Article(id=1244288474329755821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, issueId=1244288473163744056, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750867200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-26, revisedDate=1753718400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774591090041, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774591090041, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774591090041, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774591090041, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244288473163744056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, year='2025', volume='3', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='94', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774591089764, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774591299427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244289352621212610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, issueId=1244288473163744056, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244289352621212611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, issueId=1244288473163744056, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=78, endPage=87, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244288474577219761, articleId=1244288474329755821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, language=EN, title=Research on Triggering Mechanism of a Supersonic Inlet Buzz, columnId=1244288474023576378, journalTitle=Aerodynamic Research & Experiment, columnName=Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of the internal channel configuration of supersonic inlet on stable subcritical condition and buzz, the numerical simulations of inlet schemes with the same external-compression configuration and different internal channel configurations are carried out. The study object is a two-dimensional external compression inlet with a shock-on-lip Mach number of 3.0. Six internal channel configurations are studied at freestream Mach number of 2.0. The working process of each inlet from stable subcritical condition to little buzz and big buzz is obtained. The results show that the internal channel configuration has an important impact on the subcritical characteristics of inlet. The scheme with short internal channel and small outlet height has broad stable subcritical range and big buzz which seems to be triggered by Dailey criterion. The scheme with long internal channel and large outlet height has narrow stable subcritical range, and its buzzes include little buzz and big buzz. The little buzz is independent of the common buzz triggering criterion (Ferri criterion and Dailey criterion). A little buzz formation mechanism of terminal shock/cavity coupled self-excited oscillation is proposed. The study is helpful to increase the understanding of buzz formation mechanism.

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本文研究了超声速进气道内通道构型参数对稳定亚临界及喘振特性的影响,开展了相同外压缩面、不同内通道构型的进气道方案流场数值模拟。研究对象为二维外压式进气道,设计马赫数为3.0,共开展6种内通道构型模拟,模拟工况为马赫数2.0,采用二维非定常模拟方式获得了各种进气道方案从稳定亚临界到小喘以及大喘的工作过程。研究结果表明,内通道构型对进气道亚临界特性有重要影响,内通道长度较短、出口高度较小的方案具有宽泛的稳定亚临界特性,且喘振状态为大喘,其喘振触发符合Dailey准则;内通道长度较长、出口高度较大方案对应的稳定亚临界范围较窄,其喘振包括小喘和大喘两种类型。其中,小喘为未触发Ferri准则、Dailey准则的进口前结尾激波/腔体耦合自激振荡现象,这种喘振触发机制之前未见报道,相关研究有助于加强喘振形成机制认识。

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articleId=1244288474329755821, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同内通道长度方案节流曲线对比, figureFileSmall=C3b573KDbitb3TQdVob8lw==, figureFileBig=aWLFvKQNPL5U3WQk0ZJ0bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244288485947978089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288474329755821, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Mach number contours in the maximum stable subcritical state of each inlet, figureFileSmall=RtMHSh4VwwsceOQCI7ZdyQ==, figureFileBig=8c/LEZb1GHWbOmKm4X5OMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244288486027669866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288474329755821, language=CN, label=图5, caption=各方案最大稳定亚临界状态等马赫数分布图, figureFileSmall=RtMHSh4VwwsceOQCI7ZdyQ==, figureFileBig=8c/LEZb1GHWbOmKm4X5OMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244288486103167341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288474329755821, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Variation of inlet mass flow rate with time during inlet triggering of each inlet, figureFileSmall=Cmc8ZTYkBNIBX7JfTgGZfg==, figureFileBig=nxc1VHMKbL5ZFiSfgFxNRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244288486199636336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288474329755821, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各方案喘振触发过程进口质量流率随时间变化曲线, figureFileSmall=Cmc8ZTYkBNIBX7JfTgGZfg==, figureFileBig=nxc1VHMKbL5ZFiSfgFxNRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244288486287716722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288474329755821, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Shock motion during big buzz (L1100/H90), figureFileSmall=U3aBiAeXyIWbdY7wUVMgWw==, figureFileBig=tyFxaJxxUejhdqvG0mbP3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244288486388380021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288474329755821, language=CN, label=图7, caption= L1100/H90方案大喘过程中激波变化示意图, figureFileSmall=U3aBiAeXyIWbdY7wUVMgWw==, figureFileBig=tyFxaJxxUejhdqvG0mbP3A==, 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articleId=1244288474329755821, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Variation of pressure with the mass flow at inlet during little buzz onset (L1700/H126), figureFileSmall=PqcbrVAV+21vIxZcwSCeBw==, figureFileBig=KSpQHpVAScdT2fyZFEHh0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244288487134966158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288474329755821, language=CN, label=图11, caption=小喘激发过程进口截面平均压力与进口捕获质量流率变化曲线(L1700/H126), figureFileSmall=PqcbrVAV+21vIxZcwSCeBw==, figureFileBig=KSpQHpVAScdT2fyZFEHh0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244288487235629457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288474329755821, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Variation of total mass of gas in the channel with time during little buzz onset (L1700/H126), figureFileSmall=8JEUVI/BtMGYH+vVknQLog==, figureFileBig=PbT631+iHtM4UQEzUWpmMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244288487319515541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288474329755821, language=CN, label=图12, caption=小喘激发过程内通道气体总质量随时间变化(L1700/H126), figureFileSmall=8JEUVI/BtMGYH+vVknQLog==, figureFileBig=PbT631+iHtM4UQEzUWpmMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244288487428567448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288474329755821, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Variation of the mass flow rate at inlet and out with time during little buzz onset (L1700/H126), figureFileSmall=XSXFy+QcQCgyuB3o48vXng==, figureFileBig=d0WjT9hh20vHqou5w8mFmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244288487508259226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288474329755821, language=CN, label=图13, caption=小喘激发过程进/出口质量流率随时间变化曲线(L1700/H126), figureFileSmall=XSXFy+QcQCgyuB3o48vXng==, figureFileBig=d0WjT9hh20vHqou5w8mFmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244288487600533914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288474329755821, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Variation of the mass flow rate difference at inlet and outlet with time(TR59~62, L1700/H126), figureFileSmall=ihf1yq87swoq895+BIL8bg==, figureFileBig=0EQmctqXwiexLO8jMdiACg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244288487663448476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288474329755821, language=CN, label=图14, caption=TR59~62进出口相对质量流率差随时间变化曲线(L1700/H126), figureFileSmall=ihf1yq87swoq895+BIL8bg==, figureFileBig=0EQmctqXwiexLO8jMdiACg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244288487730557340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288474329755821, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Schematic diagram of little buzz excitation process, figureFileSmall=DP7i243UGQmUm0CkSD1WKQ==, figureFileBig=JyvCNeis9Ezx+w2HiN8H0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244288487814443425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288474329755821, language=CN, label=图15, caption=小喘激发过程说明, figureFileSmall=DP7i243UGQmUm0CkSD1WKQ==, figureFileBig=JyvCNeis9Ezx+w2HiN8H0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244288487919301029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288474329755821, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Statistics of inlet mass flow rate at maximum stable subcritical state

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 H90 H126
L1100 L1400 L1700 L1100 L1400 L1700
捕获质量流率 /(kg/s)2.692.682.752.803.213.31
TR545453666261
), ArticleFig(id=1244288487990604199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243969219109367850, articleId=1244288474329755821, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

进气道最大稳定亚临界状态质量流率统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 H90 H126
L1100 L1400 L1700 L1100 L1400 L1700
捕获质量流率 /(kg/s)2.692.682.752.803.213.31
TR545453666261
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一种超声速进气道喘振触发机制研究
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关祥东 1 , 李宏东 1 , 满延进 1, 2 , 朱守梅 1, 2
气动研究与试验 | 研究 2025,3(5): 78-87
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气动研究与试验 | 研究 2025, 3(5): 78-87
一种超声速进气道喘振触发机制研究
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关祥东1, 李宏东1, 满延进1, 2, 朱守梅1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京动力机械研究所, 北京 100074
  • 2.北京动力机械研究所 高超声速冲压发动机技术重点实验室, 北京 100074
Research on Triggering Mechanism of a Supersonic Inlet Buzz
Xiangdong Guan1, Hongdong Li1, Yanjin Man1, 2, Shoumei Zhu1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Power Machinery Institute,Beijing 100074,China
  • 2.Science and Technology on Scramjet Laboratory,Beijing Power Machinery Institute,Beijing 100074,China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.007
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本文研究了超声速进气道内通道构型参数对稳定亚临界及喘振特性的影响,开展了相同外压缩面、不同内通道构型的进气道方案流场数值模拟。研究对象为二维外压式进气道,设计马赫数为3.0,共开展6种内通道构型模拟,模拟工况为马赫数2.0,采用二维非定常模拟方式获得了各种进气道方案从稳定亚临界到小喘以及大喘的工作过程。研究结果表明,内通道构型对进气道亚临界特性有重要影响,内通道长度较短、出口高度较小的方案具有宽泛的稳定亚临界特性,且喘振状态为大喘,其喘振触发符合Dailey准则;内通道长度较长、出口高度较大方案对应的稳定亚临界范围较窄,其喘振包括小喘和大喘两种类型。其中,小喘为未触发Ferri准则、Dailey准则的进口前结尾激波/腔体耦合自激振荡现象,这种喘振触发机制之前未见报道,相关研究有助于加强喘振形成机制认识。

超声速进气道  /  非定常  /  CFD  /  喘振  /  自激振荡

The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of the internal channel configuration of supersonic inlet on stable subcritical condition and buzz, the numerical simulations of inlet schemes with the same external-compression configuration and different internal channel configurations are carried out. The study object is a two-dimensional external compression inlet with a shock-on-lip Mach number of 3.0. Six internal channel configurations are studied at freestream Mach number of 2.0. The working process of each inlet from stable subcritical condition to little buzz and big buzz is obtained. The results show that the internal channel configuration has an important impact on the subcritical characteristics of inlet. The scheme with short internal channel and small outlet height has broad stable subcritical range and big buzz which seems to be triggered by Dailey criterion. The scheme with long internal channel and large outlet height has narrow stable subcritical range, and its buzzes include little buzz and big buzz. The little buzz is independent of the common buzz triggering criterion (Ferri criterion and Dailey criterion). A little buzz formation mechanism of terminal shock/cavity coupled self-excited oscillation is proposed. The study is helpful to increase the understanding of buzz formation mechanism.

supersonic inlet  /  unsteady  /  CFD  /  buzz  /  self-excited oscillation
关祥东, 李宏东, 满延进, 朱守梅. 一种超声速进气道喘振触发机制研究. 气动研究与试验, 2025 , 3 (5) : 78 -87 . DOI: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.007
Xiangdong Guan, Hongdong Li, Yanjin Man, Shoumei Zhu. Research on Triggering Mechanism of a Supersonic Inlet Buzz[J]. Aerodynamic Research & Experiment, 2025 , 3 (5) : 78 -87 . DOI: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.007
超声速进气道喘振是指在亚临界工况下,随着捕获流量的减小,稳定流态被破坏,通道中流量和压力发生周期性变化,结尾正激波呈往复运动,并发出间断性的巨大嗡鸣声的现象[1]
1944 年,喘振现象首先由Oswatitsch[2]在试验中发现。最近几十年,国内外多位学者就喘振触发机制及喘振状态流动模式等方面开展了深入研究。有两种比较有代表性的喘振触发机制,分别是Ferri准则和Dailey准则。Antoio等[3]的涡面理论认为进气道的喘振现象来源于锥形激波与被推出唇罩正激波的相互作用,该相互作用形成涡面令进气道唇口内侧的边界层发生分离,导致进气道流动堵塞,进而使进气道内气流外溢,边界层分离加剧,压力脉动随之增强,进气道进入喘振状态,即Ferri准则。而对于大喘而言,Dailey[4]认为被推出唇罩的激波与中心锥表面的边界层相互作用产生壁面流动分离,进而导致进气道进口壅塞是进气道喘振的主要诱发因素,即Dailey准则。
在喘振形成后,随下游通道节流程度增加,喘振现象根据流场振荡幅度显著差异又可分为“小喘”和“大喘”两种流场振荡类型。Trapier等[5]在来流马赫数Ma 1.8~2.0工况下完成二维进气道模型风洞试验,获得了进气道喘振状态纹影和压力振荡数据。研究认为,该进气道在Ma 2.0额定工况的“小喘”现象由Ferri准则触发;随着进一步增加节流,进气道进入“大喘”状态,该状态由Dailey准则触发。Trapier等[5]指出,这种“小喘”的触发机理并非来自进口剪切层与进气道外罩内壁边界层相互作用下的流动堵塞,其触发机制在于进口前正激波波后涡面上下总压差增加,导致内通道末端向进口传播的压缩波在进口反射后强度增加,进而诱发流场自激振荡现象。其反馈机制在于内通道压力波在进出口往复反射过程中逐渐加强,最终导致喘振。
Chen Hao等[6]针对某外压式进气道模型完成Ma 2.0额定工况节流试验,发现了“小喘”“混合喘振”以及“大喘”三种喘振模式。Lee等[7]Ma 2.5来流条件下小尺寸进气道模型风洞试验中也观察到类似的“混合喘振”现象。随节流程度增加,进气道由小喘阶段进入混合喘振阶段,该阶段内小喘和大喘共同存在,大喘间歇出现;随节流程度进一步增加,进气道最终进入大喘阶段。与Trapier等[5]的认识不同,Chen Hao等[6]指出该进气道小喘现象由结尾激波与压缩面边界层干扰所产生的低频扰动所诱发,这与大喘现象具有相同的物理起源。Lee等[7]则认为,进气道的喘振现象与结尾激波诱发的压缩面与喉道流动分离交替出现和消失有关。
Chen Hao等[8]还开展了超声速进气道超额定工况节流特性试验研究,详细分析了超临界、稳定亚临界及喘振状态流动结构,指出喘振状态下的两种流场振荡机制。一是进口前弓形激波保持稳定,但楔面边界层分离区小幅振荡;二是弓形激波大幅往复振荡。
较高来流马赫数节流状态下,进气道内部将形成结尾激波串。结尾激波串在进气道进口前无法保持稳定,通常被推出进口即发生喘振。参考文献[9]和[10]完成了较高来流马赫数下进气道模型节流试验研究,发现了新的喘振状态流场结构形式、振荡模式及频率特征。Tan Huijun等[9]指出,有别于超声速进气道喘振频率与声学共振模态密切相关规律,在高超声速来流下进气道喘振频率由结尾激波串运动时长以及内通道气体填充环节所需时间决定。Chang Juntao等[10]在试验中发现两种新型喘振振荡模式,一种是混合模式(一个或多个大幅振荡结合几个小幅振荡),另一种是斜激波维持在压缩楔最前端位置的轻微振荡模式。
总的来看,进气道喘振形式复杂多变;随进气道流场结构变化,喘振触发有多种形式。一般认为其源于局部流场结构不稳定现象。参考文献[5]、[9]和[11]指出进气道喘振是一种流场自激振荡现象,文献[9]对自激振荡反馈回路进行了分析,指出了喘振现象维持的流动机制。自激振荡是一种特殊的周期运动[12],它的振幅和频率由系统的物理参数唯一确定,与初始运动无关。将以进气道进口前结尾激波以及内通道作为一个系统来看,内通道构型尺寸不仅影响喘振频率特性,还可能与喘振触发有关。喘振激发工况决定了进气道最大稳定工作边界。宽泛的稳定亚临界范围有利于增强进气道/燃烧室工作匹配性,这也是喘振触发准则研究受到广泛重视的原因之一。但就目前来看,对关于内通道构型对进气道喘振触发的详细研究尚未见报道。
本文以多个外压缩型面相同、内通道构型不同的二维进气道方案为研究对象,采用二维非定常数值模拟方式完成了各进气道稳定亚临界状态、小喘和大喘等流动现象模拟。首次提出了基于结尾激波/腔体耦合自激振荡的喘振触发机制,为超声速进气道喘振触发机制研究提供新的参考。
研究对象为设计Ma 3.0的双楔压缩外压式二维进气道,第一楔和第二楔转折角均为7.5°,进气道外压缩面构型如图1所示。
内通道包括扩张段、等直段和节流段等部分,如图2所示。开展了内通道最大高度H为90 mm和126 mm两种尺度研究;内通道等直段L1长度分别取0、300 mm和600 mm,共形成三种长度方案。两种内通道最大高度与三种通道长度组合,形成6种内通道方案。为便于表述,以扩张段和等直段长度之和为特征长度,三种内通道方案特征长度分别为1100 mm、1400 mm和1700 mm,不同内通道方案用LH对应数值表示,如L1100、H90。
通过求解Navier-Stokes方程获得流场模拟结果,其中空间离散的无黏通量计算采用Roe格式,流动项采用二阶迎风格式,黏性通量采用1阶迎风格式,湍流模型选用标准k-ε模型、标准壁面函数,气体黏性由Sutherland公式确定。非定常计算应用双时间步进隐式方法,收敛准则为进气道出口流量不变或呈规则周期振荡,各时间步内迭代瞬态流场收敛。
来流条件为Ma 2.0、静压5000 Pa,静温216 K。 计算域示意图如图3所示,图3OAABBC为外场边界条件,给定来流马赫数、静压及静温等来流条件;CDEF为出口边界条件,设置来流静压;其余为壁面,按绝热无滑移边界条件设定。
时间步长为1×10-5 s,每时间步长迭代收敛。验证更小的2×10-6 s时间迭代步长计算结果。结果表明,两种时间步长模拟结果一致。从计算效率考虑,本文采用1×10-5 s时间步长计算。计算网格为结构化网格,近壁面网格加密,壁面y+约为30,符合壁面函数对底层网格尺度要求。开展了8万、14万、19万及23万等不同尺度网格流场模拟验证,计算结果表明14~23万网格压力波动值相差约1%,波动周期一致。为更好地展现流场细节,本文采用20万量级网格开展计算,内通道高度方向网格数量为105个;进口处X向网格间距约0.5 mm,内通道X向网格最大间距1.5 mm。
定义堵塞比(TR),用以衡量节流程度,该变量数值越大,出口流通面积越小。定义如下
式中,Aplug为计算域出口堵塞面积,对应图3FG段长度;Amax为计算域出口最大面积,对应图3EG段长度。数值模拟过程中,在前一堵塞比对应的收敛流场基础上,TR以1的间隔增加。
针对进气道动态流场的非定常模拟及流动分析的研究较多[13-14],非定常数值模拟是进气道动态特性研究的有效手段。本文采用与参考文献[13]和[14]基本一致的数值模拟方法。在参考文献[13]和[14]中已给出各种非定常/定常流动模拟的校验,对比了进气道喘振、平板激波边界层干扰现象以及运动激波聚焦反射试验等数据,数值模拟结果与试验数据吻合较好,数值模拟结果具有较高可信度,相关工作不再赘述。
通过逐步增加堵塞比,获得了6种进气道方案的超临界、临界及稳定亚临界等全部稳定流动状态,各进气道都具有一定的稳定亚临界工作范围。以等直段出口截面参数进行统计,截面平均参数按质量加权平均方式进行。从截面质量流率与平均总压恢复系数σ节流曲线上可以较直观地对比各方案亚临界特性。σ采用质量加权平均方式统计的截面总压与来流总压之比计算得到。
6种方案超临界及所有稳定亚临界状态节流曲线对比如图4所示。图4中横坐标为进气道捕获质量流率,纵坐标分别为出口平均总压恢复系数σ。出口截面为等直段结束截面。各进气道均具备一定的稳定亚临界工作范围。在进入稳定亚临界状态后,随捕获质量流率逐渐减小,出口总压恢复系数先增加后减小。稳定亚临界范围越宽,对应进气道最大稳定亚临界工况下捕获质量流率越小。其中,L1400/L1700、H126方案稳定亚临界工作范围相对最小。各方案最大稳定亚临界工况捕获质量流率及TR参数统计数据见表1
H90对应的三种内通道长度方案最小捕获质量流率为2.68~2.75 kg/s,各方案数值比较接近;H126方案中不同内通道长度下各方案最小捕获流量流率差异较大,内通道L1100、L1400和L1700情况下,最小捕获流量流率分别为2.80 kg/s、3.21 kg/s和3.31 kg/s。
相应的各方案最大亚临界状态外流场激波结构也存在明显差异。典型方案最大稳定亚临界状态等马赫数分布图如图5所示。稳定亚临界范围相对较宽的方案L1100/H90结尾激波距唇口距离更远,如图5(a)所示。图中结尾激波与楔面边界层相互作用下均形成流动分离现象,结尾激波距唇口越远对应的流动分离区范围也越大。各图中流场均为稳定流动,流动分离现象不是导致喘振的必然因素。
6个方案初始喘振触发过程中进口质量流率时序曲线如图6所示。从图6中可以看出,H90对应的三种内通道方案以及H126、L1100共4个方案都转为大喘状态,进口质量流率波动范围为0.2~3.6 kg/s;H126、L1400/L1700方案则转为小喘状态,进口质量流率波动范围为2.8~3.5 kg/s。
在大喘现象中,结尾激波前后波动范围较宽,最上游位置接近第一级压缩楔起点,最下游位置位于内通道中前部,如图7所示,图7为等马赫数分布。
在小喘状态下,结尾激波在第二级压缩楔面中部及进口截面上游往复波动,以L1400/H126、TR63工况为例,结尾激波最上游和最下游位置示意图如图8所示。
从以上大喘现象触发过程来看,进口质量流率波动又可分为三个过程,分别为振幅发散阶段、振幅突增阶段以及大幅振荡阶段,如图9所示。超声速进气道进口质量流率跟随结尾激波位置变化而变化,图9中所示的进口质量流率变化曲线也反映了喘振触发过程进口前结尾激波振荡特征。图9中喘振状态触发的初始阶段为持续时间约0.16 s的振幅发散阶段,经历了约7.5个周期的振幅逐渐增加的小幅振荡过程;当进口捕获流量减小至约2.3 kg/s时,即图中振幅突变点A,捕获质量流率快速减小至1.2 kg/s;在随后的不到一个振荡周期后,进气道进入大幅喘振状态。
振幅突变点A为外流场结构发生突变的时刻,对应Dailey准则触发,进而进气道发生喘振。Dailey准则触发前后时刻流场结构如图10所示。
Dailey准则触发过程中,t1时刻时楔面分离激波前缘达到第二级压缩楔面起点;随后结尾激波/边界层干扰形成的分离区进一步增大,进一步导致分离激波前移,相应进口区主流马赫数逐渐增加。在t2时刻,主流区气流在进口达到声速,该时刻进口截面发生壅塞现象;t3时刻分离激波进一步前移,其前缘位置接近第一级压缩楔起点。即当楔面分离激波前缘达到图10(a)中A点对应时刻时,流场不可避免地出现激波/边界层干扰诱发的边界层分离流动失稳现象,进而导致结尾激波向上游波动幅度增加、进口质量流率快速减小,随下游内通道压力剧烈波动而引发大喘现象。
实际上,图6中4个大喘现象振幅突变点A对应的进口捕获质量流率都约为2.3kg/s,这说明结尾激波在楔面几乎相同的位置发生失稳现象,即Dailey准则触发点相同,这与各方案外压缩几何型面及流场结构相同有关。
L1400/L1700、H126方案各小喘状态在堵塞比增加情况下,会进一步进入振幅相对更大的小喘状态;随着堵塞比进一步增加,最终会在振幅发散阶段由Dailey准则触发而进入大喘状态,其转换过程与上述现象一致,不再重复分析。
图9中流场振幅发散现象在以往进气道模型风洞试验研究中也有过报道,如文献[5]中二维进气道在Ma 1.8工况稳定亚临界向喘振转换过程中的流场振幅发散现象;参考文献[15]中颌下进气道在Ma 2.5工况中,稳定亚临界向喘振转换过程中也出现了流场振幅发散现象。相关研究并未给出流场发散现象成因的详细分析,本文对该现象的分析见2.4.3节。
一般的喘振触发理论(Ferri准则、Dailey准则等)认为,进气道喘振是由外压缩面及进口区域特定的不稳定流场结构导致的。超声速进气道捕获流量主要由外压缩流场结构决定。随着捕获流量减小,进口前结尾激波逐渐前移。本文中各方案在相同的捕获流量工况下,对应的外压缩流场结构也是相同的。就图4中所示的稳定亚临界范围最宽泛的方案L1400、H90来说,在TR增加过程中,外压缩流场依次经历了图5(d)~图5(b)所示的流场结构,各工况均为稳定流动;从图5(c)图5(d)中流场结构来看,在进口前结尾激波与外压缩激波相交形成的涡面被吞入进气道进口情况下,也未触发Ferri准则。可见上述外压缩流场结构本身并不是方案L1400/ L170、H126小喘触发原因。
这种小喘振荡现象是一种不涉及外压缩面流场结构失稳情况的进口前结尾激波与内通道构成的腔体耦合自激振荡。结尾激波在外压缩面往复运动,腔体气体交替出现净流出和净流入,引起腔体内气体总质量及平均压力波动,即容腔效应。另外,腔体平均压力波动带动进口截面压力波动,进而激励结尾激波振荡,形成耦合作用。
进口压力波动、进/出口截面质量流率响应特性以及腔体内气体总质量波动特性等分析如下。
进口质量流率主要由进口结尾激波位置决定,结尾激波越靠上游,进口质量流率越小。可利用进口质量流率波动特性分析结尾激波位置变化规律。以L1700/H126方案首次小喘激发过程(TR61~62)为例开展分析。进气道进口截面平均压力与进口捕获质量流率关系曲线如图11所示。
图11中还给出L1100/H90方案各稳定亚临界状态下进口质量流率和进口截面压力对应曲线,如图11中红点及连线所示。在各稳定亚临界对应的稳态流场中,结尾激波位置越靠上游,进口截面平均压力越高。在动态流场中,进口截面平均压力还需叠加下游腔体产生的压力扰动量。在小喘激发过程中,结尾激波前移阶段(进口质量流率减小阶段),进口截面平均压力始终高于稳态压力值;结尾激波后移阶段(进口质量流率增加段),进口截面平均压力低于稳态值。在结尾激波位于最上游或最下游位置(进口质量流率最小值和最大值)时,进口平均压力与稳态值基本一致。结尾激波经历了多个振荡周期,振幅逐渐增加,最终形成周期性运动。即小喘并不是突然形成的,存在若干个振荡周期的激发过程。
结尾激波受进口截面压力驱动前移或后退,而进口压力波动特性受下游腔体内气体波动影响。
L1700/H126方案小喘激发过程中内通道腔体内气体无量纲总质量及无量纲体积平均腔体压力随时间变化曲线如图12所示,各参数以t=0时刻数值无量纲化(即前一节流工况稳定状态参数)。
图12中曲线振幅逐步放大,最终以类似正弦曲线波周期性波动。以振幅发散阶段腔体内气体总质量波动曲线相邻峰值之间时间段(即一个波动周期)来分析,峰值略微增加意味着该时间段内出现气体净流入效果;该种净流入效果在随后的流场波动中多次重复,腔体总质量波动峰值逐渐增加,最终导致流场振荡加剧并形成动态平衡(一个波动周期内净流入效果为零),形成喘振。腔体体积不变情况下,气体总质量越大,对应平均压力也越大,对应为图12中腔体平均压力与气体总质量波动曲线周期及相位一致。腔体平均压力增加,进而激励结尾激波振幅增加。腔体内气体总质量是研究腔体压力波动的有效参考变量。腔体净注入或净流出效果是系统参数组合的固有特征,主要与进出口质量流率关联变化特性有关。
图13给出了小喘激发过程中进/出口质量流率时序曲线。从波动曲线来看,进/出口质量流率波动频率一致,存在一定的相位差,且出口波动幅度及峰值/谷值小于进口。除初始的一小段时间外,可近似认为出口质量流率跟随进口质量流率变化,并略微滞后。当进口质量流率高于出口时,腔体内气体呈净流入效果;反之为净流出效果;净流出和净流入效果交替出现。
由进气道流场结构可知,进口质量流率主要与结尾激波位置相关。出口质量流率与进口质量流率的响应特性与内通道构型等因素有关。
L1700/H126方案存在三个稳定亚临界状态,分别为TR59、TR60和TR61,各稳定亚临界状态以及小喘激发过程中进/出口质量流率差振荡时序曲线列于图14图14中纵坐标为进出口质量流率差相对于初始状态进口质量流率的无量纲参数,用于表征进出口质量流率差的相对变化幅度。
图14t=0.01~0.02 s时间段内各曲线变化趋势来看,随堵塞比增加各工况进出口相对质量流率差绝对值逐渐增加,该数值达到某阈值时触发小喘。即TR或进出口质量流率相对差异足够大时,将会导致前文提及的净流入效果,并激发小喘。
这种小喘对应的自激振荡来自结尾激波的往复波动与腔体气体总质量(或平均压力)变化形成的正反馈效果,小喘形成过程可用图15说明。
本文中大喘对应的自激振振荡过程伴随了局部流场结构失稳环节,即Dailey准则触发过程。压缩面边界层流动分离加剧令结尾激波进一步前移为不稳定流场;结尾激波的前移加剧令腔体内总质量及平均压力剧烈减小,并激励结尾激波大幅回退,形成大幅的振荡。实际上,工程中常见的自激振荡多为此类包含不稳定环节的系统[12]。从自激振荡类型上看,本文小喘和大喘触发机制存在本质上的不同。
自激振荡是否出现以及振幅和频率等由系统的物理及来流参数唯一确定。从本文6种内通道构型参数来看,内通道出口高度H=90 mm对应的三个不同内通道长度方案均未出现小喘现象;当H增加至126 mm、L增加至1400 mm和1700 mm时,才发生小喘。可见,内通道高度较大、通道较长的方案较易触发小喘。
结尾激波与腔体的耦合振荡效应还体现在各稳定亚临界工况下TR增加后的流场稳定过程。各进气道方案稳定亚临界流场都是以振荡收敛的形式趋于稳定的,如图14中的TR=59、60和61工况对应的流场参数时序曲线形式所示。流场经历若干个振幅逐渐减小的振荡后趋于稳定。进气道进出口质量流率关联变化特性决定了流场稳定过程的快慢。流场稳定特性由系统的物理参数及来流参数唯一决定,是系统的固有属性。如图14中TR从59增加到61时,进出口质量流率相对差异增加,对应的流场振荡幅度增大,流场收敛所需时间增长,流场不易稳定的特性逐渐增加。TR=59~61时的振荡收敛波动及TR=62时的振荡发散失稳现象,都源于相同的流动机制,即结尾激波与腔体流动耦合作用下的流场振荡。
参考文献[5]和[15]在试验中也报道了喘振形成中的流场振幅发散过程,与本文数值模拟现象有着相同的流动机制。
本文开展了Ma 2.0工况下二维外压式超声速进气道多种尺度内通道方案亚临界特性非定常模拟,获得了不同内通道方案下进气道稳定亚临界特性以及小喘/大喘两种喘振特征,并对喘振触发机制开展分析。通过研究,得到以下结论:
(1)超声速进气道稳定亚临界工作范围不仅与外压缩面构型、来流马赫数等参数有关,还可能与内通道构型有关。较长的内通道及较大的通道截面积可能提前触发小喘现象,并显著减小进气道稳定亚临界工作范围。
(2)本文中小喘并不是由Ferri准则、Dailey准则或其他局部流场结构失稳现象触发,是一种不包含局部流场结构失稳环节的结尾激波/腔体耦合自激振荡现象。
(3)结尾激波/腔体耦合振荡机制还导致了本文中稳定亚临界工况流场振荡趋稳以及喘振前流场振荡发散等非定常流动现象。
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2025年第3卷第5期
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doi: 10.20118/j.issn2097-258X.2025.05.007
  • 接收时间:2025-06-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-26
  • 修回日期:2025-07-29
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    1.北京动力机械研究所, 北京 100074
    2.北京动力机械研究所 高超声速冲压发动机技术重点实验室, 北京 100074
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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