ejg==, figureFileBig=nbBvQjj6qPcBxaPxxDnNfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213329728750004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Profiles of low-level jet and its power spectrum(a. profiles of WS,wσw,and TKE averaged during 23:00 11 July and 01:00 12 July 2019;dashed lines indicate heights at which power spectrum analysis is performed;b. power spectra of vertical velocity at different heights based on wind lidar vertical LOS10Hz mode,and the time period is from 23:00 11 July to 01:00 12 July 2019), figureFileSmall=btYX0nftsgdOBgz9WBtDlw==, figureFileBig=4eQR0F4qN0fX6lz6NH7uNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213329829413305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=CN, label=图14, caption=低空急流廓线及其功率谱分析结果(a. 2019年7月11日23时—12日01时平均的WS、wσw和TKE廓线,虚线为开展功率谱分析的高度;b. 测风激光雷达垂直LOS10Hz模式不同高度的垂直速度功率谱分析结果,时段同图a), figureFileSmall=btYX0nftsgdOBgz9WBtDlw==, figureFileBig=4eQR0F4qN0fX6lz6NH7uNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213329942659517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters of WindPrint S4000

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标项指标性能
激光波长1550 nm
脉冲宽度100—400 ns(可调)
单脉冲能量>100 μJ
径向数据更新速率1—10 Hz(可调)
风速测量范围0—75 m/s
径向风速测量精度<±0.1 m/s
径向探测距离60—4000 m
径向距离分辨率15 m/30 m/60 m(可调)
扫描伺服精度±0.1°
功耗<500 W
输出产品径向速度、信噪比(SNR)、水平风向、水平风速、垂直速度
质量95 kg
), ArticleFig(id=1244213330051711425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

WindPrint S4000型多普勒测风激光雷达的性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标项指标性能
激光波长1550 nm
脉冲宽度100—400 ns(可调)
单脉冲能量>100 μJ
径向数据更新速率1—10 Hz(可调)
风速测量范围0—75 m/s
径向风速测量精度<±0.1 m/s
径向探测距离60—4000 m
径向距离分辨率15 m/30 m/60 m(可调)
扫描伺服精度±0.1°
功耗<500 W
输出产品径向速度、信噪比(SNR)、水平风向、水平风速、垂直速度
质量95 kg
), ArticleFig(id=1244213330139791811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Observation experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验名称观测时段(年.月.日)观测地点测风激光雷达:观测模式
E12019.08.17—2019.12.12IAPBDH:DBS5
E22022.10.12—2022.10.24IAPBDH:LOS10Hz
E32019.06.28—2019.07.28IUMBDH:DBS5;BDJ:LOS10Hz
E42023.11.20—2023.11.29IAPBDH:DBS5(仰角:40°)
E52023.11.11—2023.11.20BDH:DBS5(仰角:45°)
E62023.11.05—2023.11.11BDH:DBS5(仰角:50°)
E72023.10.30—2023.11.05BDH:DBS5(仰角:55°)
E82020.08.25—2020.09.02BDH:DBS5(仰角:60°)
E92023.10.15—2023.10.30BDH:DBS5(仰角:65°)
E102023.10.07—2023.10.15BDH:DBS5(仰角:70°)
E112023.09.05—2023.09.15BDH:DBS5(仰角:75°)
E122023.09.24—2023.10.07BDH:DBS5(仰角:80°)
E132023.09.15—2023.09.24BDH:DBS5(仰角:85°)
E142020.04.08—2020.07.03IAPBDH:DBS5
), ArticleFig(id=1244213330223677893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213316072096657, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

观测试验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验名称观测时段(年.月.日)观测地点测风激光雷达:观测模式
E12019.08.17—2019.12.12IAPBDH:DBS5
E22022.10.12—2022.10.24IAPBDH:LOS10Hz
E32019.06.28—2019.07.28IUMBDH:DBS5;BDJ:LOS10Hz
E42023.11.20—2023.11.29IAPBDH:DBS5(仰角:40°)
E52023.11.11—2023.11.20BDH:DBS5(仰角:45°)
E62023.11.05—2023.11.11BDH:DBS5(仰角:50°)
E72023.10.30—2023.11.05BDH:DBS5(仰角:55°)
E82020.08.25—2020.09.02BDH:DBS5(仰角:60°)
E92023.10.15—2023.10.30BDH:DBS5(仰角:65°)
E102023.10.07—2023.10.15BDH:DBS5(仰角:70°)
E112023.09.05—2023.09.15BDH:DBS5(仰角:75°)
E122023.09.24—2023.10.07BDH:DBS5(仰角:80°)
E132023.09.15—2023.09.24BDH:DBS5(仰角:85°)
E142020.04.08—2020.07.03IAPBDH:DBS5
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测风激光雷达资料质量控制和湍流探测性能研究
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程志刚 , 权建农 , 李炬 , 张鑫宇 , 张京江 , 王倩倩 , 潘昱冰
气象学报 | 论文 2025,83(5): 1313-1328
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气象学报 | 论文 2025, 83(5): 1313-1328
测风激光雷达资料质量控制和湍流探测性能研究
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程志刚 , 权建农 , 李炬, 张鑫宇, 张京江, 王倩倩, 潘昱冰
作者信息
  • 北京城市气象研究院,北京,100089
  • 程志刚,主要从事城市边界层气象观测与高影响天气研究工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

权建农,主要从事城市边界层气象与环境研究工作。E-mail:
Controlling data quality and assessing turbulence detection capability of a Doppler wind lidar
Zhigang CHENG , Jiannong QUAN , Ju LI, Xinyu ZHANG, Jingjiang ZHANG, Qianqian WANG, Yubing PAN
Affiliations
  • Institute of Urban Meteorology,Beijing 100089,China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240092
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为获取高精度的风廓线和湍流产品,全面认识测风激光雷达应用潜力,基于径向速度和信噪比,开展了测风激光雷达5波束(DBS5)模式观测资料的质量控制算法研究。通过与铁塔上安装的三维超声风速仪观测资料对比,评估了测风激光雷达DBS5模式获取的三维风速和湍流的探测性能。结果显示,在140 m高度处,测风激光雷达具有卓越的观测精度,水平风速(WS)、垂直速度(w)、垂直速度标准差(σw)、摩擦速度(u*)和平均湍流强度(TKE)的均方根误差(RMSE)分别低至0.4 m/s、0.1 m/s、0.1 m/s、0.1 m/s和0.5 m2/s2。此外,还分析了时间尺度、观测仰角和空间尺度对雷达观测精度的影响。分析发现,时间尺度的变化对其观测精度影响可以忽略不计,而观测仰角对TKE影响较大。空间尺度对wσwu*影响较小,而对WS和TKE影响较大。研究北京晴空条件下的湍流廓线特征发现,不同时段、不同高度垂直速度功率谱均展现经典−5/3幂次律特征,但在高频区域存在白噪声,且白噪声随着探测高度的上升而增大,在边界层以上尤为显著。对低空急流的垂直湍流结构特征分析表明,低空急流期间伴有强烈的上升运动,且急流高度以下的湍流较强,急流高度及其以上的湍流大幅度减弱。研究为测风激光雷达在不同场景下的应用提供了基础支撑,揭示了北京晴空条件下的湍流廓线特征。

测风激光雷达  /  5波束模式  /  质量控制  /  湍流  /  低空急流

To obtain high precision wind profile and turbulence products and fully understand the application potential of wind lidar, quality control of Doppler wind lidar with five-beam swing (DBS5) mode is investigated in this work using radial velocity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Three-dimensional wind and turbulence measurements by the DBS5 mode of wind lidar are systematically evaluated based on measurements of a three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer mounted on a tower. The results show that the wind lidar exhibits excellent observational accuracy with root mean square errors (RMSEs) as low as 0.4 m/s, 0.1 m/s, 0.1 m/s, 0.1 m/s, and 0.5 m2/s2 for horizontal wind speed (WS), vertical velocity (w), standard deviation of vertical velocity (σw), friction velocity (u*), and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), respectively at the height of 140 m. Moreover, the impacts of time scale, elevation angle, and spatial scale on observational accuracy of wind lidar are investigated. The results indicate that variations in time scale have little impact on observational accuracy, while elevation angle may affect the accuracy of TKE. Additionally, the RMSEs of WS and TKE gradually increase with increasing spatial scale, while the accuracy of w, σw, and u* remain relatively stable. Further investigation of profiles of turbulence and vertical velocity under clear-sky conditions in Beijing indicates that the power spectra of vertical velocity is consistent with the classical −5/3 scaling law at different periods and heights, whereas white noise appears in the high-frequency region and intensifies with increasing height, especially above the boundary layer. Finally, the vertical turbulence of low-level jets (LLJs) observed by Doppler wind lidar is stronger below the jet height and weaker in and above the jet height.

Wind lidar  /  DBS5  /  Quality control  /  Turbulence  /  Low-level jet
程志刚, 权建农, 李炬, 张鑫宇, 张京江, 王倩倩, 潘昱冰. 测风激光雷达资料质量控制和湍流探测性能研究. 气象学报, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1313 -1328 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240092
Zhigang CHENG, Jiannong QUAN, Ju LI, Xinyu ZHANG, Jingjiang ZHANG, Qianqian WANG, Yubing PAN. Controlling data quality and assessing turbulence detection capability of a Doppler wind lidar[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1313 -1328 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240092
大气风场和大气湍流影响大气动量、热量和物质的输送,在气象防灾减灾、风力发电、航空安全等领域有非常重要的作用(温斌荣等,2022丁婕等,2023谭方颖等,2024)。测风激光雷达在大气风场探测方面具有测量精度高、时空分辨率高、响应速度快、便携性强、可三维扫描等特点,开展对其资料的质量控制(质控)算法和湍流探测性能研究可以加强测风激光雷达在上述领域中的应用(Bonin,et al,2017Oude Nijhuis,et al,2018Liu,et al,2019范琪等,2020陈晓敏等,2023王倩倩等,2023)。
测风激光雷达通过探测目标物(通常为气溶胶粒子)的多普勒频移获取径向风速,进而通过不同的扫描模式获取大气风场信息。常用的扫描模式有5波束(DBS5)、速度方位显示(VAD)等(Liu,et al,2019储玉飞等,2020王倩倩等,2022)。与VAD模式相比,DBS5模式的扫描波束较少、时间分辨率更高、计算方法简单,故应用更广泛。程志刚等(2020)和李林等(2022)分别与铁塔、气球探空对比,研究发现测风激光雷达具有较高的测风精度。白寒冰等(2023)基于测风激光雷达研究了机场晴空风切变结构特征,在航空安全保障中发挥了重要作用。同时,测风激光雷达在雾霾、沙尘等天气过程分析中也发挥了重要作用(Li,et al,2018孟赫等,2024)。对测风激光雷达的观测性能和应用的研究已有很多,包括功率谱估计方法的研究(Rye,et al,1997Frehlich,1999),但是对径向速度质量控制的研究较少。郝博胜等(2022)和刘秉义等(2022)对测风激光雷达径向速度做质控研究,但是此方法仅适用于VAD模式,不适用于DBS5模式。
表征大气湍流强度的参数有很多,最常用的有平均湍流动能(TKE),也有学者以垂直速度标准差(σw)、湍流耗散率、摩擦速度(u)等表征大气湍流强度(Mann,et al,2010Huang,et al,2017)。采用测风激光雷达可以开展大气湍流探测(Barlow,et al,2011Wang,et al,2015)。Chan(2011)基于测风激光雷达开展对湍流耗散率的探测研究,并在机场得到广泛应用。Tucker等(2009)和Huang等(2017)将测风激光雷达获取的σw作为大气湍流强度,并以此反演了大气边界层高度(PBLH)。Manninen等(2018)基于测风激光雷达开展了大气湍流观测,识别出湍流的驱动源(浮力和风切变)。Mann等(2010)基于测风激光雷达开展大气动量通量观测,获得了较好的观测结果。也有学者利用3台测风激光雷达开展“虚拟铁塔”协同观测,获取大气湍流强度(Fuertes,et al,2014程志刚等,2020),并且其观测精度优于单台测风激光雷达获取的湍流强度(Choukulkar,et al,2017)。虽然基于“虚拟铁塔”协同观测获取的大气湍流观测精度较高,但是对观测环境的要求比较苛刻,在建筑物密集的城市区域难以开展协同观测(程志刚等,2020)。尽管基于测风激光雷达开展大气湍流的研究很多,但是测风激光雷达探测的风,在时间和空间尺度上与三维超声风速仪探测的风是不同的,其在探测原理上存在一定的误差(Brugger,et al,2016程志刚等,2020)。
测风激光雷达可用于大气风场和大气湍流观测,但是目前对于测风激光雷达DBS5模式的资料质量控制流程以及湍流探测误差的研究较少。拟从径向速度开始,逐级开展测风激光雷达DBS5模式的资料质量控制研究,获取高质量的平均风廓线和湍流产品;并与三维超声风速仪测风结果对比分析,开展测风激光雷达三维风速和湍流探测性能研究;通过典型个例分析,开展北京晴空大气湍流廓线变化特征研究。
本研究主要在北京城市气象研究院(IUM)和中国科学院大气物理研究所铁塔(IAP,大气所铁塔)开展观测试验(图1a),所使用的观测设备有:(1)两台型号相同的测风激光雷达,生产厂家为青岛华航环境科技有限责任公司,型号为WindPrint S4000,两台雷达分别标识为BDH和BDJ,雷达波长、脉冲宽度等信息见表1。观测期间,雷达的脉冲宽度均设为250 ns,对应的径向分辨率为30 m,如无特殊说明,DBS5模式的仰角设为60°。(2)大气所铁塔高度为325 m,在80、140、200和280 m安装有湍流通量观测设备。湍流通量的观测设备为三维超声风速仪(型号:WindMaster,生产厂家:英国Gill公司),开展10 Hz频率的三维风速观测,后期利用Eddypro软件处理成30 min平均的风速和湍流动能等(Cheng,et al,2021)。已有研究(McCaffrey,et al,2017)发现铁塔上的三维超声风速仪观测受铁塔自身的影响,在本研究中同样发现铁塔对三维超声风速仪观测有影响(图略)。大气所铁塔上的三维超声风速仪的支臂位于铁塔北偏东约30°,为了剔除铁塔塔身的影响,本研究剔除了190°—230°风向范围的数据。除了上述观测设备以外,还用到了南郊观象台(NJ)的气球探空和欧洲中期天气预报中心的ERA5再分析资料,气球施放频次为1天4次(02、08、14、20时,北京时,下同)。
为了开展多普勒测风激光雷达资料质量控制和湍流探测性能研究,本研究开展了多个观测试验(表2图1a)。E1期间,BDH与大气所铁塔开展对比观测,观测地点位于IAP,将雷达置于铁塔西北侧50 m处,观测模式设为DBS5(图1b),主要用于开展雷达资料质量控制和湍流探测性能研究。E2与E1类似,BDH与大气所铁塔开展对比观测,但是将雷达的观测模式设为垂直LOS10Hz模式(图1c,垂直指向天顶,径向观测频率设为10 Hz),主要用于验证垂直LOS10Hz模式下湍流的探测性能。E3期间,BDH和BDJ开展对比观测,观测地点位于IUM,BDH的观测模式设为DBS5,BDJ的观测模式设为垂直LOS10Hz,两台雷达相距2 m左右,主要用于验证DBS5和垂直LOS10Hz模式下湍流探测性能的一致性。E2和E3是为了研究不同时间尺度对大气湍流探测性能的影响。E4—E13与E1类似,但是雷达DBS5模式设置的仰角不同(40°—85°,间隔5°),主要是为了研究不同仰角和空间尺度对大气湍流探测性能的影响。在E1、E2、E4—E13中,仅使用了大气所铁塔140 m高度处的观测资料。在E14中,使用了80、140、200和280 m这4层的观测资料,用于研究相同仰角下不同空间尺度对大气湍流探测性能的影响。
DBS5探测模式的前提是假设风场水平均匀,根据图1b,不同波束的径向速度与三维风速(uvw)的关系为
VrE=ucosθ+wsinθ
VrW=ucosθ+wsinθ
VrN=vcosθ+wsinθ
VrS=vcosθ+wsinθ
VrZ=w
式中,Vr为径向速度,远离雷达为正,指向雷达为负,下标E、W、N、S、Z分别为东、西、北、南、垂直波束,θ为雷达仰角。式(1)(式(3))减去式(2)(式(4)),则三维风速的计算公式为
u=(VrEVrW)/(2cosθ)
v=(VrNVrS)/(2cosθ)
w=VrZ
由式(6)—(8)可知,水平风速的误差(εuεv)主要与径向风速误差(εVr)和仰角误差(εθ)有关,垂直速度的误差(εw)主要与εVr有关。由于误差有可能会导致变量增大或减小,因此以±εu表示纬向风的误差。将相关误差代入式(1)—(5),有
VrE±εVr=(u±εu)cos(θ±εθ)+(w±εw)sin(θ±εθ)
VrW±εVr=(u±εu)cos(θ±εθ)+(w±εw)sin(θ±εθ)
VrN±εVr=(v±εv)cos(θ±εθ)+(w±εw)sin(θ±εθ)
VrS±εVr=(v±εv)cos(θ±εθ)+(w±εw)sin(θ±εθ)
VrZ±εVr=w±εw
式(9)减式(10),有
VrEVrW±2εVr=2ucos(θ±εθ)±2εucos(θ±εθ)±2εwsin(θ±εθ)
式中,εw=εVr,则u风的误差为
±εu=(cosθcos(θ±εθ)1)u±1+sin(θ±εθ)cos(θ±εθ)εVr
同理,v风的误差为
±εv=(cosθcos(θ±εθ)1)v±1+sin(θ±εθ)cos(θ±εθ)εVr
表1可知,εVr为0.1 m/s,εθ为0.1°。式(15)和(16)等号后边第一项(S1)与风速和仰角有关,右边第二项(S2)只与仰角有关。S1和S2随着雷达仰角的增大而增大(图2),在较大(20 m/s)风速的情况下,S1是S2的1/6左右。因此,当风速不大时,S1比S2通常小1个数量级,可以忽略不计。
由于垂直速度(w)直接由垂直波束的径向速度获取,其误差±εw与径向速度误差一致(式(13)),为±0.1m/s。
测风激光雷达观测资料的质量控制流程主要包括3步:径向速度质量控制、径向速度计算风廓线、计算平均风廓线和湍流产品3个方面(图3)。
信噪比(SNR)是评估测风激光雷达观测质量的重要指标。图4为径向速度与SNR的关系。当SNR较大时,雷达获取的径向速度观测质量较好;当SNR较小时,径向速度的随机扰动变大,观测质量变差。为了确定SNR阈值,计算了不同SNR下的径向速度标准差(σVr_SNR)。文中选取σVr_SNR变化最快处的SNR作为SNR阈值,既不会丢失太多有效数据而降低雷达有效探测距离,也会剔除大部分无效数据以便于后续的数据处理。
但是仅以SNR阈值质控的话,一些无效数据未被剔除(图4中的红点)。大气风场是连续变量,径向风速廓线同样是连续变量,因此可以利用径向风切变阈值做进一步质控。DBS5模式中,斜波束和垂直波束探测的径向速度在量级上有一定差异,因此应分别确定斜波束和垂直波束的径向风切变阈值。
当径向风切变大于径向风切变阈值时,不满足质控条件,则需检测连续缺测的距离门数。当连续缺测的距离门数较大时,大气中实际的径向风切变可能较大,不能以径向风切变阈值进行质控。因此,需确定合适的连续缺测距离门数阈值。当连续缺测距离门数低于阈值时,满足质控条件,继续进行SNR阈值和径向风切变阈值质控;当连续缺测距离门数高于阈值时,不满足质控条件,只进行SNR阈值质控,当连续满足SNR阈值质控的距离门数达到连续有效距离门数阈值时,再进行SNR阈值和径向风切变阈值质控;当连续满足SNR阈值质控的距离门数小于连续有效距离门数阈值时,数据定义为缺测。
综上,径向速度质量控制需确定多个阈值。通过不同阈值参数的敏感性分析(图略),文中SNR阈值取8,斜(垂直)波束径向风切变阈值取5 m/s每30 m(2 m/s每30 m),连续缺测距离门数阈值和连续有效距离门数均设为5。文中径向分辨率为30 m,则5个距离门的距离为150 m。
DBS5模式中,径向速度计算风廓线一般采用5波束方法(式(1)—(5))。其中,垂直速度除了从垂直波束获取外,还可以基于4个斜波束获取(式(1)—(4)相加)
w=(VrE+VrW+VrN+VrS)/(4sinθ)
本研究将两种方法计算的平均wσw与三维超声风速仪进行对比(图略)。垂直波束和斜波束获取的平均w与三维超声风速仪的对比结果为:相关系数(R)分别为0.77和0.76,平均偏差(ME)分别为−0.03和−0.01 m/s,绝对偏差(MAE)均为0.11 m/s,均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.18和0.17 m/s;垂直波束和斜波束获取的σw与三维超声风速仪的对比结果为:R分别为0.98和0.97,ME分别为0.04和−0.12 m/s,MAE分别为0.08和0.12 m/s,RMSE均为0.11 m/s。结果表明,两种方法计算的w的精度基本相当,但是基于斜波束计算的σw比三维超声风速仪的偏低,这主要是由于基于斜波束获取的垂直速度表征的是空间平均的垂直速度,降低了其扰动。因此,文中直接利用垂直波束的径向速度作为垂直速度,并且基于垂直波束获取垂直速度的探测高度比基于斜波束获取垂直速度的探测高度高约28%(图略)。
DBS5模式中,每个波束的时间间隔为3—5 s,扫描5个波束耗时约20 s。利用径向速度计算风廓线时,除了利用每5个波束,获取20 s时间分辨率的风廓线外,也可以利用当前波束和前面4个波束进行滑动计算,获取3—5 s时间分辨率的风廓线。两种分辨率的风廓线计算的30 min平均的风廓线和湍流基本一致,但是滑动计算的风廓线在高频段的功率谱有间隙(图略)。Kumer等(2016)研究表明,这种谱间隙可能与滑动计算有关。因此,文中利用每5个波束获取20 s时间分辨率的风廓线。
由径向速度计算风廓线(时间分辨率:20 s)后,一般需要对风廓线进行时间平均获取平均风廓线产品,同时可以计算湍流参数。基于三维风速可以计算多种湍流参数产品,根据Stull(1988),计算3种常用的湍流参数产品:σwu、TKE,其计算公式为
A=AA¯
σw=(w2¯)1/2
u=[(uw¯)2+(vw¯)2]1/4
TKE=12(σu2+σv2+σw2)=12(u2¯+v2¯+w2¯)
式中,A代表变量uvw等,“x¯”表征平均量,带“′”的变量为其脉动量。在计算平均风廓线和湍流产品时,需要剔除异常值,并剔除缺测率较大的时段。根据以往的经验,将异常值的标准定义为超过3.5倍标准差的值,并将缺测率大于10%的时段予以剔除。文中平均风廓线和湍流产品为30 min平均的结果。
经过上述质控后,雷达探测高度150 m最接近大气所铁塔湍流观测高度140 m,将E1期间雷达观测结果与三维超声风速仪观测结果进行对比分析(图5)。图5给出了测风激光雷达与三维超声风速仪对比的不同变量的R、ME、MAE和RMSE。从三维风速的对比结果来看,水平风速(WS)的相关较强,R达到0.989,RMSE为0.4 m/s;w的相关较弱,R为0.713,RMSE为0.1 m/s。从湍流强度的对比结果来看,除了uR为0.869外,其余湍流强度的R均超过0.9;误差对比结果表明,除了TKE的RMSE为0.5 m2/s2外,其余湍流强度的RMSE均不超过0.2 m/s。从归一化的散点密度可以看出,测风激光雷达观测与三维超声风速仪观测主要集中在1:1线附近。
通过与铁塔上三维超声风速仪对比,测风激光雷达DBS5模式探测的三维风和湍流具有较高的探测精度。但是在铁塔高度以上,没有三维超声风速仪的观测,无法开展湍流的直接对比观测。测风激光雷达DBS5模式在时间尺度和空间尺度上与三维超声风速仪存在较大差异,并且随着探测高度的升高,雷达观测的空间尺度随之增大(图1b)。本研究从时间尺度和空间尺度两方面研究测风激光雷达的观测精度,以评估测风激光雷达在铁塔高度以上的探测性能。
测风激光雷达DBS5模式、垂直LOS10Hz模式和三维超声风速仪获取的风的时间分辨率分别为20、0.1、0.1 s。由于测风激光雷达垂直LOS10Hz模式只能获取w图1c),因此仅对比了wσw的探测性能。E3开展了测风激光雷达DBS5模式和垂直LOS10Hz模式的对比观测,结果表明两种观测模式获取的wσw具有很好的一致性(图6a、b)。E2开展了测风激光雷达垂直LOS10Hz模式与三维超声风速仪的对比观测,结果表明垂直LOS10Hz模式获取的wσw与三维超声风速仪的观测有很高的一致性(图6c、d)。E1—E3的对比结果表明,测风激光雷达DBS5模式和垂直LOS10Hz模式、三维超声风速仪相比,虽然时间分辨率不同,但是其探测的wσw是一致的。
从E1和E2中选取稳定层结和不稳定层结开展垂直速度功率谱分析,研究测风激光雷达DBS5模式和垂直LOS10Hz模式获取的湍流结构特征。从功率谱分析结果(图7)来看,DBS5模式仅能捕获0.025 Hz以及更低频的湍涡,而且其捕获的低频尺度结构与三维超声风速仪是一致的。其中DBS5模式的功率谱密度比三维超声风速仪的偏高是合理的,这主要是由于w的功率谱密度之和为垂直速度方差(σw2),DBS5模式与三维超声风速仪的σw基本一致,而DBS5模式无法捕获高频的湍涡,基于能量守恒的原理,DBS5模式在低频尺度的功率谱密度偏高。图7c、d表明,测风激光雷达垂直LOS10Hz模式与三维超声风速仪一样,均可以捕获5 Hz以及更低频的湍涡。其捕获的低频尺度湍涡的功率谱密度与三维超声风速仪基本一致,在惯性子区也满足−5/3幂次律。但是在高频区域,垂直LOS10Hz模式的功率谱密度不随频率变化,为白噪声,说明其难以捕获高频尺度的湍涡,这是因为测风激光雷达获取的是径向距离门平均的径向风,存在一定的空间尺度。
为了探讨时间分辨率对湍流强度的影响,基于E1期间大气所铁塔140 m高度处三维超声风速仪的观测,利用跳点降频方法对w进行降频,获取降频后的σw并计算其误差εσwεσw的计算公式为
εσw=σw,resσw,0.1sσw,0.1s
式中,res指不同的时间分辨率,如0.1、1、10、20 s等。值得注意的是,此处计算的误差εσw是不同时间分辨率造成垂直速度标准差的理想误差。研究结果(图8)表明,当观测频率降低时,εσw越来越离散。若以误差的10%和90%分位数确定其误差上、下限的话,当时间分辨率降为20 s时,εσw在±5%左右,与图5f的结果相当。类似地,εσuεσv的理想误差均为±2.5%(图略),小于其实际观测误差(图5d、e)。
上述对比结果表明,低频的DBS5模式(时间分辨率20 s)只能捕获低频尺度的湍涡(含能涡区湍涡),无法捕获高频尺度的湍涡(惯性子区和耗散区湍涡)。因此,DBS5模式的观测资料无法用于研究能量串级等微尺度特征,但是当研究湍流强度或能量特征时,时间尺度对测风激光雷达DBS5模式探测结果的影响较小。
测风激光雷达DBS5模式探测的空间尺度与仰角和探测高度有关(图1b)。E4—E13获取了不同仰角DBS5模式与三维超声风速仪的对比观测。对比结果表明(图9),仰角对水平风、wσwu等的观测精度影响不大,但是对水平风速标准差和TKE的影响较大。当仰角较大时,σuσv和TKE的ME、MAE、RMSE随仰角的增大而迅速增大。这与图2中水平风速理论误差的结果是一致的。而仰角对平均水平风速的影响较小,主要是由于仰角对水平风速的影响有正贡献和负贡献,时间平均后,正、负贡献相互抵消,但是其扰动会变大(对水平风速标准差和TKE的影响),这也是水平风速标准差的实际观测误差(图5d、e)高于其理想误差(±2.5%)的原因。文中垂直速度直接由垂直波束获取,因此仰角对wσw的影响不大。
E14开展了60°仰角下测风激光雷达DBS5模式与大气所铁塔不同高度(80、140、200、280 m)三维超声风速仪的对比观测(图10)。对比结果表明,随着探测高度的升高,WS的R先增大后减小,ME有所降低,MAE先降低后升高,RMSE增大,这可能是风场水平均匀性和雷达探测水平尺度共同作用的结果。在近地面层,随着探测高度的升高,风场受地面摩擦的影响减小,风场水平均匀性增强,但是测风激光雷达DBS5模式探测的水平尺度也增大。wσw的观测精度受观测高度的影响较小,这主要是由于文中的w由垂直波束直接获取,在不同高度上探测的空间尺度是一致的。随着探测高度的升高,σuσv和TKE的相关降低,MAE和RMSE均增大,说明随着探测的空间尺度增大,测风激光雷达的水平风扰动的探测精度有所降低,这也与近地面层风场水平均匀性较差有关。探测高度对u的影响不大。
根据图1b,DBS5模式探测的水平尺度(s)与探测高度(h)和仰角(θ)的关系为
s=2h/tanθ
当仰角为60°时,s=1.15h图11为不同仰角下140 m高度处的水平尺度和60°仰角下不同高度处的水平尺度。由图可知,60°仰角下80、140、200、280 m高度处的水平尺度分别与70°、60°、50°、40°仰角下140 m高度处的水平尺度相当,分别为95、161.7、230、330 m左右。其中,仅70°仰角TKE受仰角误差的影响而偏差较大,其余相同水平尺度的三维风速和湍流观测误差基本一致。
上述对比结果表明,测风激光雷达DBS5模式下,仰角对WS的观测误差影响较小,但是对水平风速标准差的影响较大,进而影响TKE的观测误差。测风激光雷达DBS5模式探测的水平尺度与探测高度和仰角有关,分别固定探测高度(E4—E13)、固定仰角(E14),从两方面研究水平尺度对测风激光雷达DBS5模式探测结果的影响。研究结果表明,随着水平尺度的增大,WS和TKE的观测误差有所增大,wσwu的观测误差基本不变。因此,当研究铁塔高度以上的湍流问题时,尽量采用σwu作为大气湍流强度。其中,WS的观测误差随水平尺度的增大而增大,这与雷达和气球探空的对比结果是一致的(李林等,2022)。
受太阳辐射加热的影响,大气湍流存在显著的日变化。本研究利用E3中的典型个例,研究了北京晴空大气湍流廓线日变化特征(图12)。从风场特征来看,12日凌晨和上午,低层为偏北风,中午以后为偏南风,为典型的山谷风特征。白天的垂直气流为上升和下沉交替出现,为典型的热泡结构。从湍流强度来看,大气湍流存在显著的日变化:白天强、夜间弱。根据Huang等(2017)的方法,基于σw识别了PBLH,具体识别方法为:在白天,选取σw=0.316 m/s(σw2=0.1 m2/s2)为阈值,将σw降低到阈值的高度定为PBLH;在夜间,选取fσwmaxσwB+σwB为阈值,其中σwmax为近地面层σw的最大值,σwBσw的背景值,文中以σw的最小值为背景值,f为系数,取0.316。研究结果表明,基于σw识别的PBLH与南郊观象台的探空位温曲线有较好的一致性。
选取不同时段、不同高度的w开展功率谱分析(图13)。分析结果表明,不同时段、不同高度的垂直速度的功率谱均满足−5/3幂次律。与图7c、d类似,功率谱在高频区存在白噪声,并且随着探测高度的升高,白噪声增大。但是在边界层内,白噪声随着探测高度的变化较小;在边界层以上,白噪声明显大于边界层内,并且随探测高度的变化也大于边界层内的变化。这种白噪声可能与边界层高度以上的气溶胶粒子浓度较低有关,而且白噪声的量级比低频段功率谱强度低1—2个数量级,并且其对垂直速度标准差的计算结果影响不大(图6d),因此未对这种白噪声做处理。
11日夜间至12日凌晨,存在西南低空急流。基于Wei等(2013)定义低空急流的方法,将风廓线最大风速Vmax≥6 m/s和最大风速高度以上的风速落差≥Vmax/2的风廓线定义为低空急流,并且根据Vmax所属区间范围([6,10)、[10,14)、[14,20)、[20,∞)m/s),将低空急流划分为弱、中等、强、超强低空急流。此处低空急流的最大风速约为6.2 m/s,为弱低空急流,持续时间为3 h(11日22时30分—12日01时30分)。图14a为低空急流的风速廓线和湍流强度廓线。从水平风速廓线可以看出,低空急流存在明显的急流鼻,急流鼻以下的湍流(σw和TKE)较强,急流鼻及其以上的湍流较弱。急流鼻高度处存在较强的上升运动,但是在急流鼻及其以上的高度,较强的上升运动并没有产生较强的湍流。基于ERA5再分析资料,上升运动产生的原因是观测点位于低空急流入口区的左侧,存在较强的正涡度(图略)。低空急流期间,不同高度垂直速度的功率谱见图14b。不同高度的湍流谱结构均符合−5/3幂次律。高频区的白噪声也随着探测高度的升高而增大,并且在边界层高度以上的白噪声明显大于边界层内。
本研究基于径向速度和SNR,对测风激光雷达DBS5模式观测资料进行质量控制并计算平均风廓线和湍流产品。通过与铁塔搭载的三维超声风速仪对比,分析了测风激光雷达三维风速和湍流观测误差,评估了时间尺度、仰角和空间尺度对观测误差的影响。最后,基于典型个例,研究了北京地区晴空湍流廓线特征。主要结论如下:
(1)研发了测风激光雷达资料质量控制算法。主要对径向速度进行SNR阈值、径向风切变阈值、连续缺测距离门数阈值等质控,获取高质量的径向风速;进而利用5波束方法计算风廓线;通过异常值剔除和缺测率阈值质控,计算平均风廓线和湍流产品。上述质控算法可以有效剔除低信噪比信号的无效数据,提高测风激光雷达观测数据质量。
(2)验证了测风激光雷达DBS5模式探测的三维风和湍流具有较高的观测精度。通过与大气所铁塔140 m高度处搭载的三维超声风速仪对比,测风激光雷达DBS5模式探测的WS的R、ME、MAE、RMSE分别为0.989、0.3 m/s、0.4 m/s、0.4 m/s;σwR、ME、MAE、RMSE分别为0.965、0.1 m/s、0.1 m/s、0.1 m/s;TKE的R、ME、MAE、RMSE分别为0.965、0.2 m2/s2、0.3 m2/s2、0.5 m2/s2
(3)评估了时间尺度和空间尺度对测风激光雷达DBS5模式观测误差的影响,揭示了其在铁塔高度以上的观测性能。测风激光雷达DBS5模式捕获的是0.025 Hz及更低频尺度的含能涡区湍涡,因此其无法研究能量串级等微尺度特征,但是当研究湍流强度或能量特征时,时间尺度对测风激光雷达DBS5模式观测误差的影响较小。高仰角会导致水平风速扰动增大,进而导致TKE的观测误差增大,但是其对平均水平风速观测误差的影响较小。DBS5模式探测的水平尺度对其观测精度有一定影响,随着水平尺度的增大,水平风和TKE的观测精度有所降低,wσwu的观测精度基本不变。因此,当研究铁塔高度以上的湍流问题时,尽量基于σwu开展。
(4)研究了北京晴空湍流的日变化特征。受太阳辐射加热的影响,大气边界层湍流存在显著的日变化特征:白天强、夜间弱。测风激光雷达功率谱的白噪声在边界层以上明显高于边界层内。低空急流期间,低层大气存在上升运动,尤其是在急流鼻附近。急流鼻以下的湍流强度较大,急流鼻及其以上的湍流较弱。
上述研究成果是在城市近地面层完成的,而在近地面层以上的高度处,大气风场水平更加均匀,更加符合测风激光雷达DBS5模式的假设条件,理论上来说,空间尺度对观测误差的影响应该有所降低,但是这需要测风激光雷达与系留气艇或气球探空开展同址对比观测,以验证上述猜测。同时,文中观测误差随空间尺度的增大而增大的规律从两方面(仰角和探测高度)得到验证,具有一定的普适性,但是其在山区等风场水平特别不均匀的情况下是否适用,还需要进一步验证。基于本研究成果,测风激光雷达可以获取精度较高的三维风速和湍流廓线,其中三维风速廓线可以直接应用于数值模式同化,湍流廓线可以用于验证数值模式的模拟性能,具有非常广泛的应用前景。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3007805)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42330608)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项基金项目(IUMKY202415)
  • 北京市科技计划(Z241100009124014)
  • 中国气象局青年创新团队(CMA2023QN10)
  • 中国气象局重点创新团队(CMA2022ZD09)
  • 北京市气象局综合探测系统协同观测技术研发创新团队(BMB2024ZD05)
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2025年第83卷第5期
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doi: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240092
  • 接收时间:2024-07-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-31
  • 修回日期:2024-12-27
基金
国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3007805)
国家自然科学基金(42330608)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项基金项目(IUMKY202415)
北京市科技计划(Z241100009124014)
中国气象局青年创新团队(CMA2023QN10)
中国气象局重点创新团队(CMA2022ZD09)
北京市气象局综合探测系统协同观测技术研发创新团队(BMB2024ZD05)
作者信息
    北京城市气象研究院,北京,100089

通讯作者:

权建农,主要从事城市边界层气象与环境研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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