Article(id=1154021703849071342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154021703362532078, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.12.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719763200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-01, revisedDate=1724947200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753069814883, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753069814883, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753069814883, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753069814883, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154021703362532078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='12', pageStart='2143', pageEnd='2354', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753069814768, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753074363847, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1154040783624724753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154021703362532078, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1154040783624724754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154021703362532078, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2200, endPage=2208, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154021704381747952, articleId=1154021703849071342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Lightweight Bus Frame Based on Static Strength and Rollover Safety, columnId=1170310431202619715, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Feature Topic: Automotive Structural Integration Design and Manufacturing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to adapt to the development of urban electric buses and the needs of national energy conservation and environmental protection policies,a lightweight method for vehicle body structure is proposed in this paper based on sensitivity analysis of the static strength and rollover safety performance of electric buses. Firstly,a finite element model of a certain electric bus is established,and the static strength and rollover safety analysis of the body structure is conducted through the finite element method. Secondly,sensitivity analysis of the static strength and rollover safety of the vehicle body under bending and twisting conditions is conducted on the finite element model. Based on the sensitivity analysis results,the component plate thickness that is beneficial for lightweighting and has little impact on the static strength and rollover safety of the vehicle body is selected as the design variable. The size optimization is carried out with the goal of minimizing the mass of the vehicle body skeleton,and the constraint that the maximum von Mises stress of each material unit does not exceed its material yield strength. The optimization results indicate that the static strength and rollover safety performance of the vehicle body structure meet regulatory requirements,and the weight of the vehicle body frame is reduced by 3.8%.

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为适应城市电动客车的发展以及国家节能环保政策的需要,提出了一种基于电动客车静强度和侧翻安全性能的灵敏度分析的车身结构轻量化方法。首先建立某电动客车的有限元模型,通过有限元方法对车身结构进行静强度和侧翻安全性分析。其次对有限元模型进行弯曲、弯扭工况下的车身静强度和侧翻安全性的灵敏度分析。基于灵敏度分析结果,筛选出有利于轻量化且对车身静强度和侧翻安全性影响不大的部件板厚为设计变量,以车身骨架质量最小为目标,以各材料所在单元的最大vonMises应力不超过其材料屈服强度为约束,进行尺寸优化。优化结果表明,车身结构静强度和侧翻安全性能满足法规要求,且车身骨架质量减轻了3.8%。

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余海燕,教授,博士,E-mail:
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计算工况 应力/MPa 屈服强度/MPa 材料牌号 应力所在位置
弯曲工况 366.90 480.00 SUS301L-MT 右侧第1根斜梁
弯扭组合工况1 334.82 410.00 SUS301L-ST 左侧第2根立柱与顶部边梁连接处
弯扭组合工况2 368.86 410.00 SUS301L-ST 右侧第2根立柱与顶部边梁连接处
), ArticleFig(id=1170310947554992376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021703849071342, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同工况最大应力及位置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算工况 应力/MPa 屈服强度/MPa 材料牌号 应力所在位置
弯曲工况 366.90 480.00 SUS301L-MT 右侧第1根斜梁
弯扭组合工况1 334.82 410.00 SUS301L-ST 左侧第2根立柱与顶部边梁连接处
弯扭组合工况2 368.86 410.00 SUS301L-ST 右侧第2根立柱与顶部边梁连接处
), ArticleFig(id=1170310947634684153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021703849071342, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算工况 应力/MPa

材料屈服

强度/MPa

材料牌号 应力所在位置
弯曲工况 446.72 685.00 SUS301L-HT 顶盖左侧安装座

弯扭组合

工况1

373.69 410.00 SUS301L-ST 右侧空气弹簧封板与地板连接处

弯扭组合

工况2

361.37 480.00 SUS31L-MT 右侧第5根立柱连接板
), ArticleFig(id=1170310947714375930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154021703849071342, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

优化后不同工况的最大应力及位置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算工况 应力/MPa

材料屈服

强度/MPa

材料牌号 应力所在位置
弯曲工况 446.72 685.00 SUS301L-HT 顶盖左侧安装座

弯扭组合

工况1

373.69 410.00 SUS301L-ST 右侧空气弹簧封板与地板连接处

弯扭组合

工况2

361.37 480.00 SUS31L-MT 右侧第5根立柱连接板
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基于静强度和侧翻安全性的客车骨架轻量化
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李晓艳 , 余海燕 , 楚遵康
汽车工程 | 专题:汽车结构一体化设计与制造技术 2024,46(12): 2200-2208
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汽车工程 | 专题:汽车结构一体化设计与制造技术 2024, 46(12): 2200-2208
基于静强度和侧翻安全性的客车骨架轻量化
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李晓艳, 余海燕 , 楚遵康
作者信息
  • 同济大学汽车学院,上海 201800

通讯作者:

余海燕,教授,博士,E-mail:
Lightweight Bus Frame Based on Static Strength and Rollover Safety
Xiaoyan Li, Haiyan Yu , Zunkang Chu
Affiliations
  • School of Automotive Studies,Tongji University,Shanghai  201800
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.12.007
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为适应城市电动客车的发展以及国家节能环保政策的需要,提出了一种基于电动客车静强度和侧翻安全性能的灵敏度分析的车身结构轻量化方法。首先建立某电动客车的有限元模型,通过有限元方法对车身结构进行静强度和侧翻安全性分析。其次对有限元模型进行弯曲、弯扭工况下的车身静强度和侧翻安全性的灵敏度分析。基于灵敏度分析结果,筛选出有利于轻量化且对车身静强度和侧翻安全性影响不大的部件板厚为设计变量,以车身骨架质量最小为目标,以各材料所在单元的最大vonMises应力不超过其材料屈服强度为约束,进行尺寸优化。优化结果表明,车身结构静强度和侧翻安全性能满足法规要求,且车身骨架质量减轻了3.8%。

电动客车  /  灵敏度  /  贡献度  /  轻量化  /  尺寸优化

In order to adapt to the development of urban electric buses and the needs of national energy conservation and environmental protection policies,a lightweight method for vehicle body structure is proposed in this paper based on sensitivity analysis of the static strength and rollover safety performance of electric buses. Firstly,a finite element model of a certain electric bus is established,and the static strength and rollover safety analysis of the body structure is conducted through the finite element method. Secondly,sensitivity analysis of the static strength and rollover safety of the vehicle body under bending and twisting conditions is conducted on the finite element model. Based on the sensitivity analysis results,the component plate thickness that is beneficial for lightweighting and has little impact on the static strength and rollover safety of the vehicle body is selected as the design variable. The size optimization is carried out with the goal of minimizing the mass of the vehicle body skeleton,and the constraint that the maximum von Mises stress of each material unit does not exceed its material yield strength. The optimization results indicate that the static strength and rollover safety performance of the vehicle body structure meet regulatory requirements,and the weight of the vehicle body frame is reduced by 3.8%.

electric passenger cars  /  sensitivity  /  contribution level  /  lightweight  /  size optimization
李晓艳, 余海燕, 楚遵康. 基于静强度和侧翻安全性的客车骨架轻量化. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (12) : 2200 -2208 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.12.007
Xiaoyan Li, Haiyan Yu, Zunkang Chu. Lightweight Bus Frame Based on Static Strength and Rollover Safety[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (12) : 2200 -2208 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.12.007
汽车工业的迅猛发展,极大地提升了人民的生活水平,同时也面临着日益严峻的能源消耗和环境污染挑战[1] 。研究表明,汽车轻量化是实现节能减排的有效途径之一[2]。对于传统燃油汽车,减轻质量可以显著降低燃油消耗、减少温室气体排放,而对于电动汽车而言,减轻车身质量则能有效提升其续航里程[3],这对于电动客车在城市公交领域的快速发展至关重要。随着CAE仿真技术的快速发展,结构优化方法成为车辆结构轻量化的重要途径之一。Wang等[4] 采用混合优化方法对汽车车身前端安全部件进行耐撞性优化和轻量化。Fons等[5] 对城市公交车压缩机进行尺寸优化。吴胜军等[6] 将某混合动力客车骨架的静力、模态和正面碰撞分析结果结合响应线性主效应图筛选出对碰撞时驾驶员处加速度、整车吸能、极限扭转工况的应力和1阶模态频率影响较大的构件,分别采用2种方案进行多学科优化。Yang等[7] 采用尺寸优化方法对车身框架构件的厚度进行优化。王登峰等[8] 采用拓扑优化对纯电动大客车车身骨架进行轻量化设计。王超等[9] 采用拓扑优化对驾驶室结构进行重构和加强,提升刚度和碰撞性能。Wang等[10] 使用混合优化方法的白车身结构的轻量化设计。Yang等[11] 基于结构参数灵敏度分析对同轴直连式电驱动桥进行多目标优化。
在车身结构轻量化设计中,为保证整车基本性能的要求,根据不同的选取原则对设计变量进行优化。范垫等[12] 针对承载式车身结构的电动客车在正面碰撞中安全性较差的问题,结合有限元网格变形技术对客车前端管梁结构进行碰撞安全性和轻量化多目标优化设计,优化后的客车碰撞性能得到有效提升,前端结构质量减轻15.187 kg。张增博等[13] 根据某电动客车的静态分析结果,采用尺寸优化方法对车架钣金件厚度进行了优化设计,优化后车架质量减轻了257 kg,最大应力相比原车架减小了7.15%,最大变形量增加了8.4%,满足设计要求。Du等[14] 采用拓扑优化的方法对汽车前纵梁轻量化性能进行优化,优化后的结构质量减轻了6.5 %,碰撞吸收能量得到提高,加速度峰值明显降低。王旭飞等[15] 对车身结构进行基于静强度灵敏度分析的尺寸优化减轻车身质量。Zhuang等[16] 采用结构改进和尺寸优化相结合的方式,有效减轻车身质量,并为提高纯电动汽车的安全性和续驶里程,对同轴直驱式电驱动桥进行基于疲劳寿命的多目标轻量化设计。
以上车辆轻量化的研究分别考虑了车身结构不同的性能要求,基于结构改进或灵敏度分析进行优化,从而实现轻量化目的,并满足基本性能要求。考虑到客车的运行环境,其结构静强度和侧翻安全性是重要的性能指标。但目前没有研究在轻量化时将结构静强度和侧翻安全性能进行综合考虑,可能造成优化后侧翻安全性或静强度不满足要求,从而对车体进行二次优化,时间成本增加。因此,本文提出了一种综合考虑静强度和侧翻安全性要求的轻量化方法,通过静强度和侧翻安全性的灵敏度分析[17] 结果筛选出有利于轻量化且对车身静强度和侧翻安全性影响不大的部件结构进行尺寸优化,优化后的客车骨架质量减轻,且满足车身结构静强度和侧翻安全性能要求,有效缩短优化时间,达到优化效果。
本文建立某电动客车的有限元模型,进行静强度分析和侧翻安全性分析,验证有限元模型是否满足基本性能要求。由于客车结构复杂,零部件较多,根据对称性原则以及零件相似性分别对静强度和侧翻的有限元模型进行分组并编号,选取不同部件的厚度作为设计变量。针对侧翻安全性能、静强度和质量进行灵敏度分析,综合考虑以上分析结果,筛选出有利于轻量化且对车身静强度以及整车侧翻安全性能影响不大的部件作为设计变量,进行尺寸优化,对优化后的客车模型进行静强度和侧翻安全性能校核,如图1所示。
客车车体由底架、侧墙、端墙和车顶组成,其中底架、侧墙、端墙采用点焊、弧焊、塞焊和锻焊相结合的连接方式,车顶采用不锈钢波纹板通过点焊与车顶弯梁焊接。
采用壳单元CQUAD4模拟车体,同时为平衡计算的准确性和效率,对有限元模型进行一些必要简化,底盘附件、空调等刚度较大、质量较大且质量分布较为集中的零件,通过在质心点加载质量单元进行质量分配;乘客座椅、坐席及站席乘客的质量均通过质量点的形式分配到对应的区域上。参考GB17578—2013《客车上部结构强度要求及试验方法》中的要求:客车有限元模型中,推荐的上部结构网格尺寸应不大于20 mm,并综合考虑各部件尺寸大小以及侧翻仿真时间,最终壳单元基本尺寸为20 mm,对容易产生应力集中区域以及几何特征较为复杂区域进行网格细化。客车最终的有限元模型如图2所示。
客车骨架使用材料为Q355GNHD、SUS301L-ST、SUS301L-MT、SUS301L-HT、SUS304和Q355NE。上述材料的弹性模量为210 GPa,泊松比为0.3,密度为7.9×10-9 t/mm3
客车车身结构主要承受弯曲和弯扭载荷,因此本文根据该客车的运行环境,共进行3种载荷工况的静强度分析。
(1)弯曲工况车辆处于满载静止条件下水平停放,垂向动载系数2.5,约束前后悬架空气弹簧Z向平动自由度,纵向推力杆X向平动自由度,V型推力杆XY向平动自由度。
(2)弯扭组合工况1(左前轮悬空)车辆满载条件下,垂向动载系数1.5,释放左前空气弹簧Z向平动自由度,其他约束同弯曲工况。
(3)弯扭组合工况2(左后轮悬空)车辆满载条件下,垂向动载系数1.5,释放左后空气弹簧Z向平动自由度,其他约束同弯曲工况。
各工况的最大应力结果如表1所示。结果表明3种典型工况的最大vonMises应力都小于该结构材料的屈服强度,满足静强度要求。
与静态强度分析有限元模型相比,侧翻模型的建立有如下区别:增加动力电池、空调、空压机、高压箱和低压箱等车顶设备的建模;增加走行部、轮胎等建模;生存空间的建立参考GB17578—2013《客车上部结构强度要求及试验方法》并考虑站立区乘客,建立的生存空间如图3所示。将碰撞平面(水泥地)简化为钢性墙,使用*RIGID_PLANAR_ID关键字对刚性墙进行建模,侧翻碰撞仿真分析模型如图4所示。
根据GB17578—2013的要求,客车在没有摇晃和不受任何外力影响情况下,以不超过0.087 rad/s的角速度侧翻到碰撞平面上,为减少计算时间,通过动能定理计算得到侧翻碰撞时客车的初始角速度为2.06 rad/s。
接触的定义是为防止计算中可能出现的相邻部件相互穿透的现象。在侧翻碰撞的仿真中,为合理分析结构的受力特性,对接触类型的选择如下。
(1)客车整车车体结构与侧翻试验平台之间的接触:node to surface: RIGIDWALL_PLANAR
(2)客车在侧翻过程中整车本体内部各部件的接触: single surface: CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE
(3)所有梁单元与它相邻壳单元的绑定接触:node to surface: CONTACT_TIED_SHELL_EDGE_TO_SURFACE
侧翻模型使用全积分单元进行建模,因此不存在沙漏问题。在客车车身接触到刚性地面后,因车身骨架的碰撞变形,整车的质心高度有先下降后上升的变化趋势,即存在重力做功。图5所示为系统能量变化曲线图,可知侧翻过程的任意时刻,都满足能量守恒定律,进一步验证了仿真结果的可靠性。
由侧翻仿真结果可知,侧翻过程中任意一时间增量步内,上部结构吸能占比都大于90%,满足《客车上部结构强度要求及试验方法》的吸能要求。图6所示为大客车侧翻后20、50、100、180、250和300 ms时刻的变形态,由时序图可以得出,在整个侧翻过程中,生存空间始终未受到侵占,车体在侧翻过程中变形是连续的,满足客车安全性标准要求,且180 ms时车体变形最大。
侧翻过程中乘员生存空间上极限点与右侧围横向间距随时间的变化情况如图7所示。在180 ms时各生存空间与立柱的距离最短,其中第1个生存空间框架与侧围立柱的距离最短,这是由于第1个生存框架位于车体的前端,此处与敞开的车头部相距较近,且前部轴荷也较大,导致此处变形较大,但未侵占乘员生存空间,满足侧翻安全性能要求。
由于客车车身骨架结构复杂,对每一个部件进行优化工作量大、耗时长,且对不同设计变量进行优化将会对车身结构的性能产生不同程度的影响。单一考虑静强度灵敏度分析,可能导致优化后侧翻性能不满足要求,因此本文针对客车车身骨架进行弯曲、弯扭组合工况下的静强度和侧翻安全性的灵敏度分析,综合考虑以上分析结果,以便得到有利于轻量化且对车身结构静强度和侧翻安全性影响不大的设计区域,从而进一步提取最佳的设计变量参数。
选取车体不同部件的厚度作为设计变量,根据对称性原则及零件相似性对静强度有限元模型车体中所有部件进行分组并编号,忽略用实体单元、梁单元来模拟的部件,共设为117个设计变量。针对弯曲以及弯扭组合工况下的客车车身骨架进行静强度灵敏度分析:设计变量的上下限为初始尺寸的50%~150%,以车身骨架质量最小为目标,以车体各材料所在单元的最大vonMises应力不超过其材料屈服强度为约束,进行灵敏度分析。经过运算分析得到各设计变量对质量的灵敏度结果,如图8所示。有限元软件中对静强度进行灵敏度分析时,其约束条件为3种工况下车体各材料所在单元的最大vonMises应力均不超过其材料屈服强度,其输出结果为3种工况中各设计变量对各单元应力的灵敏度系数。本文以3种工况中各设计变量对应力较大的单元的灵敏度系数作为该客车静强度灵敏度分析结果,最终得到各设计变量对5个单元应力的灵敏度系数,如图9所示。图中灵敏度系数为正表示部件板厚减薄,其单元应力降低,有利于轻量化的同时满足静强度要求,反之则相反。
根据各设计变量对质量的灵敏度结果,初步选取质量灵敏度系数高于0.05的设计变量;再结合对3种典型工况的静强度灵敏度分析进一步筛选设计变量。为发掘更大的轻量化潜力,在满足质量灵敏度系数高于0.05的基础上,根据上述单元应力中各设计变量对单元应力的灵敏度结果,选取灵敏度系数都为正的部件以及部分灵敏度系数为负但数值较小的部件作为设计变量。最终从117个设计变量中筛选出40个设计变量,如图10所示,各设计变量以颜色区分。
考虑到侧翻有限元仿真耗时长,在侧翻有限元模型中选取车顶横梁、车顶波纹板、立柱、车头斜梁、底架横梁、底架纵梁等重要部件的厚度作为设计变量,忽略质量较轻的部件。基于对称性原则及零件相似性对这些部件进行重新分组并编号,共21个设计变量。对21个设计变量进行侧翻安全性的灵敏度分析,筛选出有利于轻量化且对侧翻安全性影响不大的设计变量。
第1个生存框架位于车体的前端,此处与敞开的车头部相距较近,且前部轴荷也较大,导致侧翻过程第1个生存空间最易被侵占,因此各设计变量对客车车身骨架侧翻安全性的灵敏度分析中的输出响应为靠近车头的第1个生存空间与侧围立柱最短横向间距Y1。采用均匀实验方法对21个设计变量设计出30组样本点,各因子的水平取值范围为其初始值的50%~150%,对这30组样本点进行有限元仿真分析计算,得到30个仿真结果。对30个仿真结果进行分析处理得到各个设计变量对客车车身骨架侧翻安全性的贡献度结果,如图11所示。
根据设计变量对客车车身骨架侧翻安全性的贡献度结果,选取灵敏度系数低于5%的设计变量,最终从21个设计变量中筛选了16个设计变量,如图12所示。
综合考虑静强度、质量和侧翻安全性的灵敏度分析结果,筛选出有利于轻量化且对车身静强度和侧翻安全性能影响不大的部件作为设计变量。最终选取了27个设计变量,如图13所示。
对通过静强度、质量和侧翻安全性能的灵敏度分析共同筛选出的27个设计变量进行尺寸优化,考虑到筛选出的部件尺寸相对较大,且为充分发掘轻量化潜力,设计变量的范围设为初始板厚尺寸的50%~150%,以车身骨架质量最小为目标,以各材料所在单元的最大vonMises应力不超过其材料屈服强度为约束。
优化模型经过10次迭代达到收敛,迭代过程如图14所示。优化后客车骨架质量从5.455减轻到5.248 t,实现减质量206.8 kg,轻量化比例达3.8%。优化后3种工况的最大应力结果如表2所示。由表2可知,优化后的电动客车车身结构在3种典型工况下,其vonMises应力均不超过其材料屈服强度,满足静强度要求。
优化后的客车侧翻过程中乘员生存空间上极限点与右侧围横向间距随时间的变化情况如图15所示。在180 ms时各生存空间与立柱的距离最短,其中靠近车头站席的第1个生存空间框架与侧围立柱的距离d1最短,其最短间距相比优化前有所缩短,但仍未侵占乘员生存空间,满足GB17578—2013《客车上部结构强度要求及试验方法》的侧翻安全性要求。
以某电动客车为研究对象,提出了一种综合考虑静强度和侧翻安全性要求的轻量化方法,避免了单一考虑静强度或侧翻安全性进行轻量化导致另一个性能无法满足要求,从而对车体进行二次优化的问题。建立客车骨架的有限元模型,通过有限元分析验证了客车车身静强度和侧翻安全性满足基本要求,在此基础上进行基于静强度和侧翻安全性的灵敏度分析的结构优化,得到以下结论。
(1)优化后电动客车车身骨架质量减轻了206.8 kg,轻量比达3.8%。优化后的客车车身骨架不同工况的最大vonMises应力均不超过其材料屈服强度,满足静强度要求。侧翻过程中靠近车头站席的第1个生存空间框架与侧围立柱的距离d1在180 ms时最短,未侵占乘员生存空间,满足GB17578—2013《客车上部结构强度要求及试验方法》的侧翻安全性要求。
(2)对车身结构进行静强度和侧翻安全性的灵敏度分析,综合考虑灵敏度分析结果,最终将117个设计变量缩减为27个设计变量,有效减少了设计变量,缩短优化时间。
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2024年第46卷第12期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.12.007
  • 接收时间:2024-07-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-01
  • 修回日期:2024-08-30
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    同济大学汽车学院,上海 201800

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余海燕,教授,博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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