Article(id=1244288474816295091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, issueId=1244288473163744056, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750348800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-20, revisedDate=1755619200000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774591090158, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774591090158, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774591090158, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774591090158, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244288473163744056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, year='2025', volume='3', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='94', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774591089764, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774591299427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244289352621212610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, issueId=1244288473163744056, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244289352621212611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, issueId=1244288473163744056, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=22, endPage=29, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244288476468850877, articleId=1244288474816295091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, language=EN, title=A High Performance Submerged Inlet Design Optimization, columnId=1244288474023576378, journalTitle=Aerodynamic Research & Experiment, columnName=Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A high-performance diffuser section was designed based on polynomial function centerline and area ratio flow channel modeling method. The lip smoothing method based on the combination of the fuselage and the diffuser section,and the unequal interpolation of the B-spline of the incision, is used to obtain the basic configuration of the submerged inlet.The basic configuration design parameters is adjusted to obtain inlet configurations with different inlet area and position.Subsequently the inlet preliminary optimal configuration is obtained based on CFD numerical simulation evaluation.Whereafter fine design and numerical simulation evaluation of the inlet were carried out to obtain the final optimal configuration, which achieved a total pressure recovery coefficient of 0.9137 at Mach number of 0.85 with the matching point of inlet and engine reached. The maximum absolute value of the distortion coefficient DC60 under all specified states was 0.4448, meeting the requirements of the intake duct design indicators. The research results could provide certain technical references for the design of submerged inlet of various aircraft.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhenshan Zhao, Yuan Liu, Yu Du), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244288482340876588, articleId=1244288474816295091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, language=CN, title=一种高性能埋入式进气道设计优选, columnId=1244288474195542844, journalTitle=气动研究与试验, columnName=研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于多项式函数的中心线及面积率流道造型方法设计得到高性能扩压段。基于机身与扩压段组合、切口B样条不等距插值的唇缘光顺方法获得埋入式进气道基础构型。调节基础构型设计参数获得不同进口面积、位置的埋入式进气道构型,基于计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟评估获得进气道初步优选构型。在此基础上,开展进气道精细设计及数值模拟评估获得最终优选构型,当来流马赫数为0.85、进发匹配点时总压恢复系数达到0.9137,在所有规定状态下畸变系数DC60绝对值的最大值为0.4448,满足进气道设计指标要求。研究成果可为各类飞行器埋入式进气道设计提供一定技术参考。

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一种高性能埋入式进气道设计优选
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赵振山 , 刘愿 , 杜羽
气动研究与试验 | 研究 2025,3(5): 22-29
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气动研究与试验 | 研究 2025, 3(5): 22-29
一种高性能埋入式进气道设计优选
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赵振山, 刘愿, 杜羽
作者信息
  • 中国航空工业空气动力研究院 高速高雷诺数气动力航空科技重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110034
A High Performance Submerged Inlet Design Optimization
Zhenshan Zhao, Yuan Liu, Yu Du
Affiliations
  • Aeronautical Science and Technology Key Lab for High Speed and High Reynolds Number Aerodynamic Force Research,AVIC Aerodynamics Research Institute, Shenyang 110034, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.002
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基于多项式函数的中心线及面积率流道造型方法设计得到高性能扩压段。基于机身与扩压段组合、切口B样条不等距插值的唇缘光顺方法获得埋入式进气道基础构型。调节基础构型设计参数获得不同进口面积、位置的埋入式进气道构型,基于计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟评估获得进气道初步优选构型。在此基础上,开展进气道精细设计及数值模拟评估获得最终优选构型,当来流马赫数为0.85、进发匹配点时总压恢复系数达到0.9137,在所有规定状态下畸变系数DC60绝对值的最大值为0.4448,满足进气道设计指标要求。研究成果可为各类飞行器埋入式进气道设计提供一定技术参考。

中心线  /  面积率  /  埋入式进气道  /  设计  /  总压恢复系数

A high-performance diffuser section was designed based on polynomial function centerline and area ratio flow channel modeling method. The lip smoothing method based on the combination of the fuselage and the diffuser section,and the unequal interpolation of the B-spline of the incision, is used to obtain the basic configuration of the submerged inlet.The basic configuration design parameters is adjusted to obtain inlet configurations with different inlet area and position.Subsequently the inlet preliminary optimal configuration is obtained based on CFD numerical simulation evaluation.Whereafter fine design and numerical simulation evaluation of the inlet were carried out to obtain the final optimal configuration, which achieved a total pressure recovery coefficient of 0.9137 at Mach number of 0.85 with the matching point of inlet and engine reached. The maximum absolute value of the distortion coefficient DC60 under all specified states was 0.4448, meeting the requirements of the intake duct design indicators. The research results could provide certain technical references for the design of submerged inlet of various aircraft.

centerline  /  area ratio  /  submerged inlet  /  design  /  total pressure recovery coefficient
赵振山, 刘愿, 杜羽. 一种高性能埋入式进气道设计优选. 气动研究与试验, 2025 , 3 (5) : 22 -29 . DOI: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.002
Zhenshan Zhao, Yuan Liu, Yu Du. A High Performance Submerged Inlet Design Optimization[J]. Aerodynamic Research & Experiment, 2025 , 3 (5) : 22 -29 . DOI: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.002
埋入式进气道是一类特殊的进气道,其进口埋入机(弹)身或机翼之中,不呈现任何凸起,与飞行器机(弹)身融于一体,具有很多优越性,不但能够有效减小飞行器的迎风面积,降低迎风阻力和雷达散射截面积,具有较好的气动和隐身性能,还有利于飞行器的安放、携带和箱式发射。埋入式进气道具备的诸多优势使得其很早就受到国外研究者的关注,已在一些型号上实现了应用,如美国AGM-129隐身巡航弹、MQ-25黄貂鱼无人机等[1-4]
国内对于埋入式进气道的研究起步相对较晚,但也取得了一些较好的研究成果。研究表明,相比传统进气道,埋入式进气道在相同来流条件下通常性能较低、流量偏小,目前国内公开文献的埋入式进气道在Ma 0.80左右的总压恢复系数在0.85~0.90之间[5-7],根本原因就在于埋入式进气道通常情况下不能直接利用来流冲压,易导致总压恢复降低,甚至摄入空气流量不足。以上这些缺点,限制了埋入式进气道在更广泛飞行器设计中的应用[8-11],提高埋入式进气道性能是设计研究的重点方向。
在借鉴国内、外进气道设计技术的基础上[12-14],基于飞行器布局及进气道设计输入约束,设计优选得到一种高性能埋入式进气道以满足高空高速总压恢复系数大于0.90、畸变系数DC60绝对值小于0.50的技术要求。数值模拟结果表明设计进气道在Ma 0.85的性能处于国内领先水平[15-17]
设计参数几何约束:发动机安装于机体后段,由于发动机长度固定且需要预留特定长度喷管空间,因此,出口位置固定。同时,进气道初选阶段进口区域被限制在可前后微小调整的特定区间;进气道精细设计优选阶段,进口位置被固定在特定位置以满足飞行器内部载荷、油路布置的需求。对进气道布局形式的需求是采用非凸起的进口形状,优先保证高空高速时发动机特性,确保设计满足进发匹配需求。
根据发动机特性参数,基于主要设计点进发匹配流量可以得到进气出口,即进发交界面(AIP)的换算流量;预估设计进气道总压恢复系数,得到进气道AIP总压。由质量守恒可得,进口位置的质量流量应与出口位置的质量流量相同,即
式中,C=0.040 418,P01T01q(λ)1A1为进气道进口总压、总温、相对密流函数、面积,P02T02q(λ)2A2为进气道出口总压、总温、相对密流函数、面积。
近似取进气道进口相对密流函数q(λ)1等于远前方来流相对密流函数q(λ),则可以计算得到进气道进口面积。通常,仍需选择飞行器设计飞行包线内的其他若干典型状态,依次计算得到若干进口面积值。将以上各进口面积值与飞行器主要设计点进口面积值进行对比,综合权衡,折中选取进口面积值。
由于埋入式进气道的进口并非真实S弯扩压段的进口,因此,为埋入式进气道设计而预先设计的S弯扩压段的进口面积计算方法并不完全适用,计算得到的S弯扩压段进口面积仍需乘以1.05~1.35倍以满足造型后的埋入式进气道流量摄入需求,具体量值需要根据埋入式进气道相对机体的几何位置、型面参数、流量需求等进行取值。
S弯扩压段从进口到出口通过特定截面形状逐步过渡到圆截面。扩压段是为埋入式进气道设计做准备,因此,在设计S弯扩压段时需要充分考虑埋入式进气道的进口形状、进口位置等需求,在S弯扩压段设计阶段即通过控制进气道过渡截面以及上、下型线以控制埋入式进气道进口参数[18-20]
假设S弯扩压段中心线在进口截面起始点的坐标为(0,0),流向为横轴x方向,垂直流向、向上为纵轴y方向。选择三种典型的中心线及面积率变化函数。
(1)前急后缓
y=1-6(1-x)4+6(1-x)5-(1-x)6
(2)缓急相当
y=x4-4x3+4x2
(3)前缓后急
y=6x4-6x5+x6
通过选择不同的中心线及面积率函数关系式可以获得不同的S弯扩压段构型。针对不同构型、不同前体、不同的进气道长度及偏心距,不同的中线及面积变化规律会导致进气道性能的差异。
根据前期对该构型进气道的研究,相比其他中心线及面积变化规律,前急后缓的中心线与缓急相当的面积变化规律相组合的S弯扩压段得到的埋入式进气道总压恢复系数最高。分析原因认为,针对该飞行器特定的前体造型及流动特性,缓急相当的面积变化规律在此起主导作用,而中心线的前急后缓只是相对而论,这与此前针对其他飞行器进气道前缓后急中心线变化规律性能略高的规律略有不同,主要与飞行器前体构型的流场差异有关。S弯扩压段气动型面示意图如图1所示。
基于机身与S弯扩压段组合构建埋入式进气道基础构型。飞行器在较高马赫数下飞行,在进气道喉道位置容易产生激波,增加气动阻力,恶化气动性能;埋入式进气道进口唇缘棱线往往会诱导产生棱线;棱线涡过强会导致进气道总压恢复系数降低、出口流场畸变指数增大,因此,需要对埋入式进气道进口区域进行精细设计优选。
埋入式进气道基础构型的进口采用微收缩再扩张的设计,可以对气流进行适度整流,从而较好地控制出口流场畸变。进气道进口精细设计过程中,采用了基于双纽线与B样条组合的微收缩喉道设计,以及周向不等距插值的唇缘光顺设计。
初步优选时,侧重从性能方面考核进气道以快速评估敏感参数,舍弃无效方案;精细设计时,需要综合考虑进气道性能和畸变,以获得满足技术指标要求的进气道布局。
埋入式进气道不能充分利用来流冲压,其流量摄入往往依赖进口棱线涡的卷起作用。基于对进气道流量摄入能力、进口面积及位置约束等的综合权衡,确定进气道初步优选构型策略如下:
(1)取进口中间位置,分别设计三种不同进口面积的埋入式进气道构型,分别命名为最小进口、中等进口、最大进口(见图2),数值模拟评估获得合适的进口面积。
(2)在优选得到合适的进口面积后,采用该进口面积分别设计三种不同进口位置的埋入式进气道构型,分别命名为最前进口、中间进口、最后进口(见图3),数值模拟评估获得初步优选构型。
通过求解雷诺平均N-S方程(RANS)以模拟真实流场。笛卡儿坐标系下的RANS方程为
式中,FIFV分别为无黏及有黏通量矩阵,Q为源项矢量。采用的湍流模型为Wilcox标准k-ω模型。
针对机身、进气道一体化数模,生成非结构混合网格,网格单元数为1100万。图4为进气道对称面网格。
采用的内、外流数值模拟方法经过了算例计算,并与试验数据及相关文献进行了对比分析,验证了数值模拟技术的可靠性[21]
数值模拟来流条件如下:(1)高空高速设计点:H=10 km,Ma 0.85,α=2oβ=0o;(2)中空低速设计点:H=5 km,Ma 0.35,α=0oβ=0o
图5图6分别为相同进口位置、不同进口面积进气道构型在高空高速、中空低速下总压恢复系数随质量流量m的变化曲线。分析可知:(1)高空高速下,相同进口位置、中等进口面积进气道在匹配点的性能最高。进口面积过小时,高速来流下扩压段急速扩张,易造成流动分离,进气道性能降低。(2)中空低速下,相同进口位置、最大进口面积的进气道构型在匹配点的性能最高,这符合扩压段在低速时的性能规律。
相同进口位置条件下,中等进口面积进气道方案在高空高速状态,特别是进发匹配点更具性能优势。由于飞行器需要优先保证在高空高速状态下飞行较长的距离,必须对进气道的高空高速特性予以更多考虑,因此,以优选中等进口面积为基础开展进气道参数进一步设计筛选。
图7图8分别为相同进口面积(中等进口面积)、不同进口位置进气道构型在高空高速、中空低速下总压恢复系数随质量流量m的变化曲线。分析可知,无论是高空高速还是中空低速,相同进口面积下,进口位置越靠近机头,进气道性能越高。这与进口位置越靠前,靠近飞行器前体的气流边界层厚度越薄,进入进气道的低能流越少有关。
综上所述,根据优先保证飞行器高空高速下进气道性能的设计要求,经过初步优选,选定中等进口面积、最前进口位置构型为初选构型。
精细设计阶段,在对埋入式进气道初选构型流动机理、流场细节深入研究基础上,以初选构型为基础,在特定约束下开展进气道精细化优选设计,进一步提高进气道性能、降低进气道出口畸变,形成最终优选构型。
图9为初选构型顺流向不同切面总压恢复图谱及等速度线,图10为初选构型进口切面马赫数图谱及等速度线。分析可知,埋入式进气道进口棱线涡的存在及发展是造成进气道总压损失的关键因素,棱线涡同时有利于增大进气道气流摄入,弥补因埋入式进气道不能充分利用气流冲压、摄入流量不足的问题。
合理地对埋入式进气道进口特别是棱边及导流段进行精细设计,通过控制埋入式进口型面从而微调棱线涡的强度,平衡进气道性能与流量摄入的矛盾,是埋入式进气道精细气动设计优选的关键。
精细设计时,以初选构型(命名为方案2)为基础,通过调整进气道进口唇缘线及拟合曲线,形成不同的唇缘及进口微收缩构型,达到控制棱线涡强度的目的。尖锐的进气道唇缘将使得棱线涡增强,而平缓的进气道唇缘则会减弱棱线涡强度。
方案1为棱线涡增强构型,方案3棱线涡相比方案2有所减弱,方案4棱线涡相比方案3进一步减弱。图11为4套构型示意图。
精细设计阶段,飞行器埋入式进气道进口起始位置及结束位置有特定要求,对进口唇缘的光顺不能超出特定的几何约束,否则将对飞行器内部部件及载荷携带构成影响。
图12为进口几何约束下不同唇口修型方案示意图,在进气道进口位置几何参数约束下,方案4的进、出口唇缘修型型线已分别达到进口几何约束的最前、最后点,达到极限且无法进一步通过调节几何参数来进一步降低棱线涡,因此,方案4为当前约束下可以获得的棱线涡最弱构型。
在高空高速、中空低速下,分别针对精细设计构型开展数值模拟,并与初选构型(方案2)进行比对分析,从而获得最终优选构型。图13图14为不同精细优选构型在高空高速下总压恢复系数、出口畸变系数DC60绝对值随质量流量m的变化曲线;图15图16为不同精细优选构型在中空低速下总压恢复系数、出口畸变系数DC60绝对值随质量流量m的变化曲线;图17图18分别为不同精细优选构型在高空高速、中空低速下进气道出口总压恢复图谱。
结合图13图18分析可知:(1)相同流量状态下,方案1进气道总压恢复系数最低,方案4进气道总压恢复系数最高,表明棱线涡的适度削弱对进气道性能提高有利。在现有约束下,棱线涡强度越弱,进气道性能越高。(2)方案4总压恢复系数最高,高空高速、进发匹配点时,方案4总压恢复系数为0.9137,DC60绝对值为0.2923,方案4相比方案1总压恢复系数提高1.06%;中空低速、进发匹配点时,方案4总压恢复系数为0.9772,方案4相比方案1总压恢复系数提高2.19%。(3)不同流量状态,特别是大流量状态下进气道AIP总压恢复图谱表明减弱棱线涡的设计会降低AIP下部低总压区面积,达到降低出口总压畸变系数DC60的目的。(4)优选构型方案4,在所有规定状态总压恢复系数均大于0.90,出口畸变系数DC60绝对值均小于0.50,满足设计指标要求。
综合以上分析,在规定的流量变化范围内,适度削弱棱线涡的埋入式进气道方案4相比其他方案的性能更具优势,方案4为最终优选构型。
通过设计及CFD数值模拟评估,优选获得了一种高性能埋入式进气道,在所有规定状态的总压恢复系数均大于0.90,出口畸变系数DC60绝对值均小于0.50,满足设计指标要求。通过研究,得出以下结论:
(1)进口面积、进口位置是影响埋入式进气道总压恢复特性的关键因素;进口面积对扩压段逆压梯度影响显著,过小的进口面积会导致气流分离、降低进气道性能;进口位置越靠前、气流边界层厚度越低,进入进气道的低能流越少,进气道性能越高。
(2)进口棱线涡强度显著影响埋入式进气道总压恢复、出口流场畸变特性,在飞行器特定几何约束下,棱线涡越弱,进气道性能越高。
(3)在该飞行器特定约束下,埋入式进气道最终优选构型在高空高速、进发匹配流量的总压恢复系数为0.9137,所有规定状态下出口畸变系数DC60绝对值的最大值为0.4448,满足进气道设计指标要求。
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2025年第3卷第5期
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doi: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.002
  • 接收时间:2025-06-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-20
  • 修回日期:2025-08-20
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    中国航空工业空气动力研究院 高速高雷诺数气动力航空科技重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110034
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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