Article(id=1153790825608765672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153790299898897185, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717689600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-07, revisedDate=1721750400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753014769222, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753014769222, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753014769222, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753014769222, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153790299898897185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753014643882, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753067424351, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1154011677273084824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153790299898897185, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1154011677273084825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153790299898897185, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=67, endPage=76, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153790825931727084, articleId=1153790825608765672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Feature Recognition of Crossable Obstacles on Pavement Under Invisible Conditions, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Focusing on the demand of intelligent driving under non-visual conditions,the millimeter-wave radar with the characteristics that can work all day and is less affected by light and weather is used to build a shape and position feature recognition model of crossable obstacles on the road in this paper. Taking the road speed bump as an example,the road obstacle feature perception system based on millimeter wave radar is constructed. The radar antenna plane faces the ground and has a certain angle with the ground to collect road information. The FFT-CZT two-stage processing structure is used to refine the spectrum of radar intermediate frequency data and to obtain the range value with high accuracy. Then,by analyzing the radar point cloud,the shortest target distance measured in each frame is fused to obtain the two-dimensional imaging of the road deceleration zone. Finally,through the analysis of visual data,the geometric model of road deceleration zone is established,and the calculation method of characteristic parameters of deceleration zone is put forward. A real vehicle-testing platform is established to collect data of different angles between millimeter wave radar and the ground from 0 to 90. The average absolute error of the estimated speed bump height at the included angle of 45 is within 4 mm,and the average absolute error of the estimated width is about 21 mm,which verifies the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hao Li, Haoze Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153790859154809165, articleId=1153790825608765672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=非可视条件下路面可跨越障碍物特征识别, columnId=null, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文关注非可视条件下的智能驾驶需求,利用毫米波雷达可全天候工作及受光照和天气影响较小的特性,实现路面可跨越障碍物的形位特征识别。本文以路面减速带为例,构建基于毫米波雷达的路面障碍物特征感知系统,将雷达天线平面朝向地面并与地面保持一定夹角,利用FFT-CZT两级处理结构对雷达中频数据进行频谱细化,获得较高精度的距离值。进一步通过分析雷达点云数据,将每帧数据中获取的最短目标距离值进行融合,得到路面减速带的二维可视化成像。最后,通过对可视化数据的分析,建立路面减速带几何模型,提出减速带特征参数计算方法。本文搭建了实车测试平台,采集了从0°到90°不同夹角数据,在45°夹角处得到减速带高度估计值平均绝对误差保持在4 mm以内,宽度估计值平均绝对误差为21 mm,验证了本文提出方法的有效性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李昊,教授,博士,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=iPhCPPtTuezW1dZXYzwe+Q==, magXml=7akkLSmZhsS1io5ti7qkjg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=+jG6AN6LjRDSDbiB3WkoKg==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7IMRtGwfB7fkTLWgE6ueiA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=李昊, 李浩泽)}, authors=[Author(id=1170074623405208500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lihao@ysu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1170074623484900280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, authorId=1170074623405208500, language=EN, stringName=Hao Li, firstName=Hao, middleName=null, lastName=Li, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. School of Vehicle and Energy,Yanshan University,Qinghuangdao 066004
2. Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Special Carrier Equipment,Qinghuangdao 066004, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1170074623535231929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, authorId=1170074623405208500, language=CN, stringName=李昊, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. 燕山大学车辆与能源学院,秦皇岛 066004
2. 河北省特种运载装备重点实验室,秦皇岛 066004, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1170074623258407853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170074623262602158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, companyId=1170074623258407853, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of Vehicle and Energy,Yanshan University,Qinghuangdao 066004), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170074623270990767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, companyId=1170074623258407853, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 燕山大学车辆与能源学院,秦皇岛 066004)]), AuthorCompany(id=1170074623342293936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170074623350682545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, companyId=1170074623342293936, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Special Carrier Equipment,Qinghuangdao 066004), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170074623354876850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, companyId=1170074623342293936, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 河北省特种运载装备重点实验室,秦皇岛 066004)])]), Author(id=1170074623606535099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1170074623673643966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, authorId=1170074623606535099, language=EN, stringName=Haoze Li, firstName=Haoze, middleName=null, lastName=Li, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. School of Vehicle and Energy,Yanshan University,Qinghuangdao 066004
2. Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Special Carrier Equipment,Qinghuangdao 066004, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1170074623740752831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, authorId=1170074623606535099, language=CN, stringName=李浩泽, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. 燕山大学车辆与能源学院,秦皇岛 066004
2. 河北省特种运载装备重点实验室,秦皇岛 066004, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1170074623258407853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170074623262602158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, companyId=1170074623258407853, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of Vehicle and Energy,Yanshan University,Qinghuangdao 066004), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170074623270990767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, companyId=1170074623258407853, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 燕山大学车辆与能源学院,秦皇岛 066004)]), AuthorCompany(id=1170074623342293936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170074623350682545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, companyId=1170074623342293936, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Special Carrier Equipment,Qinghuangdao 066004), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170074623354876850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, companyId=1170074623342293936, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 河北省特种运载装备重点实验室,秦皇岛 066004)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1170074623874970560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=road obstacle detection), Keyword(id=1170074623937885121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=millimeter-wave radar), Keyword(id=1170074623992411074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=two-dimensional imaging), Keyword(id=1170074624055325635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=feature calculation), Keyword(id=1170074624122434500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=invisible conditions), Keyword(id=1170074624181154757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=路面障碍物检测), Keyword(id=1170074624231486406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=毫米波雷达), Keyword(id=1170074624302789575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=二维成像), Keyword(id=1170074624365704136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=形位特征), Keyword(id=1170074624424424393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=非可视条件)], refs=[Reference(id=1170074627624678390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU H,YUEN K V,MIHAYLOVA L,et al. Overview of environment perception for intelligent vehicles[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,2017,18(10): 2584-2601., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074627679204343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王博. 基于激光雷达的自动驾驶三维环境感知系统关键技术研究[D]. 长春: 中国科学院大学(中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所),2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074627796644856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Bo. Research on key technologies of three-dimensional environmental perception system for autonomous driving based on LiDAR[D]. Changchun: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Changchun Institute of Optics,Fine Mechanics and Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences),2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074627888919545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐伟,周培义,张芬,等. 视觉和毫米波雷达信息融合行人识别算法[J]. 同济大学学报(自然科学版),2017,45(S1): 37-42,91., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074627951834106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Wei,ZHOU Peiyi,ZHANG Fen,et al. Pedestrian recognition algorithm based on fusion of visual and millimeter-wave radar information[J]. Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science Edition),2017,45(S1): 37-42,91., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074628010554363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈祥龙,李科,李鹏. 救护车转运途中致心律失常94例报道[C]∥中华医学会(Chinese medical association),中华医学会急诊医学分会(The Chinese Emergency Medicine Society). 第17届世界灾难及急救医学学术会议暨第14次全国急诊医学学术年会论文汇编. 2011: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074628065080316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Xianglong,LI Ke,LI Peng. Report on 94 cases of arrhythmia caused during ambulance tTransportation[C]∥Chinese Medical Association,The Chinese Emergency Medicine Society. Proceedings of the 17th World Congress on Disaster and Emergency Medicine and the 14th National Conference on Emergency Medicine. 2011: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074628123800573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LV J,SHANG Y,DING H. Road obstacle detection based on randomized hough transform[C]. 2nd International Conference on Teaching and Computational Science. Atlantis Press,2014: 72-74., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074628228658174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SIRBU C L,TOMOIU C,FRANCSALI-BOLDIZSAR S,et al. Real-time line matching based speed bump detection algorithm[C]. Proceedings of the IEEE 27th International Symposium for Design and Technology in Electronic Packaging. Timisoara,Romania. 2021: 246-249., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074628278989823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DEVAPRIYA W,BABU C N K,SRIHARI T. Real time speed bump detection using Gaussian filtering and connected component approach[C]. 2016 World Conference on Futuristic Trends in Research and Innovation for Social Welfare (Startup Conclave). IEEE,2016: 1-5., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074628329321472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YI X,SONG G,DERONG T,et al. Fast road obstacle detection method based on maximally stable extremal regions[J]. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems,2018,15(1): 1729881418759118., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074628379652096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BALLINAS-HERNÁNDEZ A L,OLMOS-PINEDA I,OLVERA-LÓPEZ J A. Marked and unmarked speed bump detection for autonomous vehicles using stereo vision[J]. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems,2022,42(5): 4685-4697., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074628446760961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHO M. A study on the obstacle recognition for autonomous driving RC car using LiDAR and thermal infrared camera[C]. 2019 Eleventh International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN). IEEE,2019: 544-546., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074628505481218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ALLAND S,STARK W,ALI M,et al. Interference in automotive radar systems: characteristics,mitigation techniques,and current and future research[J]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2019,36(5): 45-59., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074628585172995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DICKMANN J,KLAPPSTEIN J,HAHN M,et al. Automotive radar the key technology for autonomous driving: from detection and ranging to environmental understanding[C]. 2016 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf). IEEE,2016: 1-6., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074628681641988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DICKMANN J,APPENRODT N,BLOECHER H L,et al. Radar contribution to highly automated driving[C]. 2014 44th European Microwave Conference. IEEE,2014: 1715-1718., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074628748750853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CELAYA-PADILLA J M,GALVÁN-TEJADA C E,LÓPEZ-MONTEAGUDO F E,et al. Speed bump detection using accelerometric features: a genetic algorithm approach[J]. Sensors,2018,18(2): 443., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074628811665414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DEVAPRIYA W,BABU C N K,SRIHARI T. Real time speed bump detection using Gaussian filtering and connected component approach[C]. 2016 World Conference on Futuristic Trends in Research and Innovation for Social Welfare (Startup Conclave). IEEE,2016: 1-5., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074628870385671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张岩,潘胜权,解印山,等. 相机与毫米波雷达融合检测农机前方田埂[J]. 农业工程学报,2021,37(15): 169-178., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074628920717320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Yan,PAN Shengquan,XIE Yingshan,et al. Fusion detection of field banks in front of agricultural machinery using cameras and millimeter-wave radars[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2021,37(15): 169-178., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074628992020489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHOU T,YANG M,JIANG K,et al. MMW radar-based technologies in autonomous driving: a review[J]. Sensors,2020,20(24): 7283., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074629059129354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG R,CAO S. Real-time human motion behavior detection via CNN using mmwave radar[J]. IEEE Sensors Letters,2018,3(2): 1-4., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074629126238219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YONEDA K,HASHIMOTO N,YANASE R,et al. Vehicle localization using 76GHz omnidirectional millimeter-wave radar for winter automated driving[C]. 2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE,2018: 971-977., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074629201735692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WEI Z,ZHANG F,CHANG S,et al. Mmwave radar and vision fusion for object detection in autonomous driving: a review[J]. Sensors,2022,22(7): 2542., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074629277233165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DANZER A,GRIEBEL T,BACH M,et al. 2D car detection in radar data with pointnets[C]. 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC). IEEE,2019: 61-66., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074629340147726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KOSUGE A,SUEHIRO S,HAMADA M,et al. Mmwave-YOLO: a mmwave imaging radar-based real-time multiclass object recognition system for ADAS applications[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,2022,71: 1-10., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074629394673679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=林凤泰,严蘋蘋,张慧,等. 基于最近迭代点的毫米波雷达点云数据处理方法[J]. 信号处理,2023,39(2): 288-297., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074629461782544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIN Fengtai,YAN Pinpin,ZHANG Hui,et al. Millimeter-wave radar point cloud data processing method based on the nearest iteration point[J]. Signal Processing,2023,39(2): 288-297., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074629520502801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZENG Y,SONG C,XU Z. Wave height estimation based on the phase time series of millimeter-wave radar[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2022,19: 1-5., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074629579223058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张瑞. 基于毫米波雷达的减速带特征估计方法[D]. 秦皇岛: 燕山大学,2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074629646331923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Rui. Estimation method of speed bump features based on millimeter-wave radar[D]. Qinhuangdao: Yanshan University,2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074629721829396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=冯志华,刘永斌,张健. 用在频谱细化中Chirp-Z变换的特性分析[J]. 信号处理,2006(5): 741-745., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074629784743957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FENG Zhihua,LIU Yongbin,ZHANG Jian. Characteristic analysis of Chirp-Z transform in spectral zooming[J]. Signal Processing,2006(5): 741-745., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074629835075606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SONG Y,ZENG Z. Broadband signal spectrum monitoring method based on chirp-Z transform[C]. 2015 International Conference on Electromechanical Control Technology and Transportation. Atlantis Press,2015: 283-286., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074629893795863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG R,HUANG Y,YANG J,et al. Improving range precision of LFMCW radar based on frequency domain up-sampling-interpolating method[C]. Proceedings. 2005 International Conference on Communications,Circuits and Systems,2005. IEEE,2005,2., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170074629948321816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JI S J,CHOI W J,KIM K Y,et al. A study on the precise distance measurement for radar level transmitter of FMCW type using correlation analysis method[C]. The 6th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems,and The 13th International Symposium on Advanced Intelligence Systems. IEEE,2012: 2009-2014., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1170074623258407853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170074623262602158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, companyId=1170074623258407853, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of Vehicle and Energy,Yanshan University,Qinghuangdao 066004), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170074623270990767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, companyId=1170074623258407853, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 燕山大学车辆与能源学院,秦皇岛 066004)]), AuthorCompany(id=1170074623342293936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170074623350682545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, companyId=1170074623342293936, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Special Carrier Equipment,Qinghuangdao 066004), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170074623354876850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, companyId=1170074623342293936, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 河北省特种运载装备重点实验室,秦皇岛 066004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1170074624583807946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ETimB2RB5iNrLoHAx7xVPQ==, figureFileBig=LJyTi9s39weru9e+Nb0bzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074624634139595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=图1, caption=车轮与减速带的接触, figureFileSmall=ETimB2RB5iNrLoHAx7xVPQ==, figureFileBig=LJyTi9s39weru9e+Nb0bzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074624701248460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gDA1KRrwp3KumMZWaclF9Q==, figureFileBig=XR90pseVKxpLsxenA/IaaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074624768357325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=图2, caption=毫米波雷达安装在车前, figureFileSmall=gDA1KRrwp3KumMZWaclF9Q==, figureFileBig=XR90pseVKxpLsxenA/IaaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074624831271886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rnyfsST5ThzSGkarPrB9rA==, figureFileBig=l2WoYDnFR+DXRjF/+HyWNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074624894186447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=图3, caption=雷达测角原理图, figureFileSmall=rnyfsST5ThzSGkarPrB9rA==, figureFileBig=l2WoYDnFR+DXRjF/+HyWNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074624948712400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OYm5YDrMl3Yn1jnUX5vMpA==, figureFileBig=JmCFFCXyk9Ma9+wDlJPSKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074625028404177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=图4, caption=路面障碍物特征感知系统, figureFileSmall=OYm5YDrMl3Yn1jnUX5vMpA==, figureFileBig=JmCFFCXyk9Ma9+wDlJPSKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074625074541522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lgtmHv2dMWQynivN9iH6yQ==, figureFileBig=c7352C4AVaRokXqZy+3qKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074625141650387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=图5, caption=距离维FFT结果, figureFileSmall=lgtmHv2dMWQynivN9iH6yQ==, figureFileBig=c7352C4AVaRokXqZy+3qKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074625208759252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=SKa0NgwbKWKJBAEvKTyg9Q==, figureFileBig=McGL5KZECHdOmKsso1EsQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074625271673813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=图6, caption=单帧雷达点云, figureFileSmall=SKa0NgwbKWKJBAEvKTyg9Q==, figureFileBig=McGL5KZECHdOmKsso1EsQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074625338782678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=xYfYsDNymhgecCVOdMsfqw==, figureFileBig=QDk6sfNVvJOvm1XOnNZi9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074625418474455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=图7, caption=雷达探测分析, figureFileSmall=xYfYsDNymhgecCVOdMsfqw==, figureFileBig=QDk6sfNVvJOvm1XOnNZi9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074625523332056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3ZdE3YH8LeQEy2yDYd8ljA==, figureFileBig=5VSmXLlIbBH9D/8jn14IJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074625573663705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=图8, caption=路面减速带模型, figureFileSmall=3ZdE3YH8LeQEy2yDYd8ljA==, figureFileBig=5VSmXLlIbBH9D/8jn14IJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074625632383962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=iD4AkD2LXB4qnA9lLehCeg==, figureFileBig=Uq8yz7Imx7VIBaPSpD3AnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074625707881435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=图9, caption=实车实验场景, figureFileSmall=iD4AkD2LXB4qnA9lLehCeg==, figureFileBig=Uq8yz7Imx7VIBaPSpD3AnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074625770795996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NtE192yc1AI0JIueH/aS8g==, figureFileBig=MjkytxE6HHASRIatihxwqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074625833710557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=图10, caption= θ =0°时点云及路面, figureFileSmall=NtE192yc1AI0JIueH/aS8g==, figureFileBig=MjkytxE6HHASRIatihxwqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074625879847902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=X0RQk6cOV2FxogSbhG9ibA==, figureFileBig=gCG2IiQ26r5Z5VETeRS8aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074625921790943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=图11, caption=二维成像区域分割, figureFileSmall=X0RQk6cOV2FxogSbhG9ibA==, figureFileBig=gCG2IiQ26r5Z5VETeRS8aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074625972122592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FhZHjAFMaT/cUVer14oe5g==, figureFileBig=8+26VIv5TlGyh2a4NUELDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074626026648545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=图12, caption= θ =15°时二维成像, figureFileSmall=FhZHjAFMaT/cUVer14oe5g==, figureFileBig=8+26VIv5TlGyh2a4NUELDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074626093757410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+F9wOZBoxmDyLrjijsa1lg==, figureFileBig=tHGWXovI1hflLPMALAtb/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074626181837795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=图13, caption= θ =30°时二维成像, figureFileSmall=+F9wOZBoxmDyLrjijsa1lg==, figureFileBig=tHGWXovI1hflLPMALAtb/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074626244752356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VRiMTfADaEsgeTkR8APFaw==, figureFileBig=Hqk8E+HfY2reJZoMt2iTyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074626299278309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=图14, caption= θ =45°时二维成像, figureFileSmall=VRiMTfADaEsgeTkR8APFaw==, figureFileBig=Hqk8E+HfY2reJZoMt2iTyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074626345415654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=k/ZFSNwxyJwG493VrusMrw==, figureFileBig=6qH84faMm/wuP770Iq5v0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074626391552999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=图15, caption=相机画面, figureFileSmall=k/ZFSNwxyJwG493VrusMrw==, figureFileBig=6qH84faMm/wuP770Iq5v0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074626479633384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HYcrLFxcwJqpt50B1qTOtg==, figureFileBig=ZVj61/Hs5FNrc8xemFJFJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074626555130857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同车速下特征估计误差, figureFileSmall=HYcrLFxcwJqpt50B1qTOtg==, figureFileBig=ZVj61/Hs5FNrc8xemFJFJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170074626630628330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
毫米波雷达参数 单位 参数值
起始频率 f 0 GHz 77
调频斜率S MHz/μs 36.017
调频周期 T m μs 110
空闲时间 T i t μs 20
起始采样时间 μs 6
采样率 f s kSps 2 560
采样点数N 256
天线通道数P 2×4
每帧chirp数M 64
), ArticleFig(id=1170074626693542891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

雷达参数配置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
毫米波雷达参数 单位 参数值
起始频率 f 0 GHz 77
调频斜率S MHz/μs 36.017
调频周期 T m μs 110
空闲时间 T i t μs 20
起始采样时间 μs 6
采样率 f s kSps 2 560
采样点数N 256
天线通道数P 2×4
每帧chirp数M 64
), ArticleFig(id=1170074626743874540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
宽度估计值 数值/mm 长度估计值 数值/mm
H1 43.9 L1 806.2
H2 40.4 L2 889.6
H3 42.7 L3 778.4
), ArticleFig(id=1170074626810983405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

θ = 0°时特征估计值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
宽度估计值 数值/mm 长度估计值 数值/mm
H1 43.9 L1 806.2
H2 40.4 L2 889.6
H3 42.7 L3 778.4
), ArticleFig(id=1170074626861315054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
宽度估计值 数值/mm 长度估计值 数值/mm
H1 44.4 L1 651.5
H2 42.5 L2 661.9
H3 42.3 L3 607.3
), ArticleFig(id=1170074626911646703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

θ =15°时特征估计值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
宽度估计值 数值/mm 长度估计值 数值/mm
H1 44.4 L1 651.5
H2 42.5 L2 661.9
H3 42.3 L3 607.3
), ArticleFig(id=1170074627003921392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
宽度估计值 数值/mm 长度估计值 数值/mm
H1 43.9 L1 838.9
H2 45.9 L2 892.2
H3 36.7 L3 736.0
), ArticleFig(id=1170074627075224561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

θ =30°时特征估计值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
宽度估计值 数值/mm 长度估计值 数值/mm
H1 43.9 L1 838.9
H2 45.9 L2 892.2
H3 36.7 L3 736.0
), ArticleFig(id=1170074627129750514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
宽度估计值 数值/mm 长度估计值 数值/mm
H1 40.3 L1 716.5
H2 40.7 L2 752.7
H3 42.1 L3 749.7
), ArticleFig(id=1170074627209442291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

θ =45°时特征估计值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
宽度估计值 数值/mm 长度估计值 数值/mm
H1 40.3 L1 716.5
H2 40.7 L2 752.7
H3 42.1 L3 749.7
), ArticleFig(id=1170074627276551156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
宽度估计值 数值/mm 长度估计值 数值/mm
H1 40.3 L1 781.2
H2 40.7 L2 780.5
H3 42.1 L3 777.5
), ArticleFig(id=1170074627339465717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790825608765672, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

θ =45°时误差补偿后特征估计值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
宽度估计值 数值/mm 长度估计值 数值/mm
H1 40.3 L1 781.2
H2 40.7 L2 780.5
H3 42.1 L3 777.5
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1146119049450201092, delFlag=0, nameCn=汽车工程, nameEn=Automotive Engineering, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1000-680X, eissn=, cn=11-2221/U, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=否, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=QBBRQev7wkMVPuUPGz0mFw==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Auto Eng, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=null, updatedTime=1755587219741, createdBy=null, updatedBy=15831073675, firstLetterCn=A, firstLetterEn=A, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=工程, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=QBBRQev7wkMVPuUPGz0mFw==, picEn=p+MsLQKu3DZkDibBsTBu1Q==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1164580465202643295, language=CN, name=汽车工程, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=https://www.qichegongcheng.com/CN/1000-680X/home.shtml, createdTime=1755587219763, updatedTime=1755587219763, createdBy=15831073675, updatedBy=15831073675, submissionGuidelinesUrl=https://www.qichegongcheng.com/CN/column/column6.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://journal03.magtechjournal.com/journalx_qcgc/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://journal03.magtechjournal.com/journalx_qcgc/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://journal03.magtechjournal.com/journalx_qcgc/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://journal03.magtechjournal.com/journalx_qcgc/editorInChiefLogOn.action, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1164580465248780640, language=EN, name=Automotive Engineering, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=https://www.qichegongcheng.com/EN/1000-680X/home.shtml, createdTime=1755587219774, updatedTime=1755587219774, createdBy=15831073675, updatedBy=15831073675, submissionGuidelinesUrl=https://www.qichegongcheng.com/EN/column/column6.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://journal03.magtechjournal.com/journalx_qcgc/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://journal03.magtechjournal.com/journalx_qcgc/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://journal03.magtechjournal.com/journalx_qcgc/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://journal03.magtechjournal.com/journalx_qcgc/editorInChiefLogOn.action, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1146120084050784272, websiteList=[Website(id=1148243202387206565, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146120084050784272, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcygc/CN, language=CN, createTime=1751692112776, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753500958911, updateBy=18614031015, name=《汽车工程》中文站点, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=汽车工程, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1148622315115540535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202387206565, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1751782500294, updateTime=1751782500294, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148622315094569012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202387206565, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1751782500289, updateTime=1751782500289, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148622315081986099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202387206565, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=+W0ZN6/p6N8AvZxnX71krg==, createTime=1751782500286, updateTime=1751782500286, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148622315107151926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202387206565, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1751782500292, updateTime=1751782500292, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148622315102957621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202387206565, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1751782500291, updateTime=1751782500291, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1155829970321686531, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146120084050784272, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcygc/EN, language=EN, createTime=1753500939211, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753500939211, updateBy=18614031015, name=《汽车工程》英文站点, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Automotive Engineering, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1155830904879702095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155829970321686531, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1753501162023, updateTime=1753501162023, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155830904858730572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155829970321686531, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1753501162018, updateTime=1753501162018, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155830904837759051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155829970321686531, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=+W0ZN6/p6N8AvZxnX71krg==, createTime=1753501162013, updateTime=1753501162013, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155830904875507790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155829970321686531, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1753501162022, updateTime=1753501162022, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155830904867119181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155829970321686531, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1753501162020, updateTime=1753501162020, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=汽车工程, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=0, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Automotive Engineering, journalPhotoCn=QBBRQev7wkMVPuUPGz0mFw==, journalPhotoEn=p+MsLQKu3DZkDibBsTBu1Q==, journalFirstLetter=A, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcygc/CN/10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.007, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcygc/EN/10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.007, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcygc/CN/PDF/10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.007, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcygc/EN/PDF/10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.007, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
非可视条件下路面可跨越障碍物特征识别
收藏切换
PDF下载
李昊 1, 2 , 李浩泽 1, 2
汽车工程 | 2025,47(1): 67-76
收起
收藏切换
汽车工程 | 2025, 47(1): 67-76
非可视条件下路面可跨越障碍物特征识别
全屏
李昊1, 2 , 李浩泽1, 2
作者信息
  • 1. 燕山大学车辆与能源学院,秦皇岛 066004
  • 2. 河北省特种运载装备重点实验室,秦皇岛 066004

通讯作者:

李昊,教授,博士,E-mail:
Feature Recognition of Crossable Obstacles on Pavement Under Invisible Conditions
Hao Li1, 2 , Haoze Li1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Vehicle and Energy,Yanshan University,Qinghuangdao 066004
  • 2. Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Special Carrier Equipment,Qinghuangdao 066004
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.007
文章导航
收藏切换

本文关注非可视条件下的智能驾驶需求,利用毫米波雷达可全天候工作及受光照和天气影响较小的特性,实现路面可跨越障碍物的形位特征识别。本文以路面减速带为例,构建基于毫米波雷达的路面障碍物特征感知系统,将雷达天线平面朝向地面并与地面保持一定夹角,利用FFT-CZT两级处理结构对雷达中频数据进行频谱细化,获得较高精度的距离值。进一步通过分析雷达点云数据,将每帧数据中获取的最短目标距离值进行融合,得到路面减速带的二维可视化成像。最后,通过对可视化数据的分析,建立路面减速带几何模型,提出减速带特征参数计算方法。本文搭建了实车测试平台,采集了从0°到90°不同夹角数据,在45°夹角处得到减速带高度估计值平均绝对误差保持在4 mm以内,宽度估计值平均绝对误差为21 mm,验证了本文提出方法的有效性。

路面障碍物检测  /  毫米波雷达  /  二维成像  /  形位特征  /  非可视条件

Focusing on the demand of intelligent driving under non-visual conditions,the millimeter-wave radar with the characteristics that can work all day and is less affected by light and weather is used to build a shape and position feature recognition model of crossable obstacles on the road in this paper. Taking the road speed bump as an example,the road obstacle feature perception system based on millimeter wave radar is constructed. The radar antenna plane faces the ground and has a certain angle with the ground to collect road information. The FFT-CZT two-stage processing structure is used to refine the spectrum of radar intermediate frequency data and to obtain the range value with high accuracy. Then,by analyzing the radar point cloud,the shortest target distance measured in each frame is fused to obtain the two-dimensional imaging of the road deceleration zone. Finally,through the analysis of visual data,the geometric model of road deceleration zone is established,and the calculation method of characteristic parameters of deceleration zone is put forward. A real vehicle-testing platform is established to collect data of different angles between millimeter wave radar and the ground from 0 to 90. The average absolute error of the estimated speed bump height at the included angle of 45 is within 4 mm,and the average absolute error of the estimated width is about 21 mm,which verifies the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.

road obstacle detection  /  millimeter-wave radar  /  two-dimensional imaging  /  feature calculation  /  invisible conditions
李昊, 李浩泽. 非可视条件下路面可跨越障碍物特征识别. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (1) : 67 -76 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.007
Hao Li, Haoze Li. Feature Recognition of Crossable Obstacles on Pavement Under Invisible Conditions[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (1) : 67 -76 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.007
智能驾驶系统可以通过感知周围的环境并执行响应动作来达到自主控制车辆的目的[1-2]。作为智能驾驶系统中重要的组成部分,环境感知系统不仅要对车身周围及前方目标进行捕捉,还要对前方路面条件进行探测,以确保车辆行驶过程的安全、舒适和可靠。路面条件对车辆的燃油消耗、行车安全和行人安全都会有较大影响,如果能够及时准确地对道路上的异常情况,如凸起和坑洼等路面正负障碍物进行有效识别,可以在很大程度上提高汽车行驶的舒适性、安全性和稳定性[3]。救护车、特种地面运载装备、无人救援车辆等对行驶平顺性有较高要求的车辆都需要对路面条件进行及时有效的探测。例如,根据北京市亚运村医院的统计资料,救护车转运病人途中,道路的颠簸和救护车突然制动等都会导致被转运患者的心率变化次数增加,严重时会导致患者心率失常[4]。根据路面的条件,如路面凹陷凸起和减速带等都属于可跨越式障碍物,当遇到这些障碍时,车辆可以选择绕行或减速跨越通过。路面可跨越式障碍物会对行驶中的车辆造成振动冲击,特别是在无人驾驶条件下,有必要对这类路面障碍物进行准确地探测。
常见的用于获取车辆外部环境信息的车载传感器主要有毫米波雷达、激光雷达和摄像头[5-9]等。当前,比较流行的车辆感知传感器主要使用摄像头和红外传感器等光学传感设备,依靠机器视觉系统获取车身周边的环境图像序列,通过图像处理手段实现环境感知。但光学传感器受环境因素和采光条件的影响较大,遇到雨、雾等恶劣天气便难以正常运作。虽然光学传感器具有良好的颜色感知和分类能力,有着与激光雷达相当的分辨能力[10],但它在速度估计和距离估算方面仍然受到一定的限制[11]。激光雷达具有较高的距离、角度、速度分辨率和探测精度,获取的数据包含丰富的语义信息,是目前最精确的车载传感器,但其制造成本高且容易受到恶劣天气的影响[12-13],当遇到大雾、较大的雨、雪时,激光衰减程度会大大增加,传播距离受到很大影响,严重降低性能。
多传感器融合[14-16]进行环境感知可以克服信息获取单一、可靠性不足以及适用场景受到限制等问题。但当遇到特殊工况,如夜间、雪雾或烟尘等时,视觉识别难以有效工作,并且激光雷达采集到的点云也会出现遮挡,噪声过多等情况。此时,多传感器的融合也会出现问题。毫米波雷达的波长短、穿透能力强,具有高分辨率、高精度、高抗干扰和低成本等优点[17],具有全天候工作的能力和良好的环境适应性,受不同光照条件和极端天气的影响较小,能够在雨、雾、隧道及夜间等非可视环境下工作,可以提供可靠的检测数据[1118-19]。目前,毫米波雷达的远程探测距离可以达到250 m,还可以利用反射信号的多普勒效应来测量运动目标的速度矢量与角度矢量[20],这使得利用毫米波雷达对路面条件进行探测和障碍物识别成为可能。
毫米波雷达主要通过对目标距离,速度和角度的测量来进行探测。使用深度学习的方法,对雷达点云数据进行训练,通过分离目标深度值可实现目标特征计算和区分[21-22]。也可利用多帧数据融合,对融合后的点云进行聚类,求解凸包实现目标识别[23]。Zeng等[24]通过展开相位时间序列的标准偏差和极差来估计平面起伏,本质上是通过相位变化来计算距离的变化。张岩等[16]使用毫米波雷达获取路面突起的高度值,但仍需要良好的视觉条件获得路面突起的大致区域。张瑞[25]使用单一传感器检测路面减速带,通过DFT获取高精度距离,结合空域FFT获取角度,根据角度突变来计算减速带的宽度值,但其传感器位于车辆底盘,当检测完成时车轮已经非常靠近减速带,对于车辆的通过性有所欠缺。本文将雷达布置在车辆前方,倾斜朝向地面,通过计算距离的变化,实现路面二维成像,提前实现路面凸起的识别。
本文主要研究非视觉条件下,基于毫米波雷达的路面可跨越式障碍物的形状特征估计方法。第1节分析路面障碍物的特性并介绍雷达感知原理。第2节建立基于毫米波雷达的路面障碍物特征感知系统,并介绍数据采集部分。第3节对采集到的雷达数据进行处理,通过路面二维成像实现对路面障碍的特征估计。第4节为实验及数据分析。第5节为结论。
路面可跨越式障碍物种类很多,其中在道路上最常见的是各种橡胶、金属和水泥减速带。本文选取路面条状减速带为探测对象,对它的凸起形位特征进行识别。
为了简化分析过程,选取单个车轮通过减速带时的场景进行分析,车轮与路面减速带接触的过程如图1所示。图中,定义减速带的宽度为L(mm)、高度为H(mm)。在车轮通过减速带的过程中,车轮受到来自减速带的作用力产生垂向位移,随着车轮沿着行驶方向前进时,与减速带的接触位置发生变化,车轮的垂向位移也随之增大,进而引起车身颠簸。颠簸的程度与减速带形状相关,包括高度和宽度,其他类型的路面可跨越障碍物都可以用这两个参数来识别。目前,车辆的主动悬架控制逐渐依赖对路面条件识别进行预测控制,为了减少路面凸起障碍物给车辆带来的冲击,车辆在接近减速带之前就需要准确获取到障碍物的高度和宽度信息。
用于探测车前目标时,通常将毫米波雷达部署在车身前部,雷达发射面垂直于地面。这种条件下,难以有效接收到路面反射的雷达回波信号,尽管路面会有部分信号通过漫反射被接收天线捕获,但是这部分信号并不能实现对路面的准确感知。因为本文采用雷达倾斜放置的方法,将毫米波雷达安装在车辆前部且与地面形成一定的夹角θ,增加对路面的探测面积,如图2所示。
雷达随着车辆以速度v一起运动,当遇到前方路面有凸起障碍物时,雷达接收到的回波会发生改变,检测到目标垂直距离R变小,计算得到的障碍物与车的距离d也会变小。随着车辆继续向前运动,雷达测得的目标距离R会继续变化,直至雷达探测区域掠过路面障碍。雷达信号以光速传播,从发射到返回接收天线用的时间约为1×10-8 s,在这个过程中,认为车速可以忽略不计。在毫米波雷达靠近路面可跨越式障碍物的运动过程中,将雷达信号发射每一帧时的雷达位置视为离散的点,当雷达掠过路面凸起后,即可完成路面凸起障碍物的二维成像。
毫米波雷达发射线性调频连续波信号,用起始频率 f 0(Hz)、调频周期 T m(s)和带宽B(Hz)这3个参数来表示,信号的终止频率与起始频率的差,称为带宽。
雷达信号的调频斜率S为频率的变化率,表示为
S = B T m
当发射出去的信号遇到需要探测的目标后,雷达波束会进行反射形成回波信号。回波信号由接收天线捕获后进入混频器,混频器通过将发射信号和回波信号做混频生成中频信号以计算目标的信息。发射信号可以表示为
S t ( t ) = A c o s 2 π f 0 t + S t 2 2 + φ 0 , t [ 0 , T ]
式中:A为发射信号的幅值,dB; T为信号的周期,s; φ 0为发射信号的初始相位,rad。
设空气中电磁波的传输速度为光速c,接收天线获得信号与发射信号之间的延迟时间为τ,接收天线接收到的目标回波信号表示为
S r ( t ) = A c o s 2 π f 0 ( t - τ ) + S ( t - τ ) 2 2 + φ 0 , t [ 0 , T ]
回波信号 S r ( t )和发射信号 S t ( t )在混频器中进行比较做差,可以得到中频信号。此时,中频信号 x I F ( t )的表达式为
x I F t = A s i n 2 π f I F t + φ 0
式中 f I F φ 0分别为中频信号的频率和相位。
对中频信号进行ADC采样,然后经过快速傅里叶变换提取到信号的频率信息,假设频谱的谱峰值为 f I F ,则探测目标与雷达的距离R可以表示为
R = c T f I F 2 B
对于目标角度的估计,须使用接收天线阵列。图3为4个接收天线的角度测量模型。
其中RX代表雷达接收天线,TX代表雷达发射天线。一般条件下,物体和雷达之间的距离都远大于天线阵列的尺寸,可以认为发射和接收信号都是平行的。在图3中,设目标方位角为 β,接收目标回波天线间距为 l,回波信号到达两根接收天线的距离差为lsin β。由于接收器天线之间的间隔,到达两个相邻接收天线的信号会有相对延迟,用 Δ τ表示为
Δ τ = l s i n    β c
相对于RX1,回波信号还须经过额外的传播距离才能到达RX2。由此,两根接收天线产生的相位差 Δ ϕ表示为
Δ ϕ = 2 π l s i n    β λ
式中 λ为雷达发射信号的波长。
在获得两根接收天线的相位差后,目标的方位角可表示为
β = a r c s i n λ Δ ϕ 2 π l
基于本文雷达部署位置,设计了基于车前倾斜放置毫米波雷达,构建了路面可跨越式凸起障碍物特征感知系统,如图4所示。系统可以应用于主动悬架控制,即通过提前获取车前障碍物形位特性对悬架进行主动调整。
将毫米波雷达安装在车前保险杠上,通过万向节与车辆连接,通过调节万向节即可以实现雷达以不同角度对地面探测。本文所使用的雷达发射的chirp信号和每帧的参数如表1所示,以此参数设置进行目标采样。
毫米波雷达的最大测量距离 d m a x可以表示为
d m a x = c 2 S f s
本文毫米波雷达部署在车辆前方,距地面0.6 m,测量距离较短。因此将采样率设置2 560 kSps,即每秒有2 560 000个采样点,调频斜率设置为36.017 MHz/μs,此时最大测量距离 d m a x为10.61 m,可以满足系统使用要求。
设置每帧的chirp个数N为64,则每帧的有效时长可表示为
T = T c N
计算可得Tc=130 μs, T =6400 μs,但由于存在帧间时间(inter frame time),其最小值为300 μs,故本文设置每帧的持续时长 T为10 ms,即毫米波雷达以相同的时间间隔(10 ms)发射64个chirp。
雷达数据的处理是通过对中频信号进行快速傅里叶变换(fast fourier transform,FFT)以及恒虚警率目标检测算法估计出目标的距离和速度信息。由于获得的中频信号存储形式为一维向量,本文将其整形为由采样点维度、chirp维度和空间采样维度的雷达数据立方体,再对经过整形后的雷达数据沿着采样点维度做FFT,可以得到中频信号在频域下的表示,据此可获得目标的距离信息。
图5为雷达与地面夹角为0°时的处理结果,图中横坐标为回波信号对应的距离,纵坐标为回波信号的幅值,从图中可以看出,此时峰值处对应的距离为0.585 9 m。
在对距离进行初步计算后,由于存在杂波,还须对处理后的信号进行分析,确定目标的存在,需要对距离维进行恒虚警检测。
式(5)可知,测距精度取决于中频信号频率的精度,因此可以通过频率分析来提高测距精度。对于频率的准确估计,可以采用频率细化方法,常见的频率细化方法包括时域零填充、Chirp-Z变换和ZoomFFT[26-29]。本文只关注完整中频信号的频谱上的某一段频率,之后的频谱细化只须在这段频谱上进行即可。
首先从雷达中获取中频信号后,经过数据整形后做FFT变换,得到信号在频域上的表示,提取频谱的谱峰值fmax,找到左右相隔为c的点,即fmax-cfmax+c,作为频谱细化的起点和终点。确定细化频点数D后,对细化区间做Chirp-Z变换,得到细化后的频谱区间(fmax-cfmax+c)的精度将增加D倍。Chirp-Z变换也称CZT,雷达数据经过FFT-CZT两级结构处理后,在细化后频谱中获取频谱峰值,峰值频率记为Fmax,代入式(5)可计算出前方目标的高精度距离值。
以毫米波雷达的中心点为极点,雷达探测范围的中轴线为极轴建立极坐标系。使用获取到的目标点对应距离估计值R和角度估计值θ,得到目标点极坐标[Rθ]。以雷达板平行方向作为横坐标,与雷达板平面垂直面正前方作为纵坐标建立直角坐标系,可以将极坐标下的目标点转换为笛卡尔坐标系下[xy],目标点距雷达的横向距离为x,纵向距离为y,单位为m。经过实验,在道路情况下实际采集到的真实单帧雷达点云如图6所示。
转换到直角坐标系后,点云坐标的x值表示目标点在雷达平行方向距雷达的距离,y值表示目标点距雷达平面的垂直距离。因此,在点云中,取出各点的纵坐标y值数组,对一帧中的k个点的y值进行比较,取最小值ymin,若同时存在有2个以上相等的ymin,则取为最短目标距离值,这些点为最短距离目标,否则认为此点为误差点,取次小值进行比较。若点云中不存在相等的值,则取最小值。
毫米波雷达的波束呈散射状态,其扫掠面为一个椭圆锥形。当雷达与地面呈倾斜角度放置时,其探测区域截面如图7所示。图中,点a为减速带凸起的起始点,点c为减速带的最高点。
当雷达处于位置1时,探测区域为地面,探测到的最短距离目标为地面,当雷达处于位置2时,探测区域开始包含有路面减速带起始点a,但探测到的最短距离目标仍为地面。当雷达处于位置3时,探测到最短距离目标为路面减速带。当雷达处于位置4时,路面减速带的最高点c进入探测区域,但此时探测到的最短距离目标仍为弧面上的某点,直到当雷达处于位置5时,探测到的最短距离目标才为点c到雷达的距离。以上分析表明,倾斜安装雷达对减速带a点和c点探测都会产生一定延迟,但这两种延迟产生的误差会相互抵消,不影响寻找测得点a和点c的雷达有效帧序数。
本文将毫米波雷达在车前倾斜安装,对车前路面信息进行探测,建立的路面减速带模型如图8所示。设减速带高度为H,宽度为L,雷达首次探测到的减速带特征点距离雷达中心点的水平距离为d。雷达与路面的倾斜角度为θ,距地面高度为h,向右为车辆的前进方向,需要探测减速带凸起的起始点a和减速带的最高点c。
当雷达探测到前方路面凸起时,反射的距离值会有明显变化,且变化趋势应为距离值R先减小后增大,将距离首次产生变小的点视为点a,距离将减小后再次变大,将距离最小时的点视为点c。通过计算点a和点c的距离值R来获得路面减速带的高度值H,通过计算点a和点c的帧序数之差,进一步获得路面减速带的宽度值L
雷达以相同的时间间隔T=10 ms发射chirp,若向前视为匀速移动,速度为 ν,则雷达测量间隔 δ
δ = ν T
N a为a点雷达帧数, N c为c点雷达帧数,则雷达向前移动的位移x可表示为
x = N c - N a δ = N c - N a ν T
由于点a的获取存在延后性,计算高度时取点a所在帧的前1帧的高度值 h a - 1进行计算,则减速带的高度H可表示为
H = h a - 1 - h c = R a - 1 - R c c o s θ
减速带的宽度L可表示为
L = 2 x - H t a n θ
本文搭建的实验系统如图9所示。
毫米波雷达通过万向节安装在车前保险杠上如图9(a)所示,使用万向节可以调节雷达与地面的夹角,实现雷达以不同的角度扫掠前方路面,实验路段如图9(b)所示,该路段路面平直且包含一条减速带。
雷达距地面垂直距离为587 mm。当θ为0°时,雷达天线与地面平行,此时测量得到的单帧点云如图10(a)所示。图中红色区域即为路面反射的雷达点云数据,提取到达减速带之前的70帧数据,得到对地面的二维成像,如图10(b)所示。
观察发现地面呈现有周期规律的类正弦起伏,这是因为实验车运行时的悬架垂向运动或路面不平所导致,取平均数得到雷达距地面的距离为584 mm,与激光测距仪测量数据误差约为3 mm。误差满足测试要求。
为探究雷达与地面夹角θ的不同对路面凸起的影响,以每15°为一个间隔,每个角度进行相同条件下的3次测量,每个角度获得3组测量值。实验车以10 km/h的速度向靠近减速带方向行进。
θ = 0 °,将3次测量的每帧数据进行解析后,在雷达二维成像点云中,以寻得的点a为重合点,将不同角度测得的3组不同数据放在同一坐标下,对3组数据进行比较,如图11所示。
可以看到,区域1为路面,区域2为路面减速带的前半部分,即1/2减速带,区域3为后半部分减速带部分,此部分杂波和误差较大,分析其原因可能为此时车辆前轮已经与减速带接触,车辆前保险杠部分发生抬升,导致测量出错,但不影响本系统对路面减速带的识别。
经过计算,在0°时,根据3组数据测得的减速带特征如表2所示。
测得减速带高度的平均绝对误差HMAE=2.7 mm,减速带宽度的平均绝对误差 L M A E=24.7 mm。
θ = 15 °时的成像如图12所示。减速带特征估计值如表3所示,经过计算减速带高度的平均绝对误差 H M A E =1.9 mm,减速带宽度的平均绝对误差 L M A E=159.7 mm。
θ = 15 °时获得的雷达测量数据与θ=0°时相差极小,最小目标距离值基本相同,分析其原因可能是因为本文所使用的毫米波雷达的俯仰角为30°,当毫米波雷达与路面倾角 θ = 15 °时,雷达探测区域仍然有垂直与路面的部分,所以其测得的最小目标距离仍然为路面。此时对于减速带高度的测量值的平均绝对误差 H M A E为1.9 mm,此误差范围可以接受。
θ = 30 °时测试结果如图13所示。
经过计算,在30°时根据3组数据测得的减速带特征如表4所示。
测得 θ =30°时减速带高度的平均绝对误差HMAE=3.4 mm,减速带宽度的平均绝对误差 L M A E=65.0 mm。
θ = 45 °时,路面减速带的二维成像如图14所示。减速带特征估计值如表5所示,测得减速带高度的平均绝对误差 H M A E=4.0 mm,减速带宽度的平均绝对误差 L M A E=60.4 mm。
通过计算可知,当雷达感知到前方路面有凸起障碍时,车辆与障碍物的水平距离d约为0.5 m,车前轮与车前保险杠仍有约0.9 m的距离,可以实现对路面障碍物的提前识别。通过获得减速带特征点c的该帧的帧序数,与日志文件比较可以计算出其真实时间,与车前相机录制视频在时间轴上对齐,可以得到雷达探测到点c时,车辆的真实位置,此时的相机画面如图15所示,可以看出此时减速带仍处于车辆前方。
由于毫米波雷达理论上存在有±15°的俯仰角,虽然其俯仰角精度和分辨率较差,但在本系统中,对于单帧毫米波雷达点云的最短目标距离的获取仍会造成较大影响,进而增大路面凸起障碍物特征估计的误差。
对于减速带宽度的估计,由于本文是通过对一半减速带的宽度进行计算,之后乘以2来获得整体宽度,这样便会导致误差也增大为2倍。对于路面前方障碍物的检测,漏检的风险要高于虚警,因此,本文加入路面凸起障碍物宽度特征的误差补偿,将获得点a的帧序数减去0.5,其计算值 N ^ a与真实值 N a的关系可表示为
N ^ a = N a - 0.5
经过误差补偿后的估计值如表6所示。此时,减速带宽度的平均绝对误差为 L M A E=20.4 mm。可见,经过补偿后,对于减速带宽度的误差有效减小。
文献[25]在动态实验场景下,减速带高度的平均绝对误差为5 mm,减速带宽度的平均绝对误差为41 mm,而在10 km/h的车速下,文献[25]中的宽度平均误差超过50 mm。经过误差补偿后本文得到的路面减速带的特征估计误差比文献[25]中的有明显降低,检测系统的性能有所提高。
在对路面减速带的几何特征探测时,宽度L是由雷达采集的帧序数进行计算,搭载雷达的车辆车速和雷达每帧时长会影响测量间隔,从而影响包含路面减速带特征的帧数量,导致测量存在误差。因此,本文在不同的车速下进行实验,以分析车速对减速带高度和宽度测量精度的影响。在雷达角度都设置为 θ = 45 °时,将车速分别设置为5、10、15、20和30 km/h,各进行3组实验。不同车速下减速带特征估计的平均误差如图16所示。
图16中的实验结果可知,实验车的车速越大,对路面减速带的特征估计误差也越大。减速带的高度测量误差在30 km/h下为15 mm,但在20 km/h下仍然保持在7 mm以内,因此认为在实际路面场景下,本文设计的基于毫米波雷达的路面凸起特征感知系统,能够对路面凸起高度进行有效测量,对于高度估计拥有良好的能力。而其对于减速带宽度L的测量,则误差较大。不同车速对应的雷达测量间隔 δ分别为13.8、27.8、41.7、55.6和83.3 mm。因此,当车速较快时,测量间隔成倍增大,导致车辆在行进过程中,雷达探测区域错过路面突起的有效特征点,而将别的测量点当作有效特征点来进行计算,导致获得错误的雷达帧序数。
本文主要以减速带为例,使用单毫米波雷达在非视觉条件下对路面障碍物的形状特征进行了检测。
(1)采用倾斜安装毫米波雷达对路面障碍物的形状特征进行检测,避免了雷达回波信号太少无法感知路面的情况。设计了基于毫米波雷达的路面可跨越式凸起障碍物的二维成像算法。通过利用FFT-CZT的两级处理结构对雷达中频信号进行谱细化,以减少栅栏效应导致的误差,获取到高精度距离值。融合多帧点云,实现了路面障碍物的二维成像。
(2)在二维成像结果的基础上,根据获得的特征点对应的雷达点云帧序数,设计了路面可跨越式凸起障碍物的特征估计方法。以障碍物的宽度和高度为主要特征,通过在二维成像中寻找特征点,进行特征估计。以最高点和起始点的最短目标距离来计算高度H,以两点的帧序数差计算障碍物的一般宽度L/2,从而完成路面凸起障碍物的特征估计。
(3)采集了毫米波雷达与地面夹角从0°到90°不同角度的数据,研究雷达不同角度安装下对路面障碍物的探测效果。在45°夹角且车速较慢时,其高度的平均绝对误差在4 mm以内,宽度的平均绝对误差在21 mm以内。角度保持不变,进行了不同车速下的实验,分析了车速对系统精度的影响,认为本系统能够实现减速带特征估计。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
ZHU H,YUEN K V,MIHAYLOVA L,et al. Overview of environment perception for intelligent vehicles[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,2017,18(10): 2584-2601.
[2]
王博. 基于激光雷达的自动驾驶三维环境感知系统关键技术研究[D]. 长春: 中国科学院大学(中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所),2022.
WANG Bo. Research on key technologies of three-dimensional environmental perception system for autonomous driving based on LiDAR[D]. Changchun: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Changchun Institute of Optics,Fine Mechanics and Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences),2022.
[3]
徐伟,周培义,张芬,等. 视觉和毫米波雷达信息融合行人识别算法[J]. 同济大学学报(自然科学版),2017,45(S1): 37-42,91.
XU Wei,ZHOU Peiyi,ZHANG Fen,et al. Pedestrian recognition algorithm based on fusion of visual and millimeter-wave radar information[J]. Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science Edition),2017,45(S1): 37-42,91.
[4]
陈祥龙,李科,李鹏. 救护车转运途中致心律失常94例报道[C]∥中华医学会(Chinese medical association),中华医学会急诊医学分会(The Chinese Emergency Medicine Society). 第17届世界灾难及急救医学学术会议暨第14次全国急诊医学学术年会论文汇编. 2011: 1.
CHEN Xianglong,LI Ke,LI Peng. Report on 94 cases of arrhythmia caused during ambulance tTransportation[C]∥Chinese Medical Association,The Chinese Emergency Medicine Society. Proceedings of the 17th World Congress on Disaster and Emergency Medicine and the 14th National Conference on Emergency Medicine. 2011: 1.
[5]
LV J,SHANG Y,DING H. Road obstacle detection based on randomized hough transform[C]. 2nd International Conference on Teaching and Computational Science. Atlantis Press,2014: 72-74.
[6]
SIRBU C L,TOMOIU C,FRANCSALI-BOLDIZSAR S,et al. Real-time line matching based speed bump detection algorithm[C]. Proceedings of the IEEE 27th International Symposium for Design and Technology in Electronic Packaging. Timisoara,Romania. 2021: 246-249.
[7]
DEVAPRIYA W,BABU C N K,SRIHARI T. Real time speed bump detection using Gaussian filtering and connected component approach[C]. 2016 World Conference on Futuristic Trends in Research and Innovation for Social Welfare (Startup Conclave). IEEE,2016: 1-5.
[8]
YI X,SONG G,DERONG T,et al. Fast road obstacle detection method based on maximally stable extremal regions[J]. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems,2018,15(1): 1729881418759118.
[9]
BALLINAS-HERNÁNDEZ A L,OLMOS-PINEDA I,OLVERA-LÓPEZ J A. Marked and unmarked speed bump detection for autonomous vehicles using stereo vision[J]. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems,2022,42(5): 4685-4697.
[10]
CHO M. A study on the obstacle recognition for autonomous driving RC car using LiDAR and thermal infrared camera[C]. 2019 Eleventh International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN). IEEE,2019: 544-546.
[11]
ALLAND S,STARK W,ALI M,et al. Interference in automotive radar systems: characteristics,mitigation techniques,and current and future research[J]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2019,36(5): 45-59.
[12]
DICKMANN J,KLAPPSTEIN J,HAHN M,et al. Automotive radar the key technology for autonomous driving: from detection and ranging to environmental understanding[C]. 2016 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf). IEEE,2016: 1-6.
[13]
DICKMANN J,APPENRODT N,BLOECHER H L,et al. Radar contribution to highly automated driving[C]. 2014 44th European Microwave Conference. IEEE,2014: 1715-1718.
[14]
CELAYA-PADILLA J M,GALVÁN-TEJADA C E,LÓPEZ-MONTEAGUDO F E,et al. Speed bump detection using accelerometric features: a genetic algorithm approach[J]. Sensors,2018,18(2): 443.
[15]
DEVAPRIYA W,BABU C N K,SRIHARI T. Real time speed bump detection using Gaussian filtering and connected component approach[C]. 2016 World Conference on Futuristic Trends in Research and Innovation for Social Welfare (Startup Conclave). IEEE,2016: 1-5.
[16]
张岩,潘胜权,解印山,等. 相机与毫米波雷达融合检测农机前方田埂[J]. 农业工程学报,2021,37(15): 169-178.
ZHANG Yan,PAN Shengquan,XIE Yingshan,et al. Fusion detection of field banks in front of agricultural machinery using cameras and millimeter-wave radars[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2021,37(15): 169-178.
[17]
ZHOU T,YANG M,JIANG K,et al. MMW radar-based technologies in autonomous driving: a review[J]. Sensors,2020,20(24): 7283.
[18]
ZHANG R,CAO S. Real-time human motion behavior detection via CNN using mmwave radar[J]. IEEE Sensors Letters,2018,3(2): 1-4.
[19]
YONEDA K,HASHIMOTO N,YANASE R,et al. Vehicle localization using 76GHz omnidirectional millimeter-wave radar for winter automated driving[C]. 2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE,2018: 971-977.
[20]
WEI Z,ZHANG F,CHANG S,et al. Mmwave radar and vision fusion for object detection in autonomous driving: a review[J]. Sensors,2022,22(7): 2542.
[21]
DANZER A,GRIEBEL T,BACH M,et al. 2D car detection in radar data with pointnets[C]. 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC). IEEE,2019: 61-66.
[22]
KOSUGE A,SUEHIRO S,HAMADA M,et al. Mmwave-YOLO: a mmwave imaging radar-based real-time multiclass object recognition system for ADAS applications[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,2022,71: 1-10.
[23]
林凤泰,严蘋蘋,张慧,等. 基于最近迭代点的毫米波雷达点云数据处理方法[J]. 信号处理,2023,39(2): 288-297.
LIN Fengtai,YAN Pinpin,ZHANG Hui,et al. Millimeter-wave radar point cloud data processing method based on the nearest iteration point[J]. Signal Processing,2023,39(2): 288-297.
[24]
ZENG Y,SONG C,XU Z. Wave height estimation based on the phase time series of millimeter-wave radar[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2022,19: 1-5.
[25]
张瑞. 基于毫米波雷达的减速带特征估计方法[D]. 秦皇岛: 燕山大学,2022.
ZHANG Rui. Estimation method of speed bump features based on millimeter-wave radar[D]. Qinhuangdao: Yanshan University,2022.
[26]
冯志华,刘永斌,张健. 用在频谱细化中Chirp-Z变换的特性分析[J]. 信号处理,2006(5): 741-745.
FENG Zhihua,LIU Yongbin,ZHANG Jian. Characteristic analysis of Chirp-Z transform in spectral zooming[J]. Signal Processing,2006(5): 741-745.
[27]
SONG Y,ZENG Z. Broadband signal spectrum monitoring method based on chirp-Z transform[C]. 2015 International Conference on Electromechanical Control Technology and Transportation. Atlantis Press,2015: 283-286.
[28]
ZHANG R,HUANG Y,YANG J,et al. Improving range precision of LFMCW radar based on frequency domain up-sampling-interpolating method[C]. Proceedings. 2005 International Conference on Communications,Circuits and Systems,2005. IEEE,2005,2.
[29]
JI S J,CHOI W J,KIM K Y,et al. A study on the precise distance measurement for radar level transmitter of FMCW type using correlation analysis method[C]. The 6th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems,and The 13th International Symposium on Advanced Intelligence Systems. IEEE,2012: 2009-2014.
2025年第47卷第1期
PDF下载
560
223
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.007
  • 接收时间:2024-06-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-06-07
  • 修回日期:2024-07-24
基金
作者信息
    1. 燕山大学车辆与能源学院,秦皇岛 066004
    2. 河北省特种运载装备重点实验室,秦皇岛 066004

通讯作者:

李昊,教授,博士,E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcygc/CN/10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.007
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏