Article(id=1157001867260682747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1157001741804855503, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.09.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716998400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-30, revisedDate=1722268800000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753780341210, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753780341210, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753780341210, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780341210, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1157001741804855503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='1537', pageEnd='1722', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753780311297, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756792455058, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169635588480184833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1157001741804855503, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169635588480184834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1157001741804855503, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1715, endPage=1722, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157001869622075902, articleId=1157001867260682747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Research on the Influence and Control of Automobile Sheet Metal Vibration on Interior Noise Based on Transmission Path Analysis, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The road noise problem in the frequency range of 35-40 Hz generated by a certain vehicle model on rough asphalt pavement at a speed of 30 km/h is analyzed by simulation and testing methods. Based on structural noise transfer path analysis (TPA) and node contribution analysis, it is determined that the problem frequency noise is mainly caused by low-frequency vibration of the vehicle body sheet metal parts. Therefore, based on the partial resonance principle, a resonance structure that can be industrialized according to the shape and local space of the sheet metal is designed, which is composed of a metal bracket and a metal block. By attaching this resonance structure to the sheet metal area with a significant contribution, simulation results show that the structure reduces the vibration of the sheet metal, thereby optimizing the interior noise. The peak noise levels in the front and rear seats are reduced by 8.6 and 6.4 dB, respectively. Meanwhile, the vehicle test results indicate that the interior noise has been improved by 7.0 and 5.8 dB. This provides a new research method and optimization scheme for controlling low-frequency noise caused by vibration of sheet metal.

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为解决某车型在粗糙沥青路面30 km/h时速下产生的35-40 Hz频段路噪问题,通过仿真与测试的方法进行分析。基于结构噪声传递路径分析(TPA)理论与节点贡献量分析,确定问题频率噪声主要由车身钣金件的低频振动导致。为此,根据局部共振原理,设计了一种可根据钣金形状及钣金局部空间进行工业化设计的局部共振结构,该结构由金属支架与金属块组成。将该结构添加至贡献较大的钣金处,通过仿真得到,该结构降低了钣金的振动,从而优化了车内噪声,前排与后排噪声峰值分别降低了8.6和6.4 dB。同时,实车试验结果表明车内噪声前排与后排噪声峰值分别改善了7.0和5.8 dB。为控制钣金部件振动和辐射的低频噪声提供了一种新的研究方法和优化方案。

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赵禹,工学博士,中级工程师,E-mail:
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一种基于传递路径分析的车身钣金振动对车内噪声影响分析及控制方法
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李永超 , 赵禹 , 陈欢欢 , 王虎 , 张荣荣
汽车工程 | 2024,46(9): 1715-1722
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汽车工程 | 2024, 46(9): 1715-1722
一种基于传递路径分析的车身钣金振动对车内噪声影响分析及控制方法
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李永超, 赵禹 , 陈欢欢, 王虎, 张荣荣
作者信息
  • 比亚迪汽车工业有限公司,深圳  518118

通讯作者:

赵禹,工学博士,中级工程师,E-mail:
Research on the Influence and Control of Automobile Sheet Metal Vibration on Interior Noise Based on Transmission Path Analysis
Yongchao Li, Yu Zhao , Huanhuan Chen, Hu Wang, Rongrong Zhang
Affiliations
  • BYD Auto Industry Co. ,Ltd. ,Shenzhen  518118
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.09.019
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为解决某车型在粗糙沥青路面30 km/h时速下产生的35-40 Hz频段路噪问题,通过仿真与测试的方法进行分析。基于结构噪声传递路径分析(TPA)理论与节点贡献量分析,确定问题频率噪声主要由车身钣金件的低频振动导致。为此,根据局部共振原理,设计了一种可根据钣金形状及钣金局部空间进行工业化设计的局部共振结构,该结构由金属支架与金属块组成。将该结构添加至贡献较大的钣金处,通过仿真得到,该结构降低了钣金的振动,从而优化了车内噪声,前排与后排噪声峰值分别降低了8.6和6.4 dB。同时,实车试验结果表明车内噪声前排与后排噪声峰值分别改善了7.0和5.8 dB。为控制钣金部件振动和辐射的低频噪声提供了一种新的研究方法和优化方案。

传递路径分析  /  钣金  /  有限元分析  /  噪声控制  /  共振结构

The road noise problem in the frequency range of 35-40 Hz generated by a certain vehicle model on rough asphalt pavement at a speed of 30 km/h is analyzed by simulation and testing methods. Based on structural noise transfer path analysis (TPA) and node contribution analysis, it is determined that the problem frequency noise is mainly caused by low-frequency vibration of the vehicle body sheet metal parts. Therefore, based on the partial resonance principle, a resonance structure that can be industrialized according to the shape and local space of the sheet metal is designed, which is composed of a metal bracket and a metal block. By attaching this resonance structure to the sheet metal area with a significant contribution, simulation results show that the structure reduces the vibration of the sheet metal, thereby optimizing the interior noise. The peak noise levels in the front and rear seats are reduced by 8.6 and 6.4 dB, respectively. Meanwhile, the vehicle test results indicate that the interior noise has been improved by 7.0 and 5.8 dB. This provides a new research method and optimization scheme for controlling low-frequency noise caused by vibration of sheet metal.

transfer path analysis  /  sheet metal  /  finite element analysis  /  noise control  /  resonance structure
李永超, 赵禹, 陈欢欢, 王虎, 张荣荣. 一种基于传递路径分析的车身钣金振动对车内噪声影响分析及控制方法. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (9) : 1715 -1722 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.09.019
Yongchao Li, Yu Zhao, Huanhuan Chen, Hu Wang, Rongrong Zhang. Research on the Influence and Control of Automobile Sheet Metal Vibration on Interior Noise Based on Transmission Path Analysis[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (9) : 1715 -1722 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.09.019
在汽车NVH(噪声、振动、声振粗糙度)领域,由于新能源汽车缺少了发动机的轰鸣声,路噪问题更为突显。路噪是通过车辆行驶过程中,地面对轮胎的低频激励,通过悬架系统传递到车身,再由车身钣金件的低频振动辐射到车内产生的噪声1。低频噪声和振动问题不仅会严重影响驾乘人员的乘坐舒适性,还会对汽车的驾驶安全和使用寿命产生很大影响2。为获得更舒适、更安全的驾驶和乘坐环境,提高车辆的市场竞争力,控制汽车钣金件振动辐射到车辆中的低频噪声至关重要3
目前,针对国内外汽车钣金件振动辐射的低频噪声问题,主要有3种方法可以降低钣金件振动4。首先,使用弹簧阻尼减振材料或橡胶减振材料。随着工业技术的发展,使用弹簧阻尼减振材料或橡胶阻尼减振材料对高频振动的抑制效果更加明显,但对中低频噪声难以达到理想的抑制效果5。第二,在钣金件上应用加强筋,通过增加刚度来增加钣金结构低频带的固有频率,但工艺复杂,且汽车钣金件的结构发生了很大变化,这将导致模型的生产成本增加,同时加强筋可能会影响车辆的造型,进而影响车型的开发流程6。第三,安装动态减振器,但其成本更高、体积大,安装空间受车身结构限制7。针对上述问题,提出一种根据车身钣金形态结构及可用空间而进行设计的减振结构,该结构具有空间利用率高、加工工艺简单、开发周期短、开发成本低等优点,为降低汽车钣金件低频振动辐射的噪声控制提供了新思路8-10
针对某车型钣金振动辐射到车内的低频路噪问题,基于传递路径分析(TPA)和节点贡献量分析11-12,确定导致压耳问题的钣金件,可根据车身钣金件形态结构与可用空间,设计了一种针对35-40 Hz的噪声贡献位置进行振动抑制结构。通过车辆有限元仿真与测试相结合,验证了该结构可降低钣金件的振动,优化车内噪声,从而为车辆低频噪声和振动控制领域提供了新思路和新解决方案。
在汽车NVH研究中,整车被假设为线性系统,根据噪声传递理论,在已知传递函数和激励力的情况下,系统的总响应就表示为各传递路径分响应的线性叠加:
p a l l = i = 1 N p i = i = 1 N H i ( ω ) F i ( ω )
式中:p all为系统总响应,Pa; pi 为第i 个路径的分响应;Hiω) 为第i 个路径从激励点到响应点的传递函数,Pa/N;Fiω) 为第i 个路径激励力频谱,N;N为传递路径个数。
对于结构路噪,激励源为接附点被动端。车身接附点被动激励点的每一个自由度到响应点均形成一条传递路径,通常只考虑3个平动自由度。系统TPA模型如图 1 所示。通过仿真模型可以获取每条传递路径的力-噪声传递函数(NTF)。
为通过传递路径分析准确的预测车内噪声响应,须准确识别各车身接附点的工作载荷。采用被广泛应用的逆矩阵法提取工作载荷13:须测试输入与输出之间的传递函数矩阵以及运行工况下的输出端的加速度响应向量,采用数值计算方法求解结构载荷向量,通过系统的运动学方程可知:
a 1 a 2 a m = H 11 H 11 H 1 n H 11 H 11 H 1 n H m 1 H m 1 H m n F 1 F 2 F n
式中:am 为第m个指示点的振动加速度;Fn 为第n个激励的结构载荷;Hmn 为第n个激励到第m个指示点的振动传递函数(VTF)。
利用求解VTF的广义逆矩阵即可反求激励点的工作载荷数据,如式(3)所示。
F 1 F 2 F n = H 11 H 11 H 1 n H 11 H 11 H 1 n H m 1 H m 1 H m n - 1 a 1 a 2 a m
在实际测试中,由于激励点和目标指示点的数量都是不确定的,即nm,因此式中的传递函数矩阵的逆为广义逆矩阵。一般要求指示点响应的数量大于输入激励点响应的数量的2倍。
从1.2节中使用逆矩阵法识别路噪载荷的方法可知,要想获取车身接附点处的载荷,须通过测试获取已知接附点至指示点的VTF以及指示点的加速度。
需要测量12个接附点的激励载荷,每个接附点XYZ三向的力,共36个激励载荷,在每个接附点附近各选取两个指示点,在消声室环境下采用力锤激法,采用LMS Test. Lab软件测量每个接附点到其附近指示点XYZ 3个方向的振动传递函数。同时,为采用TPA方法计算车内噪声,在车内驾驶人左耳、后排乘员右耳处布置传声器,测量每个接附点XYZ 3个方向到两个位置的NTF。
通过试验方法获取车辆指示点处工况下的加速度。选取沥青小粗糙道路为试验路面,样车以30 km/h的速度行驶。在试验样车上各个指示点处安装24个三轴加速度传感器,在试验路况下测得指示点处的振动加速度。采用LMS Test. Lab软件对试验数据进行处理,通过逆矩阵法计算各个接附点三向激励力载荷。
为对整车进行路噪模拟分析,有必要建立内饰车身(TB)有限元模型及车内声腔的声固耦合有限元模型。内饰车身(TB)模型是在白色车身有限元模型的基础上进一步构建的,该模型包括除动力总成和底盘系统外的所有部件。TB车身模型如图 2所示。TB模型共有5 511 507个节点,5 514 928 个单元。由于关注低频噪声,本文使用边长约为50 mm的四面体单元划分车内声腔,满足低频对应的最小单元尺寸要求(最小波长λ=c/f),共42 706个节点,223 521个声腔单元。TB车身结构和声腔通过ACMODL卡片实现结构与声腔的耦合。
通过TB车身与声腔耦合模型,计算出每个接附点XYZ 3个方向分别到车内驾驶人左耳、后排乘员右耳处的NTF。采用有限元与TPA方法,计算仿真得到的噪声,频率范围设置为20~60 Hz,测试数据与路噪模拟数据如图3所示。
结果表明,在模拟和测试中,驾驶人左耳与右后排乘员右耳处的噪声在35~40 Hz频带的峰值与测试结果相对应,表明有限元模型具备模拟该问题频段噪声的能力。针对这种稳态结构噪声,通过TPA分析噪声的主要贡献路径,并结合车身面板对噪声的贡献,可以有效地确定峰值频率的主要贡献。
基于TPA 方法,可以实现噪声贡献路径的合成和分解,从而确定低频路噪问题的主要贡献路径。
对驾驶人左耳峰值噪声进行分析,结合式(2),对38 Hz处前后排的噪声峰值贡献进行分解,把组成该频率下驾驶人左耳的所有路径进行贡献排序,如图 4所示,可以得到驾驶人左耳噪声的最主要贡献路径2为前副车架左前安装点Y向。
车内噪声的控制路径一般为:激励源-传递路径-响应点。对于批量生产的车型,很难控制激发源(底盘-悬架系统)。底盘-悬架系统的改装将对整车的平顺性、运行稳定性和安全性能产生很大影响,改装成本巨大。因此,对于车身振动辐射的噪声问题,一般倾向于从传输路径(车身钣金)的角度进行优化。
图 5为前副车架左前安装点Y向至驾驶人左耳噪声的NTF,在35~40 Hz频带处存在峰值。为控制噪声,须对相应路径进行节点贡献量分析,确定路径上产生噪声的主要车身钣金位置,并对其进行优化。
车身和声腔可以看作是一个封闭的空腔。封闭腔体的钣金S低频振动辐射到腔体中,形成低频噪声。将空间O内的一点作为坐标原点,空间中的其他点将其用作参考点。假设点j是闭腔钣金件S上的一个点,其在声腔内点i上的辐射声压为
p i j ( r 0 , ω ) = p j ( r , ω ) Q i v i ( r , ω ) σ S j
式中:pijr 0ω)是从点j到点i的辐射声压;Qi 是点i处的体积声源;pjrω)为点j处的声压;virω)是声源j传输到点i的速度;r 0是从点i到点O的距离;r是从点j到点O的距离;ω是角频率。车身上许多点封闭腔体钣金件S辐射噪声到点i,而点j的比例为
t j ( ω ) = p i j ( r , 0 ω ) p ( r , 0 ω )
式中:pr 0ω)是点i处的总声压;tjω)是车身封闭腔钣金部件S上的点j对内部噪声的贡献。当将所有的点贡献绘制在一起时,可以确定每个区域对声腔内响应点的贡献。通过对节点贡献量的分析,可以找到主要贡献节点区域,从而确定问题点噪声的贡献位置。
在前副车架左前安装点Y向施加1 N的力,计算驾驶人左耳噪声的节点贡献量,如图 6所示。通过仿真,驾驶人左耳处在35~40 Hz的峰值噪声主要由后横梁的低频振动辐射引起。
在3.2节确定,前排噪声的主要贡献为后横梁处,计算前副车架左前安装点Y向到顶棚后横梁处的VTF,如图 7所示。可见,在35~40 Hz频带,顶棚后横梁振动较大,是导致驾驶人处噪声较大的原因。因此,为优化驾驶人处噪声,需要对该结构振动进行抑制14
对于驾驶人左耳噪声在35~40 Hz存在峰值,噪声主要贡献位置为后横梁。由于车辆造型设计,顶棚后横梁处无过多的空间安装动力吸振器。为此,根据噪声主要贡献钣金件形态,设计了一种空间利用率高的振动抑制结构,如图 8所示。该结构由金属支架与金属块组成,可由螺栓链接固定在相应钣金位置处。由于支架与金属块为金属结构,可根据钣金形状进行工业化设计成薄板状,极大地利用了车身内的空间。通过改变支架-金属块结构,使其与钣金件产生局部共振。该结构与钣金结构可简化为小阻尼双质量系统,如图 9所示。该系统的振动微分方程如式(6)所示。
m 1 x ¨ 1 + c x ˙ 1 - c x ˙ 2 ( k 1 + k 2 ) x 1 - k 2 x 2 = F s i n ( ω t ) m 2 x ¨ 2 - c x ˙ 1 + c x ˙ 2 - k 2 x 1 + k 2 x 2 = 0
激励频率为ω,系统固有频率 ω 1 = k 1 / m 1 ω 2 = k 2 / m 2 。主系统静变形 x s t = F / k 1,可求系统位移 x 1,如式(7)所示。
x 1 = x s t ( ω 2 2 ω 1 2 - ω 2 ω 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 c ω ω 1 ) 2 ( ( 1 - ω 2 ω 1 2 ) ( ω 2 2 ω 1 2 - ω 2 ω 1 2 ) - m 2 m 1 ω 2 ω 1 2 ω 2 2 ω 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 c ω ω 1 ) 2 ( 1 - ω 2 ω 1 2 - m 2 m 1 ω 2 ω 1 2 ) 2
其中,x 1越小,该局部共振结构振动抑制效果越好。由于是小阻尼系统,阻尼c较小,当激励频率ω趋近于ω 2时,放大系数越小。当m 2越大时,放大系数越小。为降低系统的振动,将共振结构的固有频率ω 2设计在须抑制振动的频率段,调整局部共振结构质量m 2,减小钣金位移。但考虑质量增加对整车轻量化和能耗等的影响,添加质量不宜超过钣金质量的0.1~0.3倍15。 为提高局部共振结构的空间利用率,金属块应选取高密度材料,支架应选取密度低、刚度高的材料。但考虑到材料成本原因,金属块及金属支架选取为钢材即可满足设计与成本需求。
图 8中局部共振结构的刚度由A点(支架与结构安装点)到B点(金属块与支架安装点)结构决定,可通过调整支架宽度、长度及料厚进行调整。通过调整金属块的质量,改变该结构的共振频率。在设计局部共振结构时,金属支架与金属块的材料选取钢材即可。支架及金属块可做成异性结构,可根据需要抑制振动的钣金形状、可用空间进行局部避让加工;支架、金属块与安装部位连接形式可根据装配工艺要求选择,可选择螺接与焊接形式。
根据需要抑制顶棚后横梁处钣金35~40 Hz频段处的振动,设计局部共振结构并建立有限元模型。采用螺栓链接的形式安装在顶棚后横梁处。计算顶棚后横梁处振动与驾驶人左耳处噪声,将得到的顶棚后横梁处振动和驾驶人左耳处噪声与原状态的振动及噪声进行对比,如图 10图 11所示。设计的局部共振结构抑制了顶棚后横梁处35~40 Hz处振动。
该局部共振结构中,金属块质量为1 kg,支架等效刚度为53 991 N/m,改变振动频率为37 Hz。在附着局部共振结构的情况下,驾驶人左耳处的声压级幅值在35~40 Hz显著降低,声压级峰值降低8.6 dB。
通过仿真模拟发现,在主要贡献位置添加局部共振结构,通过对贡献位置振动抑制,从而对噪声优化。为验证本文提出的方法适用于其他部位,通过TPA与节点贡献量分析,确定右后排乘员右耳处35~40 Hz噪声峰值的主要贡献为左后减振器Z向,主要贡献位置为顶棚前横梁处,设计局部共振结构附加在顶棚前横梁处,添加2个局部共振结构,参数与在后横梁处添加的一致,位置如图 15所示。得到顶棚前横梁振动与右后排乘员右耳处噪声,如图12图13所示。该结构抑制顶棚前横梁振动,对右后排乘员右耳处噪声优化了6.4 dB。
进一步在实车上添加相应的手工件,在路噪工况下测量前后横梁振动及驾驶人左耳和右后排乘员右耳处的声压如图 14所示。添加局部共振结构方案,在35~40 Hz,后横梁在问题频率处振动降低约20 dB,对驾驶人左耳噪声优化约7.0 dB;在35~40 Hz,前横梁振动峰值降低约7.2 dB,对右后排乘员右耳处噪声优化约5.8 dB。通过在前横梁及后横梁添加所设计的局部共振结构,驾驶人左耳和右后排乘员右耳处35~40 Hz的噪声有明显改善。
图 15所示,在工业化应用中,根据不同钣金件结构,可个性化地设计金属支架与金属块结构,以适用在不同钣金件位置安装。综上,本文提出的金属局部共振结构具有以下优点:(1)结构简单,成本低,工艺简单,空间利用率高;(2)金属支架充当弹性元件的结构吸振频率稳定性高;(3)该结构由金属件组成,开发周期短;(4)金属结构不受温度限制,可布置于整车任何位置;(5)可通过仿真设计钣金支架结构,仿真精度高,便于提前设计。
针对某款新能源汽车的低频路噪问题,通过实验和仿真分析确定了车内异常噪声峰值的频率点。再通过TPA方法确定车内噪声峰值频率点的主要贡献路径,进一步结合噪声节点贡献量分析,确定对驾驶人左耳和右后排乘员右耳处声压贡献的主要钣金件分别为顶棚后横梁和顶棚前横梁。根据局部共振理论,设计了一种由金属支架和金属质量块组成的局部共振结构,该结构可根据钣金形状进行工业化设计,可最大限度利用车身内空间。通过仿真和测试验证,结果显示该结构可降低钣金振动,从而优化噪声,证明了设计吸振结构的有效性。为控制钣金部件低频振动及车内噪声提供了一种新的方法。
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2024年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.09.019
  • 接收时间:2024-05-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-30
  • 修回日期:2024-07-30
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    比亚迪汽车工业有限公司,深圳  518118

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赵禹,工学博士,中级工程师,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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