Article(id=1244213314121741022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11676/qxxb2025.20240168, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=1, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727280000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-26, revisedDate=1738684800000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774573170452, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774573170452, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774573170452, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777360128685, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244213313182221193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, year='2025', volume='83', issue='5', pageStart='1139', pageEnd='1384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774573170228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573255889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1241, endPage=1257, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244213315828822752, articleId=1244213314121741022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, language=EN, title=Key mechanisms influencing forecast errors of the inshore track of super typhoon Lekima(1909), columnId=1244213315661054860, journalTitle=Acta Meteorologica Sinica, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Significant progress has been made in numerical forecasting of typhoon tracks and intensity, yet meeting the needs of operational forecasting remains challenging. Based on the high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, eight sets of combination experiments are conducted with different model initial conditions, initialization times, and microphysical parameterization schemes. The results indicate that the model initial condition exhibits the highest sensitivity in forecasting the track of typhoon Lekima (1909). Representative experiments are selected based on track errors, and sensitivity experiments are conducted to further explore the mechanisms responsible for significant differences in typhoon track forecasts arising from different model initial conditions. The results indicate that accurate forecasting of the strength and extent of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) plays a crucial role in determining the quality of typhoon track predictions. An overestimation of the WPSH in the initial field leads to a subsequent overestimation of WPSH, which blocks the typhoon that moves westward and northward along the WPSH and its moving speed is slowed. This results in significant errors in the typhoon track forecasting. Additionally, forecast errors of the typhoon inner core structure at different stages are related to the predicted typhoon track. Vertical wind shear in the large-scale circulation field may be a significant factor contributing to this error. Moreover, an overestimation of the WPSH extent and intensity leads to a deeper asymmetric distribution of horizontal wind speed near the typhoon, which contributes to the occurrence and development of deep convection. This is an important reason for the slower moving speed of the typhoon.

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尽管台风路径和强度的数值预报已取得显著进展,但依然难以满足业务预报的需求。利用高分辨率中尺度数值预报模式WRF,通过不同的模式初值、起报时间和微物理参数化方案的8组组合试验,揭示模式初值对台风“利奇马”(1909)路径预报的敏感性,并将最大和最小路径误差的模拟结果作为代表性试验,构建了改进模式初值的敏感性试验,以此进一步研究不同模式初值导致台风路径预报差异的影响机制。结果表明:西太平洋副热带高压(简称副高)强度和范围的准确预报对台风路径的预报起重要作用,初始场中副高偏强将导致模式预报的副高偏强,致使台风沿副高西移、北上受阻且移速偏慢,从而导致路径预报误差显著增大。其次,台风移动路径与不同阶段台风内核结构的预报误差密切相关,而大尺度环流形势背景下的风垂直切变可能是导致这一误差的重要原因。此外,副高范围和强度偏大,台风中心附近水平风速非对称分布为对流触发提供了有利条件,进一步使得台风强度增大,是模拟台风移速偏慢的重要原因。

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马旭林,主要从事数值预报资料同化、集合预报及大气可预报性研究。E-mail:
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张彤彤,主要从事数值预报与大气可预报性研究。E-mail:

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Mon Wea Rev, 136(9):3307-3322, articleTitle=An observational study of environmental dynamical control of tropical cyclone intensity in the Atlantic, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1244213327447044270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, awardId=U2242213, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U2242213), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1244213327526736049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, awardId=2021YFC3000902, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC3000902), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1244213320450945823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244213320459334433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, companyId=1244213320450945823, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster,Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters,Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,Nanjing 210044,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244213320467723042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, companyId=1244213320450945823, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心,南京,210044)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1244213324561363930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Geopotential height(shaded,unit:gpm)at 500 hPa for ERA-2(a),SEN(b)experiments in the initial condition at 00:00 UTC 6 August 2019, figureFileSmall=+JTt0Xsy++Lqr3YjKGIVdQ==, figureFileBig=+fi0Fz5La2gMnU5cfc4oSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213324632667105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2019年8月6日00时ERA-2(a)、敏感性试验SEN(b)初始场500 hPa位势高度(色阶,单位:gpm), figureFileSmall=+JTt0Xsy++Lqr3YjKGIVdQ==, figureFileBig=+fi0Fz5La2gMnU5cfc4oSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213324875936749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Comparison of tracks from best track archives and eight sets of model simulations of typhoon Lekima from 00:00 UTC 6 to 00:00 UTC 10 August 2019(a. track,b. track error), figureFileSmall=hbuFGJLM9VpyAh9ZjsWzYA==, figureFileBig=ygCsLneLFfdShjZBRL8Wag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325035320314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2019年8月6日00时—10日00时台风“利奇马”观测和8组试验模拟的路径对比(a. 路径、b. 路径误差), figureFileSmall=hbuFGJLM9VpyAh9ZjsWzYA==, figureFileBig=ygCsLneLFfdShjZBRL8Wag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325144371204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Comparison of tracks from best track archives and ERA-2,FNL-2 model simulations of typhoon Lekima from 00:00 UTC 6 to 00:00 UTC 10 August 2019(a. track,b. track error), figureFileSmall=FFM3u6tU75L5xcvRCgjx9Q==, figureFileBig=N1zagcFTVrTmvY4TGR7FLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325257617421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2019年8月6日00时—10日00时台风“利奇马”观测和试验ERA-2、FNL-2模拟的路径对比(a. 路径、b. 路径误差), figureFileSmall=FFM3u6tU75L5xcvRCgjx9Q==, figureFileBig=N1zagcFTVrTmvY4TGR7FLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325404418070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Geopotential height(shaded,unit:gpm)and wind field(vector,unit:m/s)at 500 hPa for ERA-2(a1—a3)and FNL-2(b1—b3)experiments at 15:00 UTC(a1,b1),18:00 UTC(a2,b2)and 21:00 UTC(a3,b3)8 August 2019(the dashed lines and solid lines indicate geopotential contours of 5860 gpm and 5880 gpm), figureFileSmall=FKq+toVemNnSFECLhGjAqw==, figureFileBig=bt9vHXfmWDX3I+Bm564VqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325538635807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2019年8月8日15时(a1、b1)、18时(a2、b2)、21时(a3、b3)ERA-2(a1—a3)、FNL-2(b1—b3)试验的500 hPa位势高度(色阶,单位:gpm)、风场(箭矢,单位:m/s)(黑色虚线为5860 gpm等值线,黑色实线为5880 gpm等值线), figureFileSmall=FKq+toVemNnSFECLhGjAqw==, figureFileBig=bt9vHXfmWDX3I+Bm564VqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325626716198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Geopotential height(shaded,unit:gpm)and wind field(vector)at 500 hPa for ERA-2(a),FNL-2(b)experiments and their differences(c)in the initial condition at 00:00 UTC 6 August 2019(the solid(dashed)line indicates geopotential contour of 5880(5840)gpm,the purple(green)line represents the results for ERA-2(FNL-2)), figureFileSmall=fAOHxyKDZZxVeg7eIcCpWA==, figureFileBig=B+9npLIqEqvCuYvg7Zz8wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325706407978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2019年8月6日00时ERA-2(a)、FNL-2(b)试验的初始场500 hPa位势高度(色阶,单位:gpm)、风场(箭矢)及其差值(c)(黑色实线(虚线)为5880(5840)gpm等值线,紫色(绿色)实线(虚线)为ERA-2(FNL-2)5880(5840)gpm等值线), figureFileSmall=fAOHxyKDZZxVeg7eIcCpWA==, figureFileBig=B+9npLIqEqvCuYvg7Zz8wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325786099759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Comparison of tracks between best track archives and ERA-2,FNL-2,SEN model simulations of typhoon Lekima from 00:00 UTC 6 to 00:00 UTC 10 August 2019(a. track,b. track error), figureFileSmall=JvPYB047Om5x8pu2CLa7cQ==, figureFileBig=GoVJlLSc5WGqlWVkSjW3xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325916123190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2019年8月6日00时—10日00时台风“利奇马”观测和试验ERA-2、FNL-2、SEN模拟的路径对比(a. 路径、b. 路径误差), figureFileSmall=JvPYB047Om5x8pu2CLa7cQ==, figureFileBig=GoVJlLSc5WGqlWVkSjW3xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326008397883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Simulated tracks(a,circle,triangle and square refer to ERA-2,FNL-2 and SEN,respectively;fill colors denote different times),the time-height profiles of steering flows(b1;purple,green and orange vectors are for the model results of ERA-2,FNL-2 and SEN,respectively),vertically averaged steering flow between 200 and 850 hPa(Ave),and moving speed of typhoon(Speed)(b2)from 12:00 UTC 8 August 2019, figureFileSmall=9lnBf4S+T/7J971X+WsXag==, figureFileBig=SWsMat9jpl23AZwkV52J7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326117449795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=CN, label=图7, caption=2019年8月8日12时起台风模拟路径(a,圆形、三角形、正方形分别表示ERA-2、FNL-2、SEN;不同填色表示不同时刻)、各高度层环境引导气流(b1,紫色:ERA-2,绿色:FNL-2,橙色:SEN),各高度层平均引导气流(Ave)以及台风中心移动速度(Speed)(b2)随时间的变化, figureFileSmall=9lnBf4S+T/7J971X+WsXag==, figureFileBig=SWsMat9jpl23AZwkV52J7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326222307401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=850 hPa radar reflectivity difference(shaded,unit:dBz)between ERA-2 and FNL-2(a1—a3),SEN and FNL-2(b1—b3)at 18:00 UTC(a1,b1)8 August,00:00 UTC(a2,b2)and 12:00 UTC(a3,b3)9 August 2019(the direction of the black vector in a1—a3(b1—b3)represent typhoon movement directions from ERA-2(SEN)experiments), figureFileSmall=9XEEjOGio5OIOO5mOq7l6w==, figureFileBig=AFWDxVgjKedl65n9KBSN3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326310387794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=CN, label=图8, caption=2019年8月8日18时(a1、b1)、9日00时(a2、b2)、9日12时(a3、b3)ERA-2(a1—a3)、SEN(b1—b3)试验分别与FNL-2试验的850 hPa雷达反射率因子的差值(色阶,单位:dBz)(a1—a3和b1—b3中黑色矢量方向分别表示ERA-2和SEN试验台风移向), figureFileSmall=9XEEjOGio5OIOO5mOq7l6w==, figureFileBig=AFWDxVgjKedl65n9KBSN3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326402662490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Environmental mean wind profiles of ERA-2(a1—a3),FNL-2(b1—b3)and SEN(c1—c3)experiments at 18:00 UTC(a1,b1,c1)8 August,00:00 UTC(a2,b2,c2)and 12:00 UTC(a3,b3,c3)9 August 2019(arrow refer to the shear direction(200—850 hPa),and the red typhoon symbol indicates the typhoon center), figureFileSmall=Hs1OrR/M1Xdc2NroIjDS/w==, figureFileBig=mgrLzU2O8c3MoSl3/8yr2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326511714403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=CN, label=图9, caption=2019年8月8日18时(a1、b1、c1)、9日00时(a2、b2、c2)、9日12时(a3、b3、c3)ERA-2(a1—a3)、FNL-2(b1—b3)、SEN(c1—c3)试验的850—200 hPa环境风廓线(箭头为200与850 hPa之间的风速垂直切变,红色台风符号为坐标系的原点), figureFileSmall=Hs1OrR/M1Xdc2NroIjDS/w==, figureFileBig=mgrLzU2O8c3MoSl3/8yr2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326624960623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Comparison of intensity between observations and model simulations of typhoon Lekima from 00:00 UTC 6 to 00:00 UTC 10 August 2019(a. ERA-2,b. FNL-2,c. SEN(solid lines refer to best track archives and dashed lines refer to model simulations,red for sea level pressure,blue for maximum sustained wind);d. temporal evolution of sea level pressure error;e. maximum sustained wind error), figureFileSmall=+6W0+HTp+mJg3rhfspYoyw==, figureFileBig=kbXOhDjY97ZEFYeLh/GcnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326713041016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=CN, label=图10, caption=2019年8月6日00时—10日00时台风“利奇马”观测和模拟的强度对比(a. ERA-2、b. FNL-2、c. SEN(实线:实况;虚线:模拟;红线:中心最低气压(SLP),蓝线:中心附近最大风速(MSW));d. 中心最低气压误差;e. 中心附近最大风速误差), figureFileSmall=+6W0+HTp+mJg3rhfspYoyw==, figureFileBig=kbXOhDjY97ZEFYeLh/GcnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326813704321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Temporal evolutions of radius-height cross sections of the azimuthal mean radial wind(shaded,unit:m/s)and tangential wind(solid contour,unit:m/s)of ERA-2(a1—a3),FNL-2(b1—b3)and SEN(c1—c3)experiments at 18:00 UTC(a1,b1,c1)8 August,00:00 UTC(a2,b2,c2)and 12:00 UTC(a3,b3,c3)9 August 2019(the dashed contours indicate the RMW), figureFileSmall=dFIQkkAwL9g0R86+XTO3xQ==, figureFileBig=Z/RSVtyVmCi3NeVNLTOJYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326905979018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=CN, label=图11, caption=2019年8月8日18时(a1、b1、c1)、9日00时(a2、b2、c2)、9日12时(a3、b3、c3)ERA-2(a1—a3)、FNL-2(b1—b3)、SEN(c1—c3)试验的方位角平均径向风(色阶,单位:m/s)、切向风(黑色实线,单位:m/s)的径向-高度分布(黑色虚线表示最大风速半径), figureFileSmall=dFIQkkAwL9g0R86+XTO3xQ==, figureFileBig=Z/RSVtyVmCi3NeVNLTOJYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326989865104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Temporal evolution of radius-height cross sections of the azimuthal mean perturbation temperature(shaded,unit:℃),radar reflectivity(black solid contour,unit:dBz)and vertical velocity(blue dashed contour,unit:m/s)of ERA-2(a1—a3),FNL-2(b1—b3)and SEN(c1—c3)experiments at 18:00 UTC 8 August(a1,b1,c1),00:00 UTC(a2,b2,c2)and 12:00 UTC(a3,b3,c3)9 August 2019, figureFileSmall=Nn6srHLqgsza4QSVs1J3tw==, figureFileBig=9CyWG77SuvTS8y8cDSaqNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213327098917014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=CN, label=图12, caption=2019年8月8日18时(a1、b1、c1)、9日00时(a2、b2、c2)、9日12时(a3、b3、c3)ERA-2(a1—a3)、FNL-2(b1—b3)、SEN(c1—c3)试验的方位角平均温度偏差(色阶,单位:℃),雷达反射率因子(黑色实线,单位:dBz)和垂直速度(蓝色虚线,单位:m/s)的径向-高度分布, figureFileSmall=Nn6srHLqgsza4QSVs1J3tw==, figureFileBig=9CyWG77SuvTS8y8cDSaqNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213327199580319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Design of numerical experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验名称模式初值起报时间(世界时)云微物理过程
参数化方案
ERA-1ERA5再分析资料2019-08-06 00时Thompson
ERA-2Lin
ERA-32019-08-06 06时Thompson
ERA-4Lin
FNL-1FNL分析资料2019-08-06 00时Thompson
FNL-2Lin
FNL-32019-08-06 06时Thompson
FNL-4Lin
), ArticleFig(id=1244213327291855012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314121741022, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模拟试验方案设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验名称模式初值起报时间(世界时)云微物理过程
参数化方案
ERA-1ERA5再分析资料2019-08-06 00时Thompson
ERA-2Lin
ERA-32019-08-06 06时Thompson
ERA-4Lin
FNL-1FNL分析资料2019-08-06 00时Thompson
FNL-2Lin
FNL-32019-08-06 06时Thompson
FNL-4Lin
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超强台风“利奇马”(1909)近海路径预报误差的关键影响机制
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张彤彤 , 李涵 , 郝冰洁 , 童劲 , 朱磊 , 葛旭阳 , 马旭林
气象学报 | 论文 2025,83(5): 1241-1257
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气象学报 | 论文 2025, 83(5): 1241-1257
超强台风“利奇马”(1909)近海路径预报误差的关键影响机制
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张彤彤 , 李涵, 郝冰洁, 童劲, 朱磊, 葛旭阳, 马旭林
作者信息
  • 南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心,南京,210044
  • 张彤彤,主要从事数值预报与大气可预报性研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

马旭林,主要从事数值预报资料同化、集合预报及大气可预报性研究。E-mail:
Key mechanisms influencing forecast errors of the inshore track of super typhoon Lekima(1909)
Tongtong ZHANG , Han LI, Bingjie HAO, Jin TONG, Lei ZHU, Xuyang GE, Xulin MA
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster,Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters,Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,Nanjing 210044,China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240168
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尽管台风路径和强度的数值预报已取得显著进展,但依然难以满足业务预报的需求。利用高分辨率中尺度数值预报模式WRF,通过不同的模式初值、起报时间和微物理参数化方案的8组组合试验,揭示模式初值对台风“利奇马”(1909)路径预报的敏感性,并将最大和最小路径误差的模拟结果作为代表性试验,构建了改进模式初值的敏感性试验,以此进一步研究不同模式初值导致台风路径预报差异的影响机制。结果表明:西太平洋副热带高压(简称副高)强度和范围的准确预报对台风路径的预报起重要作用,初始场中副高偏强将导致模式预报的副高偏强,致使台风沿副高西移、北上受阻且移速偏慢,从而导致路径预报误差显著增大。其次,台风移动路径与不同阶段台风内核结构的预报误差密切相关,而大尺度环流形势背景下的风垂直切变可能是导致这一误差的重要原因。此外,副高范围和强度偏大,台风中心附近水平风速非对称分布为对流触发提供了有利条件,进一步使得台风强度增大,是模拟台风移速偏慢的重要原因。

西太平洋副热带高压  /  引导气流  /  台风路径  /  风垂直切变  /  台风“利奇马”

Significant progress has been made in numerical forecasting of typhoon tracks and intensity, yet meeting the needs of operational forecasting remains challenging. Based on the high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, eight sets of combination experiments are conducted with different model initial conditions, initialization times, and microphysical parameterization schemes. The results indicate that the model initial condition exhibits the highest sensitivity in forecasting the track of typhoon Lekima (1909). Representative experiments are selected based on track errors, and sensitivity experiments are conducted to further explore the mechanisms responsible for significant differences in typhoon track forecasts arising from different model initial conditions. The results indicate that accurate forecasting of the strength and extent of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) plays a crucial role in determining the quality of typhoon track predictions. An overestimation of the WPSH in the initial field leads to a subsequent overestimation of WPSH, which blocks the typhoon that moves westward and northward along the WPSH and its moving speed is slowed. This results in significant errors in the typhoon track forecasting. Additionally, forecast errors of the typhoon inner core structure at different stages are related to the predicted typhoon track. Vertical wind shear in the large-scale circulation field may be a significant factor contributing to this error. Moreover, an overestimation of the WPSH extent and intensity leads to a deeper asymmetric distribution of horizontal wind speed near the typhoon, which contributes to the occurrence and development of deep convection. This is an important reason for the slower moving speed of the typhoon.

Western Pacific subtropical high  /  Steering flow  /  Typhoon track  /  Vertical wind shear  /  Typhoon Lekima
张彤彤, 李涵, 郝冰洁, 童劲, 朱磊, 葛旭阳, 马旭林. 超强台风“利奇马”(1909)近海路径预报误差的关键影响机制. 气象学报, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1241 -1257 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240168
Tongtong ZHANG, Han LI, Bingjie HAO, Jin TONG, Lei ZHU, Xuyang GE, Xulin MA. Key mechanisms influencing forecast errors of the inshore track of super typhoon Lekima(1909)[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1241 -1257 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240168
中国是世界上台风灾害频发的国家之一,提高台风路径和强度预报准确度对减轻台风灾害至关重要。尽管近年来台风路径预报质量已取得明显改善,但登陆地点的准确预报依然是当前台风预报研究的重要挑战之一。台风移动路径受到引导气流和β效应等多种因素的影响。前者主要体现在通过副热带高压、季风系统、中纬度西风带以及对流层中高层纬向风与台风的相互作用影响其移动路径(雷小途等,2001Chen,et al,2009Wu,et al,2016)。其中,西太平洋副热带高压的断裂、减弱和东撤通过影响引导气流,从而导致台风路径突变,是造成台风路径北翘的关键因素(Shi,et al,2014高松影等,2017)。在β漂移的作用下,西北太平洋地区的台风往往趋于西行和西北行(Wu,et al,2004)。此外,一些研究表明台风移动除了受到上述动力学因素的影响外,还可能受到热力学因素的作用。Katsube等(2016)以及Sun等(2017)指出更高的海表温度通过海-气相互作用改变对流分布,从而促使西北太平洋的一些台风更早地向北转向。Herbener等(2014)通过理想试验发现,潮湿的气溶胶可以通过潜热释放引发云微物理和台风动力学相互作用,进而影响台风的移动路径和强度。由于水汽分布和台风的相互作用通常与大尺度环流形势有关,水汽分布受到环流系统的调整进一步可以改变台风的移动方向(Yan,et al,2017)。基于卫星资料的研究也表明水汽对改善台风路径预报具有一定的贡献(Yue,et al,2017Chen,et al,2019)。因此,在台风移动路径的理论研究和实际预报中还应考虑热力学效应。
随着数值预报的迅速发展,高分辨率数值模式已经成为开展台风路径及其强度等研究的一种重要方法(马雷鸣,2014)。在数值天气预报中,限制台风预报质量的因素诸多,如模式初值、动力框架和物理过程以及参数化方案等及其误差均直接影响预报质量,其中模式初值的质量对于预报效果的影响尤为关键(Rabier,et al,1996纪立人等,2005王秋萍等,2023Wang,et al,2023)。在台风发生、发展初期,一方面,热带地区洋面上的观测资料有限,限制了数值模式的初始场对大气状态的准确描述;另一方面,台风在初始阶段系统较弱,其结构难以准确估计,这些因素均可能导致模式预报产生较大误差,也是数值预报模式对降水时间、落区和强度预报质量较差的主要原因之一(Krishnamurti,et al,2009)。Miguez-Macho等(2000)也认为准确的区域模式初始和侧边界条件是模式预报成功的关键。因此,在观测敏感区加强观测可有效改善初始场质量从而减小台风路径的预报误差(陈思远等,2023)。此外,基于集合预报方法估计热带气旋模式初值的不确定性也可提高台风路径的数值预报技巧(Huang,et al,2020张璟等,2022)。总之,为台风路径预报提供合理准确的初始场,从而减小相关物理量及环流系统的预报误差,对台风路径的预报质量至关重要。另外,研究(周昊等,2013孟泽华等,2023)指出,数值模式中不同微物理方案对台风外部风结构的预报结果会产生不同的影响,并通过改变β环流以影响其预报路径,但其敏感性因情况而异。
台风“利奇马”(1909)是2019年登陆中国的最强台风,于2019年8月4日06时(世界时,下同)在西太平洋洋面上生成并向西北方向移动,8月7日15时加强为超强台风,强度继续加强的同时向西北方向移动,8月8日12时强度达到最大,中心最低气压为915 hPa,中心附近最大风速达到62 m/s,后于8月9日17时45分在浙江台州温岭城南镇沿海登陆,登陆时中心附近最大风力达16级(52 m/s),其登陆后产生的灾害天气对中国东南沿海城市造成了巨大的社会经济影响,导致超过500亿元的直接经济损失以及有1400万人受灾(张康波等,2019)。已有研究多针对该台风强度和降水预报(Huang,et al,2021Xu,et al,2023),对其移动路径预报的研究相对较少。尽管台风“利奇马”(1909)在海面以西北行为主,实际移动路径相对简单,但是国家气象中心预报的台风路径在近海区域离散度偏大,预报台风位置较实况偏西、偏南,且对模式初值较为敏感,导致登陆位置预报不够准确,给台风登陆及其降水的落区预报带来一定困难(王海平等,2021)。
基于台风“利奇马”(1909)移动路径简单,但中央气象台预报发散度较大的问题,本研究通过不同模式初值、起报时间和微物理过程参数化方案的组合,对超强台风“利奇马”(1909)路径进行对流尺度数值预报试验,探讨模式配置的不确定性对台风路径预报的影响,进一步分析导致路径预报误差的可能机制,为改进数值模式对台风路径预报提供科学参考。
台风观测路径和强度资料均来自中国气象局上海台风研究所(CMA-STI)发布的6 h一次的最佳路径数据集。该数据集提供了1949年至今西北太平洋(含中国南海,赤道以北,经度180°以西)海域的台风强度、位置的经纬度、热带气旋海平面最低气压以及2 min平均的最大风速等信息。
模式初值和边界条件使用美国国家大气研究中心(National Center for Atmospheric Research,NCAR)的FNL资料(National Centers for Environmental Protection/Final Operational Global Analysis,NCEP/FNL)和欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)的大气再分析数据ERA5(ECMWF Reanalysis v5),水平分辨率为0.25°×0.25°,时间间隔为6 h,每天00、06、12和18时4个时次。
台风“利奇马”(1909)的数值模拟利用WRF_ARW模式(v3.9),采用外层固定、内层移动的两层嵌套方案,其中外层网格区域以(27°N,127°E)为中心,水平分辨率为9 km;伴随台风的内层移动嵌套网格的水平分辨率为3 km,模式顶高为50 hPa,共45个垂直层。
为了探究台风的路径预报质量对模式初值、起报时间以及物理过程参数化方案3个因素的敏感性,每个因素设置两个可选方案,模式初值资料来源为ERA5和FNL资料,起报时间为2019年8月6日00和06时,均积分至10日00时,云微物理过程参数化方案分别采用Thompson和Lin方案,组合共设置8组试验(表1)。其中ERA-1至ERA-4试验的模式初值为ERA5再分析资料,FNL-1至FNL-4试验的模式初值为FNL资料。
模式边界层方案为YSU,长波辐射和短波辐射方案分别为RRTM和Goddard,陆面过程方案为Noah land-surface model,积云参数化方案为Kain-Fritsch,且仅在最外层粗网格使用(Chen,et al,2018)。
为对比研究不同西太平洋副热带高压(简称副高)强度对台风“利奇马”(1909)路径预报的影响,在ERA-2试验初始场副高范围偏大、强度偏强特征的基础上,减小副高强度,开展敏感性试验SEN。具体步骤如下:(1)识别925—300 hPa不同高度上水平梯度最小区域的位势高度值作为该层阈值;(2)计算风场(UV)、温度场(T)、相对湿度(RH)和位势高度场(GHT)的10 a平均气候态,将ERA-2初始场中对应物理量分别与其做差得到相应的扰动场;(3)在每层阈值区域内,将上述扰动分量的70%叠加至平均气候态场(相对湿度叠加扰动场的110%),从而达到调整副高强度的目的。试验设计中每层阈值的识别是为了让改变区域与其他区域之间不出现跃变点,过渡平缓。以500 hPa高度层为例,图1展示了ERA-2与敏感性试验SEN初始场中位势高度分布及其差异。从修改后的高度场分布(图1b)可以清楚地看到,副高强度和范围相较ERA-2(图1a)均有所减弱,中心最大强度从5926 gpm降至5914 gpm,5880 gpm等值线表示的副高西脊点退至125°E以东。
台风观测和模拟路径(图2a)显示,前半段预报时间内(6日06时—8日00时),模拟路径与观测基本一致仅位置略偏西。结合路径误差(图2b)可知,8日00时之后(灰色阴影区域)模拟台风移向较观测发生明显西偏,台风观测路径(Obs,黑实线)更加偏北,而模拟台风仍向西北移动,逐渐偏离观测路径。8组试验中台风移速均小于实际台风,以FNL资料为初始场的4组试验(FNL-1、FNL-2、FNL-3、FNL-4)的台风移速明显快于以ERA5资料为初始场的模拟结果(ERA-1、ERA-2、ERA-3、ERA-4),且模拟后期台风移动路径更加接近观测,路径预报更优。比较8组试验的台风路径误差(图2b)发现,8日00时前,8组试验路径误差均小于100 km,随时间变化趋势较为稳定。8日00时后路径误差随时间推移快速增大,ERA5作为初始场的路径误差(实线)增长尤为显著,1 h内达到190 km。由于移动方向和速度的差异,8组试验的台风路径误差在模拟后期呈现出两种显著不同的趋势,初始场为ERA5资料的4组试验的路径误差(实线)逐渐演变为以FNL资料为初始场(虚线)的2倍。因此,ERA5再分析资料作为模式初值模拟的移动路径的误差明显更大。结合模拟台风路径误差(图2b)和试验方案(表1)发现,模式起报时间和物理过程参数化方案上做的调整对路径预报影响较小,模拟后期路径误差发展为两种趋势主要是由于模式初值差异造成的,即台风“利奇马”(1909)的路径预报对模式初值敏感性明显高于模式起报时间以及物理过程参数化方案。
为进一步研究台风路径预报差异的机制,基于台风路径误差,从8组试验中选取模拟质量相对最好的FNL-2和最差的ERA-2作为代表性试验,进一步研究模式初值对台风路径预报的可能影响。两个代表性试验方案中除了模式初值外,其余设置均相同。结合模拟台风路径(图3a)及其误差(图3b)可知,两组试验的路径误差在8日12时前基本一致,其后二者的路径误差开始出现显著差异。8日12时之后,两组试验模拟台风移动速度都有明显减小的趋势,但相比而言,FNL-2减缓更慢,且后期移动方向向观测靠近,至9日18时,ERA-2路径误差接近400 km,FNL-2路径误差达200 km,前者约为后者的两倍,路径误差差异显著。
美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)的分析资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的再分析资料质量得到广泛认可并作为模式初值被应用于数值模式预报(Sun,et al,2023)。但由于两套分析资料的时空分辨率、预报模式、同化方案、资料来源和质量控制方案等存在一定差异,导致各物理量的预报质量不一致。相比FNL分析资料,ERA5再分析资料对低层温度和湿度的描述更接近于观测(支星等,2014孙璐等,2022)。对于台风数值预报而言,以往研究(Komaromi,et al,2011)也表明ECMWF可提供更真实的涡旋初始场。然而,综合考虑8日00时—10日00时台风移动方向和移动速度的路径预报误差的模拟结果(图2b阴影区),FNL资料作为模式初值的台风路径预报质量明显优于ERA5再分析资料。这与以往研究中一般认为ERA5再分析资料优于FNL资料的认识有所不同。为探讨影响台风移动路径预报误差的可能机制,将针对上述两个代表性试验的预报结果进行多角度分析讨论。
从涡度动力学角度来看,台风的移动主要由大尺度环流与其相对涡度的平流决定。由于热带气旋环流的对称结构,其他过程的影响在很大程度上被抵消。因此,热带气旋的移动主要受大尺度环境引导气流的影响(Velden,et al,1991)。对比不同时刻两组试验模拟的500 hPa高度场和风场分布(图4)发现,台风“利奇马”东北侧为副高,西北侧有东移的高空槽及其后的高压脊。随着高空槽东移,“利奇马”西北侧的副高逐渐东退减弱。ERA-2中5860 gpm等高线(黑虚线)包围的副高东西范围明显大于FNL-2,西伸脊点位置更偏西且状态稳定,导致ERA-2试验的台风向北移动受阻而只能沿副高外围向偏西移动;FNL-2试验中副高随时间发生断裂,8日18时副高西脊点位于渤海海域,与ERA-2试验相比,台风移动过程中受到的偏北分量增强,致使台风移向发生向北偏转。FNL-2试验中,8日21时副高在台风“利奇马”与其东部的台风“罗莎”之间南落,并与南侧高压打通,使得5860 gpm等值线(黑虚线)在135°E处形成南北向通道。在南北向高压西侧的偏南气流引导下台风受到的偏北分量明显增加,进一步导致台风移动路径的北折(图4b3)。这一结论与许映龙(2011)对超强台风“鲇鱼”(1013)在中国南海北翘的机制分析类似。ERA-2试验中5880 gpm等值线(黑色实线)包围的副高范围同样大于FNL-2试验,且副高南侧的台风“罗莎”比同时刻FNL-2试验的位置偏北,导致其与北侧副高之间的位势高度梯度大于FNL-2试验,在科里奥利力作用下产生东风分量,从而使得台风“利奇马”在移动过程中受到更强的向西作用力,造成移动路径的西折。由于台风“利奇马”与其东侧台风“罗莎”之间距离始终维持在1500 km以上,超过藤原效应临界距离,因此并未产生直接的相互作用(王海平等,2021)。这进一步验证了西太平洋副热带高压的断裂、减弱和东退是引起台风路径北翘的关键因素,与台风移动是否发生转向密切相关。
由以上结果得出,台风“利奇马”的移动路径预报与副高位置密切相关,而导致模式预报误差显著差异的原因可以追溯至模式初值的不同。为进一步揭示两组试验中副高预报存在显著差异的原因,图5给出了代表性试验的模式初始场500 hPa位势高度和水平风场的分布。由图5可见,FNL-2试验(图5b)中副高西北方向的高空槽更深,槽底部延伸至更低的纬度,对应副高东退明显,西伸脊点较ERA-2试验(图5a)副高脊点偏东、副高范围偏小,强度也偏弱。从两组试验的位势高度和风场差值场(图5c)可以更明显地看到二者差异,实线所包含的范围内位势高度差值基本为正值,表明ERA-2初始场位势高度更高、副高强度更强。另外,由于ERA-2副高南边缘向南凸出,使得处于“幼年期”的台风“罗莎”东部(20°N,145°E)附近水平风场差值显示为南风,是后期“罗莎”发展阶段位置偏北、强度偏强(图4a1—a3)的可能原因。因此,为了改进ERA-2台风路径预报,需要对预报模式初始场进行改进,尤其是副高的强度和范围。
为了进一步研究副高对台风路径预报的可能影响,基于将ERA-2试验的初始场中范围偏大、强度偏强的副高进行适当减小和减弱的敏感性试验(SEN),分析ERA-2、FNL-2及敏感性试验(SEN)3组台风路径模拟结果(图6)。减弱ERA-2初始场中偏大的副高范围及强度后,其预报的副高范围也相应减小,500 hPa等压面上5860和5880 gpm等值线包含的副高面积、西伸脊点介于同时刻ERA-2和FNL-2之间(图略)。SEN试验中,由于副高东退,模拟的台风在8日12时受到的向西分量减小,而向北分量增大,造成台风移动路径北折,从而向台风的观测路径靠拢(图6a)。台风路径预报误差(图6b)量化了台风移动路径改善的预报效果。SEN试验中,模拟前期预报的台风移速和移向均更加接近实况,8日12时之前的台风路径误差比另外两组试验更小。8日06时开始,3组试验的路径预报误差开始增大,至9日00时,SEN试验的路径误差呈现与ERA-2相同的较快速的增长趋势。结合图6a可知,8日06时SEN试验的台风位置与实际台风基本重合,而下一时刻台风向西运动分量突然增大,台风移动方向较之前明显偏西,导致台风路径误差骤然增大。其后台风转向偏西北移动逐渐接近观测路径。9日00时开始台风路径预报误差变化趋于稳定,接近FNL-2试验。因此,从路径预报结果分析,模式初始场对副高范围和强度描述准确度的提高,改善了模式预报的台风移动方向偏西以及移动速度偏慢的问题,这在一定程度上减小了台风路径误差。为探究副高的调整如何改善台风路径预报质量,文中将重点分析副高及大尺度环流场与台风的相互作用机制。
热带气旋的运动主要取决于大尺度环流对热带气旋的相对涡度的平流,即台风移动主要受大尺度环境引导气流主导(Chan,et al,1982Galarneau,et al,2013)。因此,引导气流与副高的范围和强度以及台风移动紧密相关。3组试验的路径误差随时间演变从8日12时开始发生显著不同,因此主要关注该时刻之后的台风路径(图6b阴影区域)。结合500 hPa位势高度和风场分布(图4)、台风移动路径(图7a)与其所受到的引导气流(图7b)分析发现,8日18时前,副高西伸明显,对位于其南侧的台风北上起到一定的阻碍作用,台风西北侧来自副高外沿的东北风与东南侧的西南急流在台风所受引导气流中相互抵消,因此台风中心东北侧的东南风是引导气流方向的重要贡献项。8日18时后,随着副高东退,台风西北侧的东北风以及东北侧的东南风均有所减小,因此东南侧的西南急流成为引导气流方向的主导。ERA-2试验的各层平均引导气流(Ave)最小,对应台风移动速度(Speed)最慢。9日00时前,由于ERA-2试验中副高强度和范围预报均偏大,使得台风北上受阻,同时台风“利奇马”东侧南北方向上位势高度梯度偏大,较大的向西环境风分量使得台风受到的引导气流中东风分量比另外两组试验强。如上分析,9日00时引导气流方向从东南转为西南,对应台风偏北分量增加,9日06时后又转为西北移向。SEN试验在9日00—06时引导气流速度大于FNL-2试验,相应地,台风移速也快于FNL-2试验;随后引导气流偏西分量增大,台风移动方向从西北偏北转为偏北向。整体而言,ERA-2试验台风受到的引导气流偏北分量以及整体速度大小均弱于另外两组试验,这意味着台风路径相较另外两组更偏纬向分布,且移速偏慢;由于副高较ERA-2试验有所减弱,环境场得到明显改善,SEN台风受到的引导气流偏北分量以及速度均增大,致使移动路径更接近FNL-2试验,也更接近实况。
大尺度环境因素对台风路径的影响极其复杂,环境场中不同的物理因素会对台风路径的偏转产生不同的影响;另外,环境因素又与其他外部作用力(如地形作用力)或台风本身的内部结构相互作用,影响台风自身移动(Guo,et al,2017)。已有研究指出,台风发展和维持的主要机制是CISK,主要能量来源是积云对流凝结释放的潜热。贺海晏(1995)定性分析了积云对流凝结加热对台风移动的影响:若降水区域集中在台风移动方向的左侧,绝热加热产生的加速度的方向与台风移动方向相反,因此积云对流凝结产生的热量会使台风减速;相反,若降水区域集中在台风移动方向的右侧,台风将加速前进。若降水区域位于台风移动方向的前部,台风将向左偏离;若降水区域位于台风移动方向的后侧,台风将向右偏移。
为了更清晰地对比出ERA-2(SEN)试验相对于FNL-2试验雷达反射率因子大值区即强对流分布的相对位置,进而分析不同试验模拟的台风移动速度和方向的差异,图8为8日18时(图8a1、b1)、9日00时(图8a2、b2)、9日12时(图8a3、b3)ERA-2(图8a1—a3)和SEN(图8b1—b3)850 hPa雷达反射率因子分别与FNL-2试验对应时刻的差值结果,其中,将ERA-2和FNL-2试验模拟台风的中心定义在图8a1—a3中的(0,0)点,图8b1—b3同理。8日18时,850 hPa ERA-2试验台风周围最大雷达反射率因子区域主要集中于台风的西南、东南和东北侧(图8a1),即对流降水发生在台风移动方向的左侧、后方和右后方,由于非绝热加热的影响取决于非绝热引导速度的非轴对称性,因此位于台风移动方向右后方的对流产生的非绝热加热作用被位于台风移动方向左后方的加热作用抵消了一部分,呈现出位于台风移动方向左侧的非绝热加热起主要作用,此时积云对流凝结产生的热量主要影响台风的移动速度,使得台风减速,相较FNL-2试验台风移动较慢;相同时刻,尽管SEN和ERA-2试验分别与FNL-2试验的反射率因子差值分布近似(图8b),但SEN试验台风的移动方向较ERA-2试验经向分量大,反射率因子差值的大值区在移动方向的左侧和右侧分布较均匀而相互抵消,呈现出位于台风移动方向后方的非绝热加热作用更为重要,使得台风向右偏转,位于FNL-2试验台风的东边。9日00时,台风所受引导气流为南偏西南风,ERA-2试验台风周围850 hPa最大雷达反射率因子主要集中于台风的北边(图8a2),位于台风移动方向的左侧和右前方,右前侧的加热作用一定程度上被左前方抵消,因此台风移动方向左侧的非绝热加热作用对台风移动起主要影响,台风移动减速;SEN试验中台风中心附近的雷达反射率因子大值区集中在东北和东南方(图8b2),台风移动方向右侧的潜热加热使得台风加速移动,移动速度明显大于FNL-2试验。9日12时,台风所受引导气流方向为南偏东南风,此时ERA-2和SEN试验台风中心附近雷达反射率因子大值区均主要分布在台风的西边(图8a3、b3),即位于台风移动方向的左侧和前方,因此对流凝结潜热释放产生的加热作用使得台风减速且向左偏,对应该时刻两组试验台风均位于FNL-2试验台风的左侧且移速较慢。综上所述,在更合理准确的引导气流和强对流非对称分布的共同作用下,SEN试验模拟的台风位置和移动路径得到明显改善,与实况更加吻合。
台风核心区中尺度强对流系统的分布在很大程度上受到大尺度环境场的控制和影响。风垂直切变是控制眼墙内对流不对称分布的重要因素,观测表明,弱整层风垂直切变条件下(<5 m/s),台风移动引起的非对称摩擦效应使得对流易出现在移动方向的右前方;在中强整层风垂直切变条件下(>5 m/s),上升气流在风垂直切变的顺风切一侧形成,气旋式平移至风切左侧,移动过程中经过碰并作用产生暖雨水并降落地面,造成凝结潜热释放,故雷达反射率因子高值区域通常位于风垂直切变的左侧(Black,et al,2002),此时,风垂直切变成为影响对流分布的主要因子,台风外螺旋雨带区的对流集中于顺风切方向及其左侧(杨璐等,2017Yu,et al,2017)。
3组试验的环境平均风廓线进一步揭示了大范围环境场的改变对环境风垂直切变的调整作用(图9)。8日18时,对流主要分布在风垂直切变的左侧,此时ERA-2风垂直切变矢量指向西南方向,SEN试验的风垂直切变方向较ERA-2试验有轻微向南调整的趋势,这与该时刻雷达反射率因子大值区的分布对应,SEN试验对流分布位于ERA-2试验的后方、右侧(图8a1、b1);9日00时,此时较弱的风垂直切变对螺旋雨带的分布影响较小,台风移动引起的非对称摩擦效应使得对流出现在移动方向的右前方,ERA-2试验风垂直切变指向西南偏南,SEN试验的风垂直切变方向向FNL-2调整,指向西南偏西,因此,对流凝结潜热释放的位置也更加偏北、偏东;9日12时,SEN试验因副高变化使得环流场形势发生调整,其风垂直切变方向向FNL-2试验靠近,风切变的经向分量有所减弱,纬向分量有所增大,指向由西南偏南转为西南偏西,因此该时刻对流主要分布在台风移动方向的左侧及前方,使得台风向左偏转且移速变慢,而ERA-2试验受东北偏北方向的风垂直切变影响,对流集中于台风移动方向的左侧,台风移速最慢。此外,8月18日3组试验中ERA-2试验整层平均风随高度升高发生顺时针旋转,根据热成风定理可知,风向顺时针旋转对应暖平流,暖平流为台风强度的发展和维持提供热量和水汽,有利于不稳定能量积累,而另外两组试验暖平流厚度均比ERA-2试验小;9日12时对流层中低层(500 hPa以下),台风周围的平均风随高度升高发生顺时针旋转,500 hPa以上随高度升高发生逆时针旋转,同样ERA-2试验中低层和高层的冷暖平流都是3组试验中最强的,而FNL-2试验最弱,因此ERA-2试验台风强度更强。由此可见,大范围环境场的调整改变了环境风垂直切变的大小和方向,使得台风内部强对流的位置和对称性得到重塑,进而影响台风的移动方向和速度。
台风强度与其移动速度存在着一定的关系,Zeng等(20072008)通过对不同海域台风的统计发现,强台风移动普遍较慢而弱台风移动普遍偏快。各试验强度预报如图10所示,可以明显看出,7日00时之前FNL-2试验台风中心附近最大风速在3组试验中最强,强度误差较大,但7日00时之后,尤其在关注时段内FNL-2试验模拟台风强度和实况最为接近(图10b),中心附近最大风速(蓝线)在整个模拟阶段均很好地再现出台风强度的变化趋势;相较而言,ERA-2试验(图10a)在8日12时之前模拟强度弱于观测,8日12时之后模拟强度强于观测,强度的趋势变化与实况相比存在时间滞后,台风强度发展的时间比观测晚6—12 h。通过调整副高的强度和范围,7日06时—8日18时SEN试验模拟强度的时滞有所改善(图10c),与ERA-2试验相比更接近观测,从预报强度的误差(图10d、e)也能够得出相同结论。针对关注时段8日12时之后,ERA-2试验在3组试验中预报强度最强,对应台风移速最慢;FNL-2试验最弱,对应台风移速最快;经大尺度环流场调整后模拟的SEN强度与移速介于二者之间,以上结果与前人指出的强台风移速慢、弱台风移速快的结论相一致。此外,由于强度预报的时滞性,7日00时—8日00时ERA-2试验台风预报强度弱于FNL-2试验。通常副高的范围和强度影响其附近台风的移动和强度,不同强度和移动路径的台风也会对副高的形态产生反馈作用(任素玲等,2007),台风越强,副高的减弱和东退越明显。因此,预报前期FNL-2试验台风较ERA-2试验偏强,且预报后期台风位置偏北,导致副高发生断裂且明显东撤,为后期台风北上提供有利的环境场条件,这可从前文副高形态的演变(图4)进一步得到印证。
研究表明,台风与环境大尺度环流的相互作用会直接影响其外围风场(Holland,et al,1984),进而对台风强度产生一定的影响。为了从动力学角度剖析台风强度差异,图11给出了3 km分辨率的3组试验ERA-2、FNL-2、SEN方位角平均的径向风(色阶)、切向风(黑色实线)和最大风速半径(黑色虚线),其中黑色实线表示台风中心附近切向风的方位角平均值,最大值均出现在距离台风中心50 km附近的低层,ERA-2低层近中心附近最强切向风平均可达64 m/s(图11a1—a3),而FNL-2试验最大切向风值明显偏小,最内圈闭合等值线数值为56 m/s,最大高度在2 km附近(图11b1—b3);ERA-2试验切向风56 m/s等值线延伸至5 km高度,高度差异在切向风48 m/s等值线上也有所体现。通过调整副高范围和强度,SEN试验台风强度也因此发生变化,使得低层近中心附近的最大切向风方位角平均值较ERA-2试验减小,介于ERA-2与FNL-2试验强度之间(图11c1—c3)。此外,更大的切向风伴随强入流,向台风内核区输送的角动量越大,同时ERA-2试验高层具有更强的出流,使得台风产生的次级环流更剧烈,因此台风强度也更强。台风最大风速半径(radius of maximum wind,RMW)可以用来衡量台风尺度大小,且其与台风自身强度变化呈现显著的负相关(Carrasco,et al,2014)。图中黑虚线表示不同高度层台风从中心向外最大切向风速所在半径,3组试验模拟台风的RMW大致在50 km左右,低层RMW位于最大切向风方位角平均的近中心一侧。比较发现,ERA-2试验的RMW整层均最小,进一步反映出该试验模拟的台风强度最强,对应台风移动速度最慢;相反,FNL-2台风附近的切向风方位角平均值最小,台风内核尺度偏大,对应台风移动速度偏快,而SEN试验台风强度和移速介于二者之间,与前文得到的结论一致。
通过计算台风中心的方位角平均,分析3组试验模拟台风在研究时段的热力结构及对流特征(图12)。采用方位角平均扰动位温表征台风暖心结构(Stern,et al,2016),其中温度扰动为各点与环境温度之差,环境温度定义为距离台风中心300—500 km的平均温度。在ERA-2试验中存在高层和中层两个暖心,比FNL-2试验的暖核结构更深厚、强度更强,台风暖心结构与台风自身强度显著正相关(Xi,et al,2021),因此ERA-2试验模拟的台风强度更强。ERA-2试验中台风“利奇马”与其北侧预报偏强的副高之间的气压梯度力加大使台风北侧的风速增强,台风内部非对称环流结构加强,有利于眼墙附近对流发展旺盛(黑色等值线),ERA-2试验对流发展的高度高于另外两组,水平范围也更大,有利于内核增湿(图略),对流产生的凝结潜热释放使得台风强度得以维持(陈联寿等,1997)。台风中心为弱下沉运动(蓝色等值线),距离台风中心20 km半径以外开始产生上升运动,强上升运动中心距离台风中心的位置与雷达反射率大值区相对应,同时也是台风最大风速半径所在的距离,是强对流活动的频繁区。ERA-2试验旺盛的对流发展对应强的次级环流,通过调节副高的强度和范围,SEN试验中暖核强度得到明显削弱,同FNL-2试验只维持高层的暖心,对流发展高度与水平范围也有所减弱,从而台风强度减弱并向FNL-2试验靠近。因此,台风强度越强,其自身组织结构越紧密,往往对应移动速度越慢,该结论与马艺铭等(2023)对台风“黑格比”(2020)分析得到的强度与移速的关系相吻合。
本研究选取台风“利奇马”(1909)进行高分辨率数值模拟,以此研究分析模式初值、起报时间和微物理方案对台风路径预报误差的影响。通过比较以上模式预报的3个不确定性来源,并基于台风路径误差选取的两个代表性试验,探讨模式预报中导致预报路径误差差异显著的可能机制。主要结论如下:
(1)“利奇马”(1909)台风路径对数值模式初值敏感性较强,FNL分析资料为初值的台风路径质量在预报48 h后明显优于ERA-5再分析资料,模式初始场中大尺度和中尺度关键天气系统质量的差异,是造成路径差异显著的主要原因。
(2)模式初始场中副高的范围和强度的准确描述对台风路径预报的影响显著,预报前期的副高形态对台风路径的后期预报具有显著的指示作用。模式初始场中明显较强的副高导致预报中期和后期副高相对较强,台风所受引导气流纬向分量大于经向分量,导致台风向北移动受阻后向西缓慢移动;减弱副高改变对流层整层台风的引导气流,能够改善模式中预报台风移动方向偏西以及移动速度偏慢的问题。
(3)不同阶段台风结构的预报质量也是路径预报误差的重要来源。副高的调整通过改变环境风垂直切变,重塑台风内核区域强对流的分布和对称性,从而使得非绝热加热作用和台风自身强度共同影响台风的移速和移向。
本研究揭示了“利奇马”(1909)台风路径预报对模式初值的高敏感性,即初值中的微小差异可能造成预报结果的显著不同,进一步加深了副高对台风移动路径影响机制的理解,可为改进台风数值预报模式中关键影响系统的描述提供科学的参考依据。但台风内核区中小尺度对流发生、发展过程复杂多变,大尺度天气系统变化与其密切相关,对于弱台风或非快速增强台风,副高对台风移动路径的影响还需要进一步研究。文中仅针对模式预报中两种不同模式初值模拟得到的路径误差的显著差异进行了分析讨论,而对于二者共同的预报缺陷—预报后期台风移速较实况普遍偏慢从而导致路径误差迅速增长这一问题的原因尚不明晓;其次,预报过程中海表温度未实时更新,使得台风发展后期难以获得准确的能量,这也可能是导致预报后期台风路径和强度预报偏离实际的原因,有待进一步研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U2242213)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC3000902)
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2025年第83卷第5期
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doi: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240168
  • 接收时间:2024-09-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-26
  • 修回日期:2025-02-05
基金
国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U2242213)
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC3000902)
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    南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心,南京,210044

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马旭林,主要从事数值预报资料同化、集合预报及大气可预报性研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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