Article(id=1154021841208332626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154021839199260977, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.11.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1676390400000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-15, revisedDate=1718467200000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753069847633, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1732464000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753069847633, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753069847633, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753069847633, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154021839199260977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='1937', pageEnd='2141', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753069847153, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753074308668, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1154040552191418639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154021839199260977, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1154040552191418640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154021839199260977, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1983, endPage=1992, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154021841657123170, articleId=1154021841208332626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Scenario Complexity Calculation Model of Real Road Test Based on Operational Design Condition, columnId=1149809888211198868, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Feature Topic:Key Technologies on Intelligent and Connected Vehicles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The safety of automated vehicle running on the real road is related to traffic factors,driver status,and vehicle status. One major challenge faced by automated driving is that the actual traffic environment is characterized by spatial-temporal randomness of road morphology,natural environment,traffic participants and events. And the difference in complexity of testing scenarios results in the irreproducibility of the automated driving testing process and the incompatibility of testing results,which means that the evaluation of automated driving lacks a unified and quantified testing environment benchmark. In this paper,a scenario complexity calculation model for real road test based on operational design condition (ODC) is proposed. Considering the impact of network connectivity,driver perception ability,and vehicle execution ability on the complexity of automated driving vehicles facing relevant scenarios on actual roads,a complexity calculation model element database for autonomous driving actual road testing scenarios based on the eight major categories of road level,traffic facilities,temporary traffic changes,traffic participants,natural environment,network information,driver status and vehicle status. A scenario complexity computational model of real road test based on operational design condition and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is established,The effect transmission mechanism based on intelligent and connected technology is adopted to calculate the weight coefficient of scenario elements,and the feasibility and rationality of the proposed method are validated in the real road tests.

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自动驾驶车辆在实际道路行驶的安全性与外部交通要素、驾驶员状态以及本车状态密切相关。自动驾驶面临的一大难题是实际交通环境具有道路形态、自然环境、交通参与者及事件等在时间和空间维度的随机性特征,测试场景复杂度存在的差异造成了自动驾驶测试过程的不可复现性和测试结果的不可对比性,导致自动驾驶评价缺乏统一量化的测试环境基准。本文提出了一种基于设计运行条件的实际道路测试场景复杂度计算模型,系统考虑了网联功能、驾驶员感知能力、本车执行能力对自动驾驶车辆在实际道路中面临相关场景时的复杂度影响,建立了以道路等级、交通设施、临时交通变化、交通参与者、自然环境、网联信息、驾驶员状态和本车状态等8个要素大类为基础的自动驾驶实际道路测试场景复杂度计算模型要素库,建立了基于设计运行条件和层次分析法的自动驾驶功能实际道路测试场景复杂度计算模型。采用基于智能化网联化的技术逻辑影响传递机制计算场景要素权重系数,并在实际道路测试中验证了本文方法的可行性和合理性。

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李雨冉,工程师,E-mail:
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An evaluation method of test scenario complexity for intelligent vehicles[C]. SAECCE,2020: 106-113., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1170312479453229163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021841208332626, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170312479457423468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021841208332626, companyId=1170312479453229163, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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场景要素 要素编号 场景要素 数据类型

Category 1

道路等级

1 车道数量 数值型
2 车道坡度 数值型
3 车道曲率 数值型

Category 2

交通设施

4 信号灯 布尔型
5 交通标志 布尔型
6 交通标线 布尔型
7 分隔带 布尔型
8 道闸 布尔型

Category 3

临时交通变化

9 临时交通标志 布尔型
10 临时信号灯 布尔型
11 障碍物 布尔型
12 特殊路面 布尔型

Category 4

交通参与者

13 目标数量 数值型
14 目标类型 数值型
15 目标状态 数值型

Category 5

自然环境

16 布尔型
17 布尔型
18 布尔型
19 PM 2.5 数值型
20 光照度 数值型
21 光干扰 布尔型

Category 6

网联信息

22 位置信号 布尔型
23 蜂窝网络信号 数值型
24 V2X信号 数值型

Category 7

驾驶员状态

25 嗜睡 布尔型

Category 8

本车状态

26 本车加速度 数值型
27 本车转向角速度 数值型
28 本车车速 数值型
), ArticleFig(id=1170312482783506601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021841208332626, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于设计运行条件的实际道路测试场景复杂度要素集

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场景要素 要素编号 场景要素 数据类型

Category 1

道路等级

1 车道数量 数值型
2 车道坡度 数值型
3 车道曲率 数值型

Category 2

交通设施

4 信号灯 布尔型
5 交通标志 布尔型
6 交通标线 布尔型
7 分隔带 布尔型
8 道闸 布尔型

Category 3

临时交通变化

9 临时交通标志 布尔型
10 临时信号灯 布尔型
11 障碍物 布尔型
12 特殊路面 布尔型

Category 4

交通参与者

13 目标数量 数值型
14 目标类型 数值型
15 目标状态 数值型

Category 5

自然环境

16 布尔型
17 布尔型
18 布尔型
19 PM 2.5 数值型
20 光照度 数值型
21 光干扰 布尔型

Category 6

网联信息

22 位置信号 布尔型
23 蜂窝网络信号 数值型
24 V2X信号 数值型

Category 7

驾驶员状态

25 嗜睡 布尔型

Category 8

本车状态

26 本车加速度 数值型
27 本车转向角速度 数值型
28 本车车速 数值型
), ArticleFig(id=1170312482863198378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021841208332626, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因子 标度ai
[0-2.5) 1
[2.5-5) 2
[5-7.5) 3
[7.5-10) 4
[10-12.5) 5
[12.5-15) 6
[15-17.5) 7
[17.5-20) 8
[20-23) 9
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元素影响因子与标度对应关系

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影响因子 标度ai
[0-2.5) 1
[2.5-5) 2
[5-7.5) 3
[7.5-10) 4
[10-12.5) 5
[12.5-15) 6
[15-17.5) 7
[17.5-20) 8
[20-23) 9
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阶数m Ri
1 0
2 0
3 0.58
4 0.90
5 1.12
6 1.24
7 1.32
8 1.41
9 1.45
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随机一致性指标

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阶数m Ri
1 0
2 0
3 0.58
4 0.90
5 1.12
6 1.24
7 1.32
8 1.41
9 1.45
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要素分类 λmax CR

是否符合

一致性要求

Category 1 3.0 0.0
Category 2 5.0 1.98E-16
Category 3 4.0 6.58E-16
Category 4 3.0 0.0
Category 5 6.0 1.43E-16
Category 6 3.0 1.15E-15
Category 7
Category 8 3.0 1.91E-15
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判断矩阵一致性校验结果

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要素分类 λmax CR

是否符合

一致性要求

Category 1 3.0 0.0
Category 2 5.0 1.98E-16
Category 3 4.0 6.58E-16
Category 4 3.0 0.0
Category 5 6.0 1.43E-16
Category 6 3.0 1.15E-15
Category 7
Category 8 3.0 1.91E-15
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要素分类 要素名称 标度

归一化

特征向量

权重

系数

Category 1

道路等级

车道数量 4 0.267 0.035
车道坡度 6 0.400 0.053
车道曲率 5 0.333 0.044

Category 2

交通设施

信号灯 3 0.176 0.027
交通标志 3 0.176 0.027
交通标线 3 0.176 0.027
分隔带 4 0.235 0.035
道闸 4 0.235 0.035

Category 3

临时交通变化

临时交通标志 3 0.176 0.027
临时信号灯 3 0.176 0.027
障碍物 6 0.353 0.053
特殊路面 5 0.294 0.044

Category 4

交通参与者

目标数量 4 0.267 0.035
目标类型 4 0.267 0.035
目标状态 7 0.467 0.062

Category 5

自然环境

5 0.208 0.044
5 0.208 0.044
4 0.167 0.035
PM 2.5 4 0.167 0.035
光照度 4 0.167 0.035
光干扰 2 0.083 0.018

Category 6

网联信息

位置信号 3 0.231 0.027
蜂窝网络信号 5 0.385 0.044
V2X信号 5 0.385 0.044

Category 7

驾驶员状态

嗜睡 5 1.000 0.044

Category 8

本车状态

本车加速度 2 0.286 0.018
本车转向角速度 2 0.286 0.018
本车车速 3 0.429 0.027
), ArticleFig(id=1170312483450400945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021841208332626, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

场景复杂度模型要素权重系数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
要素分类 要素名称 标度

归一化

特征向量

权重

系数

Category 1

道路等级

车道数量 4 0.267 0.035
车道坡度 6 0.400 0.053
车道曲率 5 0.333 0.044

Category 2

交通设施

信号灯 3 0.176 0.027
交通标志 3 0.176 0.027
交通标线 3 0.176 0.027
分隔带 4 0.235 0.035
道闸 4 0.235 0.035

Category 3

临时交通变化

临时交通标志 3 0.176 0.027
临时信号灯 3 0.176 0.027
障碍物 6 0.353 0.053
特殊路面 5 0.294 0.044

Category 4

交通参与者

目标数量 4 0.267 0.035
目标类型 4 0.267 0.035
目标状态 7 0.467 0.062

Category 5

自然环境

5 0.208 0.044
5 0.208 0.044
4 0.167 0.035
PM 2.5 4 0.167 0.035
光照度 4 0.167 0.035
光干扰 2 0.083 0.018

Category 6

网联信息

位置信号 3 0.231 0.027
蜂窝网络信号 5 0.385 0.044
V2X信号 5 0.385 0.044

Category 7

驾驶员状态

嗜睡 5 1.000 0.044

Category 8

本车状态

本车加速度 2 0.286 0.018
本车转向角速度 2 0.286 0.018
本车车速 3 0.429 0.027
), ArticleFig(id=1170312483580424370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021841208332626, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号 1 2 3
场景复杂度 0.577 4 0.511 1 0.555 7
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测试车辆试验数据分析汇总表

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试验编号 1 2 3
场景复杂度 0.577 4 0.511 1 0.555 7
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基于设计运行条件的实际道路测试场景复杂度计算模型
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孙航 1 , 李雨冉 1 , 张琳琳 1 , 翟洋 2 , 陈振宇 1 , 陈蔯 2
汽车工程 | 专题:汽车智能化关键技术 2024,46(11): 1983-1992
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汽车工程 | 专题:汽车智能化关键技术 2024, 46(11): 1983-1992
基于设计运行条件的实际道路测试场景复杂度计算模型
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孙航1, 李雨冉1 , 张琳琳1, 翟洋2, 陈振宇1, 陈蔯2
作者信息
  • 1. 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司中国汽车标准化研究院,天津 300300
  • 2. 中汽智联技术有限公司,天津 300221

通讯作者:

李雨冉,工程师,E-mail:
Scenario Complexity Calculation Model of Real Road Test Based on Operational Design Condition
Hang Sun1, Yuran Li1 , Linlin Zhang1, Yang Zhai2, Zhenyu Chen1, Chen Chen2
Affiliations
  • 1. Auto Standardization Research Institute,China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. ,Ltd. ,Tianjin 300300
  • 2. CATARC Intelligent and Connected Technology Co. ,Ltd. ,Tianjin 300221
出版时间: 2024-11-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.11.005
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自动驾驶车辆在实际道路行驶的安全性与外部交通要素、驾驶员状态以及本车状态密切相关。自动驾驶面临的一大难题是实际交通环境具有道路形态、自然环境、交通参与者及事件等在时间和空间维度的随机性特征,测试场景复杂度存在的差异造成了自动驾驶测试过程的不可复现性和测试结果的不可对比性,导致自动驾驶评价缺乏统一量化的测试环境基准。本文提出了一种基于设计运行条件的实际道路测试场景复杂度计算模型,系统考虑了网联功能、驾驶员感知能力、本车执行能力对自动驾驶车辆在实际道路中面临相关场景时的复杂度影响,建立了以道路等级、交通设施、临时交通变化、交通参与者、自然环境、网联信息、驾驶员状态和本车状态等8个要素大类为基础的自动驾驶实际道路测试场景复杂度计算模型要素库,建立了基于设计运行条件和层次分析法的自动驾驶功能实际道路测试场景复杂度计算模型。采用基于智能化网联化的技术逻辑影响传递机制计算场景要素权重系数,并在实际道路测试中验证了本文方法的可行性和合理性。

自动驾驶  /  实际道路测试  /  设计运行条件  /  场景复杂度

The safety of automated vehicle running on the real road is related to traffic factors,driver status,and vehicle status. One major challenge faced by automated driving is that the actual traffic environment is characterized by spatial-temporal randomness of road morphology,natural environment,traffic participants and events. And the difference in complexity of testing scenarios results in the irreproducibility of the automated driving testing process and the incompatibility of testing results,which means that the evaluation of automated driving lacks a unified and quantified testing environment benchmark. In this paper,a scenario complexity calculation model for real road test based on operational design condition (ODC) is proposed. Considering the impact of network connectivity,driver perception ability,and vehicle execution ability on the complexity of automated driving vehicles facing relevant scenarios on actual roads,a complexity calculation model element database for autonomous driving actual road testing scenarios based on the eight major categories of road level,traffic facilities,temporary traffic changes,traffic participants,natural environment,network information,driver status and vehicle status. A scenario complexity computational model of real road test based on operational design condition and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is established,The effect transmission mechanism based on intelligent and connected technology is adopted to calculate the weight coefficient of scenario elements,and the feasibility and rationality of the proposed method are validated in the real road tests.

automated driving  /  real road test  /  operational design condition  /  scenario complexity
孙航, 李雨冉, 张琳琳, 翟洋, 陈振宇, 陈蔯. 基于设计运行条件的实际道路测试场景复杂度计算模型. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (11) : 1983 -1992 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.11.005
Hang Sun, Yuran Li, Linlin Zhang, Yang Zhai, Zhenyu Chen, Chen Chen. Scenario Complexity Calculation Model of Real Road Test Based on Operational Design Condition[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (11) : 1983 -1992 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.11.005
自动驾驶车辆能够提高人们的生活质量和生产效率,为解决交通拥堵和能源短缺问题提供了新的方式,测试和评价是其技术发展过程中不可或缺的一环,也是当前行业研究的热点和难点。实际道路测试是指在公开道路对搭载自动驾驶功能的车辆开展实车测试,基于足量的测试里程和测试场景要素覆盖,评估其在真实交通情况中的行为表现与应对能力,具有保真度高和贴近实际工况的特点。场景是指在一定的时间和空间范围内,自动驾驶车辆及其周围动静态环境和驾驶行为的有机组合,在自动驾驶车辆设计、研发、测试和评价中扮演着重要角色。在联合国确立的自动驾驶安全验证体系中,场景是功能安全和预期功能安全以及三支柱测试体系的核心。在弥补了基于里程的测试方法局限性的基础上,基于场景的验证方法还可以提高系统开发的效率并推动产品落地。自动驾驶车辆在实际道路测试过程中“遇到”的场景复杂度,以及不同场景下自动驾驶车辆的表现,共同体现自动驾驶车辆的能力。因此,场景复杂度评估是自动驾驶车辆实际道路测试评价的重要环节。
世界各国对实际道路测试与评价方法开展了一系列探索研究。联合国自动驾驶验证方法非正式工作组(validation methods for automated driving informal working group,VMAD IWG)提出了一种新的测试评估方法[1] 和场景目录[2] 。欧盟基于交通事故总结形成了人工和自动驾驶关键场景[3] 。欧洲新车评估组织(European new car safety evaluation association,E-NCAP)依据细节化的测试场景对自动驾驶车辆开展测试[4] 。德国政府将交通事故类别和严重程度标示在数字地图上,形成了相应的事故场景[5] 。德国PEGASUS项目[6] 根据包含要素的不同建立了6层场景层次体系[7] ,为不同的利益相关者建立共同的评价基础。美国公路交通安全管理局(national highway traffic safety administration,NHTSA)研究了预碰撞场景并形成了相关测试场景及其实例的架构体系;美国交通部(department of transportation,DOT)聚焦核心驾驶能力的测试和研究[8]
当前,国内外许多学者对自动驾驶测试场景复杂度开展了研究,取得了一些进展。李建斌等[9] 提出了使用模糊一致矩阵模型定量评价道路安全的方法,解决了模糊综合评价中由于隶属度不确定带来的干扰项。李平飞等[10] 构造出6类“车-车”事故典型场景,根据信息熵理论建立了包含场景复杂度的风险评价模型。王荣等[11] 将场景划分成静态和动态,基于信息熵理论和加速引力模型解决了测试场景不明确且难以量化评价的问题。庞智恒等[12] 提出了基于 PEGASUS 场景分层的场景要素概率和“母子库”的概念,推进建设合理可用的安全场景库。董汉等[13] 构建了外部环境、交通状况和车辆因素的综合指标体系,基于专家的评分和层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)提出了能够定量评价危险驾驶工况场景的复杂度的模型。朱波等[14] 基于本体论的思想,将场景解构为被测车辆、对象、环境、路况4大类,提出了基于多通道态势图的层次分析法场景复杂度计算方法。Zhang等[15] 运用层次分析法和影响传递模型计算场景要素的权重,采用分段线性拟合支持向量机求解场景空间安全边界。Li等[16] 将场景拆分为一系列预先确定的、可以由一组时空属性来定义的驾驶任务。Zhou等[17] 运用几个基本场景和一组转换规则描述了一个复杂测试场景。Chen等[18] 根据常见的道路场景和影响驾驶安全的因素,提出了基于模糊综合评价的自动驾驶汽车安全等级评价方法。Liu等[19] 将多目标决策问题拆分成不同层次后逐层递归,提出了通过专家打分法计算权重系数的自动驾驶车辆测试评价方法。
分析国内外开展的测试场景复杂度计算方法后可知,道路、基础设施、交通参与者、自然环境等已成为当前相关研究普遍认可的要素类型,层次分析法也因其适用于多要素多层次的复杂系统问题的优点被广泛应用。然而,现有场景复杂度计算方法主要是采用了基于单车智能的技术逻辑和场景要素选取方案,随着网联技术的日趋成熟和应用推广,网联功能的技术逻辑和场景要素也将成为自动驾驶实际道路测试场景复杂度的重要组成部分。驾驶员和本车状态对自动驾驶安全的影响在国际上已被普遍认可[20] ,现有方法中缺少对驾驶员和本车状态对自动驾驶系统在实际道路测试中应对的场景复杂度的系统考虑。
本文提出了一种基于设计运行条件(operational design condition,ODC)的实际道路测试场景复杂度评价方法,主要贡献如下:
(1)建立了以道路等级、交通设施、临时交通变化、交通参与者、自然环境、网联信息、驾驶员状态和本车状态等8个要素大类为基础的自动驾驶实际道路测试场景复杂度计算模型要素库,系统考虑了网联信息、驾驶员状态和本车状态对自动驾驶系统在实际道路中面临相关场景时的复杂度影响。
(2)提出了基于智能化网联化的技术逻辑影响传递机制,将网联功能、驾驶员感知能力、本车执行能力纳入场景复杂度权重标度计算方法,建立了基于ODC和AHP的自动驾驶功能实际道路测试场景复杂度计算模型,并在实际道路测试中验证了本文方法的可行性和合理性。
自动驾驶车辆实际道路测试场景复杂度与测试场景中出现的交通要素直接相关[21] 。现有研究表明,不同交通要素在场景中贡献的复杂度权重存在差异[22] ,本文提出了一种新的自动驾驶实际道路测试场景复杂度计算模型,如式(1)式(2)所示。
C T o t a l = i = 1 N ω i C i , C T o t a l 0,1
S C = j = 1 n C T o t a l j n
式中:CTotal为某一时刻的场景复杂度;ωi 为每个场景复杂度要素的权重系数;Ci 为每个要素的独立复杂度;i为参与计算的场景复杂度要素数量;SC为测试记录时间内场景复杂度;n为包含的复杂度的时刻数量。
本文基于约10万km的真实道路数据采集,在进行数据的要素标注和分析后,结合实际道路测试基础要素库、德国PEGASUS场景描述6层模型和设计运行条件(ODC)原理,提取出自动驾驶功能实际道路测试场景复杂度要素集;引入基于智能化网联化的技术逻辑影响传递机制,将网联功能、驾驶员感知能力、本车执行能力纳入场景复杂度分析算法,利用层次分析法推导计算出各场景复杂度各要素的权重系数,建立自动驾驶功能实际道路测试场景复杂度计算模型;最后使用在中国沧州市开展的自动驾驶功能实际道路测试试验数据,提取实际道路测试中各要素并量化其复杂度后代入验证了本文提出的模型。自动驾驶功能实际道路测试场景复杂度评价模型研究技术框架如图1所示。
单车智能技术路线面临车载传感器感知能力有限、计算平台算力需求过高、难以与智能交通融合发展等问题,存在车辆安全性、可靠性、舒适性、经济性等诸多挑战。网联赋能可以减少车辆对计算芯片和车载传感器的依赖,降低了单车成本,推动自动驾驶产业化发展。我国一直以来都很重视网联技术和车路云一体化发展,具备较强的信息通信产业基础,基于蜂窝的车用无线通信技术(cellular vehicle to everything,C-V2X)和云平台等技术全球领先,配套基础设施完善,因此网联信息是完善符合我国需求的场景复杂度的必备要素,也是中国自动驾驶测试评价方案中不可缺少的内容。
设计运行范围(operational design domain,ODD)是驾驶自动化系统设计时确定的适用于其功能运行的外部环境条件[23] 。设计运行条件是驾驶自动化系统设计时确定的适用于其功能运行的各类条件的总称,包括设计运行范围、车辆状态、驾乘人员状态及其他必要条件[24],是已被国际广泛认同的、自动驾驶系统能够启动和安全执行动态驾驶任务的条件。自动驾驶车辆在实际道路行驶时,其安全性和外部交通要素、驾驶员状态以及本车状态密切相关。相同的外部场景下,驾驶员是否具备接管能力、本车速度或横摆角等不同车辆状态下形成的综合复杂度具有较大差异,有必要将驾驶员和本车状态纳入场景复杂度要素集并量化其影响。
实际道路测试基础要素库是基于自动驾驶车辆的设计运行范围,用于测试自动驾驶功能和性能的一系列要素的集合,分为静态元素、动态元素和辅助元素,每类元素划分成3个层级,共包含75个3级要素[25]。本文综合考虑实际道路测试基础要素库、德国PEGASUS场景描述6层模型和设计运行条件对驾驶安全的影响,将网联信息、驾驶员状态(嗜睡)和本车状态纳入场景复杂度要素集,根据10万km驾驶视频要素标注,提出了包括8类共28个要素的场景复杂度要素集并给出了相应的数据类型,如表1所示。
分析实际道路测试采集的场景数据,驾驶员状态可使用现有驾驶员睡意检测深度学习模型预测其是否嗜睡,若预测分类为嗜睡,则其独立复杂度C25=1,否则C25=0;若其他布尔值类型要素出现在场景中,则Ci =1,否则Ci =0。
本文根据要素对车辆动力学影响、对自动驾驶功能影响等技术分析,为非布尔值类型的要素设置了相应的复杂度计算公式,在实际道路测试过程中采集的场景要素须代入各自复杂度公式中进行计算,得出对应的复杂度Ci
车道数量复杂度Claneamount 计算公式如式(3)所示,其中n为专家经验系数,laneamount为车道数量。
C l a n e a m o u n t = l o g 2 ( 1 + 1 - e - n × l a n e a m o u n t 1 + e - n × l a n e a m o u n t ) , C l a n e a m o u n t [ 0,1 )
车道坡度复杂度Cslope计算公式如式(4)式(5)所示,其中gra为道路坡度,ΔS为本车每0.1 s的行驶位移,ΔAltitude代表每0.1 s本车的海拔差值。
C s l o p e = l o g 2 ( 1 + 1 - e - n × g r a 1 + e - n × g r a ) , C s l o p e [ 0,1 )
g r a = a r c s i n ( Δ S Δ A l t i t u d e )
车道曲率复杂度Ccurvature 计算公式如式(6)所示,其中curvature为道路曲率,max_curvature为每个记录session中的最大道路曲率。
C c u r v a t u r e = l o g 2 , ( 1 + 1 - c u r v a t u r e 1 + m a x _ c u r v a t u r e ) C c u r v a t u r e [ 0,1 )
目标数量复杂度Cobj_amount计算公式如式(7)所示,其中Na为目标数量,目标数量计算采用九宫格定位法,如图2所示,5号位为本车位置,1-4号和6-9号位置对本车影响最大,因此记录上述8个位置存在的目标数量。
C o b j _ a m o u n t = N a / 8
目标种类复杂度Cobj_type计算公式如式(8)所示,其中Nt为目标种类的数量,根据采集数据统计可知以下11类交通参与者出现频率较高:乘用车、货车、客车、挂车、摩托车、自行车、特种车辆、行人、人群、自行车群、摩托车群,故将其纳入场景复杂度计算的主车目标种类之中。
C o b j _ t y p e = N t / 11
目标状态复杂度CTS计算公式如式(9)所示,其中ttc_x为本车与前车纵向的碰撞时间,ttc_y为本车与前车横向的碰撞时间,obj_posx为目标车与本车在x方向上的相对位置,obj_posy为目标车与本车在y方向上的相对位置,vehicle_speed为本车车速,orientation为本车航向角,obj_vxabs为目标车x向速度,obj_vyabs为目标车y向速度。
C T S = l o g 2 ( 1 + i = 1 N t e - t t c _ x i 2 + t t c _ y i 2 ) , C T S [ 0,1 )
t t c _ x = o b j _ p o s x v e h i c l e _ s p e e d × c o s ( o r i e n t a t i o n ) - o b j _ v x a b s
t t c _ y = o b j _ p o s y v e h i c l e _ s p e e d × c o s ( o r i e n t a t i o n ) - o b j _ v y a b s
PM2.5复杂度CPM2.5计算公式如式(12)所示,其中PM2.5为PM2.5指数。
C P M 2.5 = l o g 2 ( 1 + 1 - e - n × P M 2.5 1 + e - n × P M 2.5 ) , C P M 2.5 [ 0,1 )
光照度复杂度Cillum计算公式如式(13)所示,其中web_illumination为光照度。
C i l l u m = l o g 2 ( 1 + 1 - e - n × w e b _ i l l u m i n a t i o n 1 + e - n × w e b _ i l l u m i n a t i o n ) , C i l l u m [ 0,1 )
网联信息复杂度Cnetwork计算公式如式(14)所示,其中ClocationCcellCnavigation分别表示位置信号复杂度、蜂窝网络复杂度和导航信号复杂度。
C n e t w o r k = - ( C l o c a t i o n + C c e l l + C n a v i a t i o n )
本车加速度及航向角速度复杂度CSV计算公式如式(15)所示,其中Δax 为本车纵向加速度,Δay 为本车横向加速度, ω θ代表本车航向角速度。
C S V = 1 3 l o g 2 ( 1 + 1 - e - Δ a x 1 + e - Δ a x ) + 1 3 l o g 2 ( 1 + 1 - e - Δ a y 1 + e - Δ a y ) + 1 3 l o g 2 ( 1 + 1 - e - ω θ 1 + e - ω θ ) , C S V [ 0,1 )
本车速度复杂度CVehicle_speed计算公式如式(16)所示,其中v为本车车速,vmax为每个session中本车车速的最大值。
C V e h i c l e _ s p e e d = l o g 2 ( 1 + v v m a x ) , C V e h i c l e _ s p e e d [ 0,1 )
自动驾驶系统由感知、决策、执行等子系统串联组成[26],要素对场景复杂度的影响也会沿自动驾驶系统技术逻辑传递[27]。网联功能为自动驾驶系统提供外部环境信息输入,在技术逻辑中与传感器感知同属一层。如果将动态驾驶任务(DDT)看成一个系统,在人机共驾过程中的驾驶员感知能力则是该系统中的信息感知环节,本车的执行能力涉及在ODC边界时的决策和表现,也应纳入技术逻辑考虑,如图3所示。
场景要素对自动驾驶系统产生的影响会逐级传递,这些影响会对自动驾驶的表现产生叠加效果。要素在全部层级中的影响因子Q
Q ( n ) = j = 1 n ( L j - 1 )
式中:n为场景要素影响层级的数量;Lj 为场景要素直接影响的系统层级。根据不同要素的影响因子,依据表2计算出对应的权重标度ai,用于后续的权重系数计算。
层次分析法是解决复杂评价问题的有效手段,在对影响因素以及内在关系进行分析后,构建一个层次结构模型,利用结构过程的层次化求取影响元素的影响权重系数ωi
求解出判断矩阵的最大特征值 λ m a x以及特征向量 E = ( e 1 , e 2 , . . . , e n ),将特征向量归一化,所得向量即为每个场景元素的权重系数ω i
ω i = S c a t i S T o t a l × f s d ( e i )
式中: S c a t i为要素i所在要素类型的标度之和; S T o t a l为全部要素的标度之和; f s d e i为特征向量归一化函数。
按照场景要素分类,将场景复杂度要素分为Category 1 -8共8个部分,将每一部分的要素分别组成判断矩阵。判断矩阵用于表示各要素之间相对重要性或影响程度,常采用数值(通常从1到9)来表示,1表示两个要素同等重要,其他数值则表示两个要素间的相对重要性差异程度。
通过计算每个类别对应的判断矩阵的最大特征值的特征向量,并对其进行归一化处理,得到每个要素所对应的权重系数。各类别所对应的判断矩阵如下。
Category 1道路等级:车道数量、车道坡度、车道曲率的标度分别为4,6,5。
1 0.667 0.8 1.5 1 1.2 1.25 0.833 1
Category 2交通设施:信号灯、交通标志、交通标线、分隔带、道闸的标度分别为3,3,3,4,4。
1 1 1 0.75 0.75 1 1 1 0.75 0.75 1 1 1 0.75 0.75 1.333 1.333 1.333 1 1 1.333 1.333 1.333 1 1
Category 3临时交通变化:临时交通标志、临时信号灯、障碍物、特殊路面的标度分别为3,3,6,5。
1 1 0.5 0.6 1 1 0.5 0.6 2 2 1 1.2 1.667 1.667 0.833 1
Category 4交通参与者:目标数量、目标类型、目标状态的标度分别为4,4,7。
1 1 0.571 1 1 0.571 1.75 1.75 1
Category 5自然环境:雨、雪、雾、PM 2.5、光照度、光干扰的标度分别为5,5,4,4,4,2。
1 1 1.25 1.25 1.25 2.5 1 1 1.25 1.25 1.25 2.5 0.8 0.8 1 1 1 2 0.8 0.8 1 1 1 2 0.8 0.8 1 1 1 2 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 1
Category 6网联信息:位置信号、蜂窝网络信号、V2X信号的标度分别为3,5,5。
1 0.6 0.6 1.667 1 1 1.667 1 1
Category 8本车状态:本车加速度、本车转向角速度、本车车速的标度分别为2,2,3。
1 1 0.667 1 1 0.667 1.5 1.5 1
为验证Category 1-8的判断矩阵各元素之间的相对重要程度评价的合理性,对判断矩阵进行一致性检验,检验公式为
C i = λ m a x m - 1
C R = C i R i
式中:λmax为判断矩阵最大特征值;m为判断矩阵的阶数;Ci 为一致性指标;Ri 为随机一致性指标,根据不同阶数m为1~9时的Ri 取值如表3所示;CR 为一致性比率,当CR < 0.1时,矩阵满足一致性要求,判断矩阵一致性校验结果如表4所示。
根据校验结果,得出场景复杂度模型要素权重系数表,如表5所示。
本文使用在中国沧州市开展的自动驾驶功能实际道路测试试验数据,数据采集平台如图4所示,使用激光雷达记录相对距离,使用摄像头记录车辆周边环境信息、驾驶员手脚操作、人机交互显示、车轮和车道线相对位置,使用惯导记录本车运动信息,使用终端设备记录试验关键节点及信息。实际道路测试数据采集的现场情况如图5所示。
在完成数据采集试验后,截取3段测试车辆试验数据分别编号为1-3,每段数据600 s,每0.1 s记录一条数据,每段试验共记录6 000条数据。首先,提取实际道路测试验证试验1-3场景中的要素并量化其复杂度,随后结合场景复杂度要素权重系数(如表5所示),对3段试验的复杂度进行计算,计算出场景复杂度,如表6所示。
其中,编号2、3的两段试验在同路段同时段交通流相当情况下开展,路况基本相似,主要场景复杂度要素基本相似,差异为试验2中测试车辆可获取位置信号和导航信号,试验3中测试车辆不可获取位置信号和导航信号。
(1)试验分析1:测试场景复杂度与人类驾驶员认知符合性分析。
抽取验证试验1中目标物变化率较大且其它要素变化率较小的20 s场景复杂度试验数据,绘制目标物数量与复杂度关系图,如图6所示,在其他复杂度要素变化率较小的情况下,测试场景复杂度与目标物数量变化正相关,与人类驾驶员在驾驶过程中遇到较多目标物时的复杂度认知一致。
抽取验证试验1中50 s数据,其中本车速度变化率较大,其他要素变化率较小,绘制本车速度与复杂度关系图,如图7所示,在其他复杂度要素变化率较小的情况下,测试场景复杂度与本车速度变化正相关,与人类驾驶员在驾驶过程中车速较快时的复杂度认知一致。
(2)试验分析2:网联要素在测试场景复杂度中的作用分析。
分析试验2和试验3可知,两次试验中路段相同、时段相同,交通流相似,试验2的测试车辆的复杂度要素包括位置信号、导航信息,计算得出的场景复杂度为0.511 1;试验3的测试车辆的复杂度要素不包括位置信号、导航信息,计算得出的场景复杂度为0.555 7。截取部分试验结果绘制行驶距离、行驶时间和场景复杂度的三维关系图,如图8所示。
在测试过程中,试验2中测试车辆的测试场景复杂度相对稳定,低于试验3,反映出位置信号和导航信号对降低场景复杂度的作用。在本次验证试验中,由于采用了位置信号和导航信息从而降低场景复杂度约为8.0%,符合人类驾驶员对驾驶复杂度的认知。
本文提出了一种基于设计运行条件(ODC)的实际道路测试场景复杂度计算模型及评价方法:根据已有研究成果和10万km真实驾驶场景标注统计结果,将网联功能、驾驶员感知能力、本车执行能力纳入场景复杂度要素库,提出基于智能化网联化的技术逻辑影响传递机制,形成了符合中国自动驾驶技术路线的场景要素标度计算方法,建立了自动驾驶功能实际道路测试场景复杂度计算模型和评价方法,并在自动驾驶功能实际道路测试试验中验证了该方法。验证结果表明:本文提出的模型计算得出的场景复杂度与人类驾驶员在驾驶过程中遇到相似场景时的复杂度认知一致;对于人类驾驶员认知较复杂的场景,本文提出的模型能够统计出对复杂度影响较高的要素,可用于智能驾驶系统在实际道路测试中的功能及性能优化研究。
未来,将有大量智能驾驶汽车开展实际道路测试,由人类驾驶员判断场景复杂度存在成本高、时间长、不可量化、主观评价尺度不一等难题,本文提出的方法符合人类驾驶员在驾驶过程中的场景复杂度认知,同时兼具复杂度评价的一致性和可追溯性,可在实际道路测试评价中推广使用。
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2024年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.11.005
  • 接收时间:2023-02-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-15
  • 修回日期:2024-06-16
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    1. 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司中国汽车标准化研究院,天津 300300
    2. 中汽智联技术有限公司,天津 300221

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李雨冉,工程师,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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