Article(id=1154033082274403250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154033077719393113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.10.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706457600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-29, revisedDate=1713369600000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753072527711, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753072527711, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753072527711, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753072527711, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154033077719393113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='10', pageStart='1723', pageEnd='1936', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753072526626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753074249753, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1154040305079804333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154033077719393113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1154040305079804334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154033077719393113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1904, endPage=1919, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154033082643502003, articleId=1154033082274403250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Development and Validation of a Biomechanical Model with Anthropometry of 50th Percentile Chinese Male Occupant for Automobile Safety, columnId=1149809889280750125, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Selected Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The biomechanical human body model with detailed anatomical characteristics is urgently needed computational tool for the intelligent and digital development in the field of automotive safety. In this study , based on the latest Chinese adult body size standards, a biomechanical model of the 50th percentile Chinese male anthropometry car passenger (TUST IBMs M50-O) is developed with independent intellectual property rights. By reconstructing 3 sets of frontal blunt impacts, 5 sets of side blunt impacts, and 3 sets of sled cadaver or volunteer tests, the C-NCAP deformable moving barrier side impact test is simulated to verify the effectiveness and application value of the developed model from multiple angles and all directions. The results show that all the 11 sets of reconstructed experimental data are within the corresponding cadaveric and volunteer corridors, with an average difference of approximately 10%, verifying the effectiveness of the model. The TUST IBMs M50-O model and WorldSID 50th model exhibit the same kinematic responses in the side impact simulation. However, due to the compression from the upper extremity and elbow joint of the TUST IBMs M50-O model, the peak resultant accelerations of T4 and T12 thoracic spine reach 43.5g and 47.3g, higher than the values of 38.5g and 41.2g of the WorldSID 50th model. The TUST IBMs M50-O model is also used to analyze the human tissue level injury risks based on stress and strain. In conclusion, the TUST IBMs M50-O model exhibits high biofedility and can be used to investigate the impact of injury mechanisms and virtual testing. As a reliable computational tool, this model can offer technological support to the research and development of safety protection devices in intelligent vehicles and intelligent high-end equipment.

, articleAbstract=

The biomechanical human body model with detailed anatomical characteristics is urgently needed computational tool for the intelligent and digital development in the field of automotive safety. In this study,based on the latest Chinese adult body size standards,a biomechanical model of the 50th percentile Chinese male anthropometry car passenger (TUST IBMs M50-O) is developed with independent intellectual property rights. By reconstructing 3 sets of frontal blunt impacts,5 sets of side blunt impacts,and 3 sets of sled cadaver or volunteer tests,the C-NCAP deformable moving barrier side impact test is simulated to verify the effectiveness and application value of the developed model from multiple angles and all directions. The results show that all the 11 sets of reconstructed experimental data are within the corresponding cadaveric and volunteer corridors,with an average difference of approximately 10%,verifying the effectiveness of the model. The TUST IBMs M50-O model and WorldSID 50th model exhibit the same kinematic responses in the side impact simulation. However,due to the compression from the upper extremity and elbow joint of the TUST IBMs M50-O model,the peak resultant accelerations of T4 and T12 thoracic spine reach 43.5g and 47.3g,higher than the values of 38.5g and 41.2g of the WorldSID 50th model. The TUST IBMs M50-O model is also used to analyze the human tissue level injury risks based on stress and strain. In conclusion,the TUST IBMs M50-O model exhibits high biofedility and can be used to investigate the impact of injury mechanisms and virtual testing. As a reliable computational tool,this model can offer technological support to the research and development of safety protection devices in intelligent vehicles and intelligent high-end equipment.

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汽车安全领域的智能化和数字化发展都急需能代表真实人体特征的生物力学计算模型。本文以最新中国成年人人体尺寸标准为依据,开发具有自主知识产权的50th百分位中国男性体征汽车乘员生物力学模型(TUST IBMs M50-O)。通过重构3组正面钝性冲击、5组侧面钝性冲击和3组整人滑车尸体及志愿者试验,模拟C-NCAP可变形移动壁障侧面碰撞试验,多角度、全方位验证所开发模型的有效性及应用价值。结果表明:11组重构试验数据均在相应的尸体及志愿者试验通道内,平均差异在10%左右,验证了模型的有效性。TUST IBMs M50-O与WorldSID 50th假人模型在侧面碰撞中的运动趋势相同,但TUST IBMs M50-O模型上肢对胸部的挤压,使得胸椎T4和T12质心合成加速度峰值达到43.5g和47.3g,高于WorldSID 50th模型峰值38.5g和41.2g。同时,TUST IBMs M50-O模型也从应力应变角度评估人体组织层面的损伤风险。综上,TUST IBMs M50-O模型展现了类似真实人体的高生物逼真度,可用于组织层面的损伤机理研究,也可为智能汽车安全防护装置及智能高端装备领域产品研发、汽车虚拟测评提供可靠的计算工具和技术支撑。

, articleAbstract=

汽车安全领域的智能化和数字化发展都急需能代表真实人体特征的生物力学计算模型。本文以最新中国成年人人体尺寸标准为依据,开发具有自主知识产权的50th百分位中国男性体征汽车乘员生物力学模型(TUST IBMs M50-O)。通过重构3组正面钝性冲击、5组侧面钝性冲击和3组整人滑车尸体及志愿者试验,模拟C-NCAP可变形移动壁障侧面碰撞试验,多角度、全方位验证所开发模型的有效性及应用价值。结果表明:11组重构试验数据均在相应的尸体及志愿者试验通道内,平均差异在10%左右,验证了模型的有效性。TUST IBMs M50-O与WorldSID 50th假人模型在侧面碰撞中的运动趋势相同,但TUST IBMs M50-O模型上肢对胸部的挤压,使得胸椎T4和T12质心合成加速度峰值达到43.5g和47.3g,高于WorldSID 50th模型峰值38.5g和41.2g。同时,TUST IBMs M50-O模型也从应力应变角度评估人体组织层面的损伤风险。综上,TUST IBMs M50-O模型展现了类似真实人体的高生物逼真度,可用于组织层面的损伤机理研究,也可为智能汽车安全防护装置及智能高端装备领域产品研发、汽车虚拟测评提供可靠的计算工具和技术支撑。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李海岩,教授,博士,E-mail: lihaiyan@tust. edu. cn。
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注:A—胸部正面冲击;B—腹部正面棒击;C—膝关节正面冲击1.2 m/s;D—膝关节正面冲击3.5 m/s;E—膝关节正面冲击4.9 m/s;F—肩部侧面冲击0°;G—肩部侧面冲击15°;H—肩部侧面冲击-15°;I—胸部纯侧面冲击;J—胸部斜侧面冲击;K—腹部斜侧面冲击;L—骨盆左侧面冲击;M—骨盆右侧面冲击;N—头部质心加速度;O—T1质心加速度;P—T8质心加速度;Q—骨盆质心加速度。

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试验项目 冲击器加载条件 文献
直径/宽度/mm 质量/kg 速度/(m·s-1 冲击位置

正面钝性

冲击试验

胸部正面冲击 152 18.96 7.2 胸骨中心第四肋骨间隙 Kroell et al(1971,1974)[17-18]
腹部正面棒击 25 63.56 9.07 腰椎L3水平下腹部 Cavanaugh et al(1986)[19]
膝关节正面冲击 150 1.2/3.5/4.9 股骨髁中心 Rupp et al(2008)[20]

侧面钝性

冲击试验

肩部侧面冲击 150 23.4 1.5 右肩关节与肩峰中心 Sabine et al(2004)[21]
胸部纯侧面冲击 150 23.4 2.5 人体质心左侧 Shaw et al(2006)[22]
胸部斜侧面冲击 150 23.4 8.3 人体质心胸骨剑突左侧 Viano et al(1989)[23]
腹部斜侧面冲击 150 23.4 8.1 剑突下方7.5 cm右侧 Viano et al(1989)[23]
骨盆侧面冲击 150 23.4 5.1/9.6 股骨大转子中心 Viano et al(1989)[23]
试验项目 座椅靠背角度/(°) 速度/(km·h-1 文献

整人滑车

试验

正面碰撞滑车试验 20 50 Vezin et al(2001)[24]
侧面碰撞滑车试验 20 24.12 Maltese et al(2002)[25]
后碰撞滑车试验 20 8 Ono et al(1997)[26]
), ArticleFig(id=1183008911012545046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154033082274403250, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

TUST IBMs M50-O模型验证矩阵

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试验项目 冲击器加载条件 文献
直径/宽度/mm 质量/kg 速度/(m·s-1 冲击位置

正面钝性

冲击试验

胸部正面冲击 152 18.96 7.2 胸骨中心第四肋骨间隙 Kroell et al(1971,1974)[17-18]
腹部正面棒击 25 63.56 9.07 腰椎L3水平下腹部 Cavanaugh et al(1986)[19]
膝关节正面冲击 150 1.2/3.5/4.9 股骨髁中心 Rupp et al(2008)[20]

侧面钝性

冲击试验

肩部侧面冲击 150 23.4 1.5 右肩关节与肩峰中心 Sabine et al(2004)[21]
胸部纯侧面冲击 150 23.4 2.5 人体质心左侧 Shaw et al(2006)[22]
胸部斜侧面冲击 150 23.4 8.3 人体质心胸骨剑突左侧 Viano et al(1989)[23]
腹部斜侧面冲击 150 23.4 8.1 剑突下方7.5 cm右侧 Viano et al(1989)[23]
骨盆侧面冲击 150 23.4 5.1/9.6 股骨大转子中心 Viano et al(1989)[23]
试验项目 座椅靠背角度/(°) 速度/(km·h-1 文献

整人滑车

试验

正面碰撞滑车试验 20 50 Vezin et al(2001)[24]
侧面碰撞滑车试验 20 24.12 Maltese et al(2002)[25]
后碰撞滑车试验 20 8 Ono et al(1997)[26]
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骨盆 下肢
1.1 0.5 1.1 0.48 0.95 0.72
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TUST IBMs M50-O模型局部BRS

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骨盆 下肢
1.1 0.5 1.1 0.48 0.95 0.72
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试验项目 仿真结果
接触力-时间曲线 接触力-压缩量曲线
(a) 胸部正面冲击
(b) 腹部正面棒击
接触力-时间曲线
(c) 膝关节正面冲击(1.2 m/s)
(d)膝关节正面冲击(3.5 m/s)
(e) 膝关节正面冲击(4.9 m/s)
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附录1 TUST IBMs M50-O相关验证曲线1

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试验项目 仿真结果
接触力-时间曲线 接触力-压缩量曲线
(a) 胸部正面冲击
(b) 腹部正面棒击
接触力-时间曲线
(c) 膝关节正面冲击(1.2 m/s)
(d)膝关节正面冲击(3.5 m/s)
(e) 膝关节正面冲击(4.9 m/s)
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试验项目 仿真结果
接触力-时间曲线 压缩量-时间曲线
(a) 0°肩部侧面冲击
(b) 15°肩部侧面冲击
(c) -15°肩部侧面冲击
接触力-时间曲线 接触力-压缩量曲线
(d) 胸部纯侧面冲击
(e) 胸部斜侧面冲击
(f) 腹部斜侧面冲击
(g) 左侧骨盆冲击试验
(h) 右侧骨盆冲击试验
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附录2 TUST IBMs M50-O 相关验证曲线2

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试验项目 仿真结果
接触力-时间曲线 压缩量-时间曲线
(a) 0°肩部侧面冲击
(b) 15°肩部侧面冲击
(c) -15°肩部侧面冲击
接触力-时间曲线 接触力-压缩量曲线
(d) 胸部纯侧面冲击
(e) 胸部斜侧面冲击
(f) 腹部斜侧面冲击
(g) 左侧骨盆冲击试验
(h) 右侧骨盆冲击试验
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试验项目 仿真结果
加速度-时间曲线
头部 第一胸椎 (T1)
第八胸椎 (T8) 骨盆
(a) 正面碰撞滑车试验
接触力-时间曲线
胸部 腹部
骨盆 大腿
(b) 侧面碰撞滑车试验
头部质心旋转角度-时间曲线
(c) 后碰撞滑车试验
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附录3 TUST IBMs M50-O相关验证曲线3

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试验项目 仿真结果
加速度-时间曲线
头部 第一胸椎 (T1)
第八胸椎 (T8) 骨盆
(a) 正面碰撞滑车试验
接触力-时间曲线
胸部 腹部
骨盆 大腿
(b) 侧面碰撞滑车试验
头部质心旋转角度-时间曲线
(c) 后碰撞滑车试验
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面向汽车安全的中国体征50th百分位男性乘员生物力学模型开发及验证*
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李海岩 1 , 慕鹏飞 1 , 王彦鑫 1 , 冉令华 2 , 崔世海 1 , 贺丽娟 1 , 吕文乐 1 , 阮世捷 1
汽车工程 | 精选论文 2024,46(10): 1904-1919
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汽车工程 | 精选论文 2024, 46(10): 1904-1919
面向汽车安全的中国体征50th百分位男性乘员生物力学模型开发及验证*
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李海岩1, 慕鹏飞1, 王彦鑫1, 冉令华2, 崔世海1, 贺丽娟1, 吕文乐1, 阮世捷1
作者信息
  • 1. 天津科技大学,现代汽车安全技术国际联合研究中心,天津 300222
  • 2. 中国标准化研究院,北京 100191

通讯作者:

李海岩,教授,博士,E-mail: lihaiyan@tust. edu. cn。
Development and Validation of a Biomechanical Model with Anthropometry of 50th Percentile Chinese Male Occupant for Automobile Safety
Haiyan Li1, Pengfei Mu1, Yanxin Wang1, Linghua Ran2, Shihai Cui1, Lijuan He1, Lü Wenle1, Shijie Ruan1
Affiliations
  • 1. Tianjin University of Science and Technology,International Research Association on Emerging Automotive Safety Technology,Tianjin 300222
  • 2. China National Institute of Standardization,Beijing 100191
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.10.017
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汽车安全领域的智能化和数字化发展都急需能代表真实人体特征的生物力学计算模型。本文以最新中国成年人人体尺寸标准为依据,开发具有自主知识产权的50th百分位中国男性体征汽车乘员生物力学模型(TUST IBMs M50-O)。通过重构3组正面钝性冲击、5组侧面钝性冲击和3组整人滑车尸体及志愿者试验,模拟C-NCAP可变形移动壁障侧面碰撞试验,多角度、全方位验证所开发模型的有效性及应用价值。结果表明:11组重构试验数据均在相应的尸体及志愿者试验通道内,平均差异在10%左右,验证了模型的有效性。TUST IBMs M50-O与WorldSID 50th假人模型在侧面碰撞中的运动趋势相同,但TUST IBMs M50-O模型上肢对胸部的挤压,使得胸椎T4和T12质心合成加速度峰值达到43.5g和47.3g,高于WorldSID 50th模型峰值38.5g和41.2g。同时,TUST IBMs M50-O模型也从应力应变角度评估人体组织层面的损伤风险。综上,TUST IBMs M50-O模型展现了类似真实人体的高生物逼真度,可用于组织层面的损伤机理研究,也可为智能汽车安全防护装置及智能高端装备领域产品研发、汽车虚拟测评提供可靠的计算工具和技术支撑。

中国体征人体模型  /  50th百分位男性  /  汽车乘员  /  损伤仿生模型  /  侧面碰撞

The biomechanical human body model with detailed anatomical characteristics is urgently needed computational tool for the intelligent and digital development in the field of automotive safety. In this study,based on the latest Chinese adult body size standards,a biomechanical model of the 50th percentile Chinese male anthropometry car passenger (TUST IBMs M50-O) is developed with independent intellectual property rights. By reconstructing 3 sets of frontal blunt impacts,5 sets of side blunt impacts,and 3 sets of sled cadaver or volunteer tests,the C-NCAP deformable moving barrier side impact test is simulated to verify the effectiveness and application value of the developed model from multiple angles and all directions. The results show that all the 11 sets of reconstructed experimental data are within the corresponding cadaveric and volunteer corridors,with an average difference of approximately 10%,verifying the effectiveness of the model. The TUST IBMs M50-O model and WorldSID 50th model exhibit the same kinematic responses in the side impact simulation. However,due to the compression from the upper extremity and elbow joint of the TUST IBMs M50-O model,the peak resultant accelerations of T4 and T12 thoracic spine reach 43.5g and 47.3g,higher than the values of 38.5g and 41.2g of the WorldSID 50th model. The TUST IBMs M50-O model is also used to analyze the human tissue level injury risks based on stress and strain. In conclusion,the TUST IBMs M50-O model exhibits high biofedility and can be used to investigate the impact of injury mechanisms and virtual testing. As a reliable computational tool,this model can offer technological support to the research and development of safety protection devices in intelligent vehicles and intelligent high-end equipment.

human body model with Chinese anthropometry  /  the 50th percentile Chinese male  /  occupant  /  injury bionic model  /  side impact
李海岩, 慕鹏飞, 王彦鑫, 冉令华, 崔世海, 贺丽娟, 吕文乐, 阮世捷. 面向汽车安全的中国体征50th百分位男性乘员生物力学模型开发及验证*. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (10) : 1904 -1919 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.10.017
Haiyan Li, Pengfei Mu, Yanxin Wang, Linghua Ran, Shihai Cui, Lijuan He, Lü Wenle, Shijie Ruan. Development and Validation of a Biomechanical Model with Anthropometry of 50th Percentile Chinese Male Occupant for Automobile Safety[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (10) : 1904 -1919 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.10.017
国家统计局发布的数据显示,2016-2021年中国道路交通事故发生数从约21.3万起上升至27.3万起,造成了极大的经济损失[1]。WHO最新发布的《2023年全球道路安全现状报告》[2]中指出,在所有道路交通死亡中,汽车和其他四轮轻型车辆乘员的死亡人数占总道路交通死亡的30%,男性与女性的总死亡比例为3∶1,可见,男性在道路交通死亡中占有较大比例,须给予更多的关注。当前,各国汽车碰撞安全法规和新车评价规程中都广泛使用50th百分位男性假人来评定汽车碰撞过程中男性驾乘人员的安全保护效果。众所周知,目前采用的拟人测试装置(anthropomorphic test devices,ATDs)是针对特定碰撞工况开发,如正面碰撞的Hybrid Ⅲ假人和THOR假人,侧面碰撞的Euro- SID和WorldSID假人及后碰撞的BioRID-II型假人等,但真实世界发生的碰撞不单是纯粹的正面碰撞、侧面碰撞或后碰撞,往往是一个复杂且综合的碰撞形式,显然现有的ATDs在其他碰撞工况上重现人体运动学能力存在局限性[3],而具有高生物逼真度的人体有限元模型能够很好地解决这一问题。
近年来,国内外人体有限元模型的构建方法主要有两种。一种是选取人体测量尺寸符合要求的志愿者进行医学影像扫描,通过图像处理重构人体各组织几何模型,然后划分网格,构建有限元模型。另一种是通过对现有人体模型进行缩放得到目标模型。目前,国外已经开发了几个版本的50th百分位男性人体有限元模型。如日本丰田汽车研究所开发的人体安全模型(total human model for safety,THUMS)[4],经过不断更新,该系列人体模型已发展到第七代。全球人体模型联盟(global human body models consortium,GHBMC)基于西方人体尺寸开发的GHBMC M50人体有限元模型,包括详细版和简化版,简化版的GHBMC M50-OS模型[5]能够提高计算效率,更专注于针对特定区域进行研究。由欧盟资助开发了一个接近欧洲50th百分位男性坐姿HUMOS(human model for safety)人体安全模型[6]。Humanetics公司针对不同碰撞工况开发了Hybrid Ⅲ 50th、Thor 50M 、WorldSID-50M、ES-2、BioRID-II型假人相对应的有限元模型[7-8],在汽车碰撞仿真分析中得到广泛应用。上述50th百分位有限元模型均基于欧美50th百分位男性体征数据开发所得,与中国50th百分位男性体征具有一定的差异,比如身高、坐高等尺寸,因此,依据欧美国家人体尺寸模型对乘员碰撞安全进行开发设计是否能够对中国乘员起到合理的安全保护还须进一步研究[9]。为此,2008年白中浩等[10]应用MADYMO软件,通过对Hybrid Ⅲ 50th百分位假人模型进行缩放,得到了中国50th百分位男性假人模型。2014年曹立波等[11-12]对Hybrid Ⅲ假人采用整体分段比例法进行调整,获得中国50th百分位假人有限元模型,并应用这些假人模型开展碰撞损伤研究。
这些经过缩放调整获得的50th百分位男性假人有限元模型部分组织解剖学结构不够详实,然而人体碰撞损伤机理的研究需要更像真实人体的高生物逼真度的有限元模型,才能更好地表达人体碰撞过程及损伤评估。随着我国汽车工业智能化、数字化和智能高端检测装备的快速发展,人们已不再局限于汽车的运输性能,而更关注其驾乘舒适性,这些都急需更能代表中国人体特征的计算模型作为研发的基础工具,因此,开发符合中国人体特征的50th百分位男性乘员生物力学模型非常必要。
依据中国标准化研究院最新测量统计数据GB/T 10000—2023 [13],以身高和体质量为主要参数选择代表中国50th百分位男性体征的健康志愿者,其身高171 cm、体质量67 kg。按照伦理学要求分多次采集志愿者CT医学影像数据,依据如图1所示流程开发完成中国体征50th百分位男性汽车乘员生物力学模型,命名为:图斯特50th百分位男性乘员损伤仿生模型(TUST IBMs M50-O)。模型坐高91.7 cm,体质量67.1 kg,肩宽45.3 cm,共计162.8万个单元,130.2万个节点,包含详细的脑组织、骨骼、肌肉、内脏器官、皮肤及脂肪等真实的人体组织结构。模型开发具体步骤如下。
首先,完成人体组织器官几何模型重构。按照人体各区域分为头、颈、胸腹、骨盆和四肢分别完成。如图1(a)所示,基于采集的CT医学影像数据,在Mimics软件中,依据解剖学结构准确提取皮肤、肌肉、骨骼、内脏器官等组织结构几何轮廓,重构人体几何模型。为保证组织器官几何轮廓光滑,在Geomagic软件中,严格按照解剖学结构特征进行B样条光滑平顺处理,再依据各组织结构特征进行合理的曲面片划分,按形状划分为六面体几何模型、多面体几何模型和梯形几何模型,为实现高质量的有限元网格奠定基础。
然后,完成人体各区域有限元网格模型构建。如图1(b)所示,在有限元前处理软件ANSA中,分别对各组织几何模型进行网格划分,包括骨骼、肌肉、内脏器官、脂肪、韧带、皮肤及软组织。模型中的实体有限元网格以六面体单元为主,用于模拟肌腱、韧带等组织的2D壳单元以四边形为主。模型中各组织结构均采用共节点形式连接,不同组织结构之间通过2D壳单元或实体单元进行连接。以皮肤为边界通过ANSA软件中的Exturde命令,以肌肉外侧筋膜壳单元向皮肤进行投影,在皮肤与肌肉之间构建实体网格模拟脂肪组织。再根据各组织结构的力学特性,赋予相应的材料属性。
由于志愿者躺在CT床上拍摄时脊柱呈塌陷状态,因此在构建胸腹部有限元模型前须参照成人正常脊柱生理曲度[14]进行调整,如图2所示。然后胸腔结构及器官也须进行相应的调整,这也是保证人体模型生物逼真度的关键步骤之一。
最后,完成乘员模型构建。如图1(c)所示,依据人机工程学理论,参考成人坐姿状态下躯干角度[15],在所构建有限元网格模型基础上,以肩关节、肘关节、髋臼窝、膝关节处的水平轴线为旋转轴,将所构建有限元模型调整为乘员姿态。对于调整后所涉及的肌肉组织按照解剖学结构和肌学原理进行适当的变形优化,以确保模型的生物逼真度。然后完成各区域模型连接,构建具有自主知识产权的、高生物仿真度的中国体征50th百分位男性汽车乘员损伤仿生模型(TUST IBMs M50-O)。根据有限元理论,对模型进行网格质量及计算精度校验,雅可比大于0.3、翘曲度小于50°、扭曲度小于60°、长宽比小于8、 无负体积,满足相关要求[16]
在完成区域模型验证的基础上,本文中针对所开发的乘员模型在整人层面进行相关验证试验。应用TUST IBMs M50-O模型,选取与所开发模型身高体质量误差在 ±10%内的尸体及志愿者试验,参照其相应的加载条件,设置人体模型与冲击器或约束系统的面面接触及摩擦(动/静摩擦因数均为0.3),重构3组正面钝性冲击、5组侧面钝性冲击尸体试验和3组整人滑车试验,以验证所开发模型的有效性,验证矩阵如表1所示。
参照C-NCAP(2021版)可变形移动壁障(mobile deformable barrier,MDB)侧面碰撞试验加载条件,将TUST IBMs M50-O与WorldSID 50th模型分别放置于某款已经验证的车辆驾驶员侧座椅位置,分别为两模型构建三点式安全带,并设置两模型与安全带和试验车辆的面面接触,动/静摩擦因数均设置为0.3,如图3所示。可移动台车(AE-MDB)以50 km/h的速度撞击车辆驾驶员侧,进行MDB工况仿真试验,对比分析两模型运动学响应,以进一步验证TUST IBMs M50-O模型的有效性,并从生物力学角度分析模型的损伤情况。
3组正面钝性冲击、5组侧面钝性冲击和3组整人滑车验证试验与尸体及志愿者试验结果曲线对比如附录1~附录3所示。在11组验证试验中可见TUST IBMs M50-O模型与尸体及志愿者试验中各相应曲线趋势一致,均在相应的尸体及志愿者试验通道内,接触力、压缩量和加速度峰值与尸体及志愿者试验峰值或平均值差异在10%左右,如图4所示。因此,从正面、侧面和滑车试验多个角度验证了TUST IBMs M50-O模型的有效性。
图5所示,在0~50 ms,冲击使得驾驶员侧车门发生变形,乘员运动状态并不明显。50~100 ms,乘员向撞击侧移动,尽管安全带对两模型上躯干均起到约束作用,但两种计算模型头部均与车辆内饰发生碰撞接触。由于TUST IBMs M50-O与WorldSID 50th模型手臂抬起高度不同,且WorldSID 50th模型手臂存在部分缺失,导致两模型胸腹部运动响应存在一定差异。100~350 ms,两模型均向副驾驶侧回弹。从350 ms的碰撞仿真可以看出,TUST IBMs M50-O与WorldSID 50th模型在MDB侧面碰撞工况中运动趋势具有较高的一致性。
提取两模型头部质心、T4、T12胸椎和骨盆质心合成加速度-时间曲线(图6)可见,曲线整体趋势相同。头部质心合成加速度曲线峰值出现时刻与峰值大小均较为接近,其中TUST IBMs M50-O模型头部HIC15和3 ms合成加速度分别为885.3g和121.1g、WorldSID 50th假人模型相应为873.6g和118.7g。由此可以看出,两模型头部具有较好的一致性,但均超过C-NCAP规定的低性能限值700g和80g,如图6(a)所示。
图6(b)所示,TUST IBMs M50-O模型T4质心合成加速度峰值高出WorldSID 50th假人13%,且峰值时刻较为提前。两模型T12质心合成加速度峰值分别为47.3g和41.2g,TUST IBMs M50-O模型第1个峰值出现时刻与WorldSID 50th假人相近,第2个峰值出现时刻与WorldSID 50th假人相比稍有提前,如图6(c)所示。骨盆质心合成加速度曲线如图6(d)所示,峰值出现时刻与峰值大小均较为接近。综上,TUST IBMs M50-O与WorldSID 50th假人头部质心、T4、T12和骨盆运动趋势相同。
TUST IBMs M50-O模型具有详细的脑组织结构,能够从应力应变角度进行损伤风险评估。如图7所示,由于碰撞过程中头部左侧与车辆内饰接触,在65 ms时刻TUST IBMs M50-O模型颅骨最大主应变达到0.4127%,但未发生骨折。脑组织Von Mises应力和剪切应力最大值均出现在左侧灰质底部靠近前叶处,分别为30.95和17.75 kPa。最大主应变出现在脑白质处,为49.87%,依据文献[27]~文献[30]中给出的损伤阈值,表明出现严重脑损伤。
从颈部的运动学姿态可见,在侧面冲击过程中,头颈部主要表现为侧向屈曲,颈部椎间盘会由于椎体间的挤压而产生损伤。由图8可知,TUST IBMs M50-O模型颈椎密质骨和松质骨Von Mises应力最大值均出现在C1下关节突处,分别为167.4和19.05 MPa,椎间盘Von Mises应力在C5-C6节椎间盘右侧出现最大值,为31.95 MPa。根据文献中给出的颈椎密质骨和松质骨骨折的Von Mises应力阈值236和59 MPa[31],以及颈椎间盘达到30 MPa时出现撕裂伤[32],可以判断颈部存在撕裂伤风险。
根据文献中给出的肋骨发生骨折时密质骨应变为2.375%[33],肺部最大第1主应变损伤阈值28.4%[34],心脏、肝、肾、脾的损伤阈值为30%[35-36],大肠、小肠与胃的损伤阈值为130%[37],观察仿真试验中肋骨及胸腹部组织器官最大主应变云图(图9)可知,胸部由于受到车门和上肢的侧向挤压,左侧第5-9肋骨达到失效应变,发生骨折断裂。左肺受到肋骨骨折和侧向挤压影响,最大主应变达到108.7%,出现严重损伤。右肺受到心脏和右侧肋骨挤压作用,最大主应变达到31.53%,存在轻度损伤风险。心脏在双侧肺部挤压作用下,最大主应变达到22.78%,未超出损伤阈值。肝脏受到器官间挤压及安全带作用,最大主应变达到41.3%,出现损伤。脾脏受到左侧肘关节挤压作用,最大主应变达到42.85%,出现损伤风险。左肾受到左侧肋骨挤压作用,最大主应变达到31.58%,右肾与腰椎横突直接接触,最大主应变达到33.98%,均存在损伤风险。胃、大肠和小肠主要受到器官间的挤压作用,最大主应变分别为112.8%、73.76%和122.7%,均未达到相应的损伤阈值,表明损伤风险较低。综上,由于受到车辆压溃入侵和上肢及肘关节的挤压作用,左侧第5-9肋骨发生骨折断裂,胸腹部器官也存在不同程度的损伤。
侧面碰撞中车门侵入变形容易对骨盆区域造成损伤。由图10可见,TUST IBMs M50-O模型中骨盆密质骨和松质骨最大Von Mises应力均出现在耻骨联合处。提取两模型骨盆耻骨力分别为3.08和3.96 kN,均超出C-NCAP低性能限值2.8 kN,表明骨盆存在损伤风险。
应用TUST IBMs M50-O模型重构的11组正面、侧面钝性冲击和整人滑车验证试验,从多个角度验证了该模型的有效性。参考NHTSA提出的一种生物仿真度评估体系(biofidelity ranking system,BRS)[38],采用式(1)可定量计算BRS值,用于评估所有类型和尺寸的假人生物仿真度,BRS ≤ 1为生物仿真度非常高,1<BRS<2为生物仿真度高。
B = i = 1 l j = 1 m k = 1 n R i , j , k n m l
式中:B为生物仿真度等级;R为响应测量值;i为身体区域;j为试验条件;k为响应测量结果;l为身体区域数量;m为试验条件数量;n为每个测试条件的响应测量数。
通过对重构验证试验结果和相应通道计算得到TUST IBMs M50-O模型各区域BRS值如表2所示。可以看出模型各局部区域生物仿真度都处于较高水平。因此TUST IBMs M50-O模型具有高生物仿真度。
进一步应用TUST IBMs M50-O与WorldSID 50th假人模型模拟C-NCAP可变形移动壁障侧面碰撞试验,发现两模型在0~350 ms过程中运动趋势一致,T4、T12、骨盆质心合成加速度-时间曲线走势相同,且头部和骨盆质心合成加速度-时间曲线在峰值时刻和峰值大小均具有一致性,如图5图6所示。但TUST IBMs M50-O模型中T4、T12质心合成加速度-时间曲线峰值大于WorldSID 50th假人模型,峰值出现时刻也先于WorldSID 50th假人模型。进一步分析两模型运动学响应(图11)可以清晰看出,在整个侧面碰撞过程中,TUST IBMs M50-O模型详细的解剖学结构真实地反映出手臂和肘关节在50 ms时刻开始对胸腹部产生挤压,而WorldSID 50th假人模型由于没有完整的手臂,则没能表现这一运动学响应,因此,两模型所表现出的胸腹部损伤也存在差异。
图11(b)可见,在40 ms左侧手臂和肘关节开始与胸腹部接触,50 ms肘关节与左侧胸部产生挤压,这是导致左侧第5-9肋骨发生骨折断裂的直接原因。从图9中也可以看出,当肘关节挤压导致肋骨骨折后,冲击载荷进一步向内脏器官传递,使得胸腹部内脏器官受到不同程度的损伤。可见,上肢在侧面碰撞中对力的传递效果,因此,在侧面碰撞保护评价中应考虑这一因素的影响。
基于符合中国50th百分位男性体征的志愿者医学影像数据,开发了具有详实解剖学结构的中国体征50th百分位男性汽车乘员损伤仿生模型,命名为:图斯特50th百分位男性乘员损伤仿生模型(TUST IBMs M50-O)。通过重构11组尸体及志愿者正面钝性冲击、侧面钝性冲击和整人滑车试验,从多个角度验证了模型的有效性。模拟C-NCAP可变形移动壁障侧面碰撞试验,讨论了TUST IBMs M50-O与WorldSID 50th假人模型的运动学响应,并从组织器官层面深入分析了乘员碰撞损伤机理,得出以下结论。
(1)TUST IBMs M50-O模型展现了类似真人的解剖学结构特征,网格以六面体实体单元为主,各组织结构以共节点形式连接,不同组织结构之间通过 2D 壳单元或实体单元进行连接,保证了模型质量。验证试验所得接触力、压缩量等曲线与尸体试验走势一致,均落在相应的尸体试验通道内,计算所得BRS在0.48~1.1之间。因此该模型具有高生物逼真度,且模型网格质量高,计算稳定可用于碰撞仿真计算,分析人体组织层面的损伤机理。
(2)应用TUST IBMs M50-O模型和 WorldSID 50th假人模型对标C-NCAP可变形移动壁障侧面碰撞试验发现,两种模型头部和骨盆质心合成加速度曲线峰值和峰值出现时刻相近,整体运动学响应趋势上具有一致性。但TUST IBMs M50-O模型T4和T12质心合成加速度曲线峰值大小及峰值出现时刻与WorldSID 50th假人模型存在差异,由于胸部受到左侧手臂和肘关节的挤压,左侧第5-9肋骨发生骨折,胸腹部器官均存在不同程度的损伤风险。因此,未来汽车乘员保护法规及评价中应考虑人体内脏组织器官在碰撞中的损伤风险,制定相关的试验和评价规程。
综上,本研究开发的具有自主知识产权、高生物逼真度的中国50th百分位男性汽车乘员损伤仿生模型(TUST IBMs M50-O),适用于组织层面的人体碰撞损伤机理研究,可为智能汽车安全防护装置及智能高端装备领域产品研发、汽车虚拟测评提供可靠的计算工具和技术支撑,是汽车工业智能化、数字化研发以及解决“卡脖子”问题必要的数字基础储备。
  • *国家自然科学基金(81471274)
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2024年第46卷第10期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.10.017
  • 接收时间:2024-01-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-29
  • 修回日期:2024-04-18
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*国家自然科学基金(81471274)
作者信息
    1. 天津科技大学,现代汽车安全技术国际联合研究中心,天津 300222
    2. 中国标准化研究院,北京 100191

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李海岩,教授,博士,E-mail: lihaiyan@tust. edu. cn。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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