Article(id=1154021706202075897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154021703362532078, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.12.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716134400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-20, revisedDate=1717948800000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753069815445, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753069815445, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753069815445, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753069815445, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154021703362532078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='12', pageStart='2143', pageEnd='2354', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753069814768, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753074363847, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1154040783624724753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154021703362532078, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1154040783624724754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154021703362532078, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2190, endPage=2199, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154021706621506299, articleId=1154021706202075897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Study on Sandwich Hood Inspired by Straw-Shaped Structure and Its Protective Effectiveness on Head Injury, columnId=1170310431202619715, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Feature Topic: Automotive Structural Integration Design and Manufacturing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to develop a hood with better pedestrian protection performance,firstly three types of straw energy absorption modules are designed,specifically circular,triangular and rectangular. Subsequently,the CSEAM sample with PA11 material is prepared and the finite element model is verified. Then,the human body injury protection effectiveness of the three types of Novel Straw-shaped structure Sandwich Hood (NSSH) is evaluated by simulation and the deformation mode is analyzed. The results show that the three NSSHs can significantly reduce pedestrian head injury,and the Triangle Straw-shape structure Sandwich Hood (TSSH) has the best protective effectiveness on human body injury. The deformation is uniformly diffused in a regular shape,and the peak of acceleration and impact force in each stage of the collision waveform is optimized by reducing the overall structural stiffness of the hood. Further analysis shows that the human body injury protection effectiveness of TSSH decreases with the increase of vehicle speed and impact angle,and the injury caused by TSSH is significantly lower than that of the original hood,indicating that raising the hood can reduce the impact angle to better protect pedestrians,while when the Ratio of Pedestrian height to Bonnet leading edge height Rh≤2.1 and Rh≥2.45,the head only impacts the hood and windshield,respectively. It can be used as the criterion of hood lift. The research results can provide support for the design of hood structure with better pedestrian protection effectiveness.

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为开发更佳行人保护效果的发罩,先设计圆形、三角形和矩形3种吸管吸能模块,再制备以PA11为材料的圆形吸管吸能模块(CSEAM)样件,并验证了有限元模型,进而通过仿真评估3种新型仿吸管夹层发罩(NSSH)的人体损伤防护效果且分析了变形模式。研究显示:3种NSSH均能显著降低行人头部损伤,且三角形吸管夹层发罩(TSSH)的人体损伤防护效果最佳;其变形均以规则形状均匀扩散,通过降低发罩整体结构刚度而优化了碰撞波形中各阶段的加速度和冲击力峰值。进一步分析发现,TSSH的人体损伤防护效果随车速和撞击角度增大而降低,且所致损伤均大幅低于原发罩,表明抬升发罩即减小撞击角度可更好地保护行人;而当身罩比Rh≤2.1和Rh≥2.45时头部分别仅撞击发罩和风窗玻璃,其可作为发罩抬升的判别依据。研究成果将为行人保护效果更优的发罩结构设计提供支持。

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李奇奇,副教授,工学博士,E-mail:
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结构名称 D1/mm d1/mm h1/mm t1/mm t2/mm n/层 H/mm
CSEAM 60 40 10 0.6 3.0 2.5 25
TSEAM 25
RSEAM 40
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吸能模块的主要几何参数

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结构名称 D1/mm d1/mm h1/mm t1/mm t2/mm n/层 H/mm
CSEAM 60 40 10 0.6 3.0 2.5 25
TSEAM 25
RSEAM 40
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儿童θ区间/(°) 儿童仿真θ/(°) 儿童案例数 占比/% 成人θ区间/(°) 成人仿真θ/(°) 成人案例数 占比/%
0~10 10 10 20.8 0~15 15 25 25
10~20 20 6 12.5 15~25 25 17 17
20~30 30 8 16.7 25~35 35 19 19
30~40 40 17 35.4 35~45 45 17 17
40~50 50 7 14.6 45~55 55 18 18
>50 0 0 55~65 65 4 4
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冲击角度范围及仿真角度划分

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儿童θ区间/(°) 儿童仿真θ/(°) 儿童案例数 占比/% 成人θ区间/(°) 成人仿真θ/(°) 成人案例数 占比/%
0~10 10 10 20.8 0~15 15 25 25
10~20 20 6 12.5 15~25 25 17 17
20~30 30 8 16.7 25~35 35 19 19
30~40 40 17 35.4 35~45 45 17 17
40~50 50 7 14.6 45~55 55 18 18
>50 0 0 55~65 65 4 4
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仿吸管吸能模块夹层发罩及其头部损伤防护效能研究*
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邹铁方 , 陈得着 , 李奇奇
汽车工程 | 专题:汽车结构一体化设计与制造技术 2024,46(12): 2190-2199
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汽车工程 | 专题:汽车结构一体化设计与制造技术 2024, 46(12): 2190-2199
仿吸管吸能模块夹层发罩及其头部损伤防护效能研究*
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邹铁方, 陈得着, 李奇奇
作者信息
  • 长沙理工大学汽车与机械工程学院,长沙 410114

通讯作者:

李奇奇,副教授,工学博士,E-mail:
Study on Sandwich Hood Inspired by Straw-Shaped Structure and Its Protective Effectiveness on Head Injury
Tiefang Zou, Dezhuo Chen, Qiqi Li
Affiliations
  • School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering,Changsha University of Science & Technology,Changsha  410114
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.12.006
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为开发更佳行人保护效果的发罩,先设计圆形、三角形和矩形3种吸管吸能模块,再制备以PA11为材料的圆形吸管吸能模块(CSEAM)样件,并验证了有限元模型,进而通过仿真评估3种新型仿吸管夹层发罩(NSSH)的人体损伤防护效果且分析了变形模式。研究显示:3种NSSH均能显著降低行人头部损伤,且三角形吸管夹层发罩(TSSH)的人体损伤防护效果最佳;其变形均以规则形状均匀扩散,通过降低发罩整体结构刚度而优化了碰撞波形中各阶段的加速度和冲击力峰值。进一步分析发现,TSSH的人体损伤防护效果随车速和撞击角度增大而降低,且所致损伤均大幅低于原发罩,表明抬升发罩即减小撞击角度可更好地保护行人;而当身罩比Rh≤2.1和Rh≥2.45时头部分别仅撞击发罩和风窗玻璃,其可作为发罩抬升的判别依据。研究成果将为行人保护效果更优的发罩结构设计提供支持。

汽车安全  /  发动机罩  /  夹层结构  /  行人保护  /  抬升

In order to develop a hood with better pedestrian protection performance,firstly three types of straw energy absorption modules are designed,specifically circular,triangular and rectangular. Subsequently,the CSEAM sample with PA11 material is prepared and the finite element model is verified. Then,the human body injury protection effectiveness of the three types of Novel Straw-shaped structure Sandwich Hood (NSSH) is evaluated by simulation and the deformation mode is analyzed. The results show that the three NSSHs can significantly reduce pedestrian head injury,and the Triangle Straw-shape structure Sandwich Hood (TSSH) has the best protective effectiveness on human body injury. The deformation is uniformly diffused in a regular shape,and the peak of acceleration and impact force in each stage of the collision waveform is optimized by reducing the overall structural stiffness of the hood. Further analysis shows that the human body injury protection effectiveness of TSSH decreases with the increase of vehicle speed and impact angle,and the injury caused by TSSH is significantly lower than that of the original hood,indicating that raising the hood can reduce the impact angle to better protect pedestrians,while when the Ratio of Pedestrian height to Bonnet leading edge height Rh≤2.1 and Rh≥2.45,the head only impacts the hood and windshield,respectively. It can be used as the criterion of hood lift. The research results can provide support for the design of hood structure with better pedestrian protection effectiveness.

automobile safety  /  hood  /  sandwich structure  /  pedestrian protection  /  lifting
邹铁方, 陈得着, 李奇奇. 仿吸管吸能模块夹层发罩及其头部损伤防护效能研究*. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (12) : 2190 -2199 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.12.006
Tiefang Zou, Dezhuo Chen, Qiqi Li. Study on Sandwich Hood Inspired by Straw-Shaped Structure and Its Protective Effectiveness on Head Injury[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (12) : 2190 -2199 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.12.006
2023年《全球道路交通安全状况报告》显示,每年有119万人因道路交通事故死亡,其中行人占比达23%[1],表明道路交通中的行人安全须重点关注。
人车碰撞中,头部是最严重的受伤部位[2-3],而发罩是伤害的主要来源之一。Otte等[4]发现头部主要撞击区域位于发罩后部。龙永程等[5]发现发罩是头部最主要的撞击区域。Ye等[6]指出头部撞击轿车发罩占比达42%,而撞击SUV(sport utility vehicle)发罩的比例高达91%。Gao等[7]发现发罩是4~10 m/s车速下自行车骑车人头部的主要接触区域之一,均表明发罩是人体头部最频繁的撞击区域之一。进一步研究显示,发罩对人体损伤有显著影响。Li等[2]发现短发罩(<800 mm)造成的人体损失费用低于长发罩。Torkestani等[8]研究指出,行人头部损伤随发罩厚度/质量增加而增大。这些研究表明发罩的人体损伤防护功能开发极为重要。
研究人员为探索行人友好型发罩开展了大量研究。在材料方面,Masoumi等[9]发现铝比钢制发罩更能提升行人保护效果。Torkestani等[8]和Kim等[10]研究均显示,复合材料所制发罩在降低头部损伤方面更具优势。但发罩主流材料仍为铝合金,这归结其折中的行人保护能力和低廉价格[11]。在结构方面,发罩通常由内、外板组成,考虑到驾驶员能见度和空气动力学需求[12],发罩外板通常难以设计,故人们主要围绕发罩内板结构进行研究。Belingardi等[13]和Shojaeefard等[14]提出的多种发罩内板结构均能提高行人安全性。可尽管这些新型发罩内板能减少行人损伤,但由于其整体刚度均匀性较差,难以合理地耗散冲击能量和变形,故在碰撞中容易观察到较多“褶皱”,这是变形受阻的现象,因此其人体损伤防护效果不够好。而夹层结构[15-16]是实现无阻碍变形和冲击能量合理耗散的重要途径之一,由于其优异的吸能效果而被广泛应用于行人保护领域[17-18]。杨姝等[17]提出了一种四韧带手性蜂窝夹层罩,与传统六边形蜂窝夹层罩相比,其更能有效降低行人头部损伤。聂冰冰等[18]提出的夹层发罩能够改善行人头部碰撞保护性能。
此外,负刚度结构[19]因其载荷随变形增大而减小的力学特性而备受关注。近年来,吸管结构因其独特的折叠形状而表现出了优异的负刚度特性。Pan等[20]提出了一种受“柔性吸管”启发的机械像素,发现可弯曲吸管力学结构具有多个稳定状态,其可在不同长度间切换,实现完全可逆的弹性变形。Li等[21]受吸管折叠形状启发,提出了一种多层折痕连接的锥形薄壁结构组成的吸管结构,发现其具有多稳态、负刚度特性和良好的自恢复能力。若将负刚度结构与夹层发罩结合,将有望实现行人头部损伤的大幅降低。
因此,本研究将先设计出圆形、三角形和矩形3种吸管吸能模块,然后作为填充层而形成新型仿吸管夹层发罩,再通过比对原发罩和3种新型仿吸管夹层发罩的头部损伤,从而评估其损伤防护效果,并给出防护效果最佳结构,进一步分析新型仿吸管夹层发罩的变形模式而揭示其损伤降低原因。
基于吸管折叠形状,受圆形、三角形和矩形蜂窝单胞形状[22]启发,设计出了3种新型仿吸管夹层发罩NSSH(novel straw-shaped structure sandwich hood)吸能模块,分别命名为圆形吸管吸能模块CSEAM(circle straw-shaped structure energy absorbing module)、三角形吸管吸能模块TSEAM(triangle straw-shaped structure energy absorbing module)和矩形吸管吸能模块RSEAM (rectangle straw-shaped structure energy absorbing module),见图1表1。而对应发罩分别为CSSH(circle straw-shaped structure sandwich hood)、TSSH(triangle straw-shaped structure sandwich hood)和RSSH(rectangle straw-shaped structure sandwich hood)。吸管吸能模块均由2.5层锥形结构[21]组成,每层锥形结构由上部和下部锥形结构通过折痕方式连接。基于Li等[21]研究,t1t2分别采用0.6和3.0 mm。利用商用软件LS-DYNA进行建模,吸能模块有限元模型均采用5.0 mm的全集成壳单元[23]建立,同时顶部和底部最外圈向XY平面延伸5 mm,以供粘胶模型建立。本研究中的某款轿车有限元模型来自某汽车公司。为获得可嵌入3种吸能模块的新型内凹式发罩内板(见图2),基于原发罩内板的最小凸台形状和尺寸,将其镜像后的通孔填平,其d2D2h2分别为60、70和15 mm。为使这些内凹平台饱满且均匀地分布在内板的可设计空间内,设计了3排内凹平台。发罩内、外板有限元模型同样采用5.0 mm的全集成壳单元建立,厚度均为1.0 mm。
因各向同性尼龙11(PA11)具有韧性好、抗拉伸延伸率高、断裂延伸率高等优点,故吸管吸能模块材料均采用 PA11,其密度、泊松比和弹性模量分别为1.03×103 kg/m3、0.03和1.55 GPa。图3(a)图3(c)分别给出了由SLS(selective laser sintering)技术、以PA11为材料所制拉伸样件和CSEAM的打印方向、拉伸实验及准静态压缩实验细节。本研究拉伸和压缩的实验设备为万能试验机(CMT-5105GL)。图4(a)给出了PA11的真实应力-应变曲线。工程与真实的应力-应变转换公式如下:
σ = σ ε + 1
ε = l n ε + 1
式中εσεσ分别代表工程应变、工程应力、真实应变以及真实应力。
发罩内、外板材料均为铝合金6060-T6,其密度、泊松比和弹性模量分别为2.7×103 kg/m3、0.3和68 GPa。利用LS-DYNA中MAT24材料模型模拟PA11和6060-T6属性,并通过应力-应变曲线方式赋予,采用MAT1材料模型模拟粘胶模型,其密度、泊松比和弹性模量分别为1.0×103 kg/m3、0.3和1.2 GPa。图4(b)图4(c)分别给出了CSEAM的压缩力-变形和能量-变形曲线。结果表明有限元仿真和实验结果基本一致,且经网格无关性检验,网格密度符合计算精度要求,故CSEAM有限元模型得到了很好的验证。但CSEAM并不具备负刚度特性,这缘于其每层锥形结构的较小高度。
儿童和成人头部冲击器[10]均由背板、加速度计、颅骨和皮肤4部分组成(图5(a)),通过跌落实验[24]验证了模型的可靠性(图5(b))。
参考Euro-NCAP要求[25],儿童和成人头部冲击器分别与水平面呈50°和65°夹角,以40 km/h速度撞击发罩,见图6(a)。仿真中完全限制铰链、垫片和锁扣处的6个自由度,冲击器与外板和发罩自身分别采用面对面接触算法和自接触算法,摩擦因数均为0.2。儿童碰撞区域位于WAD(warp around distance)1 000~1 500 mm,考虑到吸能模块填充区域,故选择发罩中心线上WAD 1 300、1 400和1 500 mm这3个中部区域碰撞点,并将它们沿发罩流线方向向左偏移300 mm,得3个左部区域碰撞点,向右XY方向分别偏移100和400 mm、200和500 mm以及300和600 mm而得3个右部区域碰撞点,分别为(C,3,0)、(C,4,0)、(C,5,0)、(C,3,+3)、(C,4,+3)、(C,5,+3)、(C,4,-4)、(C,5,-5)和(C,6,-6)。成人碰撞区域位于WAD 1 500~1 700 mm,与儿童选取原则一致,分别为(A,5,0)、(A,6,0)、(A,7,0)、(A,5,+3)、(A,6,+3)、(A,7,+3)、(A,6,-4)、(A,7,-5)和(A,8,-6)。共计72次有限元仿真,包括2种头部冲击器、4种发罩(原发罩和3种NSSH)以及9个碰撞点,其碰撞点选取原则和区域见图6(b)~图6(d)。最后对4种发罩进行变形模式分析,以探索NSSH降低人体损伤的原因。
本研究采用HIC15(head injury criterion)[26-27]评估人体损伤,人体损伤防护效果采用PDMH(proportion of the decrease in mean HIC)评价,其公式如下:
P D M H = 原发 罩所 致平 H I C - N S S H 所致 平均 H I C 原发 罩所 致平 H I C × 100 %
利用SPSS软件中的Mann-Whitney U非参数显著性检验方法对原发罩组和NSSH组这两组案例中头部损伤进行显著性检验,检验水平α为0.05,p<0.05表示HIC15在两组案例中具有显著统计学差异。
图7(a)图7(b)分别给出儿童头部损伤结果和箱线图,显示原发罩、TSSH、RSSH和CSSH的HIC15均值分别为1 157、568、580和655。TSSH、RSSH和CSSH所致平均PDMH分别为50.9%、49.9%和43.4%,且原发罩与NSSH中儿童头部损伤均有显著差异,而TSSH展现出更佳儿童头部损伤防护效果。
图7(c)图7(d)分别给出成人头部损伤结果和箱线图,显示原发罩、TSSH、RSSH和CSSH的HIC15均值分别为725、441、437和461,TSSH、RSSH和CSSH所致平均PDMH分别为39.7%、39.2%和36.4%,同样发现原发罩与NSSH中成人头部损伤均有显著差异,而TSSH的成人头部损伤防护效果最佳。
但儿童和成人头部损伤防护效果存在显著差异(p=0.031<0.05),其差异主要缘于儿童与成人头部撞击区域不同。
2.1节中显示NSSH对儿童头部损伤防护效果更佳,故以儿童头部撞击发罩正中心点(C,5,0)为例分析NSSH的变形模式。图8给出4种发罩在(C,5,0)的加速度-时间和冲击力-时间曲线。发现3种NSSH均能降低0~3 ms阶段1(随动质量区间[18])的加速度和冲击力峰值,且TSSH效果更显著;3种NSSH在3~22 ms阶段2(结构刚度区间[18])同样能降低加速度和冲击力峰值,但三者在此区间的峰值相差不大;22 ms后(阶段3,边界约束区间[18]),对原发罩,行人头部已脱离发罩,而对3种NSSH,行人头部未脱离发罩,故NSSH通过降低阶段1和阶段2的加速度和冲击力峰值,进而延长了阶段3中头部与发罩的接触时长,使得阶段3中加速度和冲击力峰值提升,从而优化了行人头部的碰撞波形,进而大幅降低头部损伤。
图9给出4种发罩的最大变形云图。显示原发罩、CSSH、RSSH和TSSH的Z向最大变形分别为43.75、72.02、83.92和90.04 mm,这与图10中吸管吸能模块的变形程度一致,说明TSSH中相邻两TSEAM与其周围间隙的局部刚度差异更小,使得发罩整体结构刚度更加均匀,冲击能量耗散范围更广,故其人体损伤防护效果更佳。
图11给出原发罩和TSSH的变形扩散过程。显示原发罩变形过程中呈现出不规则形状,变形沿原发罩相邻凸台的间隙扩散,导致变形受阻,而TSSH产生的变形以规则形状均匀扩散,变形过程中受阻程度弱,扩散范围广,这解释了图8中较低的加速度及冲击力峰值和图9中的最大变形。
综上,3种NSSH产生的变形均以规则形状均匀扩散,且NSSH通过降低发罩整体结构刚度而改变了各阶段的加速度和冲击力峰值,进而优化了行人头部的碰撞波形。进一步分析发现,TSSH人体损伤防护效果更佳。
由结果可知,所提NSSH通过均匀且规则变形而有效降低了人体头部损伤,但现有法规中冲击角度和冲击速度过于单一,这些参数在实际碰撞场景下存在不确定性,所提NSSH能否在实际场景中展现出良好的行人保护效果,值得关注。
基于2.1节中的研究,挑选左、中、右每块区域最佳损伤防护效果的儿童和成人碰撞点,即 (C,4,0)、(C,4,+3)、(C,4,-4)、(A,7,0)、(A,7,+3)和(A,6,-4)。将30、40和50 km/h分别作为低、中和高速[228]。考虑2种头部冲击器、3种车速、2种罩型(原发罩和PA11所制TSEAM而成的TSSH),3个碰撞点,共计36次有限元仿真。头部损伤和防护效果评价指标见1.3节。
图12(a)图12(b)分别为不同冲击速度下TSSH的儿童和成人头部损伤防护效果图。结果显示低、中、高速下:所致儿童平均PDMH分别为70.4%、55.0%和44.3%;所致成人平均PDMH分别为63.3%、56.1%和42.0%;平均PDMH均随车速增大而减小,且TSSH在不同冲击速度下所致平均PDMH均超过了40%。
Li等[2]根据GIDAS数据库中人体损伤事故数据,利用MADYMO开发了一套虚拟仿真系统,其通过有限次数的仿真而获得与真实事故数据高度一致的损伤部位和损伤程度等参数的比例,已在很多研究中获得成功应用[2729]。该系统包括60个仿真,包括6种车速(21、31、41、51、61和71 km/h)、5个行人模型(6岁儿童、5th女性、5th男性、50th男性、90th男性)、2种步态(50%和100%)。故选取该虚拟仿真系统,并采用最常见的大/小轿车、大/小型SUV这4种车型[27]图13(a)),共进行240次仿真,碰撞场景见图13(b)。仿真结束后,采集头部冲击角度θ,其定义如下:
θ = a r c t a n v z v x
式中vzvx 分别为头部在Z轴和X轴的速度分量,见图13(c)
结果显示,240个仿真中有148个(61.7%)案例的行人头部撞击发罩,采集这148个案例的θ,并以10°为间隔统计其占比,结果见表2
据此可确定儿童仿真θ为10°、20°、30°、40°和50°这5种,成人仿真θ为15°、25°、35°、45°、55°和65°这6种,碰撞点、头部损伤和防护效果评价指标与1.3节一致,故需66次有限元仿真,即2种罩型(原发罩和PA11所制TSEAM而成的TSSH)×3个碰撞点×11种冲击角度(儿童5种+成人6种)。
图14(a)图14(b)分别为儿童和成人在不同冲击角度下的人体损伤防护效果。结果显示,TSSH在5种儿童θ下所致平均PDMH分别为82.4%、79.3%、70.9%、61.7%和55.0%;在6种成人θ下所致平均PDMH分别为82.0%、74.6%、63.7%、60.6%、56.7%和56.1%,平均PDMH均随冲击角度增大而减小,且TSSH在不同冲击角度下所致平均PDMH均超过55%。
近年来,主动式发罩AH(active hood)[6]被广泛应用,其在碰撞前使AH抬升一定高度而增大头部变形吸能空间,从而降低行人头部损伤。本研究发现行人头部提前与AH接触,能使头部在Z向与X向上的速度分量比值减小,根据式(4)θ减小,意味着行人头部损伤将降低,表明AH抬升的确有益于行人保护,但其目前存在误触发、价格昂贵、高身材行人无法受益[30-31]等问题。若AH能快速判断出不同身材行人的头部撞击区域,将可提升其触发精度。
分析240个MADYMO仿真案例,发现行人身高与发罩高度之比(身罩比Rh)可在一定程度上用于区分撞击区域。图15结果显示,当Rh≤2.1和Rh≥2.45时,行人头部分别仅撞击发罩和风窗玻璃。故在这2种情形下仅根据Rh值即可简单、迅速地判断出头部撞击区域。但2.1<Rh<2.45的撞击区域判别须结合WAD值[32]开展识别,可在后续研究中重点关注。
本研究设计了圆形、三角形和矩形3种新型仿吸管夹层发罩(NSSH),比对了原发罩和3种NSSH的头部损伤,并分析了变形模式,获得如下结论。
(1)3种NSSH均能显著降低行人头部损伤,且三角形吸管夹层发罩(TSSH)的人体损伤防护效果最佳。但儿童和成人头部损伤防护效果存在显著差异,这主要归结于撞击区域不同。
(2)NSSH产生的变形以规则形状均匀扩散,其通过降低发罩整体结构刚度而减小随动质量区间和结构刚度区间中加速度和冲击力峰值,通过延长边界约束区间中头部与发罩接触时长而增加了此阶段的加速度和冲击力峰值,进而优化了头部碰撞波形,实现了头部损伤的大幅降低。进一步分析发现,TSSH的整体结构刚度更加均匀,冲击能量耗散范围更广。
(3)TSSH的人体损伤防护效果随车速增大而降低,不同冲击速度下所致平均PDMH均超过40%;随冲击角度的增大而降低,不同冲击速度下所致平均PDMH均超过55.0%。
(4)当身罩比Rh≤2.1和Rh≥2.45时,行人头部分别仅撞击发罩和风窗玻璃,该结果可作为发罩抬升的判别依据。
(5)后续工作中须考虑仿真与实验在不同应变率下的影响和碰撞点个数及区域的选取,并探索碰撞过程中各阶段间的相互作用对最优碰撞波形的影响机理及新型发罩设计的关键特征和调控形式。其次,2.1<Rh<2.45的撞击区域判别须进一步完善,以探究身罩比对主动式发罩的影响。
  • *国家杰出青年科学基金(52325211)
  • 湖南省教育厅重点项目(22A0236)
  • 湖南省教育厅优秀青年项目(23B1111)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金(2023JJ20040)
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2024年第46卷第12期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.12.006
  • 接收时间:2024-05-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-20
  • 修回日期:2024-06-10
基金
*国家杰出青年科学基金(52325211)
湖南省教育厅重点项目(22A0236)
湖南省教育厅优秀青年项目(23B1111)
湖南省自然科学基金(2023JJ20040)
作者信息
    长沙理工大学汽车与机械工程学院,长沙 410114

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李奇奇,副教授,工学博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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