Article(id=1154021843322265692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154021839199260977, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.11.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714406400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-30, revisedDate=1717603200000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753069848137, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1732464000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753069848137, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753069848137, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753069848137, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154021839199260977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='1937', pageEnd='2141', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753069847153, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753074308668, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1154040552191418639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154021839199260977, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1154040552191418640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154021839199260977, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2039, endPage=2045, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154021843682975837, articleId=1154021843322265692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Intrusion Detection Framework for CAN Networks Based on Evidence Deep Learning, columnId=1149809888211198868, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Feature Topic:Key Technologies on Intelligent and Connected Vehicles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
With the continuous development of mobile communication technologies in intelligent autonomous driving systems,securing vehicular communication data has become pivotal for transportation safety. Faced with threats of hackers remotely manipulating vehicles through the CAN bus network,existing frameworks can detect known attacks but falter in identifying location-based attacks. A detection framework integrating evidence-based deep learning is proposed in this paper,comprising data preprocessing,analysis,and attack detection modules. The preprocessing module employs independent hot encoding to enhance data quality and adaptability. The analysis module utilizes Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to bolster the framework's generalization and simulate attack scenarios. The attack detection module harnesses evidence-based deep learning to enhance the framework's capability in handling uncertainties from unknown attacks.The framework is tested on an open-source car hacking dataset and a dataset constructed based on the Chery EXEED RX model. The test results show that the framework improves the overall performance by 24.5% in detecting unknown attacks compared to traditional classification probability-based networks.
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*, columnId=1149809888341222293, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=专题:汽车智能化关键技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
随着移动通信技术在智能自动驾驶系统中的持续发展,保障车载通信数据的安全已成为交通系统安全的一个重要环节,面对黑客可能通过CAN总线网络远程操控车辆的威胁,现有网络框架虽能检测已知攻击,但在识别未知攻击时表现不佳。为此,本研究提出一种融合证据深度学习的检测框架,该框架由数据预处理模块、数据分析模块和攻击检测模块组成。预处理模块通过独立热编码技术,以提升数据质量和适应性;数据分析模块通过生成对抗网络(GAN)技术增强该框架的泛化能力并模拟攻击场景;攻击检测模块应用了证据深度学习,提高了框架在应对未知攻击时的不确定性处理能力。该框架在开源汽车黑客数据集和基于奇瑞EXEED RX车型自主构建的数据集上进行了测试。实验结果表明,该框架在检测未知攻击时,相比于传统的基于softmax的分类网络综合性能提高了24.5%。
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1, 2, 3, address=
1. Key Laboratory for Automated Vehicle Safety Technology of Anhui Province,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009
2. Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Transportation and Cooperative Vehicle-Infrastructure of Anhui Province,Hefei 230000
3. School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1170312306937312107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, authorId=1170312306710819686, language=CN, stringName=石琴, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, address=
1. 安徽省自动驾驶汽车安全技术安徽省重点实验室,合肥 230009
2. 安徽省智慧交通车路协同工程研究中心,合肥 230000
3. 合肥工业大学汽车与交通工程学院,合肥 230000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1170312306274612056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170312306299777881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, companyId=1170312306274612056, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1. 安徽省自动驾驶汽车安全技术安徽省重点实验室,合肥 230009)]), AuthorCompany(id=1170312306366886747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170312306371081052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, companyId=1170312306366886747, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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3. 合肥工业大学汽车与交通工程学院,合肥 230000)])]), Author(id=1170312307046364013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1170312307138638705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, authorId=1170312307046364013, language=EN, stringName=Zhiwei Li, firstName=Zhiwei, middleName=null, lastName=Li, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, address=
1. Key Laboratory for Automated Vehicle Safety Technology of Anhui Province,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009
2. Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Transportation and Cooperative Vehicle-Infrastructure of Anhui Province,Hefei 230000
3. School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1170312307201553266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, authorId=1170312307046364013, language=CN, stringName=李志伟, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, address=
1. 安徽省自动驾驶汽车安全技术安徽省重点实验室,合肥 230009
2. 安徽省智慧交通车路协同工程研究中心,合肥 230000
3. 合肥工业大学汽车与交通工程学院,合肥 230000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1170312306274612056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170312306299777881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, companyId=1170312306274612056, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1. Key Laboratory for Automated Vehicle Safety Technology of Anhui Province,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170312306303972186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, companyId=1170312306274612056, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1. 安徽省自动驾驶汽车安全技术安徽省重点实验室,合肥 230009)]), AuthorCompany(id=1170312306366886747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170312306371081052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, companyId=1170312306366886747, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2. 安徽省智慧交通车路协同工程研究中心,合肥 230000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1170312306517881694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170312306530464607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, companyId=1170312306517881694, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3. School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230000), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170312306538853216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, companyId=1170312306517881694, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3. 合肥工业大学汽车与交通工程学院,合肥 230000)])]), Author(id=1170312307407074164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=cht616@hfut.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1170312307507737464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, authorId=1170312307407074164, language=EN, stringName=Teng Cheng, firstName=Teng, middleName=null, lastName=Cheng, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, address=
1. Key Laboratory for Automated Vehicle Safety Technology of Anhui Province,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009
2. Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Transportation and Cooperative Vehicle-Infrastructure of Anhui Province,Hefei 230000
3. School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1170312307608400761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, authorId=1170312307407074164, language=CN, stringName=程腾, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, address=
1. 安徽省自动驾驶汽车安全技术安徽省重点实验室,合肥 230009
2. 安徽省智慧交通车路协同工程研究中心,合肥 230000
3. 合肥工业大学汽车与交通工程学院,合肥 230000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1170312306274612056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170312306299777881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, companyId=1170312306274612056, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1. 安徽省自动驾驶汽车安全技术安徽省重点实验室,合肥 230009)]), AuthorCompany(id=1170312306366886747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170312306371081052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, companyId=1170312306366886747, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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3. 合肥工业大学汽车与交通工程学院,合肥 230000)])]), Author(id=1170312307801338747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1170312307943945088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, authorId=1170312307801338747, language=EN, stringName=Qiang Zhang, firstName=Qiang, middleName=null, lastName=Zhang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, 4, address=
1. Key Laboratory for Automated Vehicle Safety Technology of Anhui Province,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009
2. Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Transportation and Cooperative Vehicle-Infrastructure of Anhui Province,Hefei 230000
3. School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230000
4. Chery Automobile Co. ,Ltd. ,Wuhu 241000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1170312308019442561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, authorId=1170312307801338747, language=CN, stringName=张强, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, 4, address=
1. 安徽省自动驾驶汽车安全技术安徽省重点实验室,合肥 230009
2. 安徽省智慧交通车路协同工程研究中心,合肥 230000
3. 合肥工业大学汽车与交通工程学院,合肥 230000
4. 奇瑞汽车股份有限公司,芜湖 241000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1170312306274612056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170312306299777881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021843322265692, companyId=1170312306274612056, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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| 攻击类型 | 消息总数 | 正常消息 | 攻击消息 |
| DoS攻击 | 3 665 771 | 3 078 250 | 587 521 |
| Fuzzy攻击 | 3 838 860 | 3 347 013 | 491 847 |
| GEAR攻击 | 4 443 142 | 3 845 890 | 597 252 |
| RPM攻击 | 4 621 702 | 3 845 890 | 654 897 |
| 正常消息 | 988 987 | 988 987 | 0 |
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| 攻击类型 | 消息总数 | 正常消息 | 攻击消息 |
| DoS攻击 | 3 665 771 | 3 078 250 | 587 521 |
| Fuzzy攻击 | 3 838 860 | 3 347 013 | 491 847 |
| GEAR攻击 | 4 443 142 | 3 845 890 | 597 252 |
| RPM攻击 | 4 621 702 | 3 845 890 | 654 897 |
| 正常消息 | 988 987 | 988 987 | 0 |
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| 攻击类型 | 消息总数 | 正常消息 | 攻击消息 |
| DoS攻击 | 3 298 815 | 2 985 348 | 313 467 |
| Fuzzy攻击 | 3 454 577 | 3 087 217 | 367 360 |
| GEAR攻击 | 3 998 368 | 3 645 241 | 353 127 |
| RPM攻击 | 4 159 054 | 3 904 785 | 254 269 |
| 正常消息 | 889 986 | 889 986 | 0 |
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奇瑞汽车数据集
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| 攻击类型 | 消息总数 | 正常消息 | 攻击消息 |
| DoS攻击 | 3 298 815 | 2 985 348 | 313 467 |
| Fuzzy攻击 | 3 454 577 | 3 087 217 | 367 360 |
| GEAR攻击 | 3 998 368 | 3 645 241 | 353 127 |
| RPM攻击 | 4 159 054 | 3 904 785 | 254 269 |
| 正常消息 | 889 986 | 889 986 | 0 |
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| 方法 | 攻击 类型 | Accuracy | Precision | Recall | F1 Score |
| HyDRL-IDS | Normal DoS Fuzzy GEAR RPM | 0.997 5 0.993 6 0.995 3 0.989 7 0.989 5 | 0.983 5 0.981 9 0.980 5 0.979 6 0.981 3 | 0.980 5 0.978 1 0.977 3 0.977 6 0.981 3 | 0.982 0 0.980 0 0.978 9 0.978 6 0.980 7 |
| LDAN | Normal DoS Fuzzy GEAR RPM | 0.984 3 0.980 6 0.980 2 0.981 4 0.985 8 | 0.915 5 0.909 9 0.912 4 0.920 1 0.913 5 | 0.978 5 0.975 6 0.971 3 0.976 4 0.980 1 | 0.946 0 0.941 6 0.940 9 0.947 4 0.945 6 |
| O-DAE | Normal DoS Fuzzy GEAR RPM | 0.994 5 0.993 3 0.991 2 0.987 9 0.989 5 | 0.980 3 0.974 2 0.987 23 0.965 3 0.968 2 | 0.989 5 0.984 3 0.983 9 0.978 9 0.980 1 | 0.984 9 0.979 2 0.978 1 0.974 2 0.972 1 |
| TSP | Normal DoS Fuzzy GEAR RPM | 0.989 5 0.980 2 0.981 1 0.980 0 0.980 3 | 0.913 2 0.910 0 0.912 5 0.902 8 0.918 9 | 0.975 8 0.972 8 0.973 3 0.967 8 0.968 9 | 0.943 5 0.940 4 0.941 9 0.943 2 0.940 7 |
| Ours | Normal DoS Fuzzy GEAR RPM | 0.999 8 0.998 7 0.999 2 0.997 9 0.998 5 | 0.996 4 0.995 4 0.994 9 0.994 5 0.995 2 | 0.996 5 0.991 5 0.993 2 0.993 5 0.994 2 | 0.995 5 0.995 8 0.994 0 0.994 2 0.994 7 |
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已知攻击检测
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| 方法 | 攻击 类型 | Accuracy | Precision | Recall | F1 Score |
| HyDRL-IDS | Normal DoS Fuzzy GEAR RPM | 0.997 5 0.993 6 0.995 3 0.989 7 0.989 5 | 0.983 5 0.981 9 0.980 5 0.979 6 0.981 3 | 0.980 5 0.978 1 0.977 3 0.977 6 0.981 3 | 0.982 0 0.980 0 0.978 9 0.978 6 0.980 7 |
| LDAN | Normal DoS Fuzzy GEAR RPM | 0.984 3 0.980 6 0.980 2 0.981 4 0.985 8 | 0.915 5 0.909 9 0.912 4 0.920 1 0.913 5 | 0.978 5 0.975 6 0.971 3 0.976 4 0.980 1 | 0.946 0 0.941 6 0.940 9 0.947 4 0.945 6 |
| O-DAE | Normal DoS Fuzzy GEAR RPM | 0.994 5 0.993 3 0.991 2 0.987 9 0.989 5 | 0.980 3 0.974 2 0.987 23 0.965 3 0.968 2 | 0.989 5 0.984 3 0.983 9 0.978 9 0.980 1 | 0.984 9 0.979 2 0.978 1 0.974 2 0.972 1 |
| TSP | Normal DoS Fuzzy GEAR RPM | 0.989 5 0.980 2 0.981 1 0.980 0 0.980 3 | 0.913 2 0.910 0 0.912 5 0.902 8 0.918 9 | 0.975 8 0.972 8 0.973 3 0.967 8 0.968 9 | 0.943 5 0.940 4 0.941 9 0.943 2 0.940 7 |
| Ours | Normal DoS Fuzzy GEAR RPM | 0.999 8 0.998 7 0.999 2 0.997 9 0.998 5 | 0.996 4 0.995 4 0.994 9 0.994 5 0.995 2 | 0.996 5 0.991 5 0.993 2 0.993 5 0.994 2 | 0.995 5 0.995 8 0.994 0 0.994 2 0.994 7 |
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| 类别 | 方法 | Accuracy | Precision | Recall | F1 Score |
| Normal | 基于softmax分类概率 基于不确定度(无校准) 基于不确定度(有校准) | 0.933 4 0.985 6 0.999 8 | 0.967 2 0.979 9 0.996 4 | 0.976 5 0.984 4 0.996 5 | 0.983 0 0.982 2 0.995 5 |
| DoS(未知) | 基于softmax分类概率 基于不确定度(无校准) 基于不确定度(有校准) | 0.690 8 0.938 5 0.998 7 | 0.784 5 0.919 3 0.995 4 | 0.736 9 0.927 6 0.991 5 | 0.798 2 0.909 8 0.995 8 |
| Fuzzy | 基于softmax分类概率 基于不确定度(无校准) 基于不确定度(有校准) | 0.971 2 0.985 5 0.999 2 | 0.884 1 0.923 4 0.997 9 | 0.836 8 0.965 4 0.994 9 | 0.812 8 0.945 6 0.993 2 |
| GEAR | 基于softmax分类概率 基于不确定度(无校准) 基于不确定度(有校准) | 0.993 0 0.994 3 0.997 9 | 0.997 1 0.998 2 0.994 5 | 0.994 3 0.987 2 0.993 5 | 0.994 5 0.996 2 0.994 2 |
| RPM | 基于softmax分类概率 基于不确定度(无校准) 基于不确定度(有校准) | 0.996 0 0.997 4 0.998 5 | 0.953 5 0.958 7 0.995 2 | 0.972 5 0.987 4 0.994 2 | 0.983 6 0.981 0 0.994 7 |
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| 类别 | 方法 | Accuracy | Precision | Recall | F1 Score |
| Normal | 基于softmax分类概率 基于不确定度(无校准) 基于不确定度(有校准) | 0.933 4 0.985 6 0.999 8 | 0.967 2 0.979 9 0.996 4 | 0.976 5 0.984 4 0.996 5 | 0.983 0 0.982 2 0.995 5 |
| DoS(未知) | 基于softmax分类概率 基于不确定度(无校准) 基于不确定度(有校准) | 0.690 8 0.938 5 0.998 7 | 0.784 5 0.919 3 0.995 4 | 0.736 9 0.927 6 0.991 5 | 0.798 2 0.909 8 0.995 8 |
| Fuzzy | 基于softmax分类概率 基于不确定度(无校准) 基于不确定度(有校准) | 0.971 2 0.985 5 0.999 2 | 0.884 1 0.923 4 0.997 9 | 0.836 8 0.965 4 0.994 9 | 0.812 8 0.945 6 0.993 2 |
| GEAR | 基于softmax分类概率 基于不确定度(无校准) 基于不确定度(有校准) | 0.993 0 0.994 3 0.997 9 | 0.997 1 0.998 2 0.994 5 | 0.994 3 0.987 2 0.993 5 | 0.994 5 0.996 2 0.994 2 |
| RPM | 基于softmax分类概率 基于不确定度(无校准) 基于不确定度(有校准) | 0.996 0 0.997 4 0.998 5 | 0.953 5 0.958 7 0.995 2 | 0.972 5 0.987 4 0.994 2 | 0.983 6 0.981 0 0.994 7 |
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| 类别 | 方法 | Accuracy | Precision | Recall | F1 Score |
| DoS(未知) | 基于softmax分类概率 基于不确定度(Ours) | 0.690 8 0.998 7 | 0.784 5 0.995 4 | 0.736 9 0.991 5 | 0.798 2 0.995 8 |
| Fuzzy(未知) | 基于softmax分类概率 基于不确定度(Ours) | 0.731 2 0.998 1 | 0.682 4 0.997 9 | 0.624 9 0.994 9 | 0.712 2 0.993 2 |
| GEAR(未知) | 基于softmax分类概率 基于不确定度(Ours) | 0.632 1 0.996 1 | 0.698 2 0.987 1 | 0.714 2 0.992 2 | 0.781 3 0.998 3 |
| RPM(未知) | 基于softmax分类概率 基于不确定度(Ours) | 0.652 0 0.994 5 | 0.621 8 0.994 32 | 0.712 2 0.998 1 | 0.703 5 0.995 2 |
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| 类别 | 方法 | Accuracy | Precision | Recall | F1 Score |
| DoS(未知) | 基于softmax分类概率 基于不确定度(Ours) | 0.690 8 0.998 7 | 0.784 5 0.995 4 | 0.736 9 0.991 5 | 0.798 2 0.995 8 |
| Fuzzy(未知) | 基于softmax分类概率 基于不确定度(Ours) | 0.731 2 0.998 1 | 0.682 4 0.997 9 | 0.624 9 0.994 9 | 0.712 2 0.993 2 |
| GEAR(未知) | 基于softmax分类概率 基于不确定度(Ours) | 0.632 1 0.996 1 | 0.698 2 0.987 1 | 0.714 2 0.992 2 | 0.781 3 0.998 3 |
| RPM(未知) | 基于softmax分类概率 基于不确定度(Ours) | 0.652 0 0.994 5 | 0.621 8 0.994 32 | 0.712 2 0.998 1 | 0.703 5 0.995 2 |
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