Article(id=1244288476816982859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, issueId=1244288473163744056, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754236800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-04, revisedDate=1757865600000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774591090634, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774591090634, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774591090634, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774591090634, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244288473163744056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, year='2025', volume='3', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='94', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774591089764, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774591299427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244289352621212610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, issueId=1244288473163744056, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244289352621212611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, issueId=1244288473163744056, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244288477550986071, articleId=1244288476816982859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, language=EN, title=Research Advances and Thoughts on the Technical Challenges of Upper Atmosphere Vehicles, columnId=1244288477454517077, journalTitle=Aerodynamic Research & Experiment, columnName=Overview, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Upper atmosphere vehicles, operating at altitudes of 100~300 km, have demonstrated significant application potential in fields such as remote sensing reconnaissance, emergency communications, and space exploration, owing to their high ground observation accuracy and low communication latency. These advantages have positioned the upper atmosphere vehicle as a frontier equipment in both commercial spaceflight and national defense security, while simultaneously triggering global competition for upper atmosphere orbit resources. This paper discusses the core value and far-reaching significance of developing upper atmosphere vehicles, and reviews the domestic and international research trends and development status in this field. Faced with the complex and dynamically changing space environment at upper atmosphere orbit altitudes, the paper adopts an overall design perspective to identify and present four challenges faced by upper atmosphere vehicles:force system equilibrium,energy balance,thermal/erosion protection, and system coordination. It also highlights potential solutions and directions for technological breakthroughs. The paper aims to outline research approaches, accelerate the construction of a comprehensive technical system, and facilitate the transition of upper atmosphere orbit space from scientific exploration to engineering applications.

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上层大气层(100~300 km)飞行器凭借其对地观测精度高、通信时延低等优势,在遥感侦察、应急通信和空间探测等领域展现出重大应用潜力,已成为关乎商业航天与国防安全的前沿装备领域,同时引发国际社会对上层大气层轨道资源的竞争。本文阐述了发展上层大气层飞行器的核心价值与深远意义,总结了国内外相关研究与发展态势。面对上层大气层空域高度复杂、动态多变的空间环境,从飞行器总体设计视角出发,凝练并提出了上层大气层飞行器面临的力系平衡、能量平衡、热/蚀防控及系统协同四大挑战,指明了潜在的解决途径与技术攻关方向,以期梳理研究思路,加速构建完备的技术体系,从而推动上层大气层空间从科学探索迈向工程应用。

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Florida company to develop unmanned spacecraft for DARPA’s orbital engine program[EB/OL].(2024-06-18).https://thedefensepost.com/2024/06/18/darpa-unmanned-spacecraft-orbital-engine-program/., articleTitle=Florida company to develop unmanned spacecraft for DARPA’s orbital engine program, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244288503866048894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288476816982859, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=36, authorNames=中国科学院微小行星创新研究院, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国科学院微小行星创新研究院. 热烈祝贺我院稀薄大气科学实验卫星飞行试验圆满成功[EB/OL].(2016-08-20).https://www.microsate.com/xwzx/kyjz/202111/t20211115_6255804.html., articleTitle=热烈祝贺我院稀薄大气科学实验卫星飞行试验圆满成功, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244288503941546367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288476816982859, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of Chinese Academy of Sciences, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Warm congratulations to our institute for the successful completion of the thin atmosphere science experimental satellite flight test [EB/OL]. (2016-08-20). https://www.microsate.com/xwzx/kyjz/202111/t20211115_6255804.html.(in Chinese), articleTitle=Warm congratulations to our institute for the successful completion of the thin atmosphere science experimental satellite flight test, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244288504117707136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288476816982859, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=38, authorNames=中国科学院微小行星创新研究院, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国科学院微小行星创新研究院.我国成功发射天行一号02星[EB/OL]. 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(2024-01-11). https://microsate.cas.cn/xwzx/kyjz/202401/t20240111_6953665.html.(in Chinese), articleTitle=China successfully launches Tianxing-1 02 satellite, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244288504302256516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288476816982859, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=40, authorNames=杭州网, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杭州网. 全国首颗、浙企研制揭秘超低轨道试验卫星乾坤一号[EB/OL](2023-07-24). https://news.hangzhou.com.cn/zjnews/content/2023-07/24/content_8585444_0.htm., articleTitle=全国首颗、浙企研制揭秘超低轨道试验卫星乾坤一号, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244288504558109061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288476816982859, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=41, authorNames=hangzhou.com.cn, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=hangzhou.com.cn. Qiankun-1, the first ultra-low orbit experimental satellite developed and unveiled by a Zhejiang enterprise in China [EB/OL]. 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上层大气层飞行器研究进展与技术挑战的思考
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胡占仓 1 , 冷岩 1 , 李雪飞 1 , 高亮杰 1 , 钱战森 2
气动研究与试验 | 综述 2025,3(5): 1-21
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气动研究与试验 | 综述 2025, 3(5): 1-21
上层大气层飞行器研究进展与技术挑战的思考
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胡占仓1, 冷岩1, 李雪飞1, 高亮杰1, 钱战森2
作者信息
  • 1.中国航空工业空气动力研究院,辽宁 沈阳 110034
  • 2.中国航空研究院,北京 100083
Research Advances and Thoughts on the Technical Challenges of Upper Atmosphere Vehicles
Zhancang Hu1, Yan Leng1, Xuefei Li1, Liangjie Gao1, Zhansen Qian2
Affiliations
  • 1.AVIC Aerodynamic Research Institute, Shenyang 110034, China
  • 2.Chines Aeronautical Establishment, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.001
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上层大气层(100~300 km)飞行器凭借其对地观测精度高、通信时延低等优势,在遥感侦察、应急通信和空间探测等领域展现出重大应用潜力,已成为关乎商业航天与国防安全的前沿装备领域,同时引发国际社会对上层大气层轨道资源的竞争。本文阐述了发展上层大气层飞行器的核心价值与深远意义,总结了国内外相关研究与发展态势。面对上层大气层空域高度复杂、动态多变的空间环境,从飞行器总体设计视角出发,凝练并提出了上层大气层飞行器面临的力系平衡、能量平衡、热/蚀防控及系统协同四大挑战,指明了潜在的解决途径与技术攻关方向,以期梳理研究思路,加速构建完备的技术体系,从而推动上层大气层空间从科学探索迈向工程应用。

上层大气层飞行器  /  上层大气层轨道  /  稀薄气体  /  电推进  /  气体在线利用

Upper atmosphere vehicles, operating at altitudes of 100~300 km, have demonstrated significant application potential in fields such as remote sensing reconnaissance, emergency communications, and space exploration, owing to their high ground observation accuracy and low communication latency. These advantages have positioned the upper atmosphere vehicle as a frontier equipment in both commercial spaceflight and national defense security, while simultaneously triggering global competition for upper atmosphere orbit resources. This paper discusses the core value and far-reaching significance of developing upper atmosphere vehicles, and reviews the domestic and international research trends and development status in this field. Faced with the complex and dynamically changing space environment at upper atmosphere orbit altitudes, the paper adopts an overall design perspective to identify and present four challenges faced by upper atmosphere vehicles:force system equilibrium,energy balance,thermal/erosion protection, and system coordination. It also highlights potential solutions and directions for technological breakthroughs. The paper aims to outline research approaches, accelerate the construction of a comprehensive technical system, and facilitate the transition of upper atmosphere orbit space from scientific exploration to engineering applications.

upper atmosphere vehicles  /  upper atmosphere airspace  /  rarefied gas  /  electric propulsion  /  gas online utilization
胡占仓, 冷岩, 李雪飞, 高亮杰, 钱战森. 上层大气层飞行器研究进展与技术挑战的思考. 气动研究与试验, 2025 , 3 (5) : 1 -21 . DOI: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.001
Zhancang Hu, Yan Leng, Xuefei Li, Liangjie Gao, Zhansen Qian. Research Advances and Thoughts on the Technical Challenges of Upper Atmosphere Vehicles[J]. Aerodynamic Research & Experiment, 2025 , 3 (5) : 1 -21 . DOI: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.001
上层大气层(距地100~300 km)空域[1-3]作为近地空间的关键过渡带,属于超低轨道高度段,兼具战略与工程的双重属性,已成为轨道空间竞争的新疆域[4-5]。凭借上层大气层轨道高度优势,该空域飞行器对地观测分辨率可提升至亚米级,通信时延压缩至毫秒量级,为高精度遥感、应急通信等军民应用提供了可靠的技术支撑。然而,与传统中/低轨道相比,上层大气层大气密度高、阻力大,轨道衰减速率较近地轨道提升两个数量级[6-8],这对飞行器的动态维轨与长期在轨提出了严苛的挑战。与此同时,轨道中的气体分子与飞行器连续“碰撞”,使得飞行器面临严峻的热/蚀考验[9]。基于上层大气层飞行器代际跨越的战略意义及面临的挑战,中国科协2023年已将其列为十大重大科学问题之一[10]
现今,上层大气层飞行器的多项关键技术尚未成熟,仍面临诸多技术挑战。本文简要总结了上层大气层飞行器的研究进展,阐明了技术的紧迫性和必要性,指出了当前面临的四大挑战,围绕攻克这些挑战的关键途径进行分析,并针对上层大气层飞行器未来发展提出建议和展望,旨在推动技术体系建设与完善。
随着上层大气层飞行器战略价值的不断提升,近年来其研究不断深化。多个国家通过多维度的技术探索,推动了卫星轨道高度下探与上层大气层空域运行时长优化的协同发展[11-12]
20世纪80年代,苏联发射的“琥珀”卫星验证了低轨驻留的初步可行性,但受限于早期动力与材料技术,运行周期较短[13-14]。90年代,美国“锁眼(KH)”系列卫星通过航天飞机在轨燃料补给延长寿命至设计寿命三倍以上,实现了在轨4年的稳定运行,成为上层大气层飞行技术发展的里程碑[15-16]。进入21世纪,欧洲航空航天局于2009年发射了重力场和海洋环流探测卫星(GOCE),该卫星采用了细长的八边棱柱体构型,通过搭载射频离子推进器克服大气阻力,实现轨道高度250~280 km下的高精度重力场测量,在轨运行周期达到55个月,远超设计寿命的20个月[17-18]。2017年,日本宇宙航空研究开发机构发射了一颗超低轨试验卫星(SLATS),轨道高度为167~250 km,主要开展高分辨率对地观测、空间环境探测、材料性能及电推进技术等研究。SLATS卫星在167 km的轨道完成7天运行,为飞行器的轨道下探提供了关键技术参考[19-20]。近年来,美国诸多相关的项目得到支持,如Albedo公司星座计划[21]、美国国防高级研究计划局(DARPA)战术技术办负责的水獭计划(Otter)[22]以及Redwire公司提出的Sabre-Sat超低轨道卫星平台[23]等,表明上层大气层空域极其重要的战略地位。
近些年,国内多家单位也陆续开展了多个维度的探索。中国科学院力学所于2016年发射上层大气层卫星“力星一号”,该卫星在100~150 km的轨道高度绕地球飞行了36圈,最低轨道高度达109 km,其间采集了全球范围100 km附近的稀薄大气原位温度和密度数据,为更新大气模型提供了可靠数据[24]。随后于2022年发射用于空间环境探测的“天行一号”卫星,在约280 km的上层大气层轨道运行了280天[25],推动了上层大气层飞行器的深入发展。2023年,赛思倍斯智能科技有限公司发射的“乾坤一号”上层大气层卫星,完成了300 km、268.13 km、250 km轨道高度稳定飞行以及相关既定试验任务[26]。2024年5月,“楚天001号”上层大气层试验卫星被送入预定轨道,标志着超低轨道通遥一体“楚天”星座正式进入实施阶段[27]。除此之外,国内诸多单位(如北京航空航天大学、西安交通大学、兰州空间技术物理研究所、北京卫星环境工程研究所等)[28-31]均开展了上层大气层相关技术的探索,但整体还处于理论研究与技术攻关阶段。
在具体基础技术方面,由于上层大气层的空间环境处于稀薄流至近连续流过渡区,传统的计算流体力学方法不再适用。因此,上层大气层飞行器气动特性数值模拟的研究日益迫切。目前,直接模拟蒙特卡罗(DSMC)方法凭借其对玻耳兹曼方程的高保真求解能力,成为主流高精度手段[2832],广泛应用于气动阻力预测、星表凸出物绕流及热环境分析。试验粒子蒙特卡罗(TPMC)方法因计算效率较高,也被用于快速气动评估[33]。近年来,国内外研究聚焦于多尺度耦合算法、气动/热/结构协同优化及数据驱动模型以平衡精度与效率。多项研究计划表明,该领域正朝着高保真、智能化和工程实用化方向持续发展。除此之外,地面模拟试验也成为上层大气层飞行器研发与验证的关键环节。国际上,欧洲航空航天局的LEOX等设施专注于模拟原子氧对材料的侵蚀效应[34],而美国国家航空航天局(NASA)则依托其各类试验中心具备更全面的空间环境综合模拟能力[35]。国内在此领域发展迅速,在已建成的大型通用“空间环境地面模拟装置”基础上,正着力突破专用模拟技术的开发[36]。与此同时,国内相关单位搭建了验证电推进技术的真空舱和评估上层大气层飞行器空间环境下气动特性的长时间超高速稀薄气体风洞等关键设备,为我国上层大气层飞行器地面测试与能力保障、加速技术体系完备提供了关键的平台。
轨道高度赋予的战略优势,促使上层大气层飞行器成为关键技术方向之一。它不仅促进军民两用工程技术的升级,同时为深空探索和上层大气层轨道环境获取提供了新途径。基于其多项战略优势,发展的必要性体现在:
(1)提升对地观测分辨率与时效性。可将对地观测精度提升至亚米级,为灾害监测、军事侦察等领域提供亚米级实时数据支持[637]
(2)降低通信时延。上层大气层空域轨道可将通信延迟压至毫秒量级,支持实时数据传输与交互,为无人机、无人车等低时延应用场景奠定了关键基础[38]
(3)降低部署与运营成本。上层大气层空域辐照低、碎片少,可减少防护成本;距离地表近,降低信号传输功耗与终端复杂度[39]
(4)填补空间环境探测空白,驱动基础科学研究。获取超低轨道环境数据,为原子氧(AO)腐蚀防护、大气阻力建模提供关键数据[4]
(5)抢占稀缺轨道与频段资源,应对国际竞争。本着“先占先得”“先申报先使用”的规则,同时积极应对“星链”式巨型星座的威胁。
(6)构建空天产业生态,牵引商业航天创新。多种技术(电推进、抗原子氧材料)可反哺航空航天等多项其他领域,核心元器件可带动相关产业发展[140]
发展上层大气层技术既是突破对地观测与通信技术瓶颈的科学必然,更是应对轨道资源蓝海争夺、6G标准制定权的战略刚需,加速上层大气层相关技术的成熟化与产业化已成为维护空天安全与经济主权的关键举措之一。
尽管上层大气层飞行器展现出众多优势,但必须认识到上层大气层飞行器技术仍处于发展的初级阶段,要实现其稳定、可靠、长寿命的工程应用,仍面临多重严峻的技术挑战。
相较于传统航天轨道,上层大气层的轨道高度低,空间环境大气密度显著增高,导致气动阻力效应突出。如图1所示,其中,CD为阻力系数;ρ为大气密度;T为在轨运行时长;H为轨道高度。在无动力维持条件下,受稀薄大气阻力影响,上层大气层飞行器在高度150 km左右的轨道仅能维持数百小时运行。此外,上层大气层的大气环境具有高度非线性和不确定性,大气密度在不同轨道高度乃至同一高度的不同区域都可能存在巨大差异。以100~300 km高度范围为例,1 m2横截面积的平板所受阻力可跨越4~5个数量级[41]。但现有技术手段中,依靠数值模拟(如DSMC)和地面风洞试验难以对上层大气层飞行器的在轨大气阻力进行准确预估。因此,要确保上层大气层飞行器稳定地运行在目标轨道,精确抵消强时变阻力、维持推-阻力动态平衡,是上层大气层飞行器长期在轨运行无法回避的核心挑战。
上层大气层飞行器在轨运行期间,维持其输入功率与输出功率的动态平衡,对飞行器稳定运行及轨道任务的成功至关重要[42-43]。虽然降低轨道高度可缩短地影时间,但受限于飞行器体积和表面积,太阳能电池板收集的总能量是有限的。以欧洲航空航天局的GOCE卫星为例,在仅考虑推/阻力匹配的情况下,其太阳能电池板有效面积(4 m2)远超飞行器横截面积(0.785 m2[4144],凸显了能量收集面的约束。在功率输出端,除持续供给推进系统,还需要满足多种任务载荷(如高功率雷达、高分辨率光学成像系统、数据处理与传输系统)及控制系统(如热控系统、自主规避系统)的功率需求。如卫星能量平衡公式[45]
式中,等号左侧为轨道周期光照与阴影区电池组放电能量总和,等号右侧为光照区电池组充电能量总和。P1PsPSG分别为长期载荷功率、短期载荷功率和光照期太阳电池阵输入功率,t1ts分别为阴影和光照区载荷工作时长,ηD为电源控制器的放电效率;PcfPcs为光照期一阶段(大电流)和二阶段(涓流)的充电效率,tcftcs为对应充电时长,ηCηBAT分别为电源控制器的充电效率和电池组瓦时效率[4245]
由此来看,在上层大气层飞行器太阳能板输入功率有限的条件下,“能量平衡”成为限制其任务多样性、战略优势性的重要挑战(见图2),输入与输出功率之间的平衡矛盾也必将是限制上层大气层空域战略优势发挥的关键方面。
上层大气层的大气分子不仅增大了飞行器的气动阻力,同时也为飞行器的“热/蚀防控”带来严峻挑战。上层大气层飞行器在轨运行期间,大气分子的高速撞击(约8 km/s)将产生强烈的气动热效应,导致热流密度急剧攀升,如在120 km的迎风面峰值热流可高达5100 W/m2[9]。尽管在160 km以上气动热流显著减小,但轨道空间的辐射热、载荷设备发热以及频繁的轨道热循环(光照区-阴影区交替),依旧使得上层大气层飞行器热控系统的设计异常困难(见图3)。与此同时,上层大气层空域高密度原子氧(200 km 高度原子氧通量约为 2.75×1015 atoms/(cm2·s))以极高相对速度撞击飞行器表面,可引发剧烈的化学剥蚀与材料降解,敏感涂层与聚合物基体首当其冲[46-47]。更严峻的是,热效应与原子氧腐蚀并非孤立存在,二者往往协同作用,高温环境加速了原子氧反应活性,材料表层因蚀损变薄进而削弱其隔热性能,如此形成恶性循环。要实现上层大气层空域的长期在轨运行,飞行器的“热/蚀防控”也是亟待突破的关键技术瓶颈之一。
单台上层大气层飞行器难以充分发挥该空域的战略价值。唯有通过规模化的机群部署,方能充分开发轨道蓝海,构建上层大气层的制天权体系[1248]。然而,受限于上层大气层空域极端复杂的大气环境(如非线性大气阻力、高速原子氧腐蚀效应等),上层大气层飞行器机群的部署面临动力学、网络等多维度的“系统协同”挑战。
(1)动力学协同方面
大气阻力与原子氧腐蚀的强非线性特性导致飞行器轨道衰减加速,亟须建立实时推力-阻力协同抵消机制。同时,机群构型的协同维持需要实时融合环境预报数据与多机轨道状态,以实现构型动态优化[12]
(2)网络拓扑方面
机群规模扩展至数百架时,机间相对速度可达约8 km/s,会引发拓扑结构的高频动态重构,导致传统“一星四链”曼哈顿结构(见图4)的端到端路由跳数剧增、时延波动甚至可达500 ms以上。此外,机间通信须兼容Space-IP与容迟网络(DTN)等异构协议,然而受高频段星间链路(ISL)与地面低仰角传输之间特性差异的影响,协议转换效率显著下降,致使TCP/IP协议在高误码率环境中的吞吐量大幅降低[49]
(3)多系统融合方面
机群须与中高轨卫星、地面网络构成天地一体化系统[1249-50],由此引发协同架构矛盾,包括资源博弈:混合轨道(如地球静止轨道(GEO)+低轨(LEO))须共享频谱与信关站资源,但低轨过顶时间短(单次<10 min),导致地面站切换频繁,跨系统资源分配时延恶化;控制分裂:尽管软件定义网络(SDN)和网络功能虚拟化(NFV)技术支持网络功能虚拟化,但受限于机上计算载荷,难以实时协调数千节点的控制指令[49]
综上所述,上层大气层飞行器机群的“系统协同”是在动态环境下确保“感知—决策—控制”链路时空一致性的系统级难题,目前仍存在环境扰动精确建模、轻量化分布式算法及异构协议深度融合等关键技术瓶颈亟待突破。
第2节梳理指出了上层大气层飞行器面临的力系平衡、能量平衡、热/蚀防控及系统协同四大主要挑战。然而,上层大气层飞行器面临的挑战远不止于此,本文仅聚焦第2节梳理的技术挑战,提出了潜在的技术解决途径,如图5所示,旨在为上层大气层飞行器研究深化与技术体系完善提供方向性指导。
上层大气层飞行器总体技术是连接任务需求与技术实现的桥梁,其核心在于构建一个能在极端环境下实现性能最优、成本可控且满足寿命要求的设计与集成框架。这就要求在设计的初始阶段,对力、热、电、结构、控制、通信等多学科进行深度耦合与系统权衡(见图6)。
上层大气层飞行器的设计本质上是一个高度复杂的多目标、多约束的优化问题。其各子系统间存在着强耦合关系,传统串行、孤立式的设计方法已难以有效应对这种复杂性。因此,引入并发展先进的多学科设计优化(MDO)框架,是实现高性能、高可靠性设计的核心技术路径[52-53]图7所示。
研究表明,MDO框架正从理论探索加速走向工程实践,其核心目标在于设计初期阶段就协同考虑并综合评估气动外形、推进系统、结构布局、热控管理、能源供给、成本控制以及服役寿命等高度耦合的学科领域,以探索全局最优或接近最优的设计空间。研究人员已开始采用将等效梁模型、面板方法和计算流体动力学模拟相结合的MDO框架,用于预测飞行器的质量、应力分布、升力和阻力,并通过构建代理模型来大幅降低计算成本[54]。在更高精度的MDO框架中,采用更复杂的模型,并通过非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-II)等优化算法,在保证性能的同时,实现燃料消耗或系统总功耗的最小化[55-56]。这种框架能使得设计在减阻、增升、减重等相互竞争甚至矛盾的目标之间进行科学的量化折中,从而找到满足任务需求且整体性能最优的设计方案[57]
寿命预测是上层大气层飞行器总体设计的核心输入,其在轨寿命是决定经济可行性的关键因素。与传统的中轨/低轨卫星不同,上层大气层飞行器不仅受限于电子元器件的寿命,更严峻的制约来自大气阻力引发的轨道衰减和原子氧侵蚀导致的材料退化[46]
当前,寿命预测方法主要包括基于物理与基于数据驱动的两种方法。基于物理的模型能够深入揭示失效的物理机制,但建模过程复杂且高度依赖大量试验数据进行验证。相较而言,数据驱动方法,特别是基于深度学习的技术,能够通过分析历史飞行数据或仿真数据来预测剩余使用寿命,展现出更高的灵活性和适应性[59-60]
在总体设计过程中,寿命预测模型必须与成本模型紧密耦合。全生命周期成本估算框架成为方案权衡的关键工具[61-62]。该框架不仅包括研发和制造成本,还需要精确估算在轨运营成本和维护成本。具体而言,可以构建优化模型以最小化总预期成本,包含故障导致的任务中断成本和维护成本,同时通过优化设计参数来延长关键部件的使用寿命[63]。通过这种方式,可以在“选用昂贵但长寿命的耐原子氧材料”与“选用廉价材料但增加轨道维持系统复杂度”之间做出量化决策,实现技术与经济的最佳匹配。
能量平衡是上层大气层飞行的“生死线”。飞行器需要消耗巨大能量来持续对抗大气阻力、执行在轨任务,而能量来源(太阳能电池板)自身也受制于气动阻力和空间环境。总体设计必须从系统层面解决这一矛盾。首先,通过MDO框架优化飞行器的外形和太阳能电池板的布局,在保证足够发电面积的同时,最大限度地降低整体阻力系数[28]。其次,能量管理系统需要高度智能化,能够根据轨道高度、大气密度变化、飞行姿态和任务载荷需求,动态调整能源分配策略[42-43]。在非工作期间将飞行器调整至最小阻力姿态,并将能源优先分配给轨道维持系统。最后,能量的获取、存储和使用效率至关重要。这推动了高效太阳能电池、高能量密度储能电池以及高效率功率控制单元的发展,以确保从光子到推力的每一个环节都实现能量损耗的最小化。
在上层大气层空域,稀薄大气既是挑战的根源(阻力、热流、侵蚀),也是潜在的机遇(气动升力、气动控制)。因此,精确的气动预测和基于此的外形设计,是上层大气层飞行器技术体系中最具特色和决定性的环节之一[64-65]
上层大气层空域稀薄大气的阻力表达式
式中,CD为阻力系数,ρ为大气密度,vrel为飞行器相对大气的速度,Aref为参考面积。vrelAref均为可确定参数,而ρCD成为限制阻力精准预估的关键参数[66-67]
大气密度模型的研究始于20世纪60年代,主要借助卫星测量获得关键参数。近年来,随探测与测量技术的成熟,逐渐发展了多种模型,如典型的美国标准大气模型(USSA-1976)[68]、Jacchia系列大气模型(Jacchia-1977)[69]、质谱仪非相关散射模型(NRLMSIS-00)[70]、卫星阻力总密度模型(JB2008)[71]、阻力温度模型(DTM-2013)[72]等(见图8)。尽管发展了多种模型,但均存在相应的局限性,与实际的大气环境还存在一定偏差[49]。要精确大气密度模型,除了需要克服复杂的多学科问题,还可依靠如“力星一号”类上层大气层卫星对大气环境数据的探测与采集,从而修正现有模型、提高模型精度。
然而,阻力系数CD的关键影响因素是气-固相互作用(GSI)模型。大气阻力主要源自大气分子与固体壁面碰撞并反射的过程,能够准确地描述气体分子与飞行器表面碰撞后的能量和动量交换过程,这对阻力、升力和表面热流等的计算至关重要[73]
目前,使用相对广泛的两种GSI模型分别是Maxwell模型[74]和Cercignani-Lampis-Lord(CLL)模型[75](CLL)(见图9)。Maxwell 模型将镜面反射模型、漫反射模型进行线性组合,模型中假设气体分子撞击壁面后,α部分的分子发生漫反射,而剩余 1-α部分发生镜面反射。因模型较简单且易实现,在理论分析与试验中应用较广,但其预测的单峰余弦分布与分子束试验所观察到的小叶分布存在一定偏差,故而限制了适用范围[76]。相较于Maxwell模型,CLL模型在捕捉反射分子的散射行为方面表现更为优越,特别是在分子束试验中所观察到的小叶状分布。然而,该模型尚未推导出反射法向动量通量的解析表达式,这一缺失制约了气动力系数的精确求解[77-78]
除上述两个典型的散射核模型,基于分子束试验数据的物理类模型也能够实现气体分子撞击固体表面的动力学描述,如Hard Cube模型[79]、Soft Cube模型[80]和Washboard模型[81]。但当前,还未有适用范围较广泛的模型,且不同的GSI模型下气动阻力规律也存在较明显差异。未来,需要融合跨尺度模拟、多场耦合试验与数据驱动方法完善GSI模型,突破表面动态特性、适应系数标定及算法收敛性等技术瓶颈,为气动预测与外形设计提供更精准可靠的方法[478]
上层大气层飞行器外形设计的首要目标是管理和利用气动力。为最大限度地延长轨道寿命和降低推进系统能耗,减阻是外形设计的核心目标,如图10所示不同构型。
目前,上层大气层飞行器气动外形减阻的方式主要包括:(1)“刀锋”或“楔形”构型:采用极小的迎风面积和流线型剖面,像一把刀切开稀薄大气,从而显著降低压差阻力,有研究指出头部外形优化的减阻效果可达26%[28];(2)一体化设计:将太阳能电池板、载荷、天线等部件无缝集成到主体结构中,避免产生额外的突出物和阻力热点;(3)高平滑度表面:普通材料的适应系数在0.5~1.0之间[78],通常适应系数越小,表明材料表面越光滑。而且,适应系数会影响气体分子与固体壁面的反射特征,从而对气动阻力产生影响。有研究指出,100 km高度下侧面光滑处理减阻可达40%[28];(4)优化太阳能电池板布局:将电池板布置在尾部气动阴影区,或设计成流线型翼面,实现发电与减阻的统一[82]
利用上层大气层空域中的气动力进行姿态和轨道控制是降低系统复杂度、减少对传统执行机构(如动量轮、磁力矩器、化学推力器)依赖的有效途径[41]。具体方法主要包括:(1)气动舵面控制:设计可偏转的舵面(如襟翼、方向舵),通过调节舵面角度产生所需的气动控制力矩,实现三轴姿态调整,控制框图如图11所示。仿真研究表明,通过动量轮与气动舵机的协同控制,可实现优于0.004°的三轴指向精度[83];(2)质心与压心调节:通过移动内部质量块改变质心位置,使其与气动压心产生可控偏移,从而利用气动力生成稳定的恢复力矩或控制力矩[84];(3)气动辅助轨道机动:通过调整飞行器迎角改变升力、阻力的大小,可实现轨道高度的精确调整(升力抬高轨道,阻力降低轨道),甚至进行小范围轨道平面机动。这种“气动刹车”和“气动升力”技术,为轨道维持、轨道转移及星座部署提供了新的自由度[85]
气动预测与外形设计技术是上层大气层飞行器实现“力系平衡”的根本,它将曾经纯粹的消耗(阻力)转化为可利用资源(升力、控制力),成为该领域技术创新的核心驱动力。
传统卫星的电推进系统虽然比冲高,但需要从地面携带工质,极大限制了飞行器的在轨寿命和有效载荷比。然而,吸气式电推进(ABEP)系统[86]可直接捕获环境中的稀薄大气并利用其作为工质,从根本上解决了工质携带问题,被认为是实现上层大气层空域“准无限”寿命的颠覆性技术[87]
稀薄气体的采集与增压是ABEP系统的“入口”和“咽喉”,其根本任务是从稀薄大气中尽可能多地捕获粒子,并将其密度提升到电推力器可以稳定工作的水平[88-89]。其工作流程通常分为两步:首先,利用航天器自身的轨道速度(约8 km/s),通过特殊设计的进气道“撞击”并引导大气分子进入一个腔体,这个过程也被称为“冲压”;随后,进入腔体的气体通过特定的几何结构(如图12中所示收缩管道)或主动机械部件(如涡轮分子泵)进一步压缩,以提高局部压力[88]
(1)进气道构型设计
几何形状决定了气体捕获的效率和内部流场分布。研究表明,不同的形状各有优劣,常见构型包括截锥形、方形(蜂窝状)、棱锥形以及抛物线形[90-91]。其中,利用抛物线光学聚焦特性设计的进气道在理论和模拟中被证明具有最佳的气体聚焦效果,能够实现更高的压缩比[92]。有研究指出抛物线形进气道理论上可实现对大气120倍的压缩效果[91]
(2)增压方式
主要包括被动与主动增压两种。被动增压:主要依赖冲压效应和优化的腔体几何对气体增压。该方式结构简单、无活动部件,可靠性高,但增压能力有限。主动增压:引入主动增压设备,如微型涡轮分子泵或涡旋泵[88-89]等(见图13[94])。该方式能显著提高出口压力,更好地匹配电推进器的工作需求,但会增加系统的复杂性、质量和功耗。国内研究机构已在原理样机中集成了多孔板、涡轮分子泵、涡旋泵和气体存贮室等部件,同时也在探索主动与被动结合的技术路线。
等离子体的电离与加速是电推进系统的“发动机”,其核心功能是将中性的大气气体分子转变为带电的离子,并在电场和/或磁场的作用下将其加速到极高速度(数十公里每秒)[94-95],以获得推力。与传统惰性气体工质(如氙)相比,上层大气层大气组分(主要是N2与O)的电离能更高,化学性质更活泼,给高效电离和推进器长寿命运行带来了严峻考验[4196-97],N2和O2的羽流特征如图14所示。针对大气工质的特性,多种类型的电推进器技术正在被研究和改进。
(1)射频/微波离子推力器
采用射频或微波能量来电离气体,避免传统直流放电中的裸露阴极,因此,被称为“无阴极”或“无电极”推力器。如电子回旋共振推力器利用微波与磁场共同作用,在较低气压下也能高效产生等离子体,非常适合与吸气系统配合[89],并且能有效避免AO对阴极的腐蚀问题,从而显著提升推进器寿命[98]
(2)霍尔效应推力器
通过正交的电场和磁场约束电子,并利用这些电子来碰撞电离工质气体,再通过电场加速离子产生推力。针对大气工质,研究人员正在进行专门的设计研究和实验,以优化其在空气或氮气环境下的性能[99-100]
如何将成熟电推力器对氮氧大气工质的适应性改进和针对上层大气层环境的新型电推力器研发依旧是ABEP系统的亟须攻关的技术瓶颈。
功率处理单元(PPU)是ABEP系统的“大脑”和“供血系统”。其核心功能是将太阳能电池板提供的非稳压、低电压(通常为28 V或100 V)的直流电,高效、精确地转换为电推进器所需的多路、高电压、大电流的稳定电源[102]。与此同时,由于任何能量转换过程都存在损耗,PPU自身会产生大量废热。在没有空气对流的上层大气层环境中,如何有效地将这些热量散发出去,防止电子元器件过热失效,是其必须解决的另一核心问题,即热管理[103-104]
(1)PPU架构设计
现代PPU趋向于采用模块化设计,如将阳极电源、阴极电源等设计成独立的模块,既方便根据不同推力器的需求进行定制和扩展,也提高了系统的冗余度和可靠性。
(2)高效功率转换技术
为减小尺寸、重量和热耗,PPU普遍采用高频开关技术。以碳化硅和氮化镓为代表的第三代宽禁带半导体器件,相比传统硅基器件,具有更高的工作频率、更低的导通电阻和更好的耐高温、抗辐射性能,是提升PPU效率和功率密度的关键。
(3)热管理方案
空间的热管理主要依靠热传导和热辐射。PPU产生的废热通常通过高导热率的基板传导至航天器结构板或专用散热面,再通过辐射器向深空辐射散掉[104]。精确的热设计和热分析对于保证PPU长期稳定工作至关重要。
“热”(高速飞行与大气摩擦产生的气动热)与“蚀”(高通量原子氧对材料表面的化学剥蚀)是上层大气层飞行器面临的两大独特环境威胁,如图15所示。发展兼具防热、抗蚀、轻质、承载等多功能的先进材料与复合结构技术,是确保飞行器结构完整性和任务寿命的物质基础。
应对原子氧侵蚀是实现上层大气层材料可靠应用的首要技术挑战。当前主流的技术途径主要包括以下三个方面。
(1)表面防护涂层
在易受攻击的基底材料(如聚合物薄膜、复合材料树脂基体)表面沉积一层致密的、对原子氧呈惰性的无机涂层(如二氧化硅、氧化铝等)[105],形成物理屏障,有效阻隔原子氧与基底直接接触。但涂层的长期有效性高度依赖于其自身的致密性、与基底材料的结合强度以及在严苛空间热循环环境下的抗开裂能力。
(2)本质耐原子氧材料
除了被动防护,开发本身就具备优异抗原子氧侵蚀能力的材料是另一核心策略。如聚酰亚胺-硅氧烷共聚物、含磷聚合物等。这些材料在受到原子氧轰击时,其表层会发生化学反应,原位生成一层类似玻璃的致密氧化物保护层(如二氧化硅或磷酸盐玻璃),从而自我钝化,阻止侵蚀向内部扩展。
(3)原子氧侵蚀预测与评估
为确保材料在轨服役寿命的可预测性,建立精确的原子氧侵蚀寿命预测模型至关重要。这需要综合地面模拟试验数据和在轨实测数据进行标定与验证。地面模拟通常在专用的原子氧效应模拟装置中进行,利用高能原子束加速来模拟真实的在轨原子氧通量及能量环境。研究人员已开发出多种预测模型,如欧洲航空航天局的ATOMOX模型。该模型能够根据目标轨道参数、太阳活动水平以及材料的关键参数——侵蚀产额(Ey),Ey定义为每单位原子氧通量造成的材料质量损失,来估算材料的侵蚀深度[106-107]。如广泛使用的Kapton薄膜的典型Ey值约为3×10-24 cm3/atom[106]。借助此类模型,工程师能在设计阶段就评估不同材料在特定轨道条件下的预期寿命,从而进行更优化的材料选择。
为了应对气动加热,上层大气层飞行器需要配备高效的热防护系统(TPS)。与再入式飞行器承受的瞬时极端高温不同,上层大气层飞行器面临的是长期、中等强度的持续加热。因此,其TPS设计更侧重于轻质、可重复使用和防/隔热一体化。
(1)多层级结构设计准则
典型的设计方案是采用多层复合结构,从外到内依次为防热层、隔热层和承载层[108]。防热层直接暴露在外部环境中,要求材料具有耐高温、抗热震、抗氧化/烧蚀、低催化效应等特性[9109]。碳/碳(C/C)、碳化硅(SiC)陶瓷基复合材料是理想选择;隔热层位于防热层的下方,核心功能是阻止热量向内部传递,保护内部仪器与设备。要求材料具有极低的导热系数和密度。气凝胶、纳米隔热毡、轻质多孔陶瓷等是主流的隔热材料;承载层为飞行器的骨架,需要足够的强度和刚度。
(2)承力-防热一体化结构
为实现极致的轻量化,将承载功能与防热功能集成在同一结构中是重要的发展方向。如采用波纹夹芯[9](见图16)或点阵夹芯结构的C/C-SiC复合材料,其本身既是耐高温的防热面板,其夹芯结构又能提供优异的力学支撑性能,承受横向剪切和弯曲载荷[110]。这种设计省去了独立的承载结构,大幅降低了系统总重。
(3)热-力耦合分析与验证
上层大气层飞行器在轨飞行期间,结构会同时承受气动和温度载荷,这两种载荷相互影响,形成热-力耦合效应[111]。热应力可能导致结构屈曲,而结构变形又会反过来改变气动特性。因此,设计阶段必须进行精细的热-力耦合分析,必须开展地面的热-力-声等多场耦合环境模拟试验,验证结构在真实服役环境下的性能和可靠性,获取关键的设计数据[109]
传统的、依赖精确模型的线性控制方法难以应对此类强非线性、快时变的复杂环境。因此,研发具备高度自主性、适应性及鲁棒性的智能控制技术,是实现上层大气层飞行器姿态稳定与轨道精确保持的根本途径。
为应对上述挑战,研究人员正积极探索将人工智能(AI)领域的先进算法应用于上层大气层飞行器的制导、导航与控制(GNC)系统。在此背景下,多种AI驱动的方法被重点研究,旨在提升系统性能、增强鲁棒性并优化资源利用。
(1)自适应与鲁棒控制
滑模控制(SMC)和自适应控制算法能够在线估计并补偿系统的不确定性及外部扰动,从而确保控制系统在模型参数偏差或存在未知外部干扰情况下的稳定性[112]
(2)神经网络与模糊逻辑控制
神经网络(NN)和模糊逻辑系统(FLS)具备强大的非线性函数逼近能力。这些技术可用于学习和逼近复杂且难以精确建模的气动力矩或系统动力学模型,进而实现更高精度的控制[112]。具体而言,将神经网络与滑模控制相结合,可设计出对执行器故障具有鲁棒性的自适应姿态跟踪控制器。
(3)事件触发控制
相较于持续消耗计算和通信资源的传统周期性控制,事件触发控制是一种更智能的策略。该方法仅在系统状态误差超出预设阈值时才触发控制计算和指令输出,从而显著降低系统能耗和资源占用,特别契合能源受限的上层大气层飞行器平台。研究表明,基于事件驱动的控制方法可实现高效的星下点轨迹维持[112],如图17所示。
在长寿命、高可靠性的要求下,上层大气层飞行器的GNC系统必须具备故障自诊断与自恢复能力,即容错控制(FTC)功能。为实现该目标,需要综合运用以下多种技术。
(1)故障注入与仿真验证
在系统设计阶段,需要通过故障注入技术对GNC系统的鲁棒性进行系统性评估。这涉及在仿真模型中精确模拟各类潜在硬件故障(如传感器失效、执行器卡滞、推力器推力下降)及软件故障,以全面测试系统的故障检测、隔离与恢复算法效能。
(2)动量轮失效场景分析
动量轮是姿态控制的核心部件,其一旦失效将对飞行器姿态造成灾难性影响。试验数据显示,当一个反应轮发生突变故障(如引入10-3 N·m的故障力矩)时,卫星的偏航轴跟踪误差可瞬间飙升至147°[113],如图18所示。
(3)控制律重构与备份切换
容错控制系统的核心在于,当检测到某个执行机构(如一个动量轮)失效后,能够自动地、平滑地重构控制分配律,将其余健康的执行机构(其他动量轮、磁力矩器,甚至气动舵面)重新组合,继续完成姿态控制任务。当偏航反应轮失效时,系统可以自动激活气动舵面作为备用控制手段[114]
智能姿态与轨道控制技术是上层大气层飞行器的大脑和神经系统,它将通过学习、适应和重构,赋予飞行器在多变、恶劣环境中存活和工作的能力,是实现高精度、长寿命上层大气层任务的根本保障。
单台上层大气层飞行器覆盖范围有限,要实现全球或区域性的覆盖,必须构建上层大气层飞行器机群。这使得高效、可靠、抗干扰的机间通信技术和智能化的协同组网架构成为上层大气层飞行器技术“系统协同”挑战关键解决方案。
上层大气层飞行器以近8 km/s的速度高速绕地飞行,导致飞行器之间、飞行器与地面站之间的相对位置和几何关系瞬息万变,构成了高度、时间可变的网络拓扑[115]。因此,为维持稳定可靠的通信连接,尤其是在拓扑剧烈变化和潜在链路失效的情况下,需要采用特定的拓扑设计策略。
(1)全互联拓扑
为应对拓扑的剧烈变化和可能的单点故障,机群应设计为全互联或准全互联的拓扑结构。这意味着每个飞行器都与其他多个(甚至所有)可见飞行器建立通信链路,形成冗余路径,如图19所示。当某条链路因遮挡或故障中断时,数据可迅速通过其他路径重新路由,保证了网络的鲁棒性和容错性[116]
(2)网络拓扑的自发现与自适应
面向未来的上层大气层飞行器机群将具备更高的智能化。机群内的上层大气层飞行器需要能够自主发现和感知当前的网络拓扑结构,并根据业务流量、链路质量和节点状态,动态选择最优的通信方式和路由策略,实现网络的自组织和自优化[117]
机群内部、飞行器间距近/波束密集和机间链路的相互干扰成为制约系统容量与通信质量的主要瓶颈[118]。此外,还可能面临来自地面或其他空间系统的恶意或无意干扰。因此,有效抑制各类干扰、保障机间链路的高可靠通信,从不同层面提出了多种抗干扰技术。
(1)干扰抑制策略
多种抗干扰技术已被研究并应用。在协议层,可通过精心设计的资源调度算法(如时分、频分、码分多址)和冲突图模型规避干扰[119]。在物理层,可借助发送正交信号消除协作飞行器间的干扰[120]
(2)鲁棒预编码与波束成形
预编码技术在信号发射端对数据进行“预处理”,通过精确赋形发射信号的相位和幅度,使得信号能量在期望的用户方向上相干叠加,而在干扰用户方向上相消为零。针对上层大气层通信中信道信息不完美、存在延迟等问题,鲁棒预编码算法应运而生[116]。这类算法在设计波束成形权重时,就考虑了信道的不确定性,以保证在最坏信道误差情况下,通信质量仍能满足最低要求。通过将复杂的非凸优化问题转化为二阶锥规划问题求解[121],或利用深度强化学习方法在线学习鲁棒预编码策略,以适应动态的环境[122-123]。这些技术能有效管理用户间干扰,即使在动态拓扑重构期间,也能最大化系统吞吐量,提升通信可靠性。
上层大气层飞行器机群的真正威力源于机间的深度协同,通过协同工作形成一个分布式、功能强大的空间基础设施。因此,实现高效、智能的协同能力成为释放机群潜能的关键。这依赖于多种核心技术,主要包括以下几个方面。
(1)协同感知与探测
多个上层大气层飞行器可从不同视角对同一目标进行同步观测,并通过机间通信链路实时交换数据,实现干涉合成孔径雷达测量[112]、立体测绘或分布式无源探测。通过协同可实现单机无法企及的探测精度与信息维度。
(2)分布式计算与处理
将复杂的计算任务(如数据处理、AI模型推理)分解到机群内的多个飞行器上,通过机群间通信协作完成。这不仅有效缓解了单机的计算负荷,还能充分利用分布式数据资源实现更强大的分析能力,同时显著减少需下传至地面的原始数据量[49]
(3)自主协同与任务重构
整个上层大气层飞行器机群可视为 “云原生”的智能系统,能够根据任务需求与外部环境变化,自主执行任务规划、资源调度和功能重构。当特定区域发生突发事件时,可自主调度附近飞行器,调整其轨道与工作模式,形成临时性、增强型覆盖,并协同执行应急通信与观测任务。
机群间通信与协同架构技术是“单点能力”迈向“体系化能力”的核心赋能器。它将单个的飞行器节点连接成一个有机协同、智能决策、动态可重构的整体,是充分释放上层大气层飞行器机群全部潜能的技术基石。
上层大气层作为连接临近空间与传统航天轨道的战略要地,已成为各航空航天大国竞相探索的前沿领域。本文梳理了上层大气层飞行器当前面临的力系平衡、能量平衡、热/蚀防控,以及系统协同四大技术挑战。这些挑战相互交织、深度耦合,共同构成了制约上层大气层飞行器长期在轨运行的关键技术瓶颈。然而,发展的障碍远不止于此,本文旨在推动其关键技术的突破与技术体系的加速完善,以应对更为复杂的现实需求。
可以预测,未来十年是开发上层大气层空域的黄金窗口期。亟须在国家层面强化顶层设计,整合传统航空航天和商业航空航天资本力量,构建贯通“科学-技术-工程-应用”的全链条创新生态,抢占这一“近地空间最后边疆”的战略制高点。此举不仅能够有力支撑军民领域的高分辨率对地观测、即时通信与空天运输等应用,还将催生具有颠覆性的新技术能力,深刻改变人类探索与利用太空的方式,进而开启一个全新的空天时代。
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doi: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.001
  • 接收时间:2025-08-04
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    1.中国航空工业空气动力研究院,辽宁 沈阳 110034
    2.中国航空研究院,北京 100083
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qdyjysy/CN/10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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