Article(id=1154021843729113182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154021839199260977, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.11.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714060800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-26, revisedDate=1716912000000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753069848234, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1732464000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753069848234, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753069848234, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753069848234, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154021839199260977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='1937', pageEnd='2141', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753069847153, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753074308668, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1154040552191418639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154021839199260977, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1154040552191418640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154021839199260977, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2100, endPage=2109, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154021844110794847, articleId=1154021843729113182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Extrapolation of Load Spectrum Based on KANN-DBSCAN Bandwidth Optimization Kernel Density Estimation, columnId=1149809889280750125, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Selected Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Considering the limitation of global fixed bandwidth of load extrapolation for kernel density estimation,a load extrapolation method based on K-Average Nearest Neighbor Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (KANN-DBSCAN) kernel density estimation (KDE) is proposed. The load data is grouped and clustered using the KANN-DBSCAN clustering algorithm,and the Rule-of-thumb (ROT) method is used to obtain the optimal bandwidth between different clusters. Then the kernel density estimation is conducted,and finally extrapolation is carried out using Monte Carlo simulation. The extrapolation rationality is verified using the measured load data of a certain electric vehicle on user road as the application object. The extrapolation effect is assessed by the three indicators of statistical parameter quantity,goodness of fit,and pseudo-damage. The results show that compared with the traditional fixed bandwidth kernel density estimation extrapolation method,the extrapolation load obtained by the DBSCSN kernel density estimation extrapolation method is closer to the actual load in statistical parameters,and the error of the mean,standard deviation,and maximum value is only 1.9%,4.3%,and 1.9%,respectively. The magnitude cumulative frequency curve fits R 2 are all greater than 0.99,and the pseudo-damage is close to 1. The results show the effectiveness of the clustering method in kernel density estimation load extrapolation,which is helpful for compiling the load spectrum of electric vehicles on customer service road,and can provide reference for the load extrapolation of mechanical parts with similar load distribution characteristics.

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针对核密度估计载荷外推全局固定带宽的局限性,提出一种基于KANN-DBSCAN(K-average nearest neighbor density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise)改进带宽取值的核密度估计(kernel density estimation,KDE)载荷外推方法。通过KANN-DBSCAN聚类算法对载荷数据进行分组聚类,采用拇指法求得不同簇间的最优带宽,然后进行核密度估计,再采用蒙特卡洛模拟进行外推。以某电动汽车在用户道路的实测载荷数据为应用对象,对外推方法的合理性进行检验。从统计参数检验量、拟合度检验和伪损伤检验3个指标对外推效果进行评估。结果表明:相比固定带宽的核密度估计外推方法,基于KANN-DBSCSN核密度估计的外推方法获得的外推载荷在统计参数上与实测载荷更为接近,均值、标准差和最大值的误差分别仅为 1.9%、 4.3%和1.9%;幅值累计频次曲线拟合度 R 2均大于 0.99,伪损伤均接近 1。结果验证了该聚类方法在核密度估计载荷外推的有效性,有助于编制汽车在用户道路上的载荷谱,为具有相似载荷分布特点的机械零部件载荷外推提供了参考。

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张志飞,教授,博士,E-mail:
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1 2 3 4
E p s 53.965 110.629 226.040 3 543.289
M i n P t s 23 17 12 66
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聚类参数

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1 2 3 4
E p s 53.965 110.629 226.040 3 543.289
M i n P t s 23 17 12 66
), ArticleFig(id=1170312548646662467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843729113182, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1 2 3 4
hx /N 30.331 71.994 212.819 666.650
hy /N 21.211 55.410 85.893 304.726
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聚类不同簇的带宽

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1 2 3 4
hx /N 30.331 71.994 212.819 666.650
hy /N 21.211 55.410 85.893 304.726
), ArticleFig(id=1170312548910903621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843729113182, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本 均值/kN 标准差/kN 最大值/kN
验证载荷 本文方法 固定带宽 验证载荷 本文方法 固定带宽 验证载荷 本文方法 固定带宽
样本1 1.262 1.282 1.342 0.690 0.694 0.742 8.776 8.642 7.709
样本2 1.546 1.576 1.669 0.844 0.818 0.875 10.349 10.320 9.764
样本3 1.188 1.203 1.264 0.653 0.641 0.668 8.334 8.180 7.041
样本4 1.540 1.546 1.629 0.813 0.778 0.855 10.200 10.391 9.752
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不同样本载荷统计参数

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样本 均值/kN 标准差/kN 最大值/kN
验证载荷 本文方法 固定带宽 验证载荷 本文方法 固定带宽 验证载荷 本文方法 固定带宽
样本1 1.262 1.282 1.342 0.690 0.694 0.742 8.776 8.642 7.709
样本2 1.546 1.576 1.669 0.844 0.818 0.875 10.349 10.320 9.764
样本3 1.188 1.203 1.264 0.653 0.641 0.668 8.334 8.180 7.041
样本4 1.540 1.546 1.629 0.813 0.778 0.855 10.200 10.391 9.752
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样本 均值误差/% 标准差误差/% 最大值误差/%
本文方法 固定带宽 本文方法 固定带宽 本文方法 固定带宽
样本1 1.4 3.7 0.1 3.5 1.5 12.2
样本2 1.9 7.9 3.1 3.7 0.3 5.7
样本3 1.3 6.4 2.7 5.2 1.8 15.5
样本4 0.3 5.8 4.3 5.1 1.9 4.4
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不同样本载荷统计参数误差

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样本 均值误差/% 标准差误差/% 最大值误差/%
本文方法 固定带宽 本文方法 固定带宽 本文方法 固定带宽
样本1 1.4 3.7 0.1 3.5 1.5 12.2
样本2 1.9 7.9 3.1 3.7 0.3 5.7
样本3 1.3 6.4 2.7 5.2 1.8 15.5
样本4 0.3 5.8 4.3 5.1 1.9 4.4
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样本 固定带宽 本文方法
1 0.987 0 0.999 2
2 0.984 5 0.997 6
3 0.979 1 0.999 0
4 0.992 3 0.999 1
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载荷循环幅值累积频次曲线的决定系数

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样本 固定带宽 本文方法
1 0.987 0 0.999 2
2 0.984 5 0.997 6
3 0.979 1 0.999 0
4 0.992 3 0.999 1
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样本序号 固定带宽 本文方法
1 1.117 1.021
2 1.127 1.030
3 1.122 1.013
4 1.123 1.031
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伪损伤比

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样本序号 固定带宽 本文方法
1 1.117 1.021
2 1.127 1.030
3 1.122 1.013
4 1.123 1.031
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外推倍数 固定带宽 本文方法
10 1.112 1.027
20 1.107 1.034
30 1.099 1.028
50 1.102 1.030
100 1.104 1.029
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样本1不同外推倍数下伪损伤比

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30 1.099 1.028
50 1.102 1.030
100 1.104 1.029
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基于KANN-DBSCAN带宽优化的核密度估计载荷谱外推
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张金保 1 , 杨永乐 1 , 张志飞 1 , 彭良峰 2 , 林伟雄 3 , 张佑源 3 , 徐中明 1
汽车工程 | 精选论文 2024,46(11): 2100-2109
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汽车工程 | 精选论文 2024, 46(11): 2100-2109
基于KANN-DBSCAN带宽优化的核密度估计载荷谱外推
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张金保1, 杨永乐1, 张志飞1 , 彭良峰2, 林伟雄3, 张佑源3, 徐中明1
作者信息
  • 1. 重庆大学机械与运载工程学院,重庆 400044
  • 2. 襄阳达安汽车检测中心有限公司,襄阳 441004
  • 3. 东风柳州汽车有限公司,柳州 545000

通讯作者:

张志飞,教授,博士,E-mail:
Extrapolation of Load Spectrum Based on KANN-DBSCAN Bandwidth Optimization Kernel Density Estimation
Jinbao Zhang1, Yongle Yang1, Zhifei Zhang1 , Liangfeng Peng2, Weixiong Lin3, Youyuan Zhang3, Zhongming Xu1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering,Chongqing University,Chongqing 400044
  • 2. Xiangyang Da An Automobile Test Center Limited Corporation,Xiangyang 441004
  • 3. Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor Co. ,Ltd. ,Liuzhou 545000
出版时间: 2024-11-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.11.016
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针对核密度估计载荷外推全局固定带宽的局限性,提出一种基于KANN-DBSCAN(K-average nearest neighbor density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise)改进带宽取值的核密度估计(kernel density estimation,KDE)载荷外推方法。通过KANN-DBSCAN聚类算法对载荷数据进行分组聚类,采用拇指法求得不同簇间的最优带宽,然后进行核密度估计,再采用蒙特卡洛模拟进行外推。以某电动汽车在用户道路的实测载荷数据为应用对象,对外推方法的合理性进行检验。从统计参数检验量、拟合度检验和伪损伤检验3个指标对外推效果进行评估。结果表明:相比固定带宽的核密度估计外推方法,基于KANN-DBSCSN核密度估计的外推方法获得的外推载荷在统计参数上与实测载荷更为接近,均值、标准差和最大值的误差分别仅为 1.9%、 4.3%和1.9%;幅值累计频次曲线拟合度 R 2均大于 0.99,伪损伤均接近 1。结果验证了该聚类方法在核密度估计载荷外推的有效性,有助于编制汽车在用户道路上的载荷谱,为具有相似载荷分布特点的机械零部件载荷外推提供了参考。

载荷外推  /  聚类  /  核密度估计  /  拇指法  /  蒙特卡洛模拟

Considering the limitation of global fixed bandwidth of load extrapolation for kernel density estimation,a load extrapolation method based on K-Average Nearest Neighbor Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (KANN-DBSCAN) kernel density estimation (KDE) is proposed. The load data is grouped and clustered using the KANN-DBSCAN clustering algorithm,and the Rule-of-thumb (ROT) method is used to obtain the optimal bandwidth between different clusters. Then the kernel density estimation is conducted,and finally extrapolation is carried out using Monte Carlo simulation. The extrapolation rationality is verified using the measured load data of a certain electric vehicle on user road as the application object. The extrapolation effect is assessed by the three indicators of statistical parameter quantity,goodness of fit,and pseudo-damage. The results show that compared with the traditional fixed bandwidth kernel density estimation extrapolation method,the extrapolation load obtained by the DBSCSN kernel density estimation extrapolation method is closer to the actual load in statistical parameters,and the error of the mean,standard deviation,and maximum value is only 1.9%,4.3%,and 1.9%,respectively. The magnitude cumulative frequency curve fits R 2 are all greater than 0.99,and the pseudo-damage is close to 1. The results show the effectiveness of the clustering method in kernel density estimation load extrapolation,which is helpful for compiling the load spectrum of electric vehicles on customer service road,and can provide reference for the load extrapolation of mechanical parts with similar load distribution characteristics.

load extrapolation  /  clustering  /  kernel density estimation  /  rule-of-thumb  /  Monte-Carlo simulation
张金保, 杨永乐, 张志飞, 彭良峰, 林伟雄, 张佑源, 徐中明. 基于KANN-DBSCAN带宽优化的核密度估计载荷谱外推. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (11) : 2100 -2109 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.11.016
Jinbao Zhang, Yongle Yang, Zhifei Zhang, Liangfeng Peng, Weixiong Lin, Youyuan Zhang, Zhongming Xu. Extrapolation of Load Spectrum Based on KANN-DBSCAN Bandwidth Optimization Kernel Density Estimation[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (11) : 2100 -2109 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.11.016
获取用户道路载荷谱有助于汽车疲劳耐久的开发以及关键零部件的结构优化[1-2]。载荷外推是以短时间、小样本的载荷数据外推长时间车辆载荷。用户道路载荷谱的获取会受到时间和成本等因素的限制,无法进行全过程载荷时间历程测试,因此需要对试验获取的用户道路载荷时间历程进行合理有效的载荷外推[3]。外推方法包括时域外推和雨流矩阵外推。时域外推[4]能够保留载荷时间顺序,适用于平稳性载荷,当载荷表现出非平稳性时,其计算量较大。雨流矩阵外推虽不能保留载荷时间顺序,但其计算量小,对平稳和非平稳载荷均适用,具有较强工程应用价值。由于汽车行驶路况复杂,非平稳性载荷占比较大,因此适合采用雨流矩阵外推的方法[5]。外推后得到的载荷是后续载荷谱编制的重要依据,外推的准确性会影响载荷谱编制的准确性。
参数外推法是一种以概率分布函数为基础来描绘载荷分布的方法。参数雨流载荷外推是一种将原始载荷时间序列转化为雨流矩阵、根据雨流矩阵的分布规律将载荷谱外推至全寿命范围的方法[4-11]。张英爽等[6]利用雨流计数法对载荷时间历程进行统计处理,将得到的载荷循环幅值与载荷循环均值进行威布尔分布拟合和正态分布拟合并以此进行载荷外推。Nagode等[7]采用混合双参数威布尔分布对幅值-频次矩阵进行估计,解决了在拟合多峰分布时单一分布模型效果较差的问题。此外,Nagode等[8]还实现了二维联合概率密度估计,针对多峰均值采用混合正态分布来拟合,该方法可以较好地适用于雨流矩阵参数外推,从而进一步提高了外推的准确性和适用性。翟新婷等[9]、Geng等[10]和于立娟等[11]针对载荷循环均值、幅值不服从单峰分布的情况采用混合分布函数进行参数估计,得到了较好的拟合效果。但是,当面对复杂且具有高度随机性的载荷时,参数雨流载荷外推法可能会引入较大的模型分布假设误差,进而削弱了外推载荷谱与实际载荷谱的等效性。需要寻找更精确、更能反映载荷实际分布特性的方法。
非参数法不需要对载荷分布进行假设分析,能够避免引入错误的概率分布模型,能够较好地解决参数法中存在的问题,因此能够得到广泛应用[12-18]。Dressler等[14]使用核密度估计对雨流矩阵的载荷分布特征进行分析,通过研究发现使用核密度估计能够较好地模拟任意随机载荷的分布特征。宋清椿等[15]对测得的应力载荷数据进行非参数雨流外推,基于外推结果编制车架应力载荷谱并进行疲劳寿命预测研究,外推结果能够满足使用要求。李凡松等[16]提出了多样本载荷历程外推方法,结果明显优于线性外推。于佳伟等[17]运用非参数二维核密度估计法结合蒙特卡罗模拟,研究了基于用户道路实测载荷的车辆全寿命周期服役载荷外推方法,研究结果表明多次载荷外推保持了较好的载荷损伤与分布的一致性。王秋实等[18]提出了一种多样本核密度估计载荷外推评估寿命的方法,并通过灰色关联度进行了分析与验证。牛文铁等[19]使用自适应带宽进行改进全局固定带宽的问题,取得了较好的外推效果。研究表明[20],核函数对核密度估计精度影响较小,带宽是影响核密度估计的主要因素,是影响核密度估计准确性的重要数值,但在非参数法估计时带宽参数选取不合理会导致估计偏差。当数据分布差异较大时,采用固定带宽会造成较大误差。DBSCAN聚类能够根据数据密度进行聚类,在进行核密度估计时可以根据聚类的结果分别求取不同簇的带宽,从而解决全局固定带宽的问题,但是传统DBSCAN在聚类时需要人为指定 E p s M i n P t s参数。KANN-DBSCAN[21]能够自动寻找聚类结果簇数变化稳定区间,并将该区间中密度阈值最小时所对应的 E p s M i n P t s参数作为最优参数。因此该方法能够实现更为准确的聚类。
为更准确地反映实际车辆载荷谱的特征,提出了一种基于KANN-DBSCAN聚类的核密度估计载荷外推方法,使用聚类算法对载荷数据进行分组,采用拇指法计算各组带宽,从而减小固定带宽产生的估计偏差。本文以某轿车用户道路轮心载荷数据为例,分析验证所述方法的有效性和准确性。
核密度估计方法可以更准确地反映数据的实际分布情况,能够避免在参数估计中可能出现的偏差。雨流计数矩阵包含了载荷循环幅值与载荷循环均值信息,其外推属于二维问题,二维核密度估计[18]表达式为
f x , y = 1 n h x h y i = 1 n K x - x i h x , y - y i h y
式中: n为数据点数; ( x i , y i )为第 i个数据点; h x h y为全局带宽; K ( )为核函数,该函数全局积分为1,本质上就是一个概率密度函数,以现有数据点 ( x i , y i )为中心,以 h x h y为影响半径的概率密度估计算法。
式(1)可得,概率密度值会受到核函数 K ( x , y )以及样本带宽值 h的影响。带宽与雨流计数矩阵中此数据点出现的概率有关,带宽取值会影响核密度估计结果的准确性。带宽过小,估计点附近的数据对结果的贡献量过大,产生错误峰值;带宽过大,参与计算的数据点较为分散,估计结果过于平滑进而丢失多峰信息[22]。在实际应用中,式(1)中每个数据点采用相同的带宽,得到的结果并不足够准确,外围数据较为离散,中心数据较为聚集。本文选取高斯核函数作为核密度估计模型的核函数,并在核密度估计模型的基础上确定带宽计算方法。
二维高斯核函数[22]计算式为
K x , y = 1 2 π e - x - x i 2 2 h x 2 - y - y i 2 2 h y 2
雨流计数存在单峰或多峰载荷,对于单峰载荷和多峰载荷的特性,通过载荷样本的标准差和标准四分位距确定出最优带宽。基于高斯核函数的核密度估计模型的拇指法求带宽 h的公式[22]
h R O T = 0.9 C n - 1 / 5
C = m i n   σ , I Q R / 1.34
式中: n为样本点数; σ为样本标准差; I Q R为数据的标准四分位距。
图1可知,实测载荷数据的分布并不是均匀的,这是因为在测试过程中,路面的激励不是均匀的,一般中小载荷分布较为集中,较大载荷分布较为离散。
因此提出一种基于聚类的核密度估计方法,通过聚类算法,根据密度对获得的数据进行聚类,能够将离散程度相近的数据聚类到一起,避免了分布差异较大对带宽计算造成的影响,将数据聚类成不同的簇后,根据带宽计算公式进行求解,同一簇的带宽相同,再根据分组计算得到的带宽进行核密度估计载荷外推,并对外推的有效性和准确性进行检验。主要流程包括:载荷数据的获取;载荷数据预处理;载荷时间序列进行雨流计数;雨流矩阵进行处理作为核密度估计的输入;求解输入数据聚类的参数,通过 KANN-DBSCAN 算法进行聚类并确定聚类的簇数;根据聚类结果求解每一簇的带宽;而后进行核密度估计以及蒙特卡洛模拟;最后通过统计参数检验、拟合度检验和伪损伤检验来验证结果的合理性与准确性。流程如图 2 所示。
可以通过距离、密度等方式来实现数据的聚类。DBSCAN 算法[23]是 1996 年由 Ester提出的基于密度的空间聚类算法,通过寻找密度相连的点的最大集合来分离信号点和噪声点。DBSCAN 能自动将密度足够大的点区域划分为簇,数据集中不属于任何簇的点则被视为噪声。该算法核心问题是要输入半径 E p s和邻域最小点数 M i n P t s两个基本参数。基于 DBSCAN 算法的基本原理,针对二维数据,引入密度阈值 D e n s i t y参数概念[21],定义密度阈值 D e n s i t y为以 E p s为半径的圆内存在 M i n P t s个数据点,其公式为
D e n s i t y = M i n P t s π E p s 2
密度阈值太大,可能导致同簇内部被划分为多个集合;密度阈值太小,可能导致不同簇之间被合并。因此确定合适的密度阈值十分关键。KANN-DBSCAN 算法的关键在于确定合适的密度阈值参数列表,列表的取值范围和参数间距决定了聚类的精确度和运算量,需要在二者之间寻找平衡点。基于以上考虑,本文提出利用载荷自身的分布特性,基于K-ANN算法和数学期望法生成密度阈值列表[21],具体计算流程如下。
步骤1:计算数据集 D的距离分布矩阵[24],即
D n × n = D i s t i , j | 1 i n , 1 j n
式中: D n × n n × n的实对称矩阵; n为数据集 D所包含的对象数量; D i s t i , j为数据集 D中第 i个对象到第 j个对象的距离。
步骤2:对距离矩阵 D n × n的每一行元素进行升序排序,则第 1 列的元素所组成的距离向量 D 0表示对象到自身的距离;第 K ( 1 K n )列的元素构成所有数据点的K-最近邻距离向量 D K
步骤 3:对排序后矩阵的每一列求平均值,即求得向量 D K的平均值 D K ¯,并将其作为候选 E p s参数,表示为
E p s K = D K ¯ | 1 K n
步骤 4:对于n个的 E p s参数列表,依次求出每个 E p s参数对应的 E p s邻域对象数量,并计算其数学期望值,作为数据集 D的邻域密度阈值 M i n P t s参数,表示为
M i n P t s K = 1 n i = 1 n P i
式中: P i E p s K邻域对象数量; n为数据集 D中的对象总数。
步骤 5:依次选用集合 E p s M i n P t s中的元素作为候选 E p s参数和 M i n P t s参数,输入DBSCAN算法对数据集进行聚类分析,分别得到不同 E p s M i n P t s参数所生成的簇数。当生成的簇数连续4次相同时,认为聚类结果趋于稳定,记该簇数 N 为最优簇数。对应的 M i n P t s参数则为最优 M i n P t s参数。
步骤 6:使用聚类后剩余数据重复上述步骤1~5,直到数据聚类完毕。
以某电动轿车为测试对象,开展耐久性载荷谱采集试验。采集了某城市公共道路50 km的轮心力载荷信号。测试对象整备质量1 885 kg,满载质量 2 035 kg(前轴995 kg,后轴1 040 kg),轴距2 700 mm。试验的测试系统主要包括加速度传感器、六分力传感器、位移传感器、数据采集器、电脑、DEWETRON.OXYGEN 软件。根据汽车耐久性试验要求,针对不同测点位置选取了不同类型的传感器。分别选用了Kistler公司生产的 K-Beam 8396A 型三轴电容式加速度传感器采集轮心位置的加速度信号和RoaDyn S635型六分力传感器采集轮心位置的力和力矩信号。数据采集选用DEWETRON公司开发的DEWE2-M7S系统。实车装配传感器及测试场景如图 3 所示。
在进行试验场道路和用户道路载荷采集试验时,环境温度或湿度的变化以及汽车自身的热变形等因素会导致数据出现漂移和失真等现象,影响后续数据分析结果,因此需要对原始数据进行预处理。首先,通过手动选择去除信号中的毛刺部分,再使用最小二乘方法进行漂移修正,可以消除呈线性状态的基线偏移和具有高阶多项式的趋势项。此外,考虑路面激励频率主要在50 Hz以下[25],为提高数据处理效率,对实测载荷进行200 Hz重采样。经过预处理的实测轮心垂向载荷信号如图 4 所示。分别记选取的左前、右前、左后和右后轮心垂向载荷信号为样本 1~4。
预处理后数据还可进一步进行筛选和精简,以提高分析效率[26]。雨流计数法是一种广泛应用的实测载荷时间历程的计数统计方法,并统计了载荷循环的幅值和均值的信息,符合疲劳载荷本身的固有特性。针对预处理后载荷信号,利用雨流计数法对预处理后的实测载荷进行计数统计处理,得到载荷循环均幅值矩阵。根据统计计数结果可知,如图 5 所示:小幅值循环载荷占比较大,其对损伤的贡献量较少;大幅值循环载荷较少,但其对损伤贡献量较大。对于小于最大载荷循环幅值 10%的载荷循环[19],可以进行过滤,以显著降低核密度估计所需的数据输入量,从而在一定程度上减少计算时间。将已经过滤掉小载荷循环的雨流矩阵进行统计计数作为核密度估计的输入,选择 20 km 载荷信号进行外推,筛选后的载荷循环均幅值散点图如图 6 所示。
采用 KANN-DBSCAN 算法对20 km样本数据进行聚类分析并进行带宽计算,采用核密度估计法进行外推循环荷载,将采集的 50 km 载荷信号作为验证载荷。以样本 1 为例,通过 KANN-DBSCAN 聚类后数据被聚类为 4 簇,每一簇的 E p s M i n P t s参数如表 1 所示。聚类效果如图 7(a) 所示,而后分别计算每一簇的带宽,计算得出的每一簇带宽如表 2 所示,然后进行核密度估计,再通过蒙特卡洛模拟进行载荷外推,外推得到的最大值为 10.320 kN,外推得到的散点图如图 8 所示。基于传统固定带宽的核密度估计载荷外推,根据式(3)式(4)计算得到的 h x h y分别为78.914和 41.298 N,外推得到的最大值为 7.709 kN。
图 8 可知,本文方法外推后载荷分布特征与验证载荷保持一致,采用固定带宽方法外推后产生的载荷与实测载荷相比过于集中;且本文方法能较好地实现极值载荷的外推,而固定带宽方法外推极值载荷的偏差较大。
为检验所提方法的有效性与准确性,与传统的基于固定带宽的核密度估计载荷外推进行对比。分别从统计参数、拟合度和伪损伤3个方面来进行检验。
选取统计参数均值、标准差和最大值作为该车型实测载荷与外推载荷的评判依据。对采集的 1~4 号样本,采用所提基于 KANN-DBSCAN 聚类的核密度估计的载荷外推方法与传统基于固定带宽的核密度估计载荷外推方法得到的外推载荷,对4种样本的载荷循环幅值分别进行统计参数的计算,各样本测试载荷与验证载荷的统计参数见表 3
相比固定带宽的方法,所提方法外推载荷循环幅值对应均值、标准差和最大值与测试载荷均更接近,相应最大误差分别为 1.9%、4.3% 和 1.9%,这 3 种统计参数均在工程应用允许误差范围内。不同样本载荷统计参数误差见表 4。采用多带宽方法外推载荷的统计参数更接近验证载荷。
为进一步验证本文方法的合理性,应用雨流计数法对验证载荷数据、外推载荷数据均幅值双参数统计。以样本 1 为例,对验证载荷和外推载荷数据的均值、幅值频次进行了比较,结果如图 9 所示。通过对两种不同分布的相关性进行计算分析,相关系数计算公式为
ρ = C o v X , Y σ x σ y
式中: C o v ( X , Y )是变量 X Y的协方差; σ x σ y是变量标准差。
本文方法得到的载荷循环幅值分布的相关系数为0.991 7,载荷循环均值分布的相关系数为0.990 0,固定带宽方法得到的载荷循环幅值分布的相关系数为0.931 4,载荷循环均值分布的相关系数为0.893 0。结果表明,本文方法外推载荷数据与验证载荷数据的分布具有较高的相似性,能够有效地模拟验证载荷的数据分布特性和规律,说明了外推方法的可行性。
载荷循环幅值累积频次曲线为后续程序载荷谱的编制提供数据支撑,影响程序载荷谱编制的准确性。通过与固定带宽核密度估计外推,原始载荷的载荷循环幅值-载荷循环累计频次曲线进行对比分析,结果见图10。由图可知,本文提出的方法在外推得到的幅值累计频次曲线在小幅值载荷循环段频次接近,大幅值载荷循环段实现了极值和频次的外推。且与验证载荷的幅值累计频次曲线更接近,拟合效果更佳。为进一步量化对比结果,采用决定系数 R 2 作为曲线拟合的检验指标。计算结果如表5 所示。
表5可知,本文外推方法4个样本的决定系数 R 2 都达到了0.99以上,表明本文方法载荷外推得到的幅值累计频次曲线结果与验证载荷的相似。与传统固定带宽外推相比的 R 2更接近1,这表明与固定带宽相比,本文提出的方法与原始载荷的幅值累计频次曲线更接近,拟合度更高。同时由表3可知,该样本使用本文方法外推后的最大循环幅值为8.642 kN,更接近验证载荷的最大循环幅值 8.776 kN,能够为后续工作提供较为准确的数据支撑。
载荷外推结果往往被用于零部件的疲劳分析或基于损伤理论编制用于台架加速试验的程序载荷谱,外推方式对零部件的疲劳损伤计算结果有显著影响,并最终影响载荷谱精度。因此,须进一步对疲劳损伤进行对比分析。
在进行结构疲劳寿命分析时,一般是通过试验或仿真获得关键位置的应力或应变时域信号,再结合材料的 S-N 曲线或 E-N 曲线,根据 Miner 线性疲劳累计理论计算得到结构的真实损伤。而为了描述力、力矩、位移、加速度等载荷对零部件的疲劳损伤贡献度,提出了伪损伤的概念[27]。伪损伤的定义忽略了结构本身疲劳特性的影响,将载荷信号都看作广义应力,使用标准 S-N 曲线,按照真实疲劳损伤的求解方式对广义应力进行损伤累积计算。因此,伪损伤的数值没有具体意义,一般比较不同工况下载荷伪损伤的相对大小来衡量载荷的疲劳强度。基于 S-N 曲线应力循环次数对材料造成伪损伤的线性累计结果,伪损伤计算表达式为
D = n i N i
式中: D为总伪损伤; n i为材料在 S i载荷作用下的循环次数; N i为载荷 S i作用下的疲劳寿命循环次数。
为便于对伪损伤进行对比,定义损伤比为外推载荷造成的损伤与验证载荷造成损伤的比值。损伤比越接近1,说明外推效果更接近验证载荷。本次选用伪损伤作为二者对比的标准。伪损伤比计算结果如表6所示。不同外推倍数下样本 1 的伪损伤比如表7所示。
本文方法将不同密度的数据点进行分组,降低了较小的载荷循环对较大的载荷循环的影响,使得外推循环幅值能够有较大的外推,因此损伤比与外推在循环幅值更接近验证载荷。由本文所提出的外推方法得到的样本 1 的外推载荷,其伪损伤比为 1.021,与验证载荷具有高度一致性,且不同外推倍数的伪损伤比结果分布稳定。同时计算样本 2、样本 3 和样本 4 的伪损伤比,其数值分别为 1.030、 1.013和 1.031,均能较完整地实现验证载荷的损伤量。本文提出的方法在进行载荷外推时伪损伤更接近 1。这表明与固定带宽相比,本文提出方法得到的外推载荷与验证载荷具有较高一致性。
提出了一种基于 KANN-DBSCAN 聚类的核密度估计进行载荷外推的改进方法,该方法根据数密集程度将数据进行聚类,将聚类后的区域作为不同的个体,分别求取带宽,密集区域采用较小带宽,稀疏区域采用较大带宽,再根据不同带宽对数据进行模拟外推。以某型号电动轿车的实测数据进行检验,结论如下。
(1)将样本1的外推载荷与验证载荷进行对比分析,均值、标准差和最大幅值误差分别为1.4%、 0.1% 和 1.5%,外推载荷很好地保留了验证载荷的分布特征;拟合度检验表明,载荷外推之后,与验证载荷的幅值相关系数为 0.991 7,均值相关系数为 0.969 7,外推载荷数据与验证载荷数据的统计特征具有极大的相似性;伪损伤检验表明,伪损伤比为 1.021,外推载荷很好地保留了验证载荷的损伤量。
(2)利用基于聚类的核密度估计方法对 4 个样本进行载荷外推,统计参数误差均小于 5%,幅值累计频次曲线决定系数 R 2 均大于 0.99,伪损伤比均接近 1,表明本文提出的方法进行载荷外推与验证载荷具有较高的一致性。所提方法同样适用于其他类型载荷信号外推,能够为具有相似载荷分布特点的机械零部件载荷外推提供参考。
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2024年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.11.016
  • 接收时间:2024-04-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-26
  • 修回日期:2024-05-29
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    1. 重庆大学机械与运载工程学院,重庆 400044
    2. 襄阳达安汽车检测中心有限公司,襄阳 441004
    3. 东风柳州汽车有限公司,柳州 545000

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张志飞,教授,博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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