Article(id=1244288475609023296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, issueId=1244288473163744056, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753200000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-23, revisedDate=1756915200000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774591090346, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774591090346, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774591090346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774591090346, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244288473163744056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, year='2025', volume='3', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='94', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774591089764, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774591299427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244289352621212610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, issueId=1244288473163744056, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244289352621212611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, issueId=1244288473163744056, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=59, endPage=68, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244288477030892367, articleId=1244288475609023296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation of Hybrid Laminar Flow Control on the Vertical Tail of a General Aircraft, columnId=1244288474023576378, journalTitle=Aerodynamic Research & Experiment, columnName=Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper provides technical support for the engineering application of hybir laminar flow control (HLFC)technology in drag reduction for general aircraft. A numerical investigation of HLFC technology for drag reduction on the vertical tail of the AG300 business aircraft is presented. The simulations are based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, employing the k SST turbulence model coupled with the γ-transition model. The transition prediction method was validated using experimental data of the infinite swept NLF(2)-0415 airfoil, demonstrating high accuracy and reliability. This paper evaluates the drag reduction effects of uniform suction, non-uniform suction distributions, and reduced leading-edge sweep angle under suction conditions. The results indicate that HLFC can significantly reduce vertical tail drag, with further drag reduction achieved by decreasing the leading-edge sweep angle.However, to maintain flow stability, the suction intensity must be kept below a critical threshold.

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针对AG300公务机垂尾,本文开展混合层流控制(HLFC)减阻技术数值研究。计算采用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程,以及k-ω SST湍流模型结合γ转捩模型模拟转捩。转捩预测方法通过与NLF(2)-0415无限后掠翼试验数据对比进行验证。结果表明,模型具有较高的预测精度和可靠性。研究分析了均匀吸气、非均匀吸气以及在吸气条件下减小垂尾前缘后掠角对减阻效果的影响。HLFC技术能够有效降低垂尾阻力,通过减小前缘后掠角可进一步提升减阻效果。然而,为确保流动稳定性,吸气强度需控制在临界值以下,为混合层流控制技术在通用飞机减阻工程化的应用提供支持。

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Experimental conditions for the NLF(2)-0415 test case

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Re Ma α/(°)湍流度/%
1.92×1060.123-40.05
2.19×1060.140-40.05
2.37×1060.151-40.05
2.73×1060.174-40.05
3.27×1060.209-40.05
3.72×1060.235-40.05
), ArticleFig(id=1244288492667257090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288475609023296, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

NLF(2)-0415算例试验状态

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Re Ma α/(°)湍流度/%
1.92×1060.123-40.05
2.19×1060.140-40.05
2.37×1060.151-40.05
2.73×1060.174-40.05
3.27×1060.209-40.05
3.72×1060.235-40.05
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通用飞机垂尾混合层流控制数值模拟研究
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高坤 1 , 魏猛 1 , 张铁军 2 , 秦何军 1 , 温庆 1
气动研究与试验 | 研究 2025,3(5): 59-68
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气动研究与试验 | 研究 2025, 3(5): 59-68
通用飞机垂尾混合层流控制数值模拟研究
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高坤1, 魏猛1, 张铁军2, 秦何军1, 温庆1
作者信息
  • 1.航空工业通飞华南飞机工业有限公司,广东 珠海 519040
  • 2.航空工业空气动力研究院,辽宁 沈阳 110034
Numerical Simulation of Hybrid Laminar Flow Control on the Vertical Tail of a General Aircraft
Kun Gao1, Meng Wei1, Tiejun Zhang2, Hejun Qin1, Qing Wen1
Affiliations
  • 1.AVIC General Huanan Aircraft Industry Co.,Ltd.,Zhuhai 519040,China
  • 2.AVIC Aerodynamics Research Institute, Shenyang 110034, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.005
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针对AG300公务机垂尾,本文开展混合层流控制(HLFC)减阻技术数值研究。计算采用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程,以及k-ω SST湍流模型结合γ转捩模型模拟转捩。转捩预测方法通过与NLF(2)-0415无限后掠翼试验数据对比进行验证。结果表明,模型具有较高的预测精度和可靠性。研究分析了均匀吸气、非均匀吸气以及在吸气条件下减小垂尾前缘后掠角对减阻效果的影响。HLFC技术能够有效降低垂尾阻力,通过减小前缘后掠角可进一步提升减阻效果。然而,为确保流动稳定性,吸气强度需控制在临界值以下,为混合层流控制技术在通用飞机减阻工程化的应用提供支持。

混合层流控制  /  边界层吸气  /  减阻  /  转捩预测  /  通用航空

This paper provides technical support for the engineering application of hybir laminar flow control (HLFC)technology in drag reduction for general aircraft. A numerical investigation of HLFC technology for drag reduction on the vertical tail of the AG300 business aircraft is presented. The simulations are based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, employing the k SST turbulence model coupled with the γ-transition model. The transition prediction method was validated using experimental data of the infinite swept NLF(2)-0415 airfoil, demonstrating high accuracy and reliability. This paper evaluates the drag reduction effects of uniform suction, non-uniform suction distributions, and reduced leading-edge sweep angle under suction conditions. The results indicate that HLFC can significantly reduce vertical tail drag, with further drag reduction achieved by decreasing the leading-edge sweep angle.However, to maintain flow stability, the suction intensity must be kept below a critical threshold.

HLFC  /  boundary-layer suction  /  drag reduction  /  transition prediction  /  general aircraft
高坤, 魏猛, 张铁军, 秦何军, 温庆. 通用飞机垂尾混合层流控制数值模拟研究. 气动研究与试验, 2025 , 3 (5) : 59 -68 . DOI: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.005
Kun Gao, Meng Wei, Tiejun Zhang, Hejun Qin, Qing Wen. Numerical Simulation of Hybrid Laminar Flow Control on the Vertical Tail of a General Aircraft[J]. Aerodynamic Research & Experiment, 2025 , 3 (5) : 59 -68 . DOI: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.005
通用航空是国民经济的重要战略性产业,是国家航空运输系统的重要组成部分,在经济社会发展中发挥着重要作用。欧洲航空研究创新咨询委员会“飞行之路(Flightpath)2050”项目指出要减小飞机飞行阻力,减少CO2排放及燃油消耗,以实现绿色、可持续发展的航空经济[1]
相比湍流边界层,层流边界层的摩擦阻力约低一个数量级。保持飞机表面流动为层流,可显著降低飞行阻力。如空客340级别飞机,其阻力可减少约16%[2]。自然层流(NLF)可抑制托尔明-施利希廷(TS)波不稳定而引起的边界层转捩,该技术在中等雷诺数和低后掠机翼上优势明显。当机翼后掠增大,横流(CF)波不稳定对边界层转捩的影响增加,此时为延迟转捩可采用翼面吸气的层流控制(LFC)技术[3]。基于NLF和LFC发展出混合层流控制技术,该技术仅在机翼前缘附近吸气,同时利用吸气区之后的气动外形产生有利压力梯度延迟转捩,减少了LFC吸气需求且降低了系统复杂度[4-5]
1980年,美国国家航空航天局(NASA)基于波音757机翼对HLFC技术进行了研究[6],结果表明,机翼上翼面约60%、下翼面约40%的区域实现了层流化,可节省8%的燃油。1995年,Arcara等[7]基于某亚声速飞机对HLFC系统展开研究,经对比分析发现全机起飞总重减少了9.9%,运营空重减少了5.7%,总燃油消耗减少了18.2%,升阻比增加14.7%。2021年,德国航空航天中心(DLR)[8]在空客320飞机垂尾上进行混合层流吸气控制飞行试验,飞行高度为10 668 m,Ma 0.78,转捩位置位于36.5%~38%之间。2022年,Corelli等[9]针对机翼在逆压梯度时的层流边界层吸气进行了试验,试验表明,与无吸气状态相比,边界层吸气可实现最高为30%的阻力减小量。
国内在HLFC领域研究起步较晚,且多集中于数值计算及风洞试验。2010年,耿子海等[10]基于NACA0006系列层流翼型,在风速50 m/s、Re =3.0×106α=0°状态对比了吸气前后层流区域面积,结果显示吸气后层流面积扩大两倍以上,控制效果显著。2014年,张弛宇等[11]开展了某超临界翼型上表面及前缘结冰时的吸气控制转捩预测,研究表明,合理的层流控制可有效推迟转捩,减阻效果明显,但在结冰情况下,层流控制几乎失效。2017年,杨体浩等[12]针对混合层流流动控制机翼气动优化设计,采用微分进化算法及eN转捩预测方法,单点优化设计表明,相比于初始构型,单点优化结果可将转捩点从2%弦长推迟到57%弦长,且吸气强度减小50%。2019年,史亚云等[13]针对25°后掠角的跨声速无限展长后掠翼,进行了以阻力最小为优化目标的均匀吸气混合层流优化设计,优化结果表明,相比初始构型,阻力降低了29.1%,上下翼面转捩位置分别推迟了18%和15%弦长。
本文基于RANS方程,采用γ转捩预测模型并结合k-ω SST湍流模型,首先对NLF(2)-0415无限展长后掠翼边界层转捩进行研究,验证算法对后掠机翼边界层转捩预测的可靠性。在此基础上,针对AG300公务机垂尾,将探讨不同吸气策略对混合层流控制的减阻效果,涵盖均匀/非均匀吸气分布与前缘后掠角变动的影响。
采用有限体积法求解雷诺平均N-S方程,Roe格式对无黏通量进行离散,中心差分格式对黏性通量进行离散。时间推进采用LU-SGS隐式格式。湍流模型为Menter k-ω SST两方程模型[14-16],可表示为
式中,ρ为气体密度,k为湍动能,ω为比湍流耗散率,uj为速度分量,xj为空间坐标分量,τij为切向应力,Sij为应变率张量,μ为动力黏度,μtνt为湍流黏度;可通过混合函数F1计算模型参量γβσkσω
γ转捩模型是基于相关性的单方程转捩模型[17-18],是在γ-Reθ转捩模型基础上发展得到的。与γ-Reθ转捩模型相比,γ转捩模型仅求解间歇因子输运方程,并减少经验方程影响。γ转捩模型通过间歇因子γ输运方程触发转捩过程,其输运方程可表示为
式中,Pγ为产生项,Eγ为破坏项,Fonset为触发函数,W为平均涡强度,Ca2=0.06,Ce2=50。
临界动量厚度雷诺数Reθc根据当地变量压力梯度因子λθL、来流湍流度TuL确定其大小,当Reθc满足式(5)时
当地位置开始发生转捩[19]ReV为涡量雷诺数。
横流模型根据C1准则,当满足式(6)时,横流将触发边界层转捩[20]
式中,为横流位移厚度雷诺数,为当横流引起边界层转捩时对应的雷诺数。
混合层流控制技术通过物面离散密布的微孔进行吸气,吸气速度方向垂直于物面[21-22]。本文针对垂尾实施吸气减阻,对翼面微孔的精细流动不做深入研究,因此,在数值计算过程中不考虑实际孔径影响,而是将微孔吸气速度等质量流量换算为吸气边界对应的流场速度,即采用速度入口边界条件。定义吸气系数
式中,s为垂直于翼面的吸气速度,吸气时为负值,在计算Cq时取其绝对值,V为来流速度。物面采用黏性无滑移边界条件,远场采用无反射边界条件。
5座单发涡桨轻型公务机AG300是中航通用飞机有限责任公司按照中国民用航空规章23部(CCAR-23)和联邦航空条例23部(FAR-23)研发的一型全碳纤维复合材料飞机。本文以该型飞机垂尾为研究对象,垂尾展弦比为1.318,设计前缘后掠角λ=50.59°,参考弦长为1.624 m,参考面积为2.939 m2。如图1所示,吸气区位于垂尾前缘展高39%~97%(不计梢部整流尺寸),弦向30%范围内,左右翼面各均布15条微条带模拟吸气边界,并定义孔隙率
式中,Sslit为微条带缝隙面积,Sabcd图1中所示区域面积。
计算网格采用多面体非结构网格[23-24],边界层为棱柱网格,首层网格高度Y +<1,总网格量约3000万[25],如图2所示。
Xu Jiakun等[26]基于后掠角为45°的NLF(2)-0415无限展长后掠翼模型进行转捩试验研究,该后掠翼边界层会遭受TS波及CF波的影响。图3所示为NLF(2)-0415剖面翼型,图4所示为空间剖面网格,总网格量为2000万。以该算例验证本文算法对转捩位置的预测精度,计算状态见表1
本文预测得到的转捩位置与试验结果比较如图5所示。其中Rec为弦长雷诺数,xtr/c为无量纲弦向位置。可以看出,采用γ转捩预测模型得到的转捩位置在试验转捩位置变化范围内。雷诺数为1.92×106时,本文预测的转捩位置比试验值提前,史亚云等[13]分析该雷诺数下由于分离流影响导致数值计算提前转捩,而实际转捩点应在分离点之后,且会形成分离泡,因此,导致数值计算与试验值存在差异。根据整体数据对比,本文采用的算法对转捩位置预测精度满足工程要求,可以用于混合层流控制技术研究。
基于设计状态垂尾外形,开展对垂尾转捩的计算分析。计算状态:Ma 0.53,迎角及侧滑角均为0°,基于垂尾参考弦长的雷诺数Re=9.5×106。在此状态下,对干净垂尾进行自然转捩模拟,图6为干净垂尾壁面摩擦系数云图,由于受到前缘线不稳定影响,靠近翼根处边界层流动较早发生转捩,翼梢处受前缘线不稳定影响较弱,转捩位置较为靠后。结果表明,垂尾在自然转捩时,阻力系数CD=0.005 75,摩擦阻力系数CDf=0.003 93。由于摩擦阻力较大,不利于降低燃油消耗及改善飞行性能,因此,有必要开展混合层流控制技术减阻应用研究。
通过规定微条带处吸气速度,实现延缓垂尾边界层转捩。此处分别计算了吸气系数Cq=7.5×10-5、1.5×10-4、2.25×10-4、3.0×10-4和1.5×10-3时对垂尾边界层转捩位置的影响。图7为施加不同Cq时垂尾阻力系数、摩擦阻力系数和压差阻力系数变化曲线,图8给出了在垂尾展高Z=2.5 m和3.0 m处壁面摩擦系数曲线对比。图9为不同Cq时壁面摩擦系数云图。
由计算结果可以发现,通过吸气控制边界层转捩时,存在临界吸气系数Cqs,若Cq<Cqs,随着Cq增加,摩擦阻力系数和压差阻力系数逐步减小,垂尾阻力减小;当Cq>Cqs,相比于吸气系数为Cqs时,随着Cq增加,摩擦阻力系数明显增大,而压差阻力系数变化较小,导致此时垂尾阻力相对增加。
图8中发现,在吸气条带两侧壁面摩擦系数明显增大。由于壁面采用无滑移边界,而吸气缝采用速度入口边界,即无滑移条件不成立,因此,边界层气流速度梯度在吸气缝边界处发生突变,导致缝道两侧壁面摩擦系数激增。
结合图8图9可看出,展高Z=3.0 m处,当Cq=1.5×10-4时,边界层转捩位置向后缘发展,使得层流区域扩大,而Z=2.5 m处转捩位置后移量较小,因此,靠近垂尾根部区域,需要较大吸气量延缓边界层转捩;当Cq=1.5×10-3时,控制区的转捩位置已经后移至吸气区之外,但由于吸气条带两侧壁面摩擦系数明显增加,导致此时垂尾阻力相对增加。
通过在距前缘15%弦长范围(吸气系数用Cq1表示)与15%~30%弦长范围(吸气系数用Cq2表示)施加不同吸气系数,实现对垂尾边界层的非均匀吸气控制。图10为非均匀吸气时垂尾阻力系数对比,图11为壁面摩擦系数云图。
图10(a)发现,当Cq1=1.5×10-3Cq2=7.5×10-5时,垂尾阻力最小;当Cq1=7.5×10-5Cq2=1.5×10-3时,此时垂尾阻力最大。若固定Cq2不变,随着Cq1增加,垂尾阻力逐渐减小;若固定Cq1不变,随着Cq2增加,垂尾阻力逐渐增加,结合图11可看出,若Cq1较小,未能较好延缓区域1内边界层转捩,使得区域2边界层始终受到区域1中边界层转捩流动影响,导致垂尾减阻效果减弱。
保持垂尾梢根比不变,减小前缘线后掠角为λ=47°,计算分析后掠角变化对吸气减阻的影响。图12为垂尾阻力系数曲线对比,图13为展高Z=2.5 m处壁面摩擦系数曲线对比。
可以看出,在吸气时若减小垂尾前缘后掠角,可使垂尾压差阻力略有减小,而摩擦阻力系数在Cqs之前明显减小,使得垂尾阻力减小。对于展高Z=2.5 m处,当吸气系数相同时,减小前缘后掠角,边界层转捩位置明显后移,翼面层流范围扩大,所以垂尾壁面摩擦系数降低。
本文基于RANS方程并耦合γ转捩预测模型与k–ω SST湍流模型,开展了NLF(2)-0415无限展长后掠翼的转捩验证研究,证实所用模型在处理后掠翼复杂三维边界层转捩方面的可靠性。在此基础上,针对AG300公务机垂尾,探讨不同吸气策略对混合层流控制的工程减阻效果,涵盖均匀/非均匀吸气分布与前缘后掠角变动的影响。研究表明,所采用γ模型在吸气转捩控制中的可行性与工程适应性较高,对后续公务机垂尾层流化设计具有参考价值。通过研究,得出以下结论:
(1)当Cq<Cqs时,随着吸气系数增加,垂尾边界层转捩位置从翼梢前缘逐步向翼根后缘方向发展,最终停止在吸气区下游附近。在此过程中,垂尾的摩擦阻力逐渐降低,总阻力减小。
(2)采用非均匀吸气,应确保Cq1>Cq2,避免由于前缘附近横流不稳定影响吸气区2内吸气控制效果。
(3)对垂尾采用吸气减阻技术时,可减小前缘后掠角,延缓边界层转捩,从而减小垂尾的摩擦阻力。
(4)本文在保持孔隙率基础上采用微条带作为吸气边界,若Cq临近Cqs,条带两侧壁面摩擦阻力骤增,减弱了减阻效果,后续研究可采用微孔吸气边界。
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2025年第3卷第5期
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doi: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.005
  • 接收时间:2025-07-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-23
  • 修回日期:2025-09-04
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    1.航空工业通飞华南飞机工业有限公司,广东 珠海 519040
    2.航空工业空气动力研究院,辽宁 沈阳 110034
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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