Article(id=1244288475231535935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, issueId=1244288473163744056, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752163200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-11, revisedDate=1757433600000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774591090255, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774591090255, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774591090255, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774591090255, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244288473163744056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, year='2025', volume='3', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='94', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774591089764, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774591299427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244289352621212610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, issueId=1244288473163744056, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244289352621212611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, issueId=1244288473163744056, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=30, endPage=44, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244288476628239176, articleId=1244288475231535935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, language=EN, title=Numerical investigation of Reverse Jet Heat Reduction under Forebody Shock Interactions on the Lip of Hypersonic Vehicles, columnId=1244288474023576378, journalTitle=Aerodynamic Research & Experiment, columnName=Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

During the flight of high -speed aircraft, complex shock-shock interference phenomena occur, leading to a sharp increase in the heat flux in the wall area of the aircraft, which poses a huge challenge to the aircraft’s thermal protection system. To address the extreme aerodynamic heating problem caused by shock-shock interference, reverse jet is applied to the inlet lip of an X-51-like aircraft. A numerical simulation method is used to study the influence of the reverse jet at the inlet lip on the flow field structure and heat flux under the interference of the forebody shock. By changing the angle of attack of the incoming flow, the interference types of the forebody shock on the lip shock at different angles of attack and the influence laws on the lip flow field and heat flux distribution are obtained. Furthermore, the heat -reduction characteristics of reverse jets with different total pressure ratios under types III, IV, and V shock interferences are investigated.The results show that the change in the angle of attack will change the shock interference type at the lip. When the angle of attack changes from 3.8° to 4.0°, the interference type changes from type III to type IV. The reverse jet can convert type III shock interference into type-II-like and type IV shock interference into type-III-like, reducing the lip heat flux. For type V shock interference, the reverse jet will convert it into a more severe type-IV-like, resulting in an increase in the peak wall heat flux. The heat-reduction laws of the reverse jet at the inlet lip of the X-51-like aircraft at different angles of attack are obtained, and the action mechanism of the reverse jet under different shock interference types is clarified,which can provide support for the thermal protection design of the same type of aircraft.In addition, the research results show that the introduction of the reverse jet at the lip will reduce the total pressure loss of the inlet. Compared with the case without jet, the total pressure recovery coefficient is increased by 49%.At the same time, it increases the mass flow rate,which is beneficial to improving the performance of the inlet.

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高速飞行器在飞行过程中,会出现复杂的激波-激波干扰现象,并导致飞行器壁面区域热流的急剧增大,对飞行器的热防护系统构成了巨大挑战。针对激波-激波干扰带来的极端气动加热问题,将逆向喷流应用于类 X-51飞行器进气道唇口,并采用数值模拟方法研究了前体激波干扰下进气道唇口处逆向喷流对流场结构和热流的影响。通过改变来流迎角获得不同迎角下前体激波对唇口激波的干扰类型和对唇口流场与热流分布的影响规律,并进一步研究了不同总压比逆向喷流在Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ型激波干扰下的降热特性。结果表明,迎角变化会改变唇口处的激波干扰类型,迎角从3.8°变为4.0°时,干扰类型从Ⅲ变为Ⅳ;逆向喷流可将 Ⅲ型激波干扰转换为类 Ⅱ型,Ⅳ型激波干扰转换为类 Ⅲ型,降低唇口热流;对于 Ⅴ型激波干扰,逆向喷流会将其转换为更严重的 Ⅳ型干扰,导致壁面热流峰值有所上升。研究获得了不同迎角下类 X- 51飞行器进气道唇口逆向喷流降热规律,明晰了不同激波干扰类型下逆向喷流的作用机理,可为同类型飞行器热防护设计提供支持。此外,研究结果表明,唇口逆向喷流的引入,会减小进气道总压损失,与无喷相比其总压恢复系数提高 49%;同时它还增加了质量流量,有利于提升进气道性能。

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Keyword(id=1244288489936765102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288475231535935, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=热防护)], refs=[Reference(id=1244288499420086608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288475231535935, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=136, issue=null, pageStart=108, pageEnd=233, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Kianvashrad N, Knight D D, journalName=Aerospace Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kianvashrad N, Knight D D. 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Computational parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自由来流逆向喷流壁面
气体:空气气体:空气总温:295 K
Ma 6 Ma 1
总压:4.02 MPaPR=0~0.3
总温:1812 K总温:250 K/1812 K
迎角:0°~5°
), ArticleFig(id=1244288498723832130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288475231535935, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自由来流逆向喷流壁面
气体:空气气体:空气总温:295 K
Ma 6 Ma 1
总压:4.02 MPaPR=0~0.3
总温:1812 K总温:250 K/1812 K
迎角:0°~5°
), ArticleFig(id=1244288498870632772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288475231535935, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Calculation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自由来流逆向喷流壁面
气体:空气气体:氮气 Tw=295 K
Ma 3.98 Ma 1
总压:1.37 MPa总压:0.822 MPa
总温:397 K总温:300 K
), ArticleFig(id=1244288498950324551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288475231535935, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

计算参数

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自由来流逆向喷流壁面
气体:空气气体:氮气 Tw=295 K
Ma 3.98 Ma 1
总压:1.37 MPa总压:0.822 MPa
总温:397 K总温:300 K
), ArticleFig(id=1244288499155845449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288475231535935, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Range of attack angles for six types of shock interference and peak wall heat flux

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迎角/(°)激波干扰类型 Q/Q0
3.0~3.15Ⅰ型1.13
3.2~3.5Ⅱ型1.24
3.6~3.85Ⅲ型2.80
3.9~4.1Ⅳ型6.16
4.2~4.5Ⅴ型1.53
4.6~5.0Ⅵ型1.50
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6类激波干扰迎角范围与壁面热流峰值

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迎角/(°)激波干扰类型 Q/Q0
3.0~3.15Ⅰ型1.13
3.2~3.5Ⅱ型1.24
3.6~3.85Ⅲ型2.80
3.9~4.1Ⅳ型6.16
4.2~4.5Ⅴ型1.53
4.6~5.0Ⅵ型1.50
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激波干扰下进气道唇口逆向喷流降热机理研究
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孙新丞 1 , 徐春光 1 , 周朗 1 , 王元靖 2
气动研究与试验 | 研究 2025,3(5): 30-44
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气动研究与试验 | 研究 2025, 3(5): 30-44
激波干扰下进气道唇口逆向喷流降热机理研究
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孙新丞1, 徐春光1, 周朗1, 王元靖2
作者信息
  • 1.中山大学 航空航天学院, 广东 深圳 518107
  • 2.中国空气动力研究与发展中心,绵阳 62100
Numerical investigation of Reverse Jet Heat Reduction under Forebody Shock Interactions on the Lip of Hypersonic Vehicles
Xincheng Sun1, Chunguang Xu1, Lang Zhou1, Yuanjing Wang2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
  • 2.China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.003
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高速飞行器在飞行过程中,会出现复杂的激波-激波干扰现象,并导致飞行器壁面区域热流的急剧增大,对飞行器的热防护系统构成了巨大挑战。针对激波-激波干扰带来的极端气动加热问题,将逆向喷流应用于类 X-51飞行器进气道唇口,并采用数值模拟方法研究了前体激波干扰下进气道唇口处逆向喷流对流场结构和热流的影响。通过改变来流迎角获得不同迎角下前体激波对唇口激波的干扰类型和对唇口流场与热流分布的影响规律,并进一步研究了不同总压比逆向喷流在Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ型激波干扰下的降热特性。结果表明,迎角变化会改变唇口处的激波干扰类型,迎角从3.8°变为4.0°时,干扰类型从Ⅲ变为Ⅳ;逆向喷流可将 Ⅲ型激波干扰转换为类 Ⅱ型,Ⅳ型激波干扰转换为类 Ⅲ型,降低唇口热流;对于 Ⅴ型激波干扰,逆向喷流会将其转换为更严重的 Ⅳ型干扰,导致壁面热流峰值有所上升。研究获得了不同迎角下类 X- 51飞行器进气道唇口逆向喷流降热规律,明晰了不同激波干扰类型下逆向喷流的作用机理,可为同类型飞行器热防护设计提供支持。此外,研究结果表明,唇口逆向喷流的引入,会减小进气道总压损失,与无喷相比其总压恢复系数提高 49%;同时它还增加了质量流量,有利于提升进气道性能。

高速飞行器  /  数值模拟  /  逆向喷流  /  激波/激波干扰  /  热防护

During the flight of high -speed aircraft, complex shock-shock interference phenomena occur, leading to a sharp increase in the heat flux in the wall area of the aircraft, which poses a huge challenge to the aircraft’s thermal protection system. To address the extreme aerodynamic heating problem caused by shock-shock interference, reverse jet is applied to the inlet lip of an X-51-like aircraft. A numerical simulation method is used to study the influence of the reverse jet at the inlet lip on the flow field structure and heat flux under the interference of the forebody shock. By changing the angle of attack of the incoming flow, the interference types of the forebody shock on the lip shock at different angles of attack and the influence laws on the lip flow field and heat flux distribution are obtained. Furthermore, the heat -reduction characteristics of reverse jets with different total pressure ratios under types III, IV, and V shock interferences are investigated.The results show that the change in the angle of attack will change the shock interference type at the lip. When the angle of attack changes from 3.8° to 4.0°, the interference type changes from type III to type IV. The reverse jet can convert type III shock interference into type-II-like and type IV shock interference into type-III-like, reducing the lip heat flux. For type V shock interference, the reverse jet will convert it into a more severe type-IV-like, resulting in an increase in the peak wall heat flux. The heat-reduction laws of the reverse jet at the inlet lip of the X-51-like aircraft at different angles of attack are obtained, and the action mechanism of the reverse jet under different shock interference types is clarified,which can provide support for the thermal protection design of the same type of aircraft.In addition, the research results show that the introduction of the reverse jet at the lip will reduce the total pressure loss of the inlet. Compared with the case without jet, the total pressure recovery coefficient is increased by 49%.At the same time, it increases the mass flow rate,which is beneficial to improving the performance of the inlet.

high-speed vehicle  /  numerical simulation  /  reverse jet  /  shock/shock interactions  /  thermal protection
孙新丞, 徐春光, 周朗, 王元靖. 激波干扰下进气道唇口逆向喷流降热机理研究. 气动研究与试验, 2025 , 3 (5) : 30 -44 . DOI: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.003
Xincheng Sun, Chunguang Xu, Lang Zhou, Yuanjing Wang. Numerical investigation of Reverse Jet Heat Reduction under Forebody Shock Interactions on the Lip of Hypersonic Vehicles[J]. Aerodynamic Research & Experiment, 2025 , 3 (5) : 30 -44 . DOI: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.003
吸气式高速飞行器在大气中飞行时,来流被剧烈压缩,在飞行器前缘和进气道唇口等处形成复杂的激波结构[1]。以类X-51飞行器进气道为例(见图1),在高速来流条件下,飞行器前体压缩激波与进气道唇口弓形激波发生干扰,产生激波、膨胀波、剪切层和超声速“喷流”等复杂流场结构[2]。超声速“喷流”直接撞击壁面,造成气动热载荷和压力峰值,这大幅增加局部气动热的潜在风险[3] ,从而影响飞行器的性能和结构安全[4]。因此,激波-激波干扰问题对高速飞行器的结构设计和安全构成巨大挑战。
针对激波-激波干扰问题,国内外研究人员开展了大量研究。Edney[5]通过风洞试验,揭示了激波-激波干扰作用的机理,根据入射激波与弓形激波干扰结构不同,将激波干扰分为6型(Ⅰ~Ⅵ型),并发现Ⅳ型激波干扰更容易出现压力与热流峰值。Wieting等[6]研究了来流马赫数6~19对壁面压力与热流的影响,发现马赫数为16时,Ⅳ型激波干扰在前缘产生的热流峰值是无干扰条件的近30倍。因此,如何减缓Ⅳ型激波干扰带来的严重气动加热问题成为研究热点。Glass等[7]通过改变前缘后掠角0°、15°、30°,降低了Ⅳ型激波干扰下的热流峰值,当掠角增大30°时,前缘热流峰值降低27%。此外,研究人员提出利用主动流动控制技术减小Ⅳ型激波干扰的影响。Gaitonde[8]使用磁气体动力学(MGD)技术,将弓形激波向前推动,使得入射激波与弓形激波相对作用位置下移,从而改变了Ⅳ型激波干扰的流场结构,前缘表面最大热流峰值降低了20%,但流场结构难以得到稳定控制。王殿恺等[9]采用脉冲高重频激光控制Ⅳ型激波干扰,发现使用高重频激光可获得相对稳定的流场结构,单脉冲能量5 mJ的激光能量可使壁面压力、热流峰值分别降低40%和33%。该技术虽实现局部流场调控,但能力投放效率低且工程化应用受限。Nowak等[10-12]通过发汗冷却来降低Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型激波干扰带来的高热载荷。结果表明,蒸腾质量流量会影响流场结构,并降低壁面热流峰值,但当冷却工质的质量流量为自由来流的31%时,激波干扰带来的热流峰值仅减少8.3%,降热效果并不理想。
逆向喷流是一种主动控制技术[13],通过将喷流从飞行器前端高速喷出,将飞行器头部弓形激波推离物面,与自由来流相互作用,形成再附激波和低温回流区,从而达到降热效果。相较于其他降热方案,逆向喷流存在较多优势,如不存在前缘烧蚀问题,降低了材料防热性能的要求;具有较强的可控性,可在前缘附近形成稳定的流场结构;能够重复使用,技术成熟度较高[14];具有良好的降热效果等。因此,在无激波干扰的情况下,已有大量研究[15-17],而对激波干扰带来的高热载荷问题,Prabhu等[18]首创利用逆向喷流缓解激波干扰带来的高热载荷,发现逆向喷流可以显著降低Ⅳ型激波干扰的热流峰值,能够降低30%。随后,Albertsion等[19]进行了相关试验,进一步研究了逆向喷流对第Ⅳ类激波干扰的影响,发现喷口设置在α=0°的降热效果比喷口设置在α=-20°处要更好,如图2所示。
上述研究表明,针对激波干扰带来的极端高热和高压问题,逆向喷流技术具有一定的潜在优势。对于类X-51高速飞行器,前体压缩激波与进气道唇口激波存在激波-激波干扰,同时飞行迎角的变化,会改变前体激波与唇口弓形激波相交的位置,引起激波-激波干扰类型的变化,进而可能导致局部热环境发生变化,对飞行器热防护设计提出了挑战。由于类X-51飞行器前体压缩面长度大,试验成本高、难度大,技术门槛高[20];因此,吸气式高速飞行器在前体激波干扰下唇口逆向喷流降热减阻的相关研究较少。
针对这一问题和需求,本文以图1所示类X-51高速飞行器前体为对象,采用数值模拟方法,研究了飞行迎角对飞行器唇口激波-激波干扰的影响,获得了迎角变化时激波干扰类型的变化规律,并进一步研究了该条件下唇口逆向喷流对流场结构及热流分布的影响,研究结论具有工程意义,可为飞行器相关部位的热防护设计提供参考。
本文参考类X-51飞行器两级压缩进气道外形,建立数值计算模型,具体如图3所示[21]。前缘钝化半径为5 mm,唇口钝化半径为3 mm,喷孔设置在唇口前缘中心线处,喷孔直径为0.4 mm。
本文采用的计算控制方程为二维可压缩N-S方程,采用有限体积法进行离散求解;湍流模型为SST二方程(SST k-ω)模型;通量计算采用Roe格式,Roe格式具有数值耗散较小、间断分辨率高的特点;时间离散采用LU-SGS隐式格式;空间离散采用二阶TVD格式。
计算网格如图4所示,为了捕捉复杂的流场结构,对飞行器前缘和唇口壁面处的网格进行加密,壁面第一层网格高度为1.0×10-5 m,总网格数量为16万。
计算条件为:来流马赫数Ma 6;迎角变化范围为0°~5°;远场来流条件参照海拔25 km高空大气环境;固壁设为等温壁面;喷流设置为入口边界;出口边界设为超声速出口,出口参数由内流场插值获得。计算条件具体数值见表1,PR是喷流总压与来流总压比值,并将PR设置为0~0.3。
采用Cheng Liwei等[22]开展的二维斜激波入射钝头体前缘弓形激波试验对本文计算方法进行验证。根据文献[22],数值计算模型为半径38 mm的圆柱体,来流气流偏折角为12.5°,具体如图5(a)所示。计算网格如图5(b)所示,计算网格量约8万,对壁面和入射斜激波位置附近区域的结构化网格进行了加密处理,其中第一层网格高度为1.0×10-7 m。计算条件为:来流马赫数为8,来流单位雷诺数为5.08×106,来流静温为116 K。另外,入射激波位置如图5中的B点所示,其坐标为(-0.3677,-0.0986)m,入射激波角β=18°。为了能够形成入射斜激波,通过人为给定适当的入口边界条件来实现,给定波前波后参数(波后参数由Rankine-Hugoniot关系决定)。如图5(a)所示,远场半径为模型的10rysh为入射激波距离x轴的距离,入口BC段给斜激波波后气流条件,AB段为自由来流条件,CDAE段为出口边界,出口参数由内流场插值获得,DE段为无滑移等温壁面条件,壁面温度Tw=295 K。
图6为入射激波干扰时,壁面压力p和热流q计算结果与试验结果对比图,其中壁面压力和热流分别使用p0q0(表示无入射激波干扰时圆柱驻点压力和热流)进行无量纲化,横坐标代表壁面点和圆心连接线段与x轴的夹角(后文将统一使用该方式表示壁面点位置)。可以看出,第Ⅳ型激波干扰下超声速喷流冲击壁面,使得壁面压力、热流出现明显峰值,压力和热流分布具有相似性,数值结果与试验分布整体符合较好,表明本文方法具有较高的计算精度。
采用Hayashi等[23]的逆向喷流试验模型,对本文逆向喷流方法进行验证。物理模型如图7所示,喷孔位于中心线处,其半径为2 mm,θ则表示壁面点和与圆心O点的连线与x轴的夹角。其来流与喷流参数见表2,边界条件与上述一致,其中PR为0.6。图8展示了数值纹影与实验纹影图对比,上部分图由仿真计算得到,下部分为试验图。结果表明,在有喷流情况下,流场结构与马赫盘结构基本一致。这表明本文的数值模拟方法具有较高计算精度。
为确保计算结果网格无关,本文以类X-51飞行器前体为研究对象,设计了粗、中、细三套网格,网格数量分别为10万、16万和32万。图9展示了不同网格计算得出的壁面压力分布,可以看出在三种不同网格下,计算得到的压力分布情况基本一致,说明网格量对计算结果影响不大。
为进一步分析网格影响,取第一层壁面网格高度、贴体网格生长倍率等参数作为变量,组合得到不同网格。其中,第一层壁面网格高度分别为1.0×10-3 m、1.0×10-4 m、1.0×10-5 m和1.0×10-6 m;贴体网格生长倍率为1.1、1.2、1.3和1.4。
基于上述参数,通过迭代的方式确定最佳网格配置。首先,设置贴体网格生长倍率为1.2,并将第一层网格高度设置为1.0×10-3 m、1.0×10-4 m、1.0×10-5 m和1.0×10-6 m,得到不同网格。计算壁面压力(见图10,横轴统一),结果表明,不同网格计算的压力分布基本一致,第一层网格高度对计算影响较小。后续计算中,兼顾计算精度,选择第一层网格高度1.0×10-5 m。其次,设置第一层网格高度为1.0×10-4 m,分别设置贴体网格生长倍率为1.1、1.2、1.3和1.4,得到不同网格,并计算压力分布(见图11)。结果显示,压力分布与数值高度重合,说明贴体网格生长倍率对计算结果影响很小。因此,为了兼顾计算效率,选择贴体网格生长倍率为1.2。根据上述结果,在综合考虑计算精度和效率情况下,本文最终采用网格量为16万,第一层网格高度为1.0×10-5 m,贴体网格生长倍率为1.2的中等网格进行计算。
对于高速飞行器,带迎角飞行往往是不可避免的,迎角范围一般在±10º之间[24]。在迎角的影响下,飞行器前体的弓形激波角度将发生改变,从而改变前体激波与唇口处弓形激波的激波干扰类型。图12给出了不同迎角时,类X-51飞行器前体马赫数云图,直观显示出前体压缩激波与唇口弓形激波形成的激波-激波干扰。结果表明,当迎角为0°时,前体激波与唇口弓形激波的干扰比较轻微;伴随着迎角的继续增大,在3°时前体激波显著下移,与唇口弓形激波发生强烈干扰,干扰类型为I型。迎角增大到4°的时候,前体激波与唇口处弓形激波在法线处相交,出现最为严重的Ⅳ型激波干扰类型,产生的超声速“喷流”直接撞击壁面。随着迎角的进一步增大,前体激波与唇口弓形激波的干扰逐渐减弱,在迎角为5°时,转变为Ⅵ型激波干扰。由此,本文将3°~5°的迎角进行细致划分,探究迎角变化对激波干扰的影响。
图13为迎角细分后产生的6型激波干扰流场马赫数云图,表3为发生6型激波干扰迎角范围与壁面热流峰值,结果表明,迎角在3°~3.15°范围内,激波发生Ⅰ型干扰;随着迎角进一步增大,前体压缩激波下移,迎角在3.2°~3.5°范围内,发生Ⅱ型激波干扰,与Ⅰ型相似,激波与边界层的相互作用为主;迎角在3.6°~3.85°范围内,发生Ⅲ型激波干扰,产生过强的剪切层与边界层相互作用;迎角在3.9°~4.1°范围内,在法线附近发生Ⅳ型激波干扰,产生超声速“喷流”直接冲击壁面;迎角在4.2°~4.5°范围内,发生Ⅴ型激波干扰,形成马赫数小于1的“喷流”;迎角在4.6°~5°范围内,发生Ⅵ型激波干扰,产生膨胀扇与边界层相互作用。图14为不同迎角下6型激波干扰导致的壁面热流分布。从图表中可以看出,第Ⅳ型激波干扰产生的超声速“喷流”直接冲击壁面,产生热流峰值最高约为基准值的6.16倍。其次是Ⅲ型激波干扰,产生的强剪切层与边界层相互作用,在唇口48°角处产生的热流峰值约为基准值的2.9倍。Ⅴ型和Ⅵ型的壁面热流峰值相似,约为基准值的1.5倍,但由于膨胀扇的作用,Ⅵ型略小于Ⅴ型。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型只对透射激波与剪切层相互作用处有所影响,但影响不大。
本节研究结果表明,对于类X-51飞行器,前体压缩激波与唇口弓形激波的干扰类型会随着飞行迎角的变化而变化,而激波干扰类型的变化会导致唇口热流环境发生极大变化,飞行迎角从3.8°变化到4°,迎角仅变化0.2°,但激波干扰类型从Ⅲ型变为Ⅳ型,导致局部热流增大数倍,这对飞行器热防护设计及控制提出了挑战。
第2节研究表明,不同迎角下产生的六型激波干扰中,Ⅳ型对壁面热流影响最为严重,其次是Ⅲ型和Ⅴ型。为此,以飞行迎角分别为3.8°、4°和4.5°时产生的Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型和Ⅴ型激波干扰流场为对象,引入逆向喷流,探究不同总压比、温度下逆向喷流(PR=0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25,T=250 K、1812 K)对流场结构和热流的影响。
图15为不同总压比逆向喷流下的马赫数云图,图16对比了不同总压比逆向喷流下弓形激波脱体距离d与无喷时激波脱体距离d0。其中,激波脱体距离是指唇口模型中线处壁面与弓形激波之间的距离。对于Ⅲ型激波干扰,随着总压比的增大,激波脱体距离也逐渐增大,使得唇口脱体激波和入射激波的干扰位置不断向上移动。总压比PR为0.20时,在壁面前端喷口处形成稳定的马赫盘和桶状激波结构,喷流口前端流场的波系结构上下对称。此时激波干扰位置上移到II型激波干扰区域内,即激波干扰从Ⅲ型变为Ⅱ型。通过对比图15(c)中的Ⅲ型激波干扰与图13(b)中的Ⅱ型激波干扰可以看出,除逆向喷流流场以外,其他流场的波系结构几乎相同,说明逆向喷流的加入将激波干扰从Ⅲ型变为Ⅱ型。当总压比PR增大到0.25以上时,激波脱体距离趋于稳定,约为0.006 m,激波干扰位置仍在Ⅱ型激波干扰区域内。
图15可以看出,Ⅳ型激波干扰下的激波脱体距离最大,其次是Ⅲ型和Ⅴ型。这是因为Ⅳ型激波干扰位置在法线附近,距离喷孔最近,喷流对Ⅳ激波干扰影响最大。随着总压比的增大,激波干扰位置上移到III型激波干扰区域内,激波干扰类型变为类III型;总压比PR为0.30时,剪切层“纽带”不复存在,自由来流与喷流间形成稳定的马赫盘等波系结构。
对于V型激波干扰,随着总压比PR增大到0.15以上时,激波干扰位置上移,激波干扰类型反而转变为更严重的IV型。此时,在激波干扰区域形成类似于IV型干扰中的超声速“喷流”、膨胀波及剪切层结构,虽然逆向喷流的引入在壁面形成低温回流区,使得产生的超声速“喷流”并未直接冲击壁面。
上述逆向喷流温度为低温状态(295 K),而图17展示了针对IV型激波干扰,引入高温逆向喷流(1812 K)时,对流场结构的影响。结果表明,随着总压比增大,激波干扰位置同样上移到III型激波干扰范围内。同时,当喷流总压比PR为0.20时,剪切层消失,且形成稳定马赫盘波系结构。高温喷流与低温喷流对流场结构改变具有相似性,均能改变激波干扰类型。其引发的热流变化将在下一节进行对比分析。
本节讨论III型、IV型和V型激波干扰下,不同总压比下逆向喷流(PR=0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25)对热流的影响;同时,对比高温喷流(1812 K)与低温喷流(250 K)对热流分布的影响。
图18为不同总压比逆向喷流下的温度云图,图19为不同总压比逆向喷流下的壁面热流分布图。对于III型激波干扰,如图18(a)所示,引入逆向喷流导致激波干扰位置相对上移,激波干扰类型变为类II型,并在壁面形成低温回流区,有效地降低了壁面热流的峰值。当总压比较小时,如图18(a)所示,喷流在自由来流作用下,沿着壁面向下发生偏折,并在喷流口附近形成低温回流区,在壁面附近形成再附激波,引起壁面热流峰值的上升,产生的壁面热流峰值约为基准值的1.81倍。随着总压比的进一步增大,如图18(b)所示,喷流口下端回流区面积增大,再附激波上移到壁面约2°左右,产生的壁面热流峰值有所降低,约为基准值的0.6倍。当总压比增大到PR=0.20时,喷流口上下壁面均产生回流区,回流面积增大,上半部分的再附激波被推离物面;随着总压比的进一步增大,壁面热流峰值进一步降低,在PR=0.30时,热流峰值达到最低,约为基准值的0.46倍。
对于IV型激波干扰,在相互干扰的局部区域形成超声速“喷流”直接冲击壁面,引起壁面热流、压力急剧上升;而III型激波干扰是由于干扰产生的剪切层撞击壁面引起壁面热流、压力升高,III型激波干扰的传热放大系数远低于IV型激波干扰。因此,逆向喷流对IV型激波干扰壁面热流峰值的降热效果最强,当总压比PR取0.30时,壁面热流峰值相对于无喷流时约降低81.25%。
对于前体激波与唇口弓形激波形成的V型激波干扰,逆向喷流的引入把V型激波干扰转变为IV型激波干扰。此时在相互干扰的局部区域形成超速“喷流”、激波、膨胀波及剪切层结构,虽然逆向喷流的引入在壁面形成低温回流区,使得产生的超速“喷流”并未直接冲击壁面,但产生的强剪切层也引起局部热流的增大,壁面热流反而上升。同时,壁面热流峰值随着总压比的增大,呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在总压比PR取0.3时,壁面热流峰值达到最低为1.63倍,但仍比无逆向喷流情况下有所上升。
上述逆向喷流温度为低温状态(295 K),而图20展示了针对IV型激波干扰,引入高温逆向喷流(1812 K)时,不同总压比下壁面热流变化。结果表明,高温喷流仍可显著降低IV型激波干扰导致的壁面热流峰值,且降热效果随喷流总压比提高而增强。这是由于高温喷流与低温喷流均能改变流场结构,使IV型激波干扰转变为Ⅲ型激波干扰,从而降低传热系数。
本节针对于对Ⅲ、Ⅳ型激波干扰,系统对比不同总压比喷流引入的减阻效应。图21展示了不同喷流比对Ⅲ、Ⅳ型激波干扰的阻力系数变化。结果表明,对于阻力系数而言,Ⅲ、Ⅳ型激波干扰在逆向喷流作用下阻力系数变化趋势一致,并随总压比增大,阻力系数逐步减小。这是因为喷流将弓形激波推离壁面,并在喷孔处形成低温回流区,从而减小阻力。
从本节研究结果来看,高温喷流与低温喷流的引入,均能将弓形激波推离物面,改变流场结构,从而改变激波干扰类型,进而引起局部阻力与热流的变化,这是逆向喷流实现降热与减阻的机理和原因。同时,研究结果表明,逆向喷流对不同激波类型的降热影响有显著差异,如逆向喷流会将Ⅴ型激波干扰转变为更为严重的Ⅳ型激波干扰,这说明逆向喷流降热设计需要考虑具体的激波干扰类型,在实际设计中可能还需要引入闭环控制才能更好地发挥作用。
为了进一步研究引入进气道唇口逆向喷流对进气道性能的影响,选取进气道总压恢复系数与质量流量开展分析。总压恢复系数是衡量总压损失的度量,其定义如下
式中,σ为总压恢复系数,为截面处平均总压,为远场来流进口总压,截面处平均总压采用速度加权平均计算得到,图22为计算进气道总压截面位置。
本文在Ⅳ型激波干扰下,分别计算无喷流和引入喷流两种情况下的总压恢复系数,喷流总压比PR设定为0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30。结果表明,在无喷流状态下的总压恢复系数为0.288,引入喷流后总压恢复系数得到显著增大,并且随着喷流总压比的增加,总压恢复系数逐渐提高。当喷流总压比PR达到0.30时,总压恢复系数达到最高值0.43,相较于无喷流时提高约49%。
图23展示了不同喷流总压比(PR=0,0.30)下总压恢复系数对比(ɑ为飞行迎角)。在不同飞行迎角下,逆向喷流的引入显著提升了总压恢复系数。尤其当飞行角度为4°时,唇口处发生Ⅳ型激波干扰,逆向喷流对总压恢复系数提升幅度最大。因此,逆向喷流的引入能够有效提高进气道总压恢复系数,进而改善飞行器进气道性能。对进气道质量流量进行研究,本文在Ⅳ型激波干扰情况下引入逆向喷流,并调整喷流总压比(PR=0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30)来研究喷流引入对进气道质量流量的影响。进气道质量流量的计算位置与总压恢复系数的计算位置一致。对于本文算例,计算结果表明,当PR=0(无喷流)时质量流量Q为2.712 kg/s,引入喷流后,质量流量得到提升,当总压比PR为0.25时,质量流量Q达到最高值2.813 kg/s。图24展示了不同喷流总压比下进气道质量流量Q的对比图。在不同飞行角度下,逆向喷流的引入使得进气道的质量流量得到提高,尤其在飞行角度为4°时,流量提升尤为显著。这是因为在飞行角度为4°时发生严重的Ⅳ型激波干扰,而喷流的引入可将Ⅳ型干扰转为Ⅲ型干扰,从而减小了激波干扰对气流的影响。因此,逆向喷流的引入能够在降低热流的同时,还能提高进气道质量流量,提升飞行器进气道性能。
本文以类X-51飞行器唇口出现的极端热载荷问题为研究对象,远场来流条件参照海拔25 km高空大气环境,采用数值模拟方法研究前体压缩激波与进气道唇口激波干扰条件下的逆向喷流降热问题。数值计算结果表明,逆向喷流在不同激波干扰下具有显著降热减阻效果。通过研究,得出以下结论:
(1)通过改变飞行迎角,获得了前体压缩激波与进气道唇口激波的典型干扰类型,揭示了迎角小幅变化对激波干扰类型变化的显著影响,进而改变局部热流分布情况。具体而言,当迎角从3.8°增至到4°时,激波干扰类型从Ⅲ型变为Ⅳ型,导致局部热流峰值升至基准值的6.16倍,这对飞行器热防护设计及控制提出了挑战。
(2)不同参数下逆向喷流对激波干扰的降热研究表明,高温喷流与低温喷流的引入,均能将IV型激波干扰变为Ⅲ型激波干扰,这揭示了逆向喷流降热减阻的机理:逆向喷流的引入会将唇口处弓形激波推离壁面,改变了激波干扰位置和类型,进而改变局部阻力与热流分布。可为逆向喷流在飞行器的热防护设计提供新的视角。
(3)对于本文场景,唇口处逆向喷流会使得Ⅲ型激波干扰转换为Ⅱ型,Ⅳ型激波干扰转换为Ⅲ型,而Ⅴ型则转为更为严重的Ⅳ型。相同条件下,逆向喷流对Ⅳ型激波干扰降热效果最明显,当总压比PR为0.30时,壁面热流峰值与无喷相比降低81.25%;相反,逆向喷流不但不能改善V型激波干扰引起的高热流峰值,反而使其壁面热流峰值有所上升,在总压比PR取0.30时,壁面热流峰值达到最低的1.63倍。因此,在工程应用中需针对飞行场景进行合理设计,以提高热防护设计的适应性。
(4)本文研究结果表明,唇口逆向喷流的引入,会减小进气道总压损失,与无喷流相比其总压恢复系数提高 49%;同时使得质量流量达到最高2.813 kg/s,这不仅有利于提升进气道性能,而且可为提升进气道性能提供理论支持。
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doi: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.003
  • 接收时间:2025-07-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-11
  • 修回日期:2025-09-10
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    1.中山大学 航空航天学院, 广东 深圳 518107
    2.中国空气动力研究与发展中心,绵阳 62100
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