Article(id=1244213314033664905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11676/qxxb2025.20240051, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713369600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-18, revisedDate=1739289600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774573170431, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774573170431, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774573170431, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573170431, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244213313182221193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, year='2025', volume='83', issue='5', pageStart='1139', pageEnd='1384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774573170228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774573255889, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244213672566960780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, issueId=1244213313182221193, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1258, endPage=1270, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244213315744940941, articleId=1244213314033664905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, language=EN, title=Impact of PBL eddy transport on the 20 July 2021 Zhengzhou torrential rainfall, columnId=1244213315661054860, journalTitle=Acta Meteorologica Sinica, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The "7.20" Zhengzhou torrential rainfall is the most severe storm in the 21st century, characterized by long persistence and intense hourly precipitation. Through comparative analysis of PBL (Planetary Boundary Layer) eddy transport for this instantaneous precipitation process, this study attempts to investigate PBL structure and turbulent diffusion impacts on heavy precipitation intensity. Three comparative experiments are conducted by tuning coefficients of local eddy diffusion and counter-gradient term. Results show that PBL turbulent transport has strong influences on severe hourly precipitation during the "7.20" Zhengzhou torrential rainfall event. It is found through comparison that the decrease in local eddy diffusion noticeably leads to weakening in precipitation intensity and the counter-gradient term mainly results in changes in rainfall location and evolution. Furthermore, PBL eddy transport can modulate large-scale atmospheric conditions for heavy storms, such as local water vapor supply and atmospheric instability. Finally, the eddy vapor and heat transports can notably modify the distribution, intensity and evolution of moisture flux convergence and PBL atmospheric instability, and thus exhibit great influences on this severe storm simulation.

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郑州“7.20”暴雨是百年一遇的特大暴雨,持续时间长、小时降水强度大。本研究主要针对该暴雨过程瞬时降水强度特征展开边界层涡动传输对比分析,旨在探究此次小时降水极值形成过程中边界层结构特征及其作用。通过分别调整局地涡动扩散系数和逆梯度项系数,进行3组对比试验,结果显示:(1)边界层涡动传输过程对郑州特大暴雨局地1 h降水量极值有重要影响,局地涡动扩散系数减小主要使降水强度显著减弱,逆梯度项主要影响降水落区和演变过程;(2)边界层次网格尺度传输过程对产生暴雨的大尺度背景条件具有较强调制作用,调整边界层水汽和热量涡动传输过程可明显影响局地水汽供应和大气不稳定条件;(3)水汽和热量涡动传输可使水汽通量辐合及大气低层不稳定的分布、强度、时间演变发生显著变化,进而影响瞬时降水强度极值和出现时间,可能是影响本次局地强降水模拟的重要因子。

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叶成志,主要从事灾害性天气预报技术和暴雨中尺度数值研究。E-mail:

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叶成志,主要从事灾害性天气预报技术和暴雨中尺度数值研究。E-mail:

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叶成志,主要从事灾害性天气预报技术和暴雨中尺度数值研究。E-mail:

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CTRL at 06:00 UTC,c. KVHLF at 08:00 UTC,d. CGHLF at 08:00 UTC;unit:mm/h), figureFileSmall=s1U/g5ngSoF0RO9RzM9gEg==, figureFileBig=Z2QLz9KPzUUBhNiL4Hvyvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325412811007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314033664905, language=CN, label=图2, caption=郑州附近观测与数值模拟最大1 h降水发生时的降水量空间分布(a. 观测,发生于09时;b. CTRL试验,发生于06时;c. KVHLF试验,发生于08时;d. 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KVHLF at 07:00 UTC,d. CGHLF at 07:00 UTC;for clarity,the real-time peak precipitation center and the geographical region of Zhengzhou are marked by red color(consistent with the marking style in Fig. 1)), figureFileSmall=ulgNtjUaExOy4OBhHbrp9w==, figureFileBig=38vDEt8yNo6u2N61WYsDQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325786104084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314033664905, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2021年7月20日极值降水发生前1 h 850 hPa温度(色阶,单位:°C)、位势高度(黑色实线,单位:gpm)和风场(箭矢,单位:m/s)(a. 08时分析场,b. 05时对照试验,c. 07时KVHLF试验,d. 07时CGHLF试验;实际极值暴雨中心位置和郑州市地理范围标识同图1,但为红色), figureFileSmall=ulgNtjUaExOy4OBhHbrp9w==, figureFileBig=38vDEt8yNo6u2N61WYsDQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325878378777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314033664905, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The time-height cross-section of moisture flux divergence(shaded,unit:10−3 g/(kg·s))and precipitation rate(black solid line,unit:mm/h),averaged for the area(0.1°×0.1°)around 1 h peak precipitation grid point(a. CTRL,b. KVHLF,c. CGHLF), figureFileSmall=uvCa7vKXtliNebQCQ0eNiw==, figureFileBig=VLZ/4GO/+gFTX9/8ltkAOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213325958070559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314033664905, language=CN, label=图5, caption=以小时极值降水点为中心0.1°×0.1°范围平均水汽通量散度(色阶,单位:10−3 g/(kg·s))和降水率(黑色实线,单位:mm/h)时间-高度剖面(a. CTRL试验,b. KVHLF试验,c. CGHLF试验), figureFileSmall=uvCa7vKXtliNebQCQ0eNiw==, figureFileBig=VLZ/4GO/+gFTX9/8ltkAOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326041956646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314033664905, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Time series of mean PBL moisture flux divergence(DIVQ)and atmospheric stability(dT/dz),averaged for the area(0.1°×0.1°)around 1 h peak precipitation grid point(a. CTRL,b. KVHLF,c. CGHLF;the sign "×" on x-axis stands for peak precipitation hour), figureFileSmall=AmylVDypOmUY1RRXB7HdKA==, figureFileBig=Ljz4yZdZv2kfe7Yc758HDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326142619954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314033664905, language=CN, label=图6, caption=以小时极值降水点为中心0.1°×0.1°范围边界层平均水汽通量散度(DIVQ)和大气稳定度(dT/dz)随时间演变(a. CTRL试验,b. KVHLF试验,c. CGHLF试验;“×”所示为瞬时极端降水发生时间), figureFileSmall=AmylVDypOmUY1RRXB7HdKA==, figureFileBig=Ljz4yZdZv2kfe7Yc758HDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326230700345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314033664905, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Scatterplots of precipitation rate and PBL moisture flux divergence(blue),atmospheric stability(red)for the area(0.1°×0.1°)around 1 h-peak precipitation grid point(a. CTRL,b. KVHLF,c. CGHLF), figureFileSmall=bm0sDwFrsDEThImSnj27zw==, figureFileBig=FGmeV9UkUM+lrm5CA8tFmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326314586434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314033664905, language=CN, label=图7, caption=以小时极值降水点为中心0.1°×0.1°范围降水率(单位:mm/h)与边界层水汽通量散度(DIVQ,蓝色)、大气稳定度(dT/dz,红色)散点(a. CTRL试验,b. KVHLF试验,c. CGHLF试验), figureFileSmall=bm0sDwFrsDEThImSnj27zw==, figureFileBig=FGmeV9UkUM+lrm5CA8tFmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326419444046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314033664905, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Time series of tendencies of mean PBL turbulent moisture transport and turbulent heat transport,averaged for the area(0.1°×0.1°)around 1 h-peak precipitation grid point(a. CTRL,b. KVHLF,c. CGHLF), figureFileSmall=z7JcOKL5pvGYmn/83A+TCA==, figureFileBig=79Ws3zhuSDvHBFKG7EHxKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326515913044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314033664905, language=CN, label=图8, caption=以小时极值降水点为中心0.1°×0.1°范围边界层平均水汽涡动传输倾向(dQV)和热量涡动传输倾向(dTV)时间演变(a. CTRL试验,b. KVHLF试验,c. CGHLF试验), figureFileSmall=z7JcOKL5pvGYmn/83A+TCA==, figureFileBig=79Ws3zhuSDvHBFKG7EHxKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326603993434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314033664905, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Scatterplot relationship of PBL turbulent moisture transport and 5 min precipitation for the 1 h peak rainfall grid point(a. CTRL,b. KVHLF,c. 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CGHLF试验), figureFileSmall=jny5H2LV5+D8O92QviXCHw==, figureFileBig=X2cjMU2F9YsrWfh7O11d3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326830485867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314033664905, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Lead/lag correlations between PBL turbulent moisture transport and 5 min precipitation for the 1 h peak rainfall grid point(negative(positive)values on x-axis represent PBL eddy transport leading(lagging)precipitation;a. turbulent moisture transport,b. turbulent heat transport,c. turbulent zonal wind transport,d. turbulent meridional wind transport), figureFileSmall=UFD322+rPa5soKSniCbVuw==, figureFileBig=daFVgRyBhNuS6orvf3VPUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213326918566255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314033664905, language=CN, label=图10, caption=1 h极值降水点边界层涡动传输倾向与5 min降水的2 h超前滞后关系(x轴负(正)值代表边界层涡动传输超前(滞后)于降水;a. 水汽涡动传输倾向,b. 热量涡动传输倾向,c. 纬向风涡动传输倾向,d. 经向风涡动传输倾向), figureFileSmall=UFD322+rPa5soKSniCbVuw==, figureFileBig=daFVgRyBhNuS6orvf3VPUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244213327002452339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314033664905, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparative experiments for numerical simulation of the Zhengzhou torrential rainfall event

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验名称具体方案
CTRL初值:NCEP 1°×1°分析资料
边界:时变侧边界,底、顶刚壁
模拟范围:(15°—50°N,100°—140°E),地面至10 hPa
模拟分辨率:水平分辨率4 km、垂直51层
时间积分:积分步长5 s、积分时间为20日00时—21日00时
物理过程:Wang云微物理过程、BM积云对流调整、非局地边界层参数化、简化地表辐射和通量计算
KVHLF局地涡动扩散系数设为CTRL试验的1/2
CGHLF逆梯度项系数设为CTRL试验的1/2
), ArticleFig(id=1244213327103115642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243976137760620571, articleId=1244213314033664905, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

郑州暴雨数值模拟试验设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验名称具体方案
CTRL初值:NCEP 1°×1°分析资料
边界:时变侧边界,底、顶刚壁
模拟范围:(15°—50°N,100°—140°E),地面至10 hPa
模拟分辨率:水平分辨率4 km、垂直51层
时间积分:积分步长5 s、积分时间为20日00时—21日00时
物理过程:Wang云微物理过程、BM积云对流调整、非局地边界层参数化、简化地表辐射和通量计算
KVHLF局地涡动扩散系数设为CTRL试验的1/2
CGHLF逆梯度项系数设为CTRL试验的1/2
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边界层涡动输送对郑州“7.20”特大暴雨的影响分析
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叶成志 1, 2 , 程锐 3 , 戴泽军 1, 4 , 王洋 3 , 陈静静 1, 4 , 吴珍珍 1, 2
气象学报 | 论文 2025,83(5): 1258-1270
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气象学报 | 论文 2025, 83(5): 1258-1270
边界层涡动输送对郑州“7.20”特大暴雨的影响分析
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叶成志1, 2 , 程锐3, 戴泽军1, 4, 王洋3, 陈静静1, 4, 吴珍珍1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.气象防灾减灾湖南省重点实验室,长沙,410118
  • 2.湖南省气象科学研究所,长沙,410118
  • 3.地理信息工程国家重点实验室,西安,710054
  • 4.湖南省气象台,长沙,410118
  • 叶成志,主要从事灾害性天气预报技术和暴雨中尺度数值研究。E-mail:

Impact of PBL eddy transport on the 20 July 2021 Zhengzhou torrential rainfall
Chengzhi YE1, 2 , Rui CHENG3, Zejun DAI1, 4, Yang WANG3, Jingjing CHEN1, 4, Zhenzhen WU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Hunan Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Reduction,Changsha 410118,China
  • 2.Hunan Institute of Meteorological Science,Changsha 410118,China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering,Xi'an 710054,China
  • 4.Hunan Meteorological Observatory,Changsha 410118,China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240051
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郑州“7.20”暴雨是百年一遇的特大暴雨,持续时间长、小时降水强度大。本研究主要针对该暴雨过程瞬时降水强度特征展开边界层涡动传输对比分析,旨在探究此次小时降水极值形成过程中边界层结构特征及其作用。通过分别调整局地涡动扩散系数和逆梯度项系数,进行3组对比试验,结果显示:(1)边界层涡动传输过程对郑州特大暴雨局地1 h降水量极值有重要影响,局地涡动扩散系数减小主要使降水强度显著减弱,逆梯度项主要影响降水落区和演变过程;(2)边界层次网格尺度传输过程对产生暴雨的大尺度背景条件具有较强调制作用,调整边界层水汽和热量涡动传输过程可明显影响局地水汽供应和大气不稳定条件;(3)水汽和热量涡动传输可使水汽通量辐合及大气低层不稳定的分布、强度、时间演变发生显著变化,进而影响瞬时降水强度极值和出现时间,可能是影响本次局地强降水模拟的重要因子。

边界层涡动传输  /  郑州暴雨  /  降水强度  /  数值模拟  /  AREM模式

The "7.20" Zhengzhou torrential rainfall is the most severe storm in the 21st century, characterized by long persistence and intense hourly precipitation. Through comparative analysis of PBL (Planetary Boundary Layer) eddy transport for this instantaneous precipitation process, this study attempts to investigate PBL structure and turbulent diffusion impacts on heavy precipitation intensity. Three comparative experiments are conducted by tuning coefficients of local eddy diffusion and counter-gradient term. Results show that PBL turbulent transport has strong influences on severe hourly precipitation during the "7.20" Zhengzhou torrential rainfall event. It is found through comparison that the decrease in local eddy diffusion noticeably leads to weakening in precipitation intensity and the counter-gradient term mainly results in changes in rainfall location and evolution. Furthermore, PBL eddy transport can modulate large-scale atmospheric conditions for heavy storms, such as local water vapor supply and atmospheric instability. Finally, the eddy vapor and heat transports can notably modify the distribution, intensity and evolution of moisture flux convergence and PBL atmospheric instability, and thus exhibit great influences on this severe storm simulation.

PBL turbulent transport  /  Zhengzhou torrential rainfall  /  Precipitation intensity  /  Numerical simulation  /  AREM model
叶成志, 程锐, 戴泽军, 王洋, 陈静静, 吴珍珍. 边界层涡动输送对郑州“7.20”特大暴雨的影响分析. 气象学报, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1258 -1270 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240051
Chengzhi YE, Rui CHENG, Zejun DAI, Yang WANG, Jingjing CHEN, Zhenzhen WU. Impact of PBL eddy transport on the 20 July 2021 Zhengzhou torrential rainfall[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2025 , 83 (5) : 1258 -1270 . DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240051
2021年7月,河南郑州连遭暴雨袭击,7月20日郑州国家气象站出现最大日降水量624.1 mm,接近郑州年平均降水量,尤其是20日00—09时(世界时,下同),郑州出现罕见持续性强降水天气,全市普降大暴雨、特大暴雨,最大降水量出现在二七区的尖岗水库(达到438 mm),特别是20日08—09时,郑州1 h降水量达到201.9 mm,造成了严重的山体滑坡、泥石流、城市内涝和人员伤亡。
此次特大暴雨过程中,对流层高层南亚高压与中国沿海深厚低涡共存、海上对流层中层副热带高压(以下简称副高)与河套高压对峙、地面冷暖空气对峙交绥,形成了高、中、低层配置稳定的天气背景条件(姚秀萍等,2023)。特别是2021年第6号台风“烟花”在西北太平洋逐渐向西北移动靠近中国大陆的过程中,其外围风带与副高南侧偏东气流叠加,将大量水汽源源不断向中国内陆地区输送,为郑州降水过程提供了丰沛的水汽来源,降水效率很高。另外,河南地势“西高东低”,地形效应使降水增幅显著,不断生成的中尺度对流系统连续经过某一区域形成的“列车效应”也使降水积少成多(孙跃等,2021张元春等,2023)。
不少学者研究发现,边界层过程对这次郑州暴雨影响显著。齐道日娜等(2023)指出,边界层风场将水汽持续地输送至河南,携带大量水汽并逐渐增强的东南气流遇到嵩山、伏牛山和太行山等地形的阻挡抬升,使河南地区产生极端暴雨。冉令坤等(2021)发现,20日极端暴雨发生前,在郑州西侧迎风坡从近地面到500 hPa都为水汽通量辐合区,强辐合中心位于950 hPa附近,主要由边界层东风急流输送引起;随着强降水的发生,大量水汽被消耗,低层和高层的相对湿度迅速降低(降到90%以下)但在边界层急流持续输送下,水汽得到快速补充。城市化效应也对“7.20”极端暴雨有一定影响,一方面由于局地热力扰动和地表粗糙度增大,促进上升运动和水汽辐合,使风暴系统位置改变并在主城区停滞,增加了郑州主城区及其南部、开封西部和许昌西部的降水(Huang,et al,2022);另一方面,上游地区边界层内及其上方的上升运动和地表摩擦力增大,使边界层大气变干并减小低层风速,进而削弱了极端暴雨的总降水量(Luo,et al,2023)。
在数值预报方面,史文茹等(2021)指出,PWAFS(Precision Weather Analysis and Forecasting System)预报的降水量级高于全球模式且具有沿地形分布的特征,但存在降水位置偏西和降水范围更为孤立等问题。栗晗等(2022)对强降水预报误差及可能导致误差出现的主要因子(包括低层急流、水汽辐合、热力环境场等)进行分析,结果显示,在24 h大暴雨降水位置预报偏差上WARMS(Weather Analysis and Regional Modeling System)预报性能最优,GRAPES_3km(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System-regional system version of 3 km)次优,WARMS对低空急流和水汽辐合预报偏弱导致其对18—20日降水强度估计不足,RMAPS(Rapid-refresh Multi-scale Analysis and Prediction System)对19—20日低空急流预报明显偏西是导致降水落区位置存在偏差的主要原因,CMA-MESO(原GRAPES-MESO)对20日急流和水汽辐合发生时间及位置预报较好,但对流有效位能(CAPE)明显偏弱的热力条件导致其缺乏对极端强降水的预报能力。
不难发现,数值预报模式对此次特大暴雨具有一定预报能力,但在降水落区、强降水中心位置、降水强度演变等方面仍存在诸多不确定性,其中行星边界层(PBL,Planetary Boundary Layer)过程是重要诱因之一。增加对PBL物理参数化的认识能有效改进中尺度天气过程预报。Yang等(1999)研究了PBL参数化对低空急流及降水的影响,发现PBL参数化既通过影响低空急流影响降水,又通过影响大气热力状态和中尺度动力过程决定辐合和水汽通量。Wisse等(2004)指出,尽管不同参数化方案都可较好地模拟降水,但对流性降水对PBL参数化比较敏感。蔡芗宁等(2007)指出,PBL参数化是影响降水的敏感因子,特别是在复杂地形下,其重要性更加明显。肖玉华等(2010)指出,PBL参数化对湿度影响具有滞后性,风速对PBL最为敏感。Nielsen-Grammon等(2010)发现,PBL参数化对温度、湿度的垂直扩散具有重要影响,提出了运用集合卡尔曼滤波方法对其进行修正的思路。
PBL过程具有很强的湍流运动特性,一般常表示为涡动扩散系数与物理量垂直梯度乘积的局地扩散形式(K理论)。为了解决逆向梯度输送问题(如热通量从低温区向高温区传输),可引进“逆梯度项”对K理论进行修正,从而更加合理地描述边界层次网格尺度热量、水汽、动量的输送作用。湍流混合长度的确定是湍流闭合中的关键因素,Janić(2002)对湍流混合长度系数进行修正,缓解了边界层低层混合偏弱的问题。Hu等(2010)指出PBL参数化过程中垂直涡度扩散率的指数在1—3变化,该参数对PBL中热量、水汽的垂直混合起着重要作用,调试后的参数更好地预报了地表风场结构和位温特征。Gopalakrishnan等(2013)和Zhang等(2015)评估了边界层参数化中垂直扩散的改进对模拟飓风路径、强度和结构的影响,基于现场观测试验,通过修正涡动扩散系数(为原方案的一半)可以改进垂直扩散过程,进而改变边界层结构,最终对台风结构、强度等产生显著影响。近年来,有学者针对边界层参数化方案中的不确定性,提出了使用参数随机扰动方法优化设置来提高预报技巧的新思路,如王璐璐等(2020)应用SPP方法对WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式中MYNN(Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi-Niino)参数化方案不确定参数进行扰动调优,提高了短时强降水位置和强度预报能力。
文中将针对数值模式PBL参数化方案中局地涡动扩散和逆梯度输送2个重要过程,采用对比分析方法,通过调试涡动扩散系数和逆梯度输送系数,探究边界层物理过程对郑州特大暴雨小时强降水特征模拟的影响机理。
文中采用非静力AREM(Advanced Regional Eta-coordinate Model)模式(程锐等,20182019)对“7.20”郑州暴雨过程进行数值模拟研究。已有研究(宇如聪,198919921994宇如聪等,2004程锐等,2019)表明,该模式及其前期系列的静力版本对于地形强降水具有较好的模拟能力。该模式采用阶梯地形(ETA)垂直坐标,水平方向采用Arakawa-E网格,水汽及水凝物平流处理采用Yu(19941995)提出的两步保形正定平流方案进行计算,物理过程主要包括对短期天气预报有重要作用的参数化方案,如边界层、云微物理和对流参数化等过程。
为了分析边界层垂直扩散对郑州小时极值降水的影响机制,文中进行了1组边界层方案对比试验(表1)。参考Gopalakrishnan等(2013)和Zhang等(2015)的工作,分别将局地扩散系数和逆梯度项系数设为原来的1/2,其余设置3个试验完全相同。由NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)分析资料插值到模式网格形成初值和时变侧边界,模式底、顶边界设置为刚壁,模拟范围(15°—50°N,100°—140°E),垂向从地面至10 hPa,水平分辨率4 km,垂直分为51层,积分时间步长为5 s,模式运行时间为7月20日00时—21日00时;采用Wang云微物理参数化方案(Wang,2001)、非局地行星边界层参数化方案(Holtslag,et al,1993)、Betts-Miller积云对流参数化方案(Betts,1986)、Zeng多层结地表通量计算方法(Zeng,et al,1998)及简化的地表辐射计算方法(Ghan,et al,1982)。正如引言所述,非局地扩散方案中考虑了逆梯度作用项,从而更加合理地描述边界层次网格尺度传输过程,更加适用于不稳定和对流状态下湍流输送过程。因此,本次过程模拟采用Holtslag非局地边界层参数化方案,物理量C的非局地扩散项表述为
wC¯=KCCz+KCγC
式中,wC¯表示垂直湍流通量;KC是物质量的局地涡动扩散系数;KC表示逆梯度项作用系数;KCγC是逆梯度作用项,其在稳定大气状态下,可以忽略不计,但在不稳定条件下,大多数湍涡的热量和水汽传输具有与大气边界层厚度相同的量级,常表示为地表通量、边界层高度以及速度尺度的函数。在表1试验设计中,试验KVHLF和CGHLF即是针对KCKC进行调制试验。需要说明的是,在进行敏感试验分析之前,文中针对对照试验模拟的形势场和降水场分别与分析场和实测场进行了对比检验。
文中使用每5 min一组的全国地面自动气象观测站资料作为降水模拟检验对比数据,而采用FNL分析作为形势场模拟检验对比数据。根据物理量场分布和演变特征(如边界层风场和云微物理演变,图略),文中确定AREM模拟“7.20”郑州暴雨的起转(spin-up)时间约为3 h,因此文中分析的是模拟3 h后的结果。
图1给出7月20日00时—21日00时24 h模拟与观测累计降水对比。不难发现,对照试验能较好地刻画雨带走向及降水强度分布,但数值模拟雨区整体偏西并存在多个暴雨中心,极值暴雨中心模拟位置亦偏西。从对照试验与敏感试验对比看,不论是降水区域分布(10 mm差值)还是强降水中心位置(50 mm差值),KVHLF试验与CTRL试验差别都比CGHLF试验明显。另外,CTRL试验和CGHLF试验24 h累计降水量大于400 mm(观测最大暴雨中心24 h降水量超过500 mm),KVHLF试验约为300 mm。根据已有研究,降水落区与强降水中心位置偏西可能与地形影响或低空急流分布有一定关系(史文茹等,2021栗晗等,2022)。
郑州附近最大小时降水量分布与结构(图2)表明,3个方案虽然能够刻画郑州局地强降水特点,但是模拟出的暴雨及以上降水面积明显小于观测,且降水落区和中心位置偏西;相对来说,CTRL试验模拟的峰值降水中心位置与观测最为接近(偏西约55 km),CGHLF试验和KVHLF试验分别偏西约70和85 km。但CGHLF试验和KVHLF试验模拟的暴雨峰值时刻(08时)与观测最接近(早1 h),CTRL试验峰值时刻位于06时(比观测早3 h)。
从小时极值降水量逐时演变模拟情况(图3)不难发现,3个试验都能较好地刻画此次暴雨过程突发性强、强度高的特点。CTRL试验能抓住极值暴雨过程演变,降水强度极值约为125 mm/h,与观测最为接近(约210 mm/h);CGHLF试验对郑州暴雨的演变过程模拟较好,不仅模拟出了小时极值降水(约120 mm/h),而且分别在02、05和08时出现3个降水极值,但都较观测降水极值提前约1 h出现;而KVHLF试验模拟降水强度与观测相比偏差较大(模拟极值约为70 mm/h)。
从高、中、低层形势来看,3组试验模拟的环流相似,与实际相比,能够再现暴雨发生前主要影响天气系统的分布与结构。06时,200 hPa(图略)中国中东部为两低槽控制,其中郑州正好位于西部低槽的前方,西南气流显著,且位于冷暖空气交界偏向冷区一侧。500 hPa(图略)受西北太平洋和中国南海北部双台风涡旋控制。长江以北地区基本受副高和大陆高压影响,但在120°E以西、40°N以南存在倒槽结构,其中郑州附近处于气旋性涡旋之中,且位于冷暖空气交界偏向暖区一侧。从中高空配置可以看出,郑州附近区域低槽涡旋系统深厚,且存在不稳定层结。图4给出了瞬时极值暴雨发生前1 h的850 hPa形势场,不难看出对照组和敏感试验给出了与实际相同的配置场,即瞬时极值降水附近区域呈现暖性倒槽气旋式切变特征,同时副高西部边缘存在一条东北—西南走向的冷舌,受副高西南边缘东南气流影响,西北太平洋和中国南海北部台风外围水汽向雨区源源不断地输送。
图5给出瞬时极值降水中心附近区域平均水汽通量散度和降水率时间-高度剖面。可以看出,各试验都模拟出在瞬时降水极值出现前,水汽通量辐合逐步加强,且辐合层逐渐加厚。对照试验水汽通量辐合于04时达到最强(约为−7.5×10−3 g/(kg·s)),瞬时强降水2 h后发生;CGHLF试验和KVHLF试验水汽通量辐合分别约在07时达到最强,分别为−7.5×10−3 g/(kg·s)和−5×10−3 g/(kg·s),瞬时强降水约在08时出现。不难发现,CTRL试验和CGHLF试验边界层水汽通量辐合不仅强度强,强辐合(−5×10−3 g/(kg·s)以下水汽通量散度)在瞬时强降水发生前分别持续存在约3 h和2 h,强辐合所在层次分别位于950—750 hPa和700 hPa以上,而KVHLF试验持续约1 h,所在层次为900—800 hPa。也就是说,调整局地涡动传输大小对于边界层局地水汽通量辐合的强度、垂直伸展范围及其出现时间敏感性较强,而水汽通量的这些特征指标也是瞬时极值降水出现时间及峰值强度的重要因素。
从瞬时极值降水中心附近区域平均水汽通量散度和大气稳定度演变(图6)不难看出,各试验都伴随着PBL大气先趋于稳定而后在不稳定显著加强过程中出现瞬时极端强降水,同时PBL水汽通量也在强降水发生前达到最强。CTRL试验03—05时(降水发生前)、CGHLF试验03—07时边界层稳定度变化为0—−1.5×10−3 K/km,水汽通量散度变化分别为−2×10−3—−8×10−3、−4×10−3—−8×10−3 g/(kg·s);而KVHLF试验03—07时边界层稳定度和水汽通量散度变化幅度分别为−0.7×10−3—−1.3×10−3 K/km、2×10−3—−4×10−3 g/(kg·s)。因此,CTRL和CGHLF试验在瞬时极端降水发生之前,边界层大气的不稳定性变化、水汽通量辐合强度及其变化都显著强于KVHLF试验,对应的瞬时强降水量级也是远大于后者。因此,局地涡动扩散系数和逆梯度系数与边界层大气热、动力特征的敏感性各有特点,前者主要影响强度变化,后者主要影响时间演变特征。
图7为强降水区域边界层水汽和热力特征散点分布。可以看出,每个试验都给出了降水局地性强的特点,瞬时降水极大值点分布相对孤立,且分别存在3个格点降水率达极大值,对应大气弱不稳定或稳定、水汽辐合中等强度或较弱。不同之处在于,CTRL试验和CGHLF试验水汽通量辐合与降水率分布存在一定线性关系,但最强辐合并非在降水极值点;KVHLF试验水汽通量辐合与降水率线性相关差,且辐合最强在降水率最大值点。
图8给出瞬时极值降水中心附近区域边界层平均涡动水汽及热量传输倾向。可以发现,在瞬时降水极值出现之前,3个方案都给出热量和水汽涡动传输使得边界层存在增湿变冷的趋势,在极端降水出现之前有利于将大量水汽聚集在大气低层。相比而言,在瞬时极值降水之前,CTRL试验03—05时和CGHLF试验03—07时,水汽和大气热量涡动传输强度更强,分别约为0.15 g/(kg·h)和−0.2 K/h;KVHLF试验03—07时,水汽和热量涡动传输分别约为0.1 g/(kg·h)和−0.1 K/h。因此,CTRL试验和CGHLF试验热量及水汽涡动输送在瞬时极值降水前趋于使边界层更湿、更稳定,利于水汽和能量更强积聚,为瞬时极值强降水出现提供更强的热、动力条件。动量涡动输送图像(图略)与热量、水汽变化类似,不过CTRL试验和CGHLF试验经向、纬向涡动输送强度变化大,而KVHLF试验只有经向输送强度变化大。
为了进一步分析边界层涡动传输与局地强降水的关系,进行涡动传输与瞬时强降水关系分析。总体来说,CTRL试验和CGHLF试验模拟的涡动传输倾向与局地强降水的瞬时相关较强,而KVHLF试验模拟的瞬时相关较弱。相比而言,水汽和纬向风涡动传输与降水瞬时相关最好,经向风涡动传输次之,热量涡动传输最差。图9给出瞬时降水最大值点边界层水汽涡动传输与5 min降水的散点关系,CTRL试验、CGHLF试验和KVHLF试验给出的水汽涡动通量与局地强降水的瞬时相关系数分别为0.57、0.46和0.01。
强降水发生前后2 h涡动传输倾向与强降水超前滞后相关关系分析结果(图10)显示,CTRL试验和CGHLF试验模拟的边界层水汽涡动传输倾向与强降水具有最强相关,即强降水发生前1 h内边界层水汽涡动传输趋于显著增加;而对于KVHLF试验,降水发生前1 h左右,边界层水汽涡动传输与瞬时强降水存在负相关,意味着涡动水汽传输存在减弱趋势。对于热量涡动传输而言,3个试验在强降水发生前1 h左右达到最强正相关,边界层整体趋于不稳定,CGHLF试验最强相关出现时间早于CTRL试验和KVHLF试验。3个方案模拟的西风动量涡动传输与强降水发生也有很好的相关,在强降水发生前1 h达到最强,其中KVHLF试验最先出现最强相关信号,接着是CGHLF试验,CTRL试验基本和瞬时强降水同时出现。对于经向风涡动倾向而言,3个试验相关分布差异较大,其中CTRL试验模拟的极值强降水发生和南风涡动动量传输减弱存在较强相关,KVHLF试验和CGHLF试验模拟的南风涡动动量传输与极值强降水相关不大。可以发现,PBL涡动传输对此次瞬时极端降水模拟有较大影响,水汽和热湍流输送可以通过影响大气温、湿度状态,调制极端小时降水发生演变和分布强度;动量涡动输送虽然与强降水也存在一定的相关关系,但是限于篇幅不在此讨论相关机理。
本研究基于AREM模式通过数值试验,对比分析了边界层涡动传输对郑州“7.20”特大暴雨过程局地短时强降水的影响,结果发现:
(1)边界层涡动传输过程对郑州局地瞬时强降水有重要影响,相比而言,局地涡动扩散比逆梯度项对瞬时暴雨点位及强度影响更大,若将涡动扩散系数调至一半将使降水落点偏离实况更大(模拟误差增加30 km),强度减小为原来的1/2,但强降水发生时间却变好(模拟误差减小2 h);而逆梯度项系数减小为原来的1/2后可以使降水演变过程模拟更接近实况,但落区和强度模拟偏差变大(降水中心误差增加15 km、小时最强降水量减小5 mm)。
(2)边界层次网格尺度传输过程对产生暴雨的大尺度背景条件具有较强调制作用,调整边界层涡动传输过程可明显影响局地水汽供应和大气不稳定条件。
(3)在本次郑州强降水过程中,水汽和纬向风边界层涡动传输与局地强降水的瞬时相关较好。从超前滞后分析看,边界层水汽和热量涡动传输倾向提前1 h左右显著增加,有利于局地出现强降水。水汽和热量涡动传输可使水汽通量辐合及大气低层不稳定的分布、强度、时间演变发生显著变化,进而影响瞬时极值降水强度和出现时间,这可能是影响本次局地强降水模拟的重要因子。
文中的试验结果揭示了边界层次网格尺度涡动传输过程对暴雨模拟和预报的重要影响。虽然按照已有的方法,在多次数值试验基础上,最终呈现出局地涡动扩散和逆梯度项对降水过程的敏感性,但每种方案都无法在瞬时强降水强度、出现时间、发生地点3个方面同时给出满意的结果。因此,如何对次网格涡动传输进行精准刻画,仍需要大量观测和数值试验数据支撑。加强特定区域边界层物理过程探测,以实测资料计算、优化涡动传输系数,或通过AI方法动态优化上述模式参数,将对数值模式预报精准度提高有重要意义。
  • 湖南省自然科学基金重大项目(2021JC0009)
  • 中澳双边气象科技合作国际项目(JW-16-4.1)
  • 湖南省气象局重点项目(XQKJ16A001; XQKJ17D001)
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2025年第83卷第5期
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doi: 10.11676/qxxb2025.20240051
  • 接收时间:2024-04-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-18
  • 修回日期:2025-02-12
基金
湖南省自然科学基金重大项目(2021JC0009)
中澳双边气象科技合作国际项目(JW-16-4.1)
湖南省气象局重点项目(XQKJ16A001; XQKJ17D001)
作者信息
    1.气象防灾减灾湖南省重点实验室,长沙,410118
    2.湖南省气象科学研究所,长沙,410118
    3.地理信息工程国家重点实验室,西安,710054
    4.湖南省气象台,长沙,410118
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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