Article(id=1244288475978122049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, issueId=1244288473163744056, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751644800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-05, revisedDate=1757174400000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774591090435, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774591090435, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774591090435, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774591090435, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244288473163744056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, year='2025', volume='3', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='94', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774591089764, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774591299427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244289352621212610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, issueId=1244288473163744056, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244289352621212611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, issueId=1244288473163744056, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=69, endPage=77, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244288477458711382, articleId=1244288475978122049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Separation Control of Airfoil Leading-Edge by Bionic Flexible Sawteeth, columnId=1244288474023576378, journalTitle=Aerodynamic Research & Experiment, columnName=Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Inspired by the bionic principle of bird covert feathers on the upper wings, this paper designs four types of flexible sawteeth with different thicknesses, and the sawteeth are installed at different positions on the upper-surface of the NACA 0018 two-dimensional airfoil at an angle-of-attack of 15°, and the velocity profiles in the wake flow is measured by the hot-wire anemometer. The Reynolds number based on chord length of 300 mm is 5.1×105, and the mean velocity profiles and root-mean-square velocities show that the thinner flexible sawteeth can eliminate the leading-edge shear layer when installed near the leading-edge of the airfoil, and the power spectral density results show that the turbulent fluctuations are suppressed. On the contrary, the thicker flexible sawteeth are able to control the leading-edge flow separation when installed near the trailing-edge of the airfoil, and the high-speed fluid is induced to adhere to the upper-surface of the airfoil.

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利用鸟类覆羽的仿生学原理,本文设计了4种不同厚度的柔性锯齿,将它们安装在15°迎角下的NACA 0018二维翼型上翼面的不同位置处,通过热线风速仪采集翼型尾流区的流场数据。风洞试验基于翼型弦长300 mm的雷诺数为5.1×105,平均速度和脉动速度的统计结果表明,较轻薄的柔性锯齿安装在翼型前缘附近时可以消除前缘剪切层,频谱分析表明分离泡中的非定常脉动得到了显著抑制;较厚重的柔性锯齿安装在尾缘附近时可以消除前缘剪切层,诱导高速流体附着于翼型的上翼面。

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Summary of control effects of flow separation

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d/mm0.050.250.501.00
10%c良好优秀良好较弱
20%c良好良好良好良好
40%c优秀优秀良好良好
60%c较弱较弱良好良好
80%c较弱较弱优秀优秀
100%c较弱较弱较弱较弱
), ArticleFig(id=1244288494667940115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288475978122049, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

流动分离的控制效果汇总

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d/mm0.050.250.501.00
10%c良好优秀良好较弱
20%c良好良好良好良好
40%c优秀优秀良好良好
60%c较弱较弱良好良好
80%c较弱较弱优秀优秀
100%c较弱较弱较弱较弱
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仿生学柔性锯齿控制翼型前缘流动分离的试验研究
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巩绪安 1 , 黄逸军 1 , 马兴宇 1, 2 , 唐湛棋 1, 2 , 姜楠 1, 2
气动研究与试验 | 研究 2025,3(5): 69-77
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气动研究与试验 | 研究 2025, 3(5): 69-77
仿生学柔性锯齿控制翼型前缘流动分离的试验研究
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巩绪安1, 黄逸军1, 马兴宇1, 2, 唐湛棋1, 2, 姜楠1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.天津大学 机械工程学院,天津 300354
  • 2.天津市现代工程力学重点实验室,天津 300354
Experimental Study on Separation Control of Airfoil Leading-Edge by Bionic Flexible Sawteeth
Xu’an Gong1, Yijun Huang1, Xingyu Ma1, 2, Zhanqi Tang1, 2, Nan Jiang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
  • 2.Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Engineering Mechanics, Tianjin 300354, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.006
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利用鸟类覆羽的仿生学原理,本文设计了4种不同厚度的柔性锯齿,将它们安装在15°迎角下的NACA 0018二维翼型上翼面的不同位置处,通过热线风速仪采集翼型尾流区的流场数据。风洞试验基于翼型弦长300 mm的雷诺数为5.1×105,平均速度和脉动速度的统计结果表明,较轻薄的柔性锯齿安装在翼型前缘附近时可以消除前缘剪切层,频谱分析表明分离泡中的非定常脉动得到了显著抑制;较厚重的柔性锯齿安装在尾缘附近时可以消除前缘剪切层,诱导高速流体附着于翼型的上翼面。

流动分离  /  仿生  /  柔性  /  锯齿  /  热线风速仪

Inspired by the bionic principle of bird covert feathers on the upper wings, this paper designs four types of flexible sawteeth with different thicknesses, and the sawteeth are installed at different positions on the upper-surface of the NACA 0018 two-dimensional airfoil at an angle-of-attack of 15°, and the velocity profiles in the wake flow is measured by the hot-wire anemometer. The Reynolds number based on chord length of 300 mm is 5.1×105, and the mean velocity profiles and root-mean-square velocities show that the thinner flexible sawteeth can eliminate the leading-edge shear layer when installed near the leading-edge of the airfoil, and the power spectral density results show that the turbulent fluctuations are suppressed. On the contrary, the thicker flexible sawteeth are able to control the leading-edge flow separation when installed near the trailing-edge of the airfoil, and the high-speed fluid is induced to adhere to the upper-surface of the airfoil.

flow separation  /  bionic  /  flexible  /  sawteeth  /  hot-wire anemometer
巩绪安, 黄逸军, 马兴宇, 唐湛棋, 姜楠. 仿生学柔性锯齿控制翼型前缘流动分离的试验研究. 气动研究与试验, 2025 , 3 (5) : 69 -77 . DOI: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.006
Xu’an Gong, Yijun Huang, Xingyu Ma, Zhanqi Tang, Nan Jiang. Experimental Study on Separation Control of Airfoil Leading-Edge by Bionic Flexible Sawteeth[J]. Aerodynamic Research & Experiment, 2025 , 3 (5) : 69 -77 . DOI: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.006
流动分离[1]现象往往表现为非定常的湍流剪切层出现在壁面上,分离泡内激烈的动量交换过程会导致压差阻力和气动噪声的增加,甚至导致机体失速[2]。随着各种流动控制技术通过仿真和试验研究逐步走向成熟,它们在工程实践中得到了广泛应用,有效地提升了机翼、短舱、叶轮机组等飞行器件的气动效率。对于中小型无人飞行器,大质量的供能设备会对其巡航里程产生较大影响,所以等离子激励器、吹吸气装置、振动弹片等主动流动控制方法[3-5]带来的效率提升较为有限。如果在流场中放置旋涡发生器、翼刀等被动控制装置,则可以在不输入能量的情况下产生扰动并优化流场结构。
飞行器的能量消耗主要集中于起飞后的爬升阶段,机翼在该阶段处于大迎角状态以获得较大的升阻比。为了控制翼型前缘发生的流动分离现象,Hao Wenxing等[6-9]研究了一种安装在机翼上翼面的自适应可动平板,在逆压梯度的影响下平板会自适应地进行振动,将翼型在大迎角下的升力系数提升了10%~20%(不同的雷诺数)。Wang Wenxing等[10]将这种自适应平板安装在有限翼模型的不同弦长位置处,通过模型内部的力传感器研究了其增升效果。Arivoli等[11]发现这种自适应平板通过增加翼型上翼面的流动掺混来减小分离泡的厚度,从而得到较优的流场结构。Rosti等[12]通过数值模拟研究了自适应平板所产生扰动的三维涡结构,这些扰动涡有效地减小了尾流区的面积。这类安装于机翼上翼面的刚性自适应平板在大迎角下可以产生可观的增升效果,在小迎角下具有与干净翼型相似的气动特性。
受到鸟类羽毛的启发,Wang Longjun等[13]将鸽子的羽毛安装在翼型的不同位置处,发现它们可以有效提高升阻比。Carruthers等[14]在鸟类翅膀上安装了高速摄像机,发现鸟类在大迎角起飞时,其翅膀上的覆羽和二级覆羽会实时地向上掀起并发生颤振。这类覆羽的质地非常柔软,受到气流的扰动后非常容易发生形变和振动,所以柔性的自适应平板被设计了出来。Fang Zhe等[15]将它们安装在翼型尾缘,将翼型的平均升阻比提升了17.84%。
特别地,猫头鹰作为一种“黑夜猎手”,它们在飞行时几乎不发出声音,而且具有更高的飞行机动性和可靠性。Nafi等[16]通过试验研究发现,猫头鹰具有较高的升阻比,高时间分辨率的粒子图像测速PIV结果显示,猫头鹰锯齿状的柔性覆羽可以在翅膀的边界层附近产生大量小涡扰动周围的流场。文献[17]~[19]均发现锯齿形的结构可以有效地削弱远场的气动噪声,具有较高的工程应用价值。Wang Lei等[20]通过大涡模拟发现刚性锯齿形的尾缘可以有效减小湍流脉动和气动噪声。León等[21]通过高时间分辨率的PIV发现,刚性锯齿形尾缘可以有效地阻止逆压梯度边界层的产生,从而控制翼型前缘的流动分离。Avallone等[22]通过Tomo-PIV捕捉到了刚性锯齿形尾缘产生的三维扰动涡结构。
本文从覆羽的仿生学原理出发,结合了其柔软易变形和锯齿形的特点,设计了4种不同厚度的新型柔性锯齿,将它们安装在大迎角翼型的6个不同弦长位置处。用干净翼型作为对照组,共25组试验工况。基于热线风速仪测得的尾流区流场数据,归纳和讨论各控制工况相应的平均速度剖面、湍动能分布和功率谱密度(频谱分析)结果。最后总结柔性锯齿的厚度和安装位置对于翼型前缘流动分离控制效果的影响。
试验在天津大学低湍流度回流式风洞中进行,如图1所示,试验段尺寸为2.3 m(长)×1.0 m(宽)×1.0 m(高),NACA 0018二维铝合金翼型的弦长c = 300 mm。试验采用的来流风速为u = 25 m/s,基于翼型弦长的雷诺数Re = 5.1×105,湍流度为0.13%。
以翼型中心(50%弦长处)为原点建立如图2所示的平面直角坐标系,x轴沿流向,y轴沿法向。翼型的迎角固定在15°,此时翼型前缘发生流动分离,在尾流区产生前缘和尾缘两个湍流剪切层。搭配高精度的电控三维坐标架,利用IFA300热线风速仪测量翼型尾流区的非定常湍流信号,使用TSI-1210-T1.5型单丝热线探头,热线为5 μm直径的镀金钨丝,过热比为1.5。热线探针沿y轴正方向从(0.7c,-0.27c)至(0.7c,0.6c)扫掠共20个测点,采样频率为4000 Hz,每个测点的采样时间为65.5 s,足够获得收敛、高时间分辨率的热线信号。
仿生学柔性锯齿可以在非定常来流的激励下自适应地变形和颤振,进而产生扰流涡控制翼型前缘的流动分离[23-25]。本文仿照不同鸟类的覆羽,设计了4种不同厚度的柔性锯齿d=0.05 mm、0.25 mm、0.50 mm和1.00 mm,仿照鸟类覆羽在翅膀上的生长位置,将柔性锯齿铰接在翼型上翼面的10%c、20%c、40%c、60%c、80%c和100%c位置处分别进行试验,加上干净翼型的对照工况,共有25组工况。
图3所示为4种厚度的柔性锯齿安装在翼型10%弦长处的试验结果,图3(a)为平均速度剖面,反映了尾流区分离泡的厚度;图3(b)为脉动速度均方根值图,反映了剪切层的湍动能分布情况。图3(a)中蓝色和绿色的平均速度剖面区别较小,说明较厚的1.00 mm锯齿在10%c的前缘无法通过颤振有效控制流动分离。另外三种厚度的锯齿均可以有效控制翼型前缘的流动分离,其中0.25 mm的锯齿控制下的分离泡上边界下降幅度最大,并且使得分离泡内的最低平均速度从0.28u上升至0.44u左右。
图3(b)中的蓝色曲线在y/c=-0.12和0.27位置处具有两个湍动能峰值,分别代表了尾缘剪切层和前缘剪切层的能量中心。在加装了1.00 mm锯齿后,绿色曲线的两个峰值分别下降了14%和16%,说明其通过颤振吸收了部分来流动能,但是控制分离的效果较弱。另外三种控制工况下的曲线均只有一个峰值,说明较薄的柔性锯齿有效控制了翼型前缘的流动分离,原本的两个湍流剪切层仅剩一个,其中0.25 mm的锯齿控制效果较优,湍动能下降了56%,剪切层中心移动到了y/c=-0.08处。
通过平均速度图4(a)可以发现,在20%弦长位置处加装4种厚度的柔性锯齿均可以有效控制分离泡的大小。图4(b)中的粉色和绿色曲线有两个相互靠近的峰值,说明0.25 mm和1.00 mm厚度的锯齿诱导前缘剪切层中心向尾缘剪切层分别移动了0.22c和0.10c,湍动能下降率分别为18%和22%。另外,红色和棕色曲线均只有一个峰值,说明0.05 mm和0.50 mm的锯齿消除了前缘剪切层,湍动能下降率分别为24%和23%。
分析图5可以发现,当柔性锯齿安装在40%弦长位置处时,较厚的0.50 mm和1.00 mm锯齿可以诱导前缘剪切层的边界分别下移0.22c和0.17c,能量下降率分别为29%和39%。较薄的0.05 mm和0.25 mm的锯齿可以消除前缘剪切层,控制效果较优,能量下降率均达到58%。
分析图6可以发现,柔性锯齿安装在60%弦长处时,较薄的0.05 mm和0.25 mm的锯齿控制效果较弱,能量下降率分别为13%和17%,前缘剪切层中心均向下移动0.03c。较厚的0.50 mm和1.00 mm锯齿控制两剪切层近乎重合,前缘剪切层中心向下移动了0.32c,能量下降率分别为38%和34%。
结合图6分析图5可以发现,较厚的0.50mm和1.00 mm的锯齿在80%c(见图7)的安装位置处控制效果达到最优,此时前缘剪切层消失,能量下降率均达到55%。
当柔性锯齿安装在100%弦长位置时,如图8所示,各厚度锯齿的控制效果均较弱。其中,0.25 mm的锯齿能量降低率最高,达到18%。
图9比较了无控工况和控制工况下的平均速度和脉动速度均方根值图,控制工况选取效果显著的40%c工况,柔性锯齿的厚度d =0.05 mm,用于比较热线数据的误差范围。通过比较蓝色和红色曲线,两次近似试验的自由来流速度差大约为2m/s,而在剪切层所在的低速区平均速度曲线近乎重合。相应的脉动速度均方根值曲线也非常接近,无控工况下棕色曲线的尾缘和前缘峰值误差分别为2.57%u和2.25%u,控制工况下尾缘峰值误差为1.16%u,该误差不会影响前文对于柔性锯齿控制效果的判断。
验证试验选取无控工况和两种控制效果差异显著的工况,d=0.50 mm的柔性锯齿分别安装在20%c和80%c。PIV采用双帧模式采样5.0 s,采样频率为800 Hz。由于雷诺数较高,该采样时间足够获得收敛的平均速度场。如图10所示,翼型前缘会发生流动分离,形成面积较大的低速区。在20%c加装控制后,其后x/c=-0.2处扰动导致平均速度剖面向翼面靠近,分离区的厚度变薄,如图11所示。在80%c加装控制后,翼型前缘的流动分离得到了显著控制,高速流体继续附着在翼面上形成边界层,在尾缘扰动源附近会出现面积较小的低速区,如图12所示。
功率谱密度(PSD)在频域(Sr = f·c/u)上反映了湍流剪切层中的脉动强度,尾缘剪切层由于具有较高的湍流-非湍流占比,随机湍涡的占比较少[24],所以尾缘剪切层的脉动信号能较好地反映分离泡内脱落涡包的频率特征。图13为10%c工况下的频谱曲线,对照图3可以发现,0.25mm的锯齿控制效果最优,仅在Sr =1.03处存在高频峰值,在其他频率带宽内脉动强度接近于0,流动分离几乎得到了完全控制。0.05 mm锯齿由于非常轻薄,在尾流区并不会产生特定频率的脱落涡,分离泡中的旋涡能量从低频向高频逐级传递(能量级串),最终表现为湍流而耗散[25]。0.50 mm锯齿会产生三个特征频率Sr =0.04、0.33和0.64,表现为剪切层中的大型涡包结构。1.00 mm锯齿的控制效果较弱(见图3),其产生扰动的特征频率Sr = 0.54,相较于无控工况,低频带的湍流脉动得到了有效削弱。
图14所示,当柔性锯齿安装在20%弦长处时,较轻薄的0.05 mm和0.25 mm锯齿不会在尾流区产生特定频率的脱落涡,0.50 mm工况下旋涡的特征频率Sr=0.36和0.73,1.00 mm工况下的特征频率Sr =0.69。
40%c工况下功率密度如图15所示,0.05mm锯齿不产生特定频率的脱落涡,0.25 mm锯齿产生Sr=0.81的脱落涡,0.50 mm锯齿产生Sr=1.24的脱落涡,1.00 mm锯齿产生 Sr=0.97的脱落涡。
结合图6分析图16,较轻薄的0.05 mm和0.25 mm锯齿安装在60%c处时控制效果较弱,分离泡内的特征频率与无控工况保持相近Sr=0.16、0.50,仅对湍动能具有一定的降低作用。较厚的0.50 mm和1.00 mm锯齿控制效果较优,扰动的特征频率Sr = 2.2。
与60%c工况相似,80%c工况下较轻薄的0.05 mm和0.25 mm锯齿控制效果较弱,特征频率与无控工况保持相近Sr = 0.16、0.50。较厚的0.50 mm和1.00 mm锯齿控制效果优秀,扰动的特征频率Sr =3.35,且扰动的强度非常低,如图17所示。
结合图8分析图18,各厚度的柔性锯齿安装在100%弦长处的控制效果均较弱。其中最厚的1.00 mm锯齿产生的扰动强度较高,频率Sr = 0.15较低。另外三种厚度的锯齿不改变分离泡内旋涡的特征频率Sr = 0.16和0.50。
综合以上试验结果,相较于无控工况,24种工况下的流动控制效果汇总见表1。优秀控制效果指代尾流区仅剩尾缘剪切层,且其湍动能下降率超过50%。良好控制效果指代前缘剪切层向尾缘靠近,且湍动能下降率超过20%。较弱控制效果指代尾缘和前缘剪切层均没有发生较大位移,且湍动能下降率低于20%。
0.05 mm和0.25 mm锯齿均安装在40%c时控制效果最优,消除了前缘剪切层,前者不产生特定频率的脱落涡,后者产生扰动的特征频率Sr=0.81,且强度非常低;0.50mm和1.00mm锯齿均安装在80%c时控制效果最优,消除了前缘剪切层,会产生强度非常低的脱落涡Sr=3.35。
本文通过风洞试验验证了柔性锯齿在较大迎角下的流动控制效果。这种柔性锯齿在小迎角状态下会贴合在翼型上表面,不影响其流场情况。
翼型前缘发生流动分离后,在逆压梯度的影响下,较轻薄的柔性锯齿在靠近前缘的位置(40%c)会以小倾角颤振完全控制流动分离;在靠近尾缘的位置(80%c)会以大倾角颤振诱导前缘剪切层下移。较厚重的柔性锯齿在靠近前缘的位置(40%c)会以小倾角颤振产生高频扰动涡,诱导前缘剪切层下移并吸收低频带宽的脉动;在靠近尾缘的位置(80%c)会以小倾角颤振完全控制流动分离。
仿照于鸟类的覆羽结构,这类柔性锯齿具有控制流动分离的工程潜力,作为一种被动控制技术,其具有效率高、易安装等优点。相信未来在无人飞行器的翼型设计方面会有一定的应用前景。
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2025年第3卷第5期
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doi: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.006
  • 接收时间:2025-07-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-05
  • 修回日期:2025-09-07
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    1.天津大学 机械工程学院,天津 300354
    2.天津市现代工程力学重点实验室,天津 300354
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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