Article(id=1157001750533198104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1157001740768858346, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.07.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1700668800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-23, revisedDate=1706544000000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753780313380, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1721836800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753780313380, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753780313380, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780313380, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1157001740768858346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='7', pageStart='1137', pageEnd='1334', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753780311052, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756792480363, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169635694612853253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1157001740768858346, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169635694612853254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1157001740768858346, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1294, endPage=1301, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157001751720186141, articleId=1157001750533198104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Thermal Hysteresis Equivalent Mechanical Model of Compressed Air Inside Air Springs, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The heat exchange effect of internal compressed air leads to strong thermal hysteresis and frequency correlation of air springs’ mechanical properties. Therefore, a thermal hysteresis equivalent mechanical model is constructed to describe the energy exchange process of compressed air inside air springs in this paper. Based on the rubber airbag modal, an air spring hysteresis mechanical characteristic model covering both rubber airbag hysteresis and compressed air thermal hysteresis is constructed, and an identification method for the key parameters of the model is provided. The experiments show that the maximum errors of the hysteresis loop and dynamic stiffness are less than 3.3% and 6.7%, respectively, verifying the accuracy of the hysteresis mechanical characteristic model. Finally, the inherent law of the thermal hysteresis of compressed air with frequency varying is revealed. The research results provide theoretical support for identifying the hysteresis nonlinear mechanism of air springs and its effective utilization.

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空气弹簧内部压缩空气的热交换效应导致其力学特性具有较强的热迟滞性和频率相关性。本文建立了一种热迟滞等效力学模型来描述空气弹簧内部压缩气体的能量交换过程。结合橡胶气囊模型,构建了涵盖橡胶气囊迟滞和压缩空气热迟滞的空气弹簧迟滞力学特性模型,并给出了模型关键参数的辨识方法。实验表明空气弹簧力学迟滞环和动刚度最大误差分别小于3.3%和6.7%,验证了迟滞力学特性模型的准确性。最后,揭示了压缩空气热迟滞随频率变化的内在规律。研究结果为查明空气弹簧的迟滞非线性机理及其有效利用提供了理论支撑。

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陈俊杰,副教授,博士/博士后,E-mail:
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参数

V e0/

(10-4m3

V e 0 '/

(10-3m2

V e 0 /

(10-2m)

F 0/N F fmaxp e)/N h 2 p e)/mm
5×105 Pa 8.61 -7.15 -2.29 3 286.2 123.3 3.5
7×105 Pa 9.71 -8.06 -2.58 5 005.8 146.0 3.5
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初始状态参数

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参数

V e0/

(10-4m3

V e 0 '/

(10-3m2

V e 0 /

(10-2m)

F 0/N F fmaxp e)/N h 2 p e)/mm
5×105 Pa 8.61 -7.15 -2.29 3 286.2 123.3 3.5
7×105 Pa 9.71 -8.06 -2.58 5 005.8 146.0 3.5
), ArticleFig(id=1157001925771219101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001750533198104, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 F fmaxp e x 2p e h 0/mm H 0/mm A heat /(W·K-1
AY 1.14×10-4 0 15 110 1.276
BY 66.23 3.5
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样件A参数

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参数 F fmaxp e x 2p e h 0/mm H 0/mm A heat /(W·K-1
AY 1.14×10-4 0 15 110 1.276
BY 66.23 3.5
), ArticleFig(id=1157001925892853919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001750533198104, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

h 范围/

mm

h e1 h e2 h e3 h e4 h e5 h e6
12.25~15 10~12.25 0~10 -10~0 -12.5~-10 -15~-12.5
5×105 Pa 11.1 11.1 7.4 -3.0 -3.5 -4.8
7×105 Pa 12.1 7.4 7.4 -3.0 -7.5 -11.2
), ArticleFig(id=1157001926039654560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001750533198104, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=

分段式线弹性模型刚度K e (N/mm)

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h 范围/

mm

h e1 h e2 h e3 h e4 h e5 h e6
12.25~15 10~12.25 0~10 -10~0 -12.5~-10 -15~-12.5
5×105 Pa 11.1 11.1 7.4 -3.0 -3.5 -4.8
7×105 Pa 12.1 7.4 7.4 -3.0 -7.5 -11.2
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频率/Hz 准静态 0.5 1 2 3 4 5
5×105 Pa 迟滞环 1.76 2.65 2.83 3.20 3.00 3.29 3.07
动刚度 -0.35 3.65 2.63 5.45 5.84 6.06 5.72
7×105 Pa 迟滞环 -1.83 2.53 2.60 2.76 3.02 3.12 2.75
动刚度 -0.06 4.70 5.15 6.06 6.54 6.65 5.89
), ArticleFig(id=1157001926178066595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001750533198104, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=

迟滞环和动刚度最大相对误差 (%)

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频率/Hz 准静态 0.5 1 2 3 4 5
5×105 Pa 迟滞环 1.76 2.65 2.83 3.20 3.00 3.29 3.07
动刚度 -0.35 3.65 2.63 5.45 5.84 6.06 5.72
7×105 Pa 迟滞环 -1.83 2.53 2.60 2.76 3.02 3.12 2.75
动刚度 -0.06 4.70 5.15 6.06 6.54 6.65 5.89
), ArticleFig(id=1157001926232592549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001750533198104, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/Hz 准静态 0.5 1 2 3 4 5

压缩

气体

能量损耗/J 3.25 0.91 0.46 0.23 0.15 0.12 0.09
占比/% 53.48 28.64 15.48 7.88 5.22 3.82 2.91

橡胶

气囊

能量损耗/J 2.82 2.27 2.51 2.69 2.78 2.90 3.07
占比/% 46.52 71.36 84.52 92.12 94.78 96.18 97.09

空气

弹簧

能量损耗/J 6.07 3.18 2.97 2.92 2.93 3.01 3.16
), ArticleFig(id=1157001926295507111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001750533198104, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=

空气弹簧能量损耗组成及占比变化

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频率/Hz 准静态 0.5 1 2 3 4 5

压缩

气体

能量损耗/J 3.25 0.91 0.46 0.23 0.15 0.12 0.09
占比/% 53.48 28.64 15.48 7.88 5.22 3.82 2.91

橡胶

气囊

能量损耗/J 2.82 2.27 2.51 2.69 2.78 2.90 3.07
占比/% 46.52 71.36 84.52 92.12 94.78 96.18 97.09

空气

弹簧

能量损耗/J 6.07 3.18 2.97 2.92 2.93 3.01 3.16
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空气弹簧内部压缩气体热迟滞等效力学模型
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陈俊杰 1 , 徐进嫄 1 , 沈钰杰 2 , 吕辉 3
汽车工程 | 2024,46(7): 1294-1301
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汽车工程 | 2024, 46(7): 1294-1301
空气弹簧内部压缩气体热迟滞等效力学模型
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陈俊杰1 , 徐进嫄1, 沈钰杰2, 吕辉3
作者信息
  • 1. 江西理工大学机电工程学院,赣州 341000
  • 2. 江苏大学汽车工程研究院,镇江 212013
  • 3. 华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院,广州 510641

通讯作者:

陈俊杰,副教授,博士/博士后,E-mail:
Thermal Hysteresis Equivalent Mechanical Model of Compressed Air Inside Air Springs
Junjie Chen1 , Jinyuan Xu1, Yujie Shen2, Lü Hui3
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,Jiangxi University of Science and Technology,Ganzhou  341000
  • 2. School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang  212013
  • 3. School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering,South China University of Technology,Guangzhou  510641
出版时间: 2024-07-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.07.016
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空气弹簧内部压缩空气的热交换效应导致其力学特性具有较强的热迟滞性和频率相关性。本文建立了一种热迟滞等效力学模型来描述空气弹簧内部压缩气体的能量交换过程。结合橡胶气囊模型,构建了涵盖橡胶气囊迟滞和压缩空气热迟滞的空气弹簧迟滞力学特性模型,并给出了模型关键参数的辨识方法。实验表明空气弹簧力学迟滞环和动刚度最大误差分别小于3.3%和6.7%,验证了迟滞力学特性模型的准确性。最后,揭示了压缩空气热迟滞随频率变化的内在规律。研究结果为查明空气弹簧的迟滞非线性机理及其有效利用提供了理论支撑。

压缩空气  /  热交换效应  /  迟滞特性  /  频率相关性  /  空气弹簧

The heat exchange effect of internal compressed air leads to strong thermal hysteresis and frequency correlation of air springs’ mechanical properties. Therefore, a thermal hysteresis equivalent mechanical model is constructed to describe the energy exchange process of compressed air inside air springs in this paper. Based on the rubber airbag modal, an air spring hysteresis mechanical characteristic model covering both rubber airbag hysteresis and compressed air thermal hysteresis is constructed, and an identification method for the key parameters of the model is provided. The experiments show that the maximum errors of the hysteresis loop and dynamic stiffness are less than 3.3% and 6.7%, respectively, verifying the accuracy of the hysteresis mechanical characteristic model. Finally, the inherent law of the thermal hysteresis of compressed air with frequency varying is revealed. The research results provide theoretical support for identifying the hysteresis nonlinear mechanism of air springs and its effective utilization.

compressed air  /  heat exchange effect  /  hysteresis characteristic  /  frequency correlation  /  air springs
陈俊杰, 徐进嫄, 沈钰杰, 吕辉. 空气弹簧内部压缩气体热迟滞等效力学模型. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (7) : 1294 -1301 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.07.016
Junjie Chen, Jinyuan Xu, Yujie Shen, Lü Hui. Thermal Hysteresis Equivalent Mechanical Model of Compressed Air Inside Air Springs[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (7) : 1294 -1301 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.07.016
空气悬架因其出色隔振性能而被广泛应用于新能源乘用车、商用车、轨道车辆及空气悬浮座椅悬架中1-3。膜式空气弹簧(rolling lobe air spring,RLAS)作为空气悬架的核心部件,其承载力由橡胶气囊及其内部压缩气体提供,其力学特性受橡胶气囊力学特性及其内部压缩气体热交换的影响而具有强烈的迟滞性,导致精确描述空气弹簧迟滞力学特性极具困难4-6。内部压缩空气对空气弹簧总刚度贡献大7,在进行总刚度预测时须考虑内部压缩气体的动态多变过程8,气体热交换产生的能量损耗对整体迟滞特性不可忽略。而在空气弹簧迟滞力学研究中,大多数学者忽视了内部高压空气热迟滞的影响,或是只考虑等温或绝热的极端情况,对空气弹簧内部压缩气体与外界环境之间的热交换效应的研究有待进一步深入。
大多学者只考虑了内部压缩气体的绝热或等温的工况,忽略了工作过程中空气弹簧与外界环境热量交换而造成的能量损失9。Lee4将可压缩流体的热力学模型运用在RLAS内部压缩气体上,建立了带附加气室的热力学通用力学模型,但未对热交换过程细化分析。Löcken等10在考虑空气弹簧各部件以热对流和热传导形式同时进行热交换的情况下,通过对有效体积的计算分析研究了空气弹簧迟滞非线性。于航等11通过有限元方法仅分析了橡胶气囊材料性质和结构参数在不同温度条件下对空气弹簧静刚度的影响。Wu等12进一步结合热力学、空气动力学及结构动力学给出一套双腔室空气弹簧的精确模型,并基于试验结果给出模型中关键非线性参数辨识的一般方法,但忽视了橡胶气囊对空气弹簧迟滞特性的影响。
Coulomb摩擦模型多用于描述空气弹簧气囊的振幅相关性,在此之上与分数导数Kelvin-Voigt模型结合可有效描述空气弹簧的振幅相关性和频率相关性5。亦有学者从橡胶Payne效应入手,构建包含热交换能耗和橡胶迟滞的空气弹簧模型13。但上述研究均未考虑压强变化对橡胶气囊力学特性的影响,模型不具备工作压强范围的普适性。
综上所述,尚缺乏对内部压缩气体多变过程热交换过程的详尽分析,涵盖橡胶气囊迟滞和压缩空气热迟滞的空气弹簧迟滞力学特性模型很少见报道。本文针对工作过程中内部压缩气体与外界环境的热交换效应,综合分析热量以传导和对流两种形式流动的复杂过程,建立等效热网络,构建具有频率相关性的空气弹簧内部压缩气体热迟滞等效力学模型;引入压强因子建立压强统一方程,通过分段式线弹性模型和Coulomb摩擦压强摄动模型描述橡胶气囊材料的弹塑性和空气弹簧的振幅相关性,最终构建了包含橡胶气囊迟滞和压缩空气热迟滞的空气弹簧迟滞力学模型。
图 1所示,空气弹簧迟滞力学模型力F AS和刚度K AS由3部分组成:内部压缩气体热迟滞等效力学模型力F air和刚度K air;Coulomb摩擦压强摄动模型力F fp e)和刚度K fp e);分段式线弹性模型力F e和刚度K e
F A S = F a i r + F f ( p e ) + F e
K A S = K a i r + K f ( p e ) + K e
空气弹簧工作过程中伴随着能量变化,基于热力学定律可得:
Q ˙ h e a t + W ˙ + H ˙ e n = U ˙
Q ˙ h e a t = A h e a t K h e a t T a - T e W ˙ = - p e V ˙ e H ˙ e n = h i n m ˙ i n - h o u t m ˙ o u t U ˙ = m ˙ e C V T e + m e C V T ˙ e
式中:Q heat为热交换能量;W为体积功;H en为焓变;U为内部气体内能;A heat K heat为热交换热阻;T eT a分别为内、外气体温度;T inT out分别为进入进出气体温度;p ep a分别为内、外绝对气压;C VC p分别为定容、定压比热容;m e为内部气体质量;m inm out分别为入、出气体质量;h inh out分别为入、出气体焓,通常取h in=C p T inh out=C p T out
本文研究对象为单腔室空气弹簧,无气体出入,焓变H en =0。可得内部压缩气体热力学模型3
A h e a t K h e a t T a - T e - p e V ˙ e = m ˙ e C V T e + m e C V T ˙ e
R为理想气体常数,引入比热容比κ和气体状态方程及其微分形式可得:
A h e a t K h e a t T a - T e = C p p e V ˙ e + C V p ˙ e V e R
式(6)左项中热交换过程可根据温度梯度进一步细分。如图 2所示,设T a<T e,空气弹簧内外壁温度分别为 T w i 2 T w i 1 Q ˙ i为部件i热交换速率,i=1、2、3分别对应部件气囊、盖板、活塞。热量沿温度梯度从高到低流动,T e T w i 2 T w i 2 T w i 1 T w i 1T a分别为对流、传导、对流传热;AikiAiαi 为对应热阻。 A i 2 A i 1分别为内、外对流面积; A i k为传导面积; α i 1 α i 2分别为内、外对流系数;ki 为传导系数。
Q ˙ i = A i 1 α i 1 T w i 1 - T e + A i k k i T w i 2 - T w i 1 +
A i 2 α i 2 T a - T w i 2
空气弹簧各部件之间传热并联,自身对流和传导两种传热形式串联10,可等效为网络并计算等效热阻R heat,数值由空气弹簧结构及材料性质决定,如图 3所示。
R h e a t = i = 1,2 , 3 n 1 1 A i 1 α i 1 + 1 A i k k i + 1 A i 2 α i 2
结合式(6)式(8)可得内部压强p e的1阶非齐次线性微分方程:
p ˙ e + p e κ V ˙ e V e + K 1 - K 2 V e = 0
K 1 = R h e a t m e C V K 2 = R h e a t T a κ - 1
压缩气体热迟滞等效力学模型承载力和刚度分别为
F a i r = p e - p a V e '
K a i r = d F a i r d H h
式中:总成高度H h=H 0+hH 0为静平衡高度,hH h相对H 0变化量,设定为下正上负; V e '=dV e/dH h V e =d V e '/dH h
式(9)式(10)式(11)联立,可得:
F ˙ a i r + F a i r κ V e ' V e - V e V e ' h ˙ + K 1 +
p a V e ' κ V e ' V e h ˙ + K 1 - K 2 V e ' V e = 0
式中: V e ' h ˙ = V ˙ e V e = d V e '/dh
在初始状态时, F a i r = F 0 = p e 0 - p a 0 V e 0 '
F ˙ a i r + K 1 F a i r - F 0 + K 3 h ˙ + K 4 h = 0
K 3 = F 0 κ V e 0 ' V e 0 - V e 0 V e 0 ' + κ p e 0 V e 0 ' 2 V e 0 K 4 = K 1 p a V e 0 - K 2 V e 0 V e 0 - V e 0 ' V e 0 2
用三参量模型等效空气弹簧压缩气体热迟滞力学模型,此时承载力由弹簧c 0c 1和阻尼b提供。
F a i r - F 0 + b c 1 F ˙ a i r = c 0 h + b 1 + c 0 c 1 h ˙
c 0 = - K 4 K 1 = F 0 V e 0 V e 0 ' - V e 0 ' V e 0 + p a V e 0 ' 2 V e 0 c 1 = - K 3 - c 0 = κ - 1 p a V e 0 ' - F 0 V e 0 ' V e 0 b = c 1 K 1 = p a V e 0 ' - F 0 2 T a R h e a t
当总成高度变化量为正弦激励时,即hω)= h 0sin(ωt),F air=F airω)。经Laplace变换后可得F airs)与hs)之间关系:
F a i r s = h s c 0 + c 1 + c 1 2 b s + c 1
频率趋于0时,F airs)近似hsc 0;频率趋于无穷时,F airs)近似hs)(c 0+c 1),具有频率相关性。
Coulomb摩擦模型可以通过较少的参数准确描述橡胶材料的振幅相关性7,引入压强因子描述变压强工况下模型参数变化情况,建立Coulomb摩擦压强摄动模型。模型承载力和刚度为
F f ( p e ) = F f s ,                                                                                             h = h s F f s + h - h s h 2 ( p e ) 1 - Δ + h - h s F f m a x ( p e ) - F f s , h > h s F f s + h - h s h 2 ( p e ) 1 + Δ - h - h s F f m a x ( p e ) + F f s , h < h s
K f ( p e ) = F f m a x ( p e ) 2 h 2 ( p e ) h 0 h 2 ( p e ) 2 + h 0 2 + 6 h 2 ( p e ) h 0 - h 2 ( p e ) - h 0
式中:F fmaxp e)、h 2p e)分别为最大摩擦力、达到最大摩擦力一半时对应的hh sF fs分别为参考状态的h、力,初始值均为0; Δ=F fs/F fmaxp e), Δ∈[-1,1]。
为表征橡胶气囊模型参数随压强因子变化的规律,构建压强统一方程:
Y = A Y p e + B Y
式中:YF fmaxp e)或h 2p e);AYBY 分别为与Y映射的压强比例系数和方程常量。
内部压缩气体热迟滞等效力学模型具备频率相关性,且在空气弹簧总刚度值中,压缩气体占比与分数导数模型占比相差较大7,简化为使用分段式线弹性模型:
F e = K e i h e i
式中:F e为分段式线弹性力;K e i 为对于不同高度变化范围内h e i 的不同刚度值,i=1,2,3,4,5,6。
使用MTS852.05弹性体试验台进行动态力学特性试验,试验装置及对应工装构成如图 4所示。试验对象为课题组与国内某企业联合设计、制造的空气弹簧样品A。试验环境为室内,试验温度23±2 ℃,排除外部振动因素,设置不同内部初始压强,模拟不同负载范围下空气弹簧所提供的承载力。
具体试验操作规程如下。
将气囊调节至静平衡高度,向空气弹簧内部充入气体使初始绝对压强为5×105和7×105 Pa,关闭气压阀。在作动端施加振幅为15 mm的正弦激励,频率分别为0.02(准静态)、0.5、1~5 Hz(间隔1 Hz),通过试验得到空气弹簧在准静态至5 Hz范围的力学特性曲线。
使用准静态试验数据,辨识方法如图 5所示,具体如下514
(1)进行准静态试验数据F AS迟滞环的辨识。对F AS迟滞环采用切线法得到K air+K eK 1maxF f1maxp e)。
(2)通过式(16)式(17)计算F air
(3)进行F air迟滞环的辨识。F air具备迟滞性,同样采用切线法得到K airK 2maxF f2maxp e)。K air+K e减去K airK eF f1maxp e)减去F f2maxp e)得F fmaxp e),K 1max减去K 2maxK max
(4)计算h 2p e)。其与K air+K eF fmaxp e)、K max关系如下:
h 2 p e = F f m a x p e K m a x - ( K e + K a i r )
(5)采用辨识得到的K eh 2p e)、F fmaxp e)计算准静态F AS,与试验数据进行对比,若满足精度要求则辨识完毕,否则重复之前所有步骤。
初始状态V e0及其对应的导数15F 0表 1。压强统一方程的比例系数AY 和常数BY 、振幅h 0、静平衡高度H 0和热阻A heat表 2所示。参数辨识得到的分段线弹性模型刚度K e i 和对应高度范围h eF fmax p e)及h 2p e)见表 1表 3
基于参数辨识得到的参数,计算初始状态压强分别为5×105和7×105 Pa的膜式空气弹簧静、动态特性,计算结果与试验值的迟滞环、刚度对比如图 6图 7所示。
不同频率下迟滞环和刚度最大相对误差如表 4所示,迟滞环和动刚度最大相对误差小于3.3%和6.7%,证明了压缩气体热迟滞等效力学模型和空气弹簧迟滞力学模型的准确性、参数辨识方法的有效性。
通过式(16)式(17)计算其所提供的承载力F air,初始压强5×105 Pa时不同频率下的迟滞环如图 8所示。通过对试验值和计算值F air的迟滞环求面积得到空气弹簧和F air的能量损耗,二者相减得到橡胶气囊的能量损耗,计算各能耗占比,结果如图 9表 5所示。
图 8可以看出,准静态时压缩气体热迟滞等效力学模型的迟滞现象最为显著。随频率增加,迟滞现象减弱直至迟滞环消失,除准静态频率之外的其他频率曲线都近似为直线。同时,根据能量损耗计算结果,压缩气体能耗在准静态时占比过半,而频率增加到5 Hz时不足5%。从准静态到2 Hz的频率变化范围内,空气弹簧的热交换效应急剧下降,热能损耗减小(由3.25降至0.25 J),从而导致能耗占比发生极大变化 (压缩气体由53.48%降至7.88%)。
结合压缩气体热迟滞等效力学模型迟滞现象和能量损耗随频率变化情况,可以分析得出如下空气弹簧工作过程中内部压缩气体热量变化规律。
在频率趋于0时,F airs)=hsc 0,近似等温过程,工作过程中空气弹簧内部压缩气体虽然会发生温度变化,但与外界环境进行了充分的热交换,内部压缩气体温度变化的波动能被及时抚平,能量以热量形式逸散至外界环境,形成了热迟滞现象;当频率趋于无穷大时,F airs)=hs)(c 0+c 1),接近绝热情况,内部压缩气体来不及与外界环境进行热交换,能量不再以热量形式流失,F air近似为一条直线,内部压缩气体引起的迟滞现象大幅减弱。
此外,橡胶气囊模型随频率变化不大(准静态与5 Hz能量损耗仅变化8%),但因压缩气体引起的迟滞现象随频率增加而减弱,空气弹簧的迟滞现象随之减弱,橡胶气囊迟滞现象相对占比逐渐增大。在频率增加到4 Hz时,迟滞现象近乎完全由橡胶气囊引起,热交换效应(占比3.82%)可忽略不计。
综上所述,空气弹簧的迟滞力学模型由内部压缩气体热迟滞等效力学模型和橡胶气囊模型共同构成。前者具有频率相关性,由内部压缩气体与外界环境的热交换引起,其迟滞性随频率增加减弱直至可忽略不计;后者受频率影响不大,仅取决于振幅而变化。在二者共同作用下,空气弹簧迟滞性随频率增加而减弱,直至仅由橡胶气囊引起黏弹性迟滞现象。同时,空气弹簧能耗占比随频率增加也在发生急剧变化,压缩气体热迟滞占比(由53%降至3%)和橡胶气囊弹塑性迟滞占比(由47%提高到97%)从接近相等变化至后者为前者32倍。从准静态到2 Hz范围内,空气弹簧的能耗和热交换效应急剧下降,热迟滞影响极速减弱直至逐渐消失。本文揭示了压缩空气热迟滞随频率变化的内在规律,所建模型涵盖压缩气体从等温状态、多变状态直至绝热状态的所有热力学变化状态,为查明空气弹簧的迟滞非线性机理提供了理论基础。
本文建立了一种热迟滞等效力学模型描述空气弹簧内部压缩气体热量流动过程,构建了涵盖橡胶气囊迟滞和压缩空气热迟滞的空气弹簧迟滞力学特性模型。
(1) 分析了压缩空气以热传导和热对流形式的热量流动过程,建立了内部压缩气体热迟滞等效力学模型,为深入研究不同工况下空气弹簧的热量变化及迟滞力学特性提供了理论支撑。
(2) 结合分段线性弹性模型和库仑摩擦压强摄动模型,构建了空气弹簧迟滞力学特性模型,给出了模型关键参数识别方法,试验验证了模型的准确性,为空气弹簧的迟滞力学性能研究和力学性能匹配奠定了理论基础。
(3) 阐明了空气弹簧迟滞现象是由压缩气体热迟滞和橡胶气囊弹塑性迟滞共同构成,具有频率相关性、振幅相关性和压强相关性,揭示了压缩空气热迟滞随频率变化的内在规律,为查明空气弹簧的迟滞非线性机理及其有效利用提供了科学指导。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52362053)
  • 江西省自然科学基金(20224BAB204039)
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2024年第46卷第7期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.07.016
  • 接收时间:2023-11-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2024-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-23
  • 修回日期:2024-01-30
基金
国家自然科学基金(52362053)
江西省自然科学基金(20224BAB204039)
作者信息
    1. 江西理工大学机电工程学院,赣州 341000
    2. 江苏大学汽车工程研究院,镇江 212013
    3. 华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院,广州 510641

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陈俊杰,副教授,博士/博士后,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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