Article(id=1157001752416444664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1157001741804855503, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.09.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716998400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-30, revisedDate=1722268800000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753780313828, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753780313828, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753780313828, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780313828, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1157001741804855503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='1537', pageEnd='1722', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753780311297, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756792455058, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169635588480184833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1157001741804855503, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169635588480184834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1157001741804855503, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1628, endPage=1632, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157001754563928316, articleId=1157001752416444664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Effect of Fuel Control Parameters of the Active Pre-chamber on the Gasoline Engine Lean Burn Characteristics, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The pre-chamber ignition system can enhance the lean mixture combustion, which will then improve the thermal efficiency significantly. Based on a self-developed active pre-chamber and its fuel supply system, the effect of premixed gas injection pressure and fuel ratio on combustion characteristics at the lean boundary of an engine with a compression ratio of 16 is respectively investigated. The experimental results show that among the three kinds of premixed gas injection pressure of 0.19,0.14 and 0.09 MPa, the indicated mean effective pressure is the highest, and the ignition delay time and combustion duration are the lowest at the injection pressure of 0.09 MPa, with the most stable combustion. When the proportion of premixed gas fuel increases from 0.54% to 2.69% gradually, the engine's indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) increases first, and then decreases, reaching its maximum at a ratio of 1.61% when the combustion is most stable and both the ignition delay period and combustion duration are the shortest. The active pre-chamber can realize the stable combustion with a λ of 1.8. Indicated thermal efficiency increases from 32.9% to 39.4%, a relatively increase of 19.8% compared with that of spark plug ignition.

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预燃室点火系统可促进稀薄混合气燃烧,从而显著提高热效率。本文基于自行开发的主动预燃室及其燃料供给系统,在压缩比为16的发动机上分别测试了预混气体喷射压力和燃料占比对发动机稀燃边界下燃烧特性的影响。试验结果表明:0.19、0.14和0.09 MPa 3种预混气体喷射压力中,在0.09 MPa的喷射压力下可获得最高的平均指示压力和最短的着火延迟期和燃烧持续期,燃烧最稳定;当预混气体燃料占比从0.54%逐步增加到2.69%时,发动机的平均指示压力先增加后减少,并在占比1.61%处取得最大值,此时的燃烧最为稳定,着火延迟期和燃烧持续期均最短。主动预燃室可实现λ=1.8的稳定燃烧,指示热效率相比普通火花塞点火的32.9%提高到39.4%,相对提升了19.8%。

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李理光,教授,博士,E-mail:
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Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 1989., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1157001894964060914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001752416444664, awardId=52076153, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52076153), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1157001886952940116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001752416444664, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1157001886957134421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001752416444664, companyId=1157001886952940116, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Automotive Studies,Tongji University,Shanghai 200092), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1157001886961328726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001752416444664, companyId=1157001886952940116, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=同济大学汽车学院,上海 200092)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1157001893819015898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001752416444664, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=zg77DUaIMi1M/56upauKEw==, figureFileBig=j3VcRxt1TFliqec/n8sSHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157001893877736157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001752416444664, language=CN, label=图1, caption=发动机台架示意图, figureFileSmall=zg77DUaIMi1M/56upauKEw==, figureFileBig=j3VcRxt1TFliqec/n8sSHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157001893940650720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001752416444664, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tiYyOR7jf5Cx78xdBmLCiA==, figureFileBig=uHwjXWLYFyqx4dtNIwgA1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157001893986788066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001752416444664, language=CN, label=图2, caption=主动预燃室供油系统示意图, figureFileSmall=tiYyOR7jf5Cx78xdBmLCiA==, figureFileBig=uHwjXWLYFyqx4dtNIwgA1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157001894028731108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001752416444664, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8oGhTvQrSNM9MspbyXY1gQ==, figureFileBig=X240aWA9JnwTXFqglbeyGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157001894121005799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001752416444664, language=CN, label=图3, caption=主动预燃室实物图, figureFileSmall=8oGhTvQrSNM9MspbyXY1gQ==, figureFileBig=X240aWA9JnwTXFqglbeyGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157001894179726056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001752416444664, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wriGgXVgVFlgYGCcCAtwtA==, figureFileBig=sPGlP52ZsTwe7DoCOAh8aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157001894238446313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001752416444664, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=不同过量空气系数下的IMEP和COVIMEP, figureFileSmall=wriGgXVgVFlgYGCcCAtwtA==, figureFileBig=sPGlP52ZsTwe7DoCOAh8aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157001894284583658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001752416444664, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=AdiVb9p/ULiX9wq+BmRWRQ==, figureFileBig=2aHGr//QYukkHMbMEMogFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157001894339109611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001752416444664, language=CN, label=图5, caption=预混气体喷射压力对燃烧特性的影响, figureFileSmall=AdiVb9p/ULiX9wq+BmRWRQ==, figureFileBig=2aHGr//QYukkHMbMEMogFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157001894381052652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001752416444664, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DfAoy+rD1USryLo4htJ3ww==, figureFileBig=RErzXIFq92j4zmlbLpCsbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157001894443967213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001752416444664, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=预燃室燃料占比对燃烧特性的影响, figureFileSmall=DfAoy+rD1USryLo4htJ3ww==, figureFileBig=RErzXIFq92j4zmlbLpCsbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157001894565602030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001752416444664, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主要参数 数值
缸径/mm 82.5
冲程/mm 92.8
压缩比 16∶1
单缸排量/L 0.496
进气形式 自然吸气
气门数量 4
燃油喷射方式 缸内直喷
喷油压力/MPa 10
燃料 RON95汽油
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发动机参数

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主要参数 数值
缸径/mm 82.5
冲程/mm 92.8
压缩比 16∶1
单缸排量/L 0.496
进气形式 自然吸气
气门数量 4
燃油喷射方式 缸内直喷
喷油压力/MPa 10
燃料 RON95汽油
), ArticleFig(id=1157001894670459632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001752416444664, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
发动机转速/(r·min-1 1 500
主燃室喷嘴喷射脉宽/ms 1.275~1.294
主燃室喷油时刻/(°)CA BTDC 300
预混气体温度/℃ 20
预混气体喷射压力(相对)/MPa 0.19、0.14、0.09
预燃室燃料占比/% 0.54~2.69
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试验条件

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参数 数值
发动机转速/(r·min-1 1 500
主燃室喷嘴喷射脉宽/ms 1.275~1.294
主燃室喷油时刻/(°)CA BTDC 300
预混气体温度/℃ 20
预混气体喷射压力(相对)/MPa 0.19、0.14、0.09
预燃室燃料占比/% 0.54~2.69
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主动预燃室燃料控制参数对汽油机稀燃特性的影响
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许秉鑫 , 缪新轲 , 邓俊 , 王金秋 , 李理光
汽车工程 | 2024,46(9): 1628-1632
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汽车工程 | 2024, 46(9): 1628-1632
主动预燃室燃料控制参数对汽油机稀燃特性的影响
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许秉鑫, 缪新轲, 邓俊, 王金秋, 李理光
作者信息
  • 同济大学汽车学院,上海 200092

通讯作者:

李理光,教授,博士,E-mail:
Effect of Fuel Control Parameters of the Active Pre-chamber on the Gasoline Engine Lean Burn Characteristics
Bingxin Xu, Xinke Miao, Jun Deng, Jinqiu Wang, Liguang Li
Affiliations
  • School of Automotive Studies,Tongji University,Shanghai 200092
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.09.010
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预燃室点火系统可促进稀薄混合气燃烧,从而显著提高热效率。本文基于自行开发的主动预燃室及其燃料供给系统,在压缩比为16的发动机上分别测试了预混气体喷射压力和燃料占比对发动机稀燃边界下燃烧特性的影响。试验结果表明:0.19、0.14和0.09 MPa 3种预混气体喷射压力中,在0.09 MPa的喷射压力下可获得最高的平均指示压力和最短的着火延迟期和燃烧持续期,燃烧最稳定;当预混气体燃料占比从0.54%逐步增加到2.69%时,发动机的平均指示压力先增加后减少,并在占比1.61%处取得最大值,此时的燃烧最为稳定,着火延迟期和燃烧持续期均最短。主动预燃室可实现λ=1.8的稳定燃烧,指示热效率相比普通火花塞点火的32.9%提高到39.4%,相对提升了19.8%。

发动机  /  主动预燃室  /  燃料控制参数  /  稀燃特性

The pre-chamber ignition system can enhance the lean mixture combustion, which will then improve the thermal efficiency significantly. Based on a self-developed active pre-chamber and its fuel supply system, the effect of premixed gas injection pressure and fuel ratio on combustion characteristics at the lean boundary of an engine with a compression ratio of 16 is respectively investigated. The experimental results show that among the three kinds of premixed gas injection pressure of 0.19,0.14 and 0.09 MPa, the indicated mean effective pressure is the highest, and the ignition delay time and combustion duration are the lowest at the injection pressure of 0.09 MPa, with the most stable combustion. When the proportion of premixed gas fuel increases from 0.54% to 2.69% gradually, the engine's indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) increases first, and then decreases, reaching its maximum at a ratio of 1.61% when the combustion is most stable and both the ignition delay period and combustion duration are the shortest. The active pre-chamber can realize the stable combustion with a λ of 1.8. Indicated thermal efficiency increases from 32.9% to 39.4%, a relatively increase of 19.8% compared with that of spark plug ignition.

engine  /  active pre-chamber  /  fuel control parameters  /  lean burn characteristics
许秉鑫, 缪新轲, 邓俊, 王金秋, 李理光. 主动预燃室燃料控制参数对汽油机稀燃特性的影响. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (9) : 1628 -1632 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.09.010
Bingxin Xu, Xinke Miao, Jun Deng, Jinqiu Wang, Liguang Li. Effect of Fuel Control Parameters of the Active Pre-chamber on the Gasoline Engine Lean Burn Characteristics[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (9) : 1628 -1632 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.09.010
在全球日益严峻的碳排放问题背景下,提升内燃机的热效率成为了一项迫切的任务。而实现高热效率的一种有效方法便是采用稀薄燃烧技术。稀薄燃烧通过降低燃油与空气的混合比,使燃烧过程更加“清洁”,有效减少氮氧化物的排放,并提高燃油经济性1-2。然而,稀薄燃烧面临的一大挑战是点火难度的增加,普通的点火方式难以稳定点燃稀薄的混合气。
预燃室点火技术可以解决稀薄燃烧点火困难的问题3。预燃室分为主动预燃室和被动预燃室,被动预燃室点火不会在预燃室内单独供油,而主动预燃室会在预燃室内布置喷油器。被动预燃室的结构简单,相较于普通火花塞可拓宽稀燃边界至1.44,但不能独立控制预燃室内部过量空气系数,存在不良扫气的问题5。相比之下,主动预燃室技术则具有更灵活的燃烧控制策略,更宽的稀燃极限、更高的燃烧效率和更低的排放6。清华大学王志等7-8通过快速压缩机对比研究了当量比工况下被动预燃室射流点火和常规点火的火核形成及火焰发展;结果表明,与传统火花点火相比,预燃室式射流点火的着火延迟期缩短比例可达40%以上,且随负荷增加而提高;燃烧持续期比典型层流火焰燃烧可缩短60%~70%。
由于主动预燃室须额外供油并喷射,所以需要对主动预燃室燃料控制参数进行研究9。主动预燃室主要分为两种:一种是在预燃室内装有喷嘴进行喷油10,另一种是提前制备好油气混合气,直接将混合气喷入预燃室11。目前研究主要分析主动预燃室喷射压力、喷射脉宽和喷射时刻对发动机性能的影响。Wang等10λ=1.7的条件下开展试验,随着喷射脉宽的增加,发动机指示热效率降低;当预燃室的燃油喷射正时在150 ~60°CA BTDC之间时,发动机燃烧时间显著缩短。Zhang等12发现在λ=1.7时,随着预燃室喷射压力从4逐步增加到10 MPa,点火稳定性增加。随着预燃室喷射脉宽的增加,点火延迟先减小后增加。Hua等13的研究结果表明在喷射时刻为180°CA BTDC和相对较小的喷射脉宽下,发动机可获得最佳性能。以上研究采用的预燃室都是直接向预燃室内喷油的形式,目前对具有扫气作用的主动预燃室的燃油控制参数的研究较少14,所以本文针对后者进行研究。
本文基于高压缩比发动机测试平台和自行开发的主动预燃室及其燃料供给系统,分别测试了预混气体喷射压力和燃料占比对发动机燃烧特性的影响,探索了主动预燃室的燃油控制参数对发动机的燃烧特性影响。
发动机试验台架如图1所示。试验所用的发动机由第二代EA888改装而成。试验在压缩比为16的第4缸中进行。使用了凯迈CJ160电力测功机以及AVL公司的燃油温控仪和瞬态油耗仪,发动机控制系统基于NI公司的CompactRIO快速控制原型自主开发。发动机及台架的各项参数如表1所示。
本研究设计了一套主动预燃室燃料供给系统,该系统将燃料预混与喷射装置分开布置15。整套装置原理如图2所示。由空气压缩机提供高压空气,经过油水分离器后进入空气加热装置,随后经过高精度流量计和止回阀后进入预混罐。预混罐安装了高精度压力表、喷油器和泄压阀。预混气体随后经过喷气轨在指定喷射时刻向预燃室内喷射。热电偶用于保证预混气体恒温。在预燃室内部集成有一个单向阀,防止预混气体回流。
本文设计的主动预燃室结构如下:喷孔数量为7个,喷孔直径1 mm,预燃室总容积1.5 cm3,占发动机余隙容积的4.5%。使用了M8螺纹的火花塞,从而尽可能减小预燃室尺寸。主动预燃室实物如图3所示。
发动机转速为1 500 r/min,在进行改变燃料控制参数的两组试验时保持节气门全开。预混气体温度在20 ℃,为了使进入预燃室的燃料充分燃烧,通过流量计测量的进气量实时计算喷油量,控制预混罐的目标过量空气系数在1附近。在改变预燃室燃料占比的同时调整主燃室喷嘴喷射脉宽,使得进入主燃室和预燃室内的燃料总量等于主燃室喷嘴脉宽为1.3 ms时的喷油量。寻找试验工况下的稀燃边界在λ=1.8左右,研究了预混气体喷射压力、燃料占比对发动机燃烧特性的影响。试验条件如表2所示。
发动机转速为1 500 r/min,预混气体喷射压力为0.09 MPa,喷射时刻300°CA BTDC,预燃室燃料占比为2.69%。在该试验条件下寻找发动机的稀燃边界。如图4所示,随着节气门开度的增加,主燃烧室内的进气量增加,缸内混合气变稀,由氧传感器测得的λ从1.0逐渐变化到1.9,与此同时IMEP逐渐增加,当过量空气系数从1.8变化到1.9时,IMEP停止增加开始下降,平均指示压力的循环变动率(COVIMEP, coefficient of variation of indicated mean effective pressure)从1.8%增加到6.2%,燃烧变得不稳定。由此可认为在当前的试验条件下,发动机的稀燃边界在λ=1.8附近。接下来的试验主要在稀燃边界下进行。
保持主燃室喷嘴喷射脉宽为1.275 ms,预混气体燃料占比为2.24%,预燃室喷射时刻为280°CA BTDC。
受限于汽油饱和蒸气压,随着预混气体喷射压力的升高,饱和预混气体所能达到的过量空气系数随之增加。本试验预混气体温度为20 ℃。Antoine方程是计算纯液体饱和蒸气压常用的方法之一,如式(1)所示16
l n   p = A - B T + C
式中:p为蒸气压,mmHg;T为温度,K;A、B、C为与物质相关的特性常数。假设试验所用燃油为纯异辛烷,查阅异辛烷的相关参数16,得到20 ℃下的异辛烷饱和蒸气压为5.151 kPa。经计算,为了实现 20 ℃下预混气体的过量空气系数在1附近,喷射压力必须小于 0.179 MPa(相对压力)。所以,将预混气体喷射压力分别设置为0.19、0.14、0.09 MPa,通过改变喷气脉宽使得预燃室喷油量不变。
图5(a)是不同预混气体喷射压力对IMEP和COVIMEP产生的影响。从图中可以看出,随着喷射压力的升高,IMEP逐渐降低, COVIMEP逐渐升高,只有当喷射压力在0.09 MPa时可以保持在稀燃极限之内,实现COVIMEP在5%以内的稳定燃烧,此时的指示热效率为38.8%,相比于普通火花塞点火方式相对提升了17.9%。预混气体喷射压力升高会导致预燃室内的气体流动加快,从而增加了预燃室内预混气的溢出,从而降低了射流火焰能量。如图5(b)所示,随着预混气体喷射压力的升高,着火延迟期和燃烧持续期均在增长。
设预混气体压力为0.09 MPa,预燃室喷射时刻为280°CA BTDC,并将预燃室燃料占比调整范围为0.54%~2.69%,此时根据总喷油量不变计算主燃室喷油量,并调整主燃室喷嘴喷射脉宽。
预燃室燃料占比对燃烧特性的影响如图6所示。随着预燃室中燃料占比的增加,IMEP先增加再减少,并在占比1.61%处取得最大值,燃烧循环波动最小,指示热效率为39.4%,相比普通火花塞点火相对提升了19.8%。着火延迟期和燃烧持续期均最短。当预燃室内的喷油量占比太小,即喷入的预混气体较少,则对预燃室的扫气作用较弱,无法将预燃室内的残余废气完全清除;会导致点火时刻预燃室内的混合气浓度较稀,从而削弱预燃室火焰射流的能量;预燃室喷射燃料占比过大,进入预燃室内的预混气体也随之增多,汽油预混气体容易在预燃室内重新液化导致不完全燃烧,从而影响整体热效率。
本文在发动机转速为1 500 r/min、节气门全开、预混气体温度在20 ℃、氧传感器测得的λ为1.8左右的稀燃边界条件下,分别研究了预混气体喷射压力和燃料占比对发动机燃烧特性的影响,得出以下结论。
(1)随着预混气体喷射压力的增加,IMEP下降,着火延迟期和燃烧持续期增加。预混气体喷射压力为0.09 MPa时,IMEP最大,燃烧最稳定。
(2)随着预燃室燃料占比的增加,IMEP先增加后减少,在占比1.61%处取得最大值,着火延迟期和燃烧持续期均最短。
(3)该主动预燃室将稀燃边界由普通火花塞点火方式时的λ=1.4拓宽到λ=1.8。指示热效率由普通火花塞点火方式时的32.9%提高到39.4%,相对提升了19.8%。
未来工作将会研究预燃室的结构参数对汽油机燃烧特性的影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52076153)
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2024年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.09.010
  • 接收时间:2024-05-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-30
  • 修回日期:2024-07-30
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国家自然科学基金(52076153)
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    同济大学汽车学院,上海 200092

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李理光,教授,博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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