Article(id=1154021842013639023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154021839199260977, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.11.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711728000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-30, revisedDate=1717344000000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753069847825, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1732464000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753069847825, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753069847825, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753069847825, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154021839199260977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='1937', pageEnd='2141', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753069847153, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753074308668, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1154040552191418639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154021839199260977, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1154040552191418640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154021839199260977, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2005, endPage=2016, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154021842420486522, articleId=1154021842013639023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Vehicle Assisted Driving Behavior Decision-Making Based on Dynamic Risk Assessment, columnId=1149809888211198868, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Feature Topic:Key Technologies on Intelligent and Connected Vehicles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to ensure the safety and reliability of the high-level assisted driving system decision-making,a vehicle assisted driving behavior decision-making method based on dynamic driving risk assessment is proposed. Firstly,an obstacle risk assessment model and a virtual lane risk assessment model are established based on the potential field theory,which are used to describe the driving risk caused by dynamic traffic scenarios to the driving vehicle. Secondly,lane change behavior is divided into two stages according to the vehicle lane change process,which are lane change motivation generation and target lane safety decision-making. Further,the risk assessment indicator for lane change scenarios is proposed to formulate safe lane change rules,and the public data set is used to analyze and verify the risk assessment representation capability in lane change scenarios. Then,based on real-time traffic environment information,the driving behavior decision-making method in lane is determined to achieve safe decision-making in various driving scenarios. Finally,the proposed vehicle assisted driving behavior decision-making method is verified on the PreScan/CarSim/Simulink joint simulation platform and real vehicle road test platform. The results show that the proposed risk assessment model and driving behavior decision-making method can accurately identify and evaluate driving risk,and decide the vehicle driving behavior in real time and rationally,which effectively ensures the driving safety of the high-level assisted driving system.

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为保障高级别辅助驾驶系统决策的安全性和可靠性,提出一种基于动态场景行车风险评估的车辆辅助驾驶行为决策方法。首先,基于势场理论分别建立障碍物风险评估模型和虚拟车道风险评估模型,用以描述动态交通场景对行驶车辆所产生的驾驶风险;其次,根据车辆换道过程将换道行为分为换道动机产生和目标车道安全决策两个阶段,提出换道场景风险评估指标,制定安全换道规则,采用公开数据集分析验证了换道场景下风险评估指标的表征能力;之后,基于实时交通环境信息,确定车道内驾驶行为决策方法,实现多种驾驶场景下的行为安全决策;最后,在PreScan/CarSim/Simulink联合仿真平台和实车试验平台上对所提出的车辆辅助驾驶行为决策方法进行验证。结果表明,所提出的风险评估模型和驾驶行为决策方法,能够准确识别并评估行车风险,并实时决策车辆应采取的合理驾驶行为,有效保证了高级别辅助驾驶系统的行车安全。

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赵治国,教授,博士,E-mail:
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风险评估指标 均值 标准差 离散系数
D R F I 1.831 2 1.154 3 0.630 4
1 / T T C / s - 1 0.487 9 1.390 1 2.849 0
R P / s - 1 4.555 8 4.861 3 1.067 1
1 / M T T C / s - 1 0.457 5 0.904 3 1.976 8
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换道轨迹簇平均风险统计数据

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风险评估指标 均值 标准差 离散系数
D R F I 1.831 2 1.154 3 0.630 4
1 / T T C / s - 1 0.487 9 1.390 1 2.849 0
R P / s - 1 4.555 8 4.861 3 1.067 1
1 / M T T C / s - 1 0.457 5 0.904 3 1.976 8
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驾驶片段

类型

风险作用强度聚类中心 风险作用强度标准差

换道轨迹

数量

保守型 0.746 0 0.386 2 5 385
平衡型 2.146 1 0.392 2 4 805
激进型 3.535 4 0.693 6 2 541
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基于 D R F I的驾驶风格聚类结果

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驾驶片段

类型

风险作用强度聚类中心 风险作用强度标准差

换道轨迹

数量

保守型 0.746 0 0.386 2 5 385
平衡型 2.146 1 0.392 2 4 805
激进型 3.535 4 0.693 6 2 541
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驾驶片段

类型

均值 标准差 显著性检验p<0.01
保守型 平衡型 激进型
保守型 0.071 5 0.694 9 1
平衡型 0.660 1 0.873 4 8.79e-127 1
激进型 0.976 8 0.643 1 5.99e-156 1.66e-30 1
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各类驾驶片段间的 1 / T T C差异性分析

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驾驶片段

类型

均值 标准差 显著性检验p<0.01
保守型 平衡型 激进型
保守型 0.071 5 0.694 9 1
平衡型 0.660 1 0.873 4 8.79e-127 1
激进型 0.976 8 0.643 1 5.99e-156 1.66e-30 1
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驾驶片段

类型

均值 标准差 显著性检验p<0.01
保守型 平衡型 激进型
保守型 0.834 4 0.857 2 1
平衡型 5.724 3 3.831 0 3.16e-155 1
激进型 10.535 6 4.625 7 3.59e-162 7.95e-60 1
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各类驾驶片段间的 R P差异性分析

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驾驶片段

类型

均值 标准差 显著性检验p<0.01
保守型 平衡型 激进型
保守型 0.834 4 0.857 2 1
平衡型 5.724 3 3.831 0 3.16e-155 1
激进型 10.535 6 4.625 7 3.59e-162 7.95e-60 1
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驾驶片段

类型

均值 标准差 显著性检验p<0.01
保守型 平衡型 激进型
保守型 0.081 9 0.273 4 1
平衡型 0.747 1 1.135 4 4.41e-120 1
激进型 0.798 0 0.903 0 6.02e-146 1.54e-06 1
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各类驾驶片段间的 1 / M T T C差异性分析

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驾驶片段

类型

均值 标准差 显著性检验p<0.01
保守型 平衡型 激进型
保守型 0.081 9 0.273 4 1
平衡型 0.747 1 1.135 4 4.41e-120 1
激进型 0.798 0 0.903 0 6.02e-146 1.54e-06 1
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基于动态风险评估的车辆辅助驾驶行为决策*
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刘中姐 , 赵治国 , 于勤
汽车工程 | 专题:汽车智能化关键技术 2024,46(11): 2005-2016
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汽车工程 | 专题:汽车智能化关键技术 2024, 46(11): 2005-2016
基于动态风险评估的车辆辅助驾驶行为决策*
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刘中姐, 赵治国 , 于勤
作者信息
  • 同济大学汽车学院,上海 201804

通讯作者:

赵治国,教授,博士,E-mail:
Vehicle Assisted Driving Behavior Decision-Making Based on Dynamic Risk Assessment
Zhongjie Liu, Zhiguo Zhao , Qin Yu
Affiliations
  • School of Automotive Studies,Tongji University,Shanghai 201804
出版时间: 2024-11-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.11.007
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为保障高级别辅助驾驶系统决策的安全性和可靠性,提出一种基于动态场景行车风险评估的车辆辅助驾驶行为决策方法。首先,基于势场理论分别建立障碍物风险评估模型和虚拟车道风险评估模型,用以描述动态交通场景对行驶车辆所产生的驾驶风险;其次,根据车辆换道过程将换道行为分为换道动机产生和目标车道安全决策两个阶段,提出换道场景风险评估指标,制定安全换道规则,采用公开数据集分析验证了换道场景下风险评估指标的表征能力;之后,基于实时交通环境信息,确定车道内驾驶行为决策方法,实现多种驾驶场景下的行为安全决策;最后,在PreScan/CarSim/Simulink联合仿真平台和实车试验平台上对所提出的车辆辅助驾驶行为决策方法进行验证。结果表明,所提出的风险评估模型和驾驶行为决策方法,能够准确识别并评估行车风险,并实时决策车辆应采取的合理驾驶行为,有效保证了高级别辅助驾驶系统的行车安全。

智能车辆  /  高级别辅助驾驶  /  风险评估  /  驾驶行为决策

In order to ensure the safety and reliability of the high-level assisted driving system decision-making,a vehicle assisted driving behavior decision-making method based on dynamic driving risk assessment is proposed. Firstly,an obstacle risk assessment model and a virtual lane risk assessment model are established based on the potential field theory,which are used to describe the driving risk caused by dynamic traffic scenarios to the driving vehicle. Secondly,lane change behavior is divided into two stages according to the vehicle lane change process,which are lane change motivation generation and target lane safety decision-making. Further,the risk assessment indicator for lane change scenarios is proposed to formulate safe lane change rules,and the public data set is used to analyze and verify the risk assessment representation capability in lane change scenarios. Then,based on real-time traffic environment information,the driving behavior decision-making method in lane is determined to achieve safe decision-making in various driving scenarios. Finally,the proposed vehicle assisted driving behavior decision-making method is verified on the PreScan/CarSim/Simulink joint simulation platform and real vehicle road test platform. The results show that the proposed risk assessment model and driving behavior decision-making method can accurately identify and evaluate driving risk,and decide the vehicle driving behavior in real time and rationally,which effectively ensures the driving safety of the high-level assisted driving system.

intelligent vehicle  /  high-level assisted driving  /  risk assessment  /  driving behavior decision-making
刘中姐, 赵治国, 于勤. 基于动态风险评估的车辆辅助驾驶行为决策*. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (11) : 2005 -2016 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.11.007
Zhongjie Liu, Zhiguo Zhao, Qin Yu. Vehicle Assisted Driving Behavior Decision-Making Based on Dynamic Risk Assessment[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (11) : 2005 -2016 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.11.007
车辆辅助驾驶系统是当前智能驾驶技术领域的核心应用之一,其可在一定程度上降低交通事故发生率,提升车辆行驶的安全性,并优化道路通行效率。面对日益错综复杂的驾驶场景,如何精确衡量行车安全,并实时决策车辆的驾驶行为是高级别辅助驾驶技术研究的关键议题[1-2]
当前主要的风险评估方法通常基于实时监测的车辆状态信息确定安全边界[3]。然而,这种确定性评估指标难以反映各种交通要素动态变化对行车安全的影响。为探索更好的行车安全风险评估机制,一些学者建立了基于场论的概率性评估方法[4-5]。王明强等[6]基于运动物体间的相对距离,建立了静态与移动障碍物风险模型。田野等[7]引入碰撞时间和自车运动状态信息建立行车风险场拓展模型,但只考虑了障碍物纵向相对运动对车辆驾驶风险的影响,忽略了横向移动等其他因素。Lee和Kum[8]将横纵向相对速度对驾驶风险的影响考虑在内,然而当周围两个障碍物的实际距离相同时,其在自车的不同方向时所形成的驾驶风险并不一致。Liu等[9]将车辆外部区域细分为前方、侧方、后方及侧后方4个部分,针对每个区域采用不同的风险系数来表征差异性,然而该方法参数较多且区域划分模型也较为复杂。综上可知,目前的驾驶风险势场模型大多存在模型表达单一、不完整或过于复杂的缺陷,难以准确描述复杂交通场景下的综合行车风险。
L3级以下自动驾驶系统配备了高速公路领航(high way pilot,HWP)和交通拥堵领航(traffic jam pilot,TJP)驾驶模式,可帮助驾驶人实现车道保持、跟车行驶及自动换道等驾驶功能[10]。冀杰等[11]采用基于规则的决策方法建立驾驶行为切换逻辑,分别设计主车道行驶和超车道行驶两种驾驶模式,然而其驾驶模式切换会引起同一驾驶行为状态在不同模式下的频繁切换,不利于辅助驾驶系统稳定性。国内外学者针对车辆换道行为决策问题进行了深入研究。陈慧等[12]采用期望速度不满意程度作为换道意图产生的判定依据,利用最小安全距离模型检测换道行为的可行性,但该方法并未考虑车辆前方和侧方驾驶空间对驾驶人产生的潜在风险。此外,在人工智能技术的推动下,基于数据驱动的驾驶行为决策方法也大量涌现[13]。Liu等[14]采用基于贝叶斯参数优化的支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)算法建立了换道决策模型。Li等[15]提出了一种引入金字塔池化模块的长短时记忆网络(PPC-LSTM)决策算法,通过建立驾驶动作和感知序列之间的映射关系,直接预测智能车辆的转向角和行驶速度,从而实现端到端的类人决策模型。然而,端到端式决策方法的可解释性较差,且很难收集足够的自然驾驶数据来学习各种驾驶场景下的自动驾驶行为,仍有待广泛讨论和验证。
针对以上问题,本文提出一种基于驾驶风险动态评估的车辆辅助驾驶行为决策模型。首先,充分利用车辆动态交通场景中的位置、速度和加速度等矢量信息建立驾驶风险评估模型;然后,根据换道风险指标建立换道驾驶行为决策规则,同步确定车辆在车道内的运动模式,实现复杂驾驶环境下的驾驶行为安全辅助决策。最后,利用仿真测试和实车试验对所提出的算法进行验证。
本文基于动态风险势场评估的车辆辅助驾驶行为决策方法实现方式如图1所示。
车辆驾驶风险势场模型根据交通要素的不同可以分为障碍物风险势场和道路风险势场这两类模型。
物理势场的相互作用强度与场源属性状态和物体在势场中的位置分布有关。类比静电场的理论性质和运动规律[16],目标车辆到空间内点的相对距离和目标车辆自身运动状态是影响障碍物风险势场强度的关键因素。
假设目标车辆所在位置坐标为 ( x 0 , y 0 ),空间内任意一点 ( x i , y i )到该车的矢量距离为 r i,则基于相对距离的风险势场强度 E r可表示为
E r = 1 ( r i ) μ · r i r i
r i = ( x i - x 0 ) 2 + ( y i - y 0 ) 2
式中:距离 r i本质上为空间内两点的欧式距离; μ为空间距离风险分布系数。
在实际驾驶环境中,目标车辆在车辆行驶方向的势场影响范围更广。此外,障碍物的尺寸大小和移动速度均会影响风险势场的纵、横向分布范围。采用椭圆模型对目标车辆不同方向上的潜在风险进行修正,势场分布如图2所示。
为精确反映这种差异性,引入不同权重的椭圆长、短轴系数得到修正矢量距离 r m i,具体可表示为
r m i = ( x i - x 0 l e k v v x 0 ) 2 + ( y i - y 0 w e v y 0 ) 2
式中: l w分别为与目标车辆长度和宽度相关的系数; k v为速度相关参数; v 0 = ( v x 0 , v y 0 )为目标车辆运动速度。
图3中分别展示了6种不同修正条件下的障碍物风险势场等势面图。图3(a)为未修正时基于欧氏距离的风险势场图。由图3(a)~图3(c)可以看出,纵、横向风险势场分布范围分别随目标车辆车长、车宽的增大而增大。由图3(d)~图3(f)可以看出,风险势场分布范围随目标车辆车速的提高而增大。
当目标车辆处于运动状态时,位于前方的风险相较于后方更大,且随着目标车辆速度增大,势场强度相应增加;当车辆位于后方时,势场强度随车速增大而逐渐降低。引入目标车辆速度矢量 v 0,对其进行距离矢量 r i上的投影,得到目标车辆的径向接近速度 v t 0,投影过程如图4所示。
图4 φ 0(下一时刻为 φ 0 ,下同)为目标车辆速度 v 0 v 0 )与距离矢量 r i r i )间的夹角:
c o s ( φ 0 ) = v 0 r i v 0 r i v t 0 = v 0 c o s ( φ 0 )
参考Yukawa势以指数形式描述运动状态风险分布[17],进一步引入车辆加速度矢量信息,可以在急加、急减速等突发情况下提供更为精确的风险感知结果,势场强度 E表示为
E = E r E v = E r e α ( v 0 + δ a 0 ) c o s ( φ 0 )
式中: α为速度风险分布系数; δ为与加速度相关的待定参数; a 0为目标车辆加速度矢量。
如图5所示,分别展示了6种不同运动速度 v 0、加速度 a 0和接近方向 φ 0时的等势面图。势场分布范围和前倾态势随车辆运动状态的不同呈现出明显差异。图5(a)是在2.1.1节距离修正的基础上,仅考虑车辆运动速度的风险势场图。由图5(a)~图5(c)可以看出,势场强度随着目标车辆速度的提升而增强,且从目标车辆前方区域接近时的风险强度明显高于后方区域。图5(d)~图5(f)展示了目标车辆处于不同加速状态下的风险势场分布情况,当目标车辆加速时,其对前方车辆产生的风险远大于后方。
当自车处于势场强度较高的位置时,车辆受到来自场源障碍物产生的作用力较大。场力大小还与车辆自身运动有关,当自车速度方向与场强方向一致时,即车辆朝场强减小方向运动时,车辆发生碰撞的可能性减小,场力随车速的提升而减小;当自车速度方向与场强方向相反时,场力随车速的提升而增大。风险势场场力 F可以构建为
F = m E e α ( v + δ a ) c o s ( φ )
式中: m为车辆等效质量乘积,理想化为1; v a分别为自车运动速度矢量和加速度矢量; α为速度风险分布系数; δ为与加速度相关的待定参数; φ为自车速度 v与障碍物势场强度 E之间的夹角,有
c o s ( φ ) = v E v E
为避免场力矢量叠加出现相互抵消的情况,利用二范数取模对场力矢量进行标量化处理,可以得到用于表征驾驶环境中障碍物风险作用强度的标量值 D R F I,表达式为
D R F I = F
根据车道线颜色、类型和数量等属性的不同,可将车道线划分为可跨越线型和不可跨越线型。可跨越线型形成的势场强度为车辆提供基本的车道保持约束,但不妨碍车辆进行换道操作;不可跨越线型形成的势场强度较高,用以阻止车辆跨线变道;车道中心处的危险势能最小。
本文采用类高斯函数来描述车道线的势场强度 E l [18],引入车辆横向运动信息,体现车辆相对于车道运动时的风险变化趋势,具体表示为
E l = A e - ( y j - y ) 2 2 σ 2
y = y + λ v y
式中:幅值 A与车道线线型和清晰度有关,当车道线为不可跨越线型或不清晰时, A取值越大; σ反映势场强度在车道线附近上升或下降的速度; y j为车道线横向位置; y 为反映车辆相对于车道运动趋势的横向虚拟位置; y v y分别为车辆横向位置和横向速度; λ为速度相关系数。图6为三车道场景下的风险评估建模三维效果图。
考虑到实际道路条件下车道线识别易受遮挡和光照等因素的影响,导致识别结果不稳定,采用指数平均法选取车道线在一段时间(距离)内的风险势场平均值作为车道风险评估的依据。
换道驾驶行为决策过程可以分为换道动机产生和目标车道安全决策这两个阶段。
在确保行驶安全的情况下,驾驶人一般倾向于选择能够接近自己期望车速的车道行驶,当发现当前车道存在阻碍时,驾驶人会根据速度收益和空间收益等环境要素,产生相应的换道需求。
下面引入车速不满累积度[12]来定量评估当前车辆速度期望不满足的程度,其随时间变化的累积度可表示为
M 1 ( t ) = ( v d - v ) T v d
式中: M 1 ( t ) t时刻速度不满意度; v d为期望速度; v为实际纵向车速; T为采样周期。当车辆成功换道至目标车道或车速到达期望速度时,累积度数值应重置为零。
考虑到跟车场景下的车辆换道行为主要受前方车辆驾驶风险影响,这里采用2.1节中简化后的障碍物风险势场模型计算前方实时驾驶风险 M 2 ( t ),用来表征车辆安全行车条件。
M 2 ( t ) = e α v r ( r s ) μ
式中: r s为前车相对距离; v r为自车相对前车的行驶速度; μ为空间距离风险分布系数; α为速度风险分布系数。
基于上述分析,车辆换道动机 M ( t )可表示为
M ( t ) = M 1 ( t ) + M 2 ( t )
当车辆产生换道动机后,会根据当前车道和相邻车道的驾驶风险情况选择目标车道,只有当相邻车道具备更好的驾驶条件时,才具有换道必要性,决策流程如图7所示。
根据风险势场模型分别量化相邻车道的障碍物和车道线的风险,基于换道风险指标确定目标车道选择策略。当前车道障碍物风险 D R F I 1、相邻两车道障碍物风险 D R F I 2 D R F I 3分别为
D R F I 1 = D R F I 前车 + D R F I 后车
D R F I 2 = D R F I 左前 + D R F I 左后
D R F I 3 = D R F I 右前 + D R F I 右后
左、右侧车道线风险分别为 E l E l
建立基于规则的换道安全决策模型如下:
C 1 = ( D R F I 2 < D R F I m ) ( E l < E l m )
C 2 = ( D R F I 3 < D R F I m ) ( E l < E l m )
式中 D R F I m E l m分别为可安全换道时对应的车道障碍物风险阈值和车道线风险阈值。
① 若 C 1为真,则目标车道为左侧相邻车道;
② 若 C 1为假且 C 2为真,则目标车道为右侧相邻车道;
③ 若 C 1为假且 C 2为假,则目标车道为当前车道。
在执行换道过程中,必须持续对目标车道的可行性进行评估:若不满足安全性条件,且车辆处于换道过程中时,则考虑取消换道的安全性;否则,为保证安全车辆应维持在当前车道行驶。
采用HighD大规模自然数据集[19]提取换道场景信息,对所提出的驾驶风险评估方法进行有效性分析。采用文献[20]中所述方法,共计提取了12 731条换道行为数据。
选取碰撞时间 T T C [21]、风险感知系数 R P [22]和修正碰撞时间 M T T C [23]作为评价换道驾驶风险的对比指标。换道轨迹数据对应风险评估指标的统计结果如表1所示。由表1可以看出,所提出的 D R F I指标离散系数最小,在表征换道风险作用强度时具有相对更好的稳定性。
为深入探讨 D R F I指标在表征驾驶人驾驶风格方面的效果,针对前文得到的12 731条换道行为自然数据,采用K-means聚类算法将驾驶人驾驶风格划分为保守型、平衡型和激进型3种类型。表2为3类驾驶风格对应平均风险作用强度的统计数据,聚类结果见图8。可以发现,保守型驾驶人倾向于在较低风险的驾驶场景下采取换道行为,对应驾驶人数量占比最高;激进型驾驶人在换道过程中的平均风险作用强度最高,对应驾驶人数量最少。平衡型驾驶人的风险水平居中,大部分驾驶人更倾向于选择较为谨慎的换道策略。
为更加直观地展示 D R F I指标在不同换道场景风险特征上的能力,分别从3类驾驶风格的换道轨迹中各提取出500个换道轨迹片段,其提取规则为
M n - 0.5 D n < D R F I v < M n + 0.5 D n , n = 1,2 , 3
式中: D R F I v为换道轨迹对应的风险作用强度; M n分别为3类驾驶风格的风险强度均值; D n分别为3类驾驶风格的风险强度标准差。
采用非参数检验(Mann-Whitney U检验)分别对3类驾驶片段进行显著性分析。表3表4表5分别为3类驾驶片段间 T T C R P M T T C指标对应的统计数据和显著性分析结果,图9图10图11分别为对应的分布情况图。
结果表明,这3类驾驶片段之间 T T C R P M T T C指标均具有显著性差异。由此可以说明, D R F I指标在一定程度上可以反映不同换道驾驶场景的风险变化性和驾驶人驾驶风格;同时从分布情况图中可以看出,其他3种对比指标在保守型驾驶风格的表征中表现较好,但在更复杂及危险的换道驾驶场景中,这3种指标不能有效区分平衡型和激进型这两类驾驶风格的差异性。
当道路出现交通拥堵时,车辆一般不采取换道行为,而是跟随前方车辆缓慢前进。采用车头时距(time headway,THW)作为车道占用状态的评估参数,来表示车辆间的纵向冲突。
T H W = s + h v x
式中: s为车辆与正前方车辆的相对距离; h为前车车长; v x为车辆当前纵向行驶速度。通过确定车头时距阈值,可以判断当前时刻车辆行驶时各车道的占用状态。
根据当前驾驶环境下有无前车和车道线是否清晰等信息,车道内运动模式可以分为以下4类:巡航+车道保持模式、跟车+车道保持模式、跟车+横向移动模式及降级为巡航模式。其中,车辆横向主动控制优先考虑换道行为决策结果,即当决策出换道行为时,仅根据车道内驾驶行为决策结果进行纵向控制。
一方面,采用车头时距和车间距离作为前车是否满足跟车行驶的判断标准,当车头时距小于设定的安全跟车阈值或低速时车间距离小于距离阈值时,车辆将采取跟车策略。
另一方面,根据2.2节中的车道风险评估方法来确定车道线是否清晰。当两侧车道线均清晰可见时,系统将采取车道保持策略。在车道线不清晰且车速较高等特定情境下,系统功能将降级为自适应巡航控制(adaptive cruise control,ACC)功能,并警示驾驶人进行接管。此时系统将停止横向主动控制,仅通过纵向控制来维持与前车的安全距离。
利用 PreScan/CarSim/Simulink 联合仿真平台对本文提出方法的有效性进行验证。采用最小安全距离(minimum safety spacing,MSS)换道模型[24]和责任敏感安全(responsibility-sensitive safety,RSS)换道模型[25]与所提出换道模型进行安全性指标和稳定性指标对比。下面以仿真场景1和场景2为例,对3种换道模型进行对照仿真试验。
仿真场景1如图12所示。三车道驾驶场景下,自车的初始速度和期望车速分别为20和54 km/h;当前车道前方20 m处有一辆慢车,初始车速为36 km/h;相邻左车道前车距离自车纵向初始间距为5 m,初始车速为50.4 km/h;相邻右车道前车距离自车纵向初始间距为30 m,初始车速为57.6 km/h。
图13所示,3种行为决策方法在决策仿真结果方面略有不同。从图13(a)可以看出,所提出决策方法与MSS方法开始换道时刻相近,RSS方法则采取更为保守的驾驶策略,换道时刻相对延后了0.4 s。由于右侧车道的空间收益和速度收益更高,换道决策指令对应数值变为1(右换道),换道过程中所提出的方法和RSS方法换道指令均保持为右换道。而MSS方法在执行换道后出现了一定的试探性动作,决策指令在左换道和右换道这两个行为之间频繁切换,且换道完成时刻相对其他两种方法晚了0.6 s。
在执行右换道过程中,自车与前车保持合适间距行驶,车道内决策指令对应数值保持为2(跟车)。换道完成时自车与目标车道前车距离较远,车道内决策指令变为1(巡航),换道决策指令变为0(车道保持)。从图13(b)和图13(c)可以看出,在仿真试验过程中,所提出方法被控车辆最早满足期望速度和期望前方安全空间的需要。
仿真场景2如图14所示。三车道驾驶场景下,自车的初始速度和期望车速分别为60和90 km/h;当前车道前方20 m处有一辆慢车,初始车速为72 km/h;相邻左车道前车距离自车纵向初始间距为15 m,初始车速为90 km/h;相邻右车道有车辆与自车并行,纵向初始间距为0 m,初始车速为57.6 km/h;当前车道后车距离自车纵向初始间距为35 m,初始车速为82.8 km/h。由于当前所在车道行驶车速较慢,后方车辆在3 s后开始向左车道超车行驶。
图15(a)所示,所提出决策方法与其他两种方法开始换道时刻基本相近。仿真试验开始时,左侧车道的空间收益和速度收益更高,换道决策指令对应数值变为-1(左换道)。试验开始后3 s时,后方车辆产生向左超车换道的意图,并逐渐开始执行左换道动作。本文方法在检测到目标左侧车道风险变高时,立即取消左换道动作,决策指令变为0(车道保持);MSS方法在此过程中换道指令一直保持为左换道,直到快发生碰撞时决策指令开始在左换道和取消换道之间频繁切换。从图15(b)和图15(c)可以看出,MSS方法被控车辆在4.9 s时与超车车辆发生碰撞,自车开始紧急制动且前车安全时距突变至0;RSS方法在检测到换道碰撞危险后出现了取消换道的试探性动作,决策指令频繁切换。当超车车辆逐渐加速超过自车一定距离时,所提出方法判断可以向左换道,9.8 s时决策指令变为-1(左换道),12.8 s时完成换道过程。而RSS方法开始尝试换道时刻和换道完成时刻相比于所提出方法均晚了1.3 s。
在仿真试验过程中,自车与前车保持合适间距行驶,车道内决策指令对应数值保持为2(跟车)。换道完成后自车跟随新的前方目标车辆,车道内决策指令由1(巡航)变为2(跟车),换道决策指令变为0(车道保持)。
从上述对照仿真试验结果可以得出,本文所建立的驾驶行为决策模型总体上具有更好的安全性、稳定性和高效性,可以有效辅助车辆的行车安全。
进一步开展实车道路试验来验证所提出的辅助驾驶行为决策算法的可行性。试验车辆配备了完备的感知与控制装置,其具体配置及安装位置见图16(a)。试验实车照片和车内视角如图16(b)和图16(c)所示。
实车验证部分设置如图17所示的两车道超车抑制换道场景。自车的初始速度和期望车速分别为20和40 km/h;当前车道前方15.5 m处有一辆慢车,初始车速为15.4 km/h;相邻左车道后车距离自车纵向初始间距为5 m,初始车速为20.9 km/h。
图18(a)和图18(b)可以看出,车辆换道动机随时间不断累积,当累积值超过阈值时自车产生换道意图。相邻车道及车道线风险变化情况见图18(c),由于左侧车道存在障碍车加速通过,左侧车道风险较高,且右侧车道线为不可跨越线型,因此自车换道行为受到抑制。图18(d)中换道决策指令对应数值保持为0(车道保持),自车在原车道跟随前车行驶,车道内决策指令保持为2(跟车)。
当左侧车道前车加速超过自车一定距离时,左车道风险逐渐降低至小于车道风险阈值,此时换道安全性条件开始满足,换道决策指令变为-1(左换道),车辆开始执行向左换道行为;换道完成后自车在目标车道根据期望巡航速度加速行驶。
上述试验结果表明,本文所提出的辅助驾驶行为决策算法能够实现基于风险势场准确评估的换道驾驶决策,实时判断车辆应采取的安全驾驶行为,可以有效保证辅助驾驶行车安全。
(1) 分别建立了障碍物风险势场模型和虚拟车道风险势场模型用于动态评估行车风险,通过对不同交通场景下的行车风险势场评估问题进行仿真试验分析,验证了所提出的动态风险评估模型的可靠性和有效性。
(2) 分析了车辆自由换道和车道内驾驶行为决策机理,基于风险势场评估指标确立了两阶段决策流程,利用换道数据集进行了势场指标与其他3种风险评估指标的对比试验。结果表明所提出的风险势场指标具有较好的驾驶风格表征能力,且稳定性更佳。
(3) 对开发的辅助驾驶行为决策算法进行了对照仿真试验和实车道路试验。试验结果均表明,所提出方法可以合理决策车辆实时的驾驶行为,具有较好的安全性、稳定性和高效性。
后续将考虑引入其他车辆的运动轨迹预测信息,在城市道路十字路口等更多复杂交通场景进行试验验证,进一步提高驾驶行为决策结果的合理性;同时利用实际驾驶数据对风险势场评估模型进行有效的参数标定,以提高算法的普适性。
  • *国家自然科学基金(52172390)
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2024年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.11.007
  • 接收时间:2024-03-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-30
  • 修回日期:2024-06-03
基金
*国家自然科学基金(52172390)
作者信息
    同济大学汽车学院,上海 201804

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赵治国,教授,博士,E-mail:
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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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