Article(id=1153790629051098020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153790299898897185, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728144000000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-06, revisedDate=1732118400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753014722359, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753014722359, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753014722359, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753014722359, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153790299898897185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753014643882, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753067424351, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1154011677273084824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153790299898897185, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1154011677273084825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153790299898897185, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=137, endPage=148, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153790629420196773, articleId=1153790629051098020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=H2/H Control of Active Suspension Based on IUDE Algorithm, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

High performance active suspension has significant advantages in improving driving experience,and robust control algorithm is an important guarantee for active suspension performance. To solve the problem that the typical robust control algorithms are difficult to achieve effective disturbance estimation and compensation,in this paper,a H2/H-H2-IUDE algorithm is proposed to estimate and compensate the disturbance by using IUDE algorithm and introducing in H2 state observer,which improves the robustness compared with H2/H algorithm. Firstly,the model of half vehicle active suspension control systems is established,and the disturbance form is defined. Then,an IUDE algorithm for disturbance estimation and compensation decoupling is proposed,and a H2 state observer is proposed to redesign H2/H algorithm. Finally,simulation analysis is carried out for typical working conditions such as random road surface and speed bump road surface. The results show that,compared to the H2/H algorithm,the proposed algorithm reduces the root mean square values of the vehicle body center vertical acceleration and pitch angle by 7.6% and 5.9%,respectively,under random road conditions,demonstrating a significant improvement in vehicle ride comfort. Meanwhile,the proposed H2 observer can effectively estimate system states. The IUDE algorithm can accurately estimate disturbance,and can avoid the deterioration of suspension dynamic deflection caused by the non-decouple UDE method,which has outstanding characteristics of excellent disturbance estimation and flexible compensation.

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汽车高性能主动悬架对提升驾乘体验感具有显著优势,鲁棒性控制算法是发挥主动悬架性能的重要保障。针对典型鲁棒控制算法难以实现有效扰动估计和补偿的问题,本文提出了H2/H-H2-IUDE算法,采用IUDE算法估计并补偿扰动,并引入H2状态观测器,相比H2/H算法增强了鲁棒性。首先,建立了半车主动悬架控制系统模型,并定义了扰动形式。然后,提出能实现扰动估计和补偿解耦的IUDE算法,并提出一种H2状态观测器,进而实现了对H2/H算法的再设计。最后,针对随机路面和减速带路面等典型工况进行仿真分析。结果表明,所提出的算法相比H2/H算法,随机路面工况的车身质心垂向加速度和俯仰角均方根值分别下降了7.6%和5.9%,对汽车平顺性有明显改善。同时,所提出的H2观测器能有效估计系统状态,IUDE算法能准确估计扰动,并能够避免非解耦型UDE方法带来的悬架动挠度恶化问题,具有优异的扰动估计和灵活补偿的突出特点。

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陈潇凯,副教授,博士,E-mail:
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符号与单位 含义 数值
m c/kg 车身质量 690
I p/ ( k g m 2 ) 车身转动惯量 1 222
m u f /kg 前轴簧下质量 40.5
m u r /kg 后轴簧下质量 45.4
k s i / ( N m - 1 ) 前/后轴弹簧刚度 18 000
k u i / ( N m - 1 ) 前/后轴轮胎刚度 192 000
c s i/( N s m - 1 前/后轴减振器阻尼 1 000
c u i/( N s m - 1 前/后轴轮胎阻尼 20
a/m 前轴距 1.07
b/m 后轴距 0.76
l/m 轴距 1.83
g/ ( m s - 2 ) 重力加速度 9.81
F i/N 前/后轴作动器控制力 [-2 500,2 500]
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模型参数

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符号与单位 含义 数值
m c/kg 车身质量 690
I p/ ( k g m 2 ) 车身转动惯量 1 222
m u f /kg 前轴簧下质量 40.5
m u r /kg 后轴簧下质量 45.4
k s i / ( N m - 1 ) 前/后轴弹簧刚度 18 000
k u i / ( N m - 1 ) 前/后轴轮胎刚度 192 000
c s i/( N s m - 1 前/后轴减振器阻尼 1 000
c u i/( N s m - 1 前/后轴轮胎阻尼 20
a/m 前轴距 1.07
b/m 后轴距 0.76
l/m 轴距 1.83
g/ ( m s - 2 ) 重力加速度 9.81
F i/N 前/后轴作动器控制力 [-2 500,2 500]
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指标

被动

悬架

算法1 算法2 算法3 算法4

x ¨ c /

m s - 2

0.330

0.289

(12.4%)

0.287

(13.0%)

0.238

(27.9%)

0.264

(20.0%)

φ p/

10 - 3 r a d

1.88

1.09

(42.0%)

1.17

(37.8%)

0.921

(51.0%)

0.979

(47.9%)

x s u f/

m m

5.48

5.42

(1.09%)

5.52

(-0.7%)

6.25

(-14.1%)

5.69

(-3.83%)

x s u r/

m m

3.80

4.28

(-13%)

4.35

(-14%)

5.23

(-37.6%)

4.51

(-18.7%)

x u r f/

m m

1.83

2.00

(-9.3%)

2.01

(-9.8%)

3.06

(-67.2%)

2.32

(-26.8%)

x u r r/

m m

1.76

2.03

(-15%)

2.02

(-15%)

2.99

(-69.9%)

2.10

(-19.3%)

e x s u f /

m m

0.428 0.502 0.455

e x s u r/

m m

0.474 0.552 0.471

e x ˙ s f /

m m s - 1

4.83 5.23 4.93

e x ˙ s r /

m m s - 1

4.53 4.85 4.55

e d d f /

m s - 2

0.024 0.016

e d d r /

m s - 2

0.021 0.013
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C级随机路面上性能指标的均方根值

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指标

被动

悬架

算法1 算法2 算法3 算法4

x ¨ c /

m s - 2

0.330

0.289

(12.4%)

0.287

(13.0%)

0.238

(27.9%)

0.264

(20.0%)

φ p/

10 - 3 r a d

1.88

1.09

(42.0%)

1.17

(37.8%)

0.921

(51.0%)

0.979

(47.9%)

x s u f/

m m

5.48

5.42

(1.09%)

5.52

(-0.7%)

6.25

(-14.1%)

5.69

(-3.83%)

x s u r/

m m

3.80

4.28

(-13%)

4.35

(-14%)

5.23

(-37.6%)

4.51

(-18.7%)

x u r f/

m m

1.83

2.00

(-9.3%)

2.01

(-9.8%)

3.06

(-67.2%)

2.32

(-26.8%)

x u r r/

m m

1.76

2.03

(-15%)

2.02

(-15%)

2.99

(-69.9%)

2.10

(-19.3%)

e x s u f /

m m

0.428 0.502 0.455

e x s u r/

m m

0.474 0.552 0.471

e x ˙ s f /

m m s - 1

4.83 5.23 4.93

e x ˙ s r /

m m s - 1

4.53 4.85 4.55

e d d f /

m s - 2

0.024 0.016

e d d r /

m s - 2

0.021 0.013
), ArticleFig(id=1170074560352236303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790629051098020, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标

被动

悬架

算法1 算法2 算法3 算法4

x ¨ c /

m s - 2

3.54

2.75

(22.3%)

2.72

(23.2%)

1.49

(57.9%)

2.33

(34.2%)

φ p /

10 - 3 r a d

0.865

0.719

(16.9%)

0.715

(17.3%)

0.547

(36.8%)

0.611

(29.4%)

x s u f /

m m

15.5

18.4

(-19%)

18.4

(-19%)

21.4

(-38.1%)

19.9

(-28.4%)

x s u r /

m m

14.6

16.9

(-16%)

16.9

(-16%)

21.3

(-45.9%)

17.2

(-17.8%)

x u r f /

m m

48.3

48.2

(0.21%)

48.2

(0.21%)

48.2

(0.21%)

48.2

(0.21%)

x u r r /

m m

48.5

49.5

(-2.06%)

49.3

(-1.7%)

49.5

(-2.06%)

49.5

(-2.06%)

e x s u f /

m m

2.50 3.04 2.68

e x s u r /

m m

2.55 2.92 2.33

e x ˙ s f /

m m s - 1

15.5 17.9 16.7

e x ˙ s r /

m m s - 1

14.1 17.9 14.5

e d d f /

m s - 2

0.266 0.263

e d d r /

m s - 2

0.195 0.179
), ArticleFig(id=1170074560431928080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790629051098020, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

减速带路面上性能指标的绝对值最大值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标

被动

悬架

算法1 算法2 算法3 算法4

x ¨ c /

m s - 2

3.54

2.75

(22.3%)

2.72

(23.2%)

1.49

(57.9%)

2.33

(34.2%)

φ p /

10 - 3 r a d

0.865

0.719

(16.9%)

0.715

(17.3%)

0.547

(36.8%)

0.611

(29.4%)

x s u f /

m m

15.5

18.4

(-19%)

18.4

(-19%)

21.4

(-38.1%)

19.9

(-28.4%)

x s u r /

m m

14.6

16.9

(-16%)

16.9

(-16%)

21.3

(-45.9%)

17.2

(-17.8%)

x u r f /

m m

48.3

48.2

(0.21%)

48.2

(0.21%)

48.2

(0.21%)

48.2

(0.21%)

x u r r /

m m

48.5

49.5

(-2.06%)

49.3

(-1.7%)

49.5

(-2.06%)

49.5

(-2.06%)

e x s u f /

m m

2.50 3.04 2.68

e x s u r /

m m

2.55 2.92 2.33

e x ˙ s f /

m m s - 1

15.5 17.9 16.7

e x ˙ s r /

m m s - 1

14.1 17.9 14.5

e d d f /

m s - 2

0.266 0.263

e d d r /

m s - 2

0.195 0.179
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基于IUDE算法的主动悬架H2/H控制*
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陈潇凯 1 , 刘宏宇 1 , 刘向 2
汽车工程 | 2025,47(1): 137-148
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汽车工程 | 2025, 47(1): 137-148
基于IUDE算法的主动悬架H2/H控制*
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陈潇凯1 , 刘宏宇1, 刘向2
作者信息
  • 1. 北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
  • 2. 南阳淅减汽车减振器有限公司,南阳 473000

通讯作者:

陈潇凯,副教授,博士,E-mail:
H2/H Control of Active Suspension Based on IUDE Algorithm
Xiaokai Chen1 , Hongyu Liu1, Xiang Liu2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing  100081
  • 2. Nanyang CIJAN Automobile Shock Absorber Co. ,Ltd. ,Nanyang  437000
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.014
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汽车高性能主动悬架对提升驾乘体验感具有显著优势,鲁棒性控制算法是发挥主动悬架性能的重要保障。针对典型鲁棒控制算法难以实现有效扰动估计和补偿的问题,本文提出了H2/H-H2-IUDE算法,采用IUDE算法估计并补偿扰动,并引入H2状态观测器,相比H2/H算法增强了鲁棒性。首先,建立了半车主动悬架控制系统模型,并定义了扰动形式。然后,提出能实现扰动估计和补偿解耦的IUDE算法,并提出一种H2状态观测器,进而实现了对H2/H算法的再设计。最后,针对随机路面和减速带路面等典型工况进行仿真分析。结果表明,所提出的算法相比H2/H算法,随机路面工况的车身质心垂向加速度和俯仰角均方根值分别下降了7.6%和5.9%,对汽车平顺性有明显改善。同时,所提出的H2观测器能有效估计系统状态,IUDE算法能准确估计扰动,并能够避免非解耦型UDE方法带来的悬架动挠度恶化问题,具有优异的扰动估计和灵活补偿的突出特点。

主动悬架  /  不确定性与扰动观测器  /  H2观测器  /  H2/H控制  /  改进的UDE算法

High performance active suspension has significant advantages in improving driving experience,and robust control algorithm is an important guarantee for active suspension performance. To solve the problem that the typical robust control algorithms are difficult to achieve effective disturbance estimation and compensation,in this paper,a H2/H-H2-IUDE algorithm is proposed to estimate and compensate the disturbance by using IUDE algorithm and introducing in H2 state observer,which improves the robustness compared with H2/H algorithm. Firstly,the model of half vehicle active suspension control systems is established,and the disturbance form is defined. Then,an IUDE algorithm for disturbance estimation and compensation decoupling is proposed,and a H2 state observer is proposed to redesign H2/H algorithm. Finally,simulation analysis is carried out for typical working conditions such as random road surface and speed bump road surface. The results show that,compared to the H2/H algorithm,the proposed algorithm reduces the root mean square values of the vehicle body center vertical acceleration and pitch angle by 7.6% and 5.9%,respectively,under random road conditions,demonstrating a significant improvement in vehicle ride comfort. Meanwhile,the proposed H2 observer can effectively estimate system states. The IUDE algorithm can accurately estimate disturbance,and can avoid the deterioration of suspension dynamic deflection caused by the non-decouple UDE method,which has outstanding characteristics of excellent disturbance estimation and flexible compensation.

active suspension systems  /  uncertainty and disturbance estimator  /  H2 observer  /  H2/H control  /  IUDE algorithm
陈潇凯, 刘宏宇, 刘向. 基于IUDE算法的主动悬架H2/H控制*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (1) : 137 -148 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.014
Xiaokai Chen, Hongyu Liu, Xiang Liu. H2/H Control of Active Suspension Based on IUDE Algorithm[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (1) : 137 -148 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.014
随着汽车产品高端化发展和汽车技术的不断进步,用户对驾乘体验的需求日益增强,对悬架系统提出了更高的功能和性能要求,高性能、高可靠性的主动悬架系统关键技术的开发日趋紧迫[1]。主动悬架系统通过作动器直接影响汽车的动力学特性,对改善车辆性能有重要作用[2]。悬架系统受到各种形式的干扰,如路面激励[3]、参数不确定性及系统非线性[4]、无法得到的悬架状态、状态观测器的误差等。这些扰动以变化范围较大的力的形式作用于动力学系统,使控制器参数难以整定,汽车平顺性和操纵稳定性的优化面临更大的挑战。因此,提升算法鲁棒性是悬架控制系统的重要需求[5]。鲁棒控制方法和扰动观测器分别通过减小扰动响应和补偿扰动来提高鲁棒性,若同时采用两种方法则可以综合二者的优点,将更具有优势。
作为典型的鲁棒控制方法,H2/H控制的状态观测器通常采用卡尔曼滤波器[6]H方法[7]或Lyapunov方法[8]等进行设计。除系统固有的扰动外,由于状态观测器不可避免地存在估计误差,还应对估计误差和噪声等进行处理,可采用扰动观测器估计和补偿扰动。然而,扰动观测器存在着两方面的局限性:一方面是估计误差,这源自于不连续的估计值难以跟随高频扰动[9],以及估计值的滞后[10];另一方面,控制量对扰动的补偿仅适用于匹配扰动形式[11]。因此,扰动观测器与鲁棒控制算法的联合应用是可行的。第一,由扰动观测器实现对匹配扰动的估计和补偿,并将扰动项由原有的匹配扰动替换为估计误差。第二,由鲁棒控制算法处理非匹配扰动和估计误差。第三,估计误差相比原有匹配扰动较小,便利鲁棒控制算法参数整定。
目前,已有基于Lyapunov方法[12]、扩展状态观测器[13]、非线性扰动观测器[14]等多种扰动观测器形式。然而,这些扰动观测器通常建立在慢时变扰动,或扰动在时域的界已知的假设条件下,且基于时域的参数整定难以应对复杂的工况,需要更简单有效的方法。不确定性和扰动观测器(uncertainty and disturbance estimator,UDE)算法[15-16]对参考系统设计滤波器实现扰动估计,并设计控制器实现参考系统与实际系统等效。UDE算法是基于频域分析的算法,其优点在于滤波器设计只须考虑扰动频率范围,无须关注扰动的时域性质,在多个领域得到了有效应用[17]。此外,该算法须设计参考系统,便于其他算法的再设计,例如,反步法[18]、滑模控制[19]、内模控制[20]等。然而,UDE算法的关键之一在于参考系统和实际系统的等效,这导致难以实现扰动估计和补偿的解耦。这个特点限制了UDE算法的适用性,尤其在一些控制系统中,完全抑制扰动并不合适。
综合上述讨论,本文以汽车主动悬架为研究对象,对UDE算法进行改进以实现扰动估计和补偿的解耦,继而基于改进后的UDE算法对H2/H控制器进行再设计,进一步提高控制算法的鲁棒性,并设计状态观测器,更好地改善主动悬架系统在多重扰动条件下的鲁棒性。
首先建立主动悬架的动力学模型,定义扰动形式,并建立控制器模型。
半车模型包含簧上系统的垂向自由度和俯仰自由度,以及前后轴簧下系统的垂向自由度,搭载主动悬架系统的半车辆模型如图1所示,其动力学方程表述为
m c x ¨ c = - F p s f - F p s r + F f + F r I p φ ¨ p = a F p s f - b F p s r - a F f + b F r m u f x ¨ u f = F p s f - F p u f - F f m u r x ¨ u r = F p s r - F p u r - F r
式中: x c为车身质心垂向位移; φ p为车身俯仰角;定义i=f,r分别代表前后轴; x s i x u i分别为簧上/下质量垂向位移; x s u i = x s i - x u i为悬架动行程; x u r i = x u i - x r i为车轮动变形; x r i为路面高程; F p s i = k s i x s u i + c s i x ˙ s u i为弹簧和减振器的垂向力; F p u i = k u i x u r i + c u i x ˙ u r i为车轮变形的垂向力。其余参数总结于表1
主动悬架系统可获得的悬架状态主要包括两类:车身加速度传感器获得的 x ¨ s i和高度传感器获得的 x s u i。半车系统中悬架平顺性主要与 x ¨ c φ p相关,同时应有合适的 x s u i以保证悬架工作空间;操纵稳定性主要与车轮动变形 x u r i相关。因此,定义 x = x s u f , x s u r , x ˙ s f , x ˙ s r T为控制系统的状态变量, u = F f , F r T为控制量, w = x ˙ u f , x ˙ u r T为扰动项。代入 x s f = x c - a φ p x s r = x c + b φ p,结合式(1),控制系统的状态空间方程可以表述为
x ˙ = A x + B u + E w
其中: A = 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 - k a k s f - k a b k s r - k a c s f - k a b c s r - k a b k s f - k b k s r - k a b c s f - k b c s r
B = 0 0 0 0 k a k a b k a b k b E = - 1 0 0 - 1 k a c s f k a b c s r k a b c s f k b c s r
k a = 1 m c + a 2 I p k a b = 1 m c - a b I p k b = 1 m c + b 2 I p
由于轮胎受到路面持续变化的激励,且激励的频率和大小与道路状况和车速相关,使 w变化范围较大。结合矩阵 E,扰动会以范围较大的力的形式作用于车身动力学系统,控制器设计中不宜忽略 w,而应针对性地开发鲁棒控制算法。同时,由于 x ˙ u i与减振器阻尼力直接相关,完全抑制 w会使悬架振动难以衰减,影响动挠度等指标。因此,针对上述系统的扰动观测器设计应具有部分扰动补偿的特性。
考虑一般的系统形式:
x ˙ = A x + B u + d
式中: x R n × 1为系统状态; u R r × 1为系统输入; d = E w R n × 1为集总扰动; w R p × 1为外部扰动; A R n × n B R n × r E R n × p为定常矩阵。
UDE算法针对上述实际系统设计参考系统:
x ˙ = A x + B u k + d - d ^
式中: d ^ R n × 1为扰动估计; u k R r × 1为参考输入。
定义 D s D ^ s X s U k s分别为 d d ^ x u k的拉氏变换。定义 D s频率范围内的低通滤波器 G s,则 D ^ s = G s D s在该范围内幅值为1,反映在时域上, d ^能实现对 d的估计。对式(4)进行拉氏变换,得到:
s I - A X s - B U k s = 1 - G s D s
式中 1 - G s D s可等效为系统扰动,高通滤波器 1 - G s使其在 D s的频率范围内具有较小的幅值,有效地增强了系统鲁棒性。定义 L - 1 为拉氏反变换,设计 d ^
d ^ = L - 1 G s 1 - G s s I - A X s - B U k s
以上是针对参考系统的分析。当矩阵 B行满秩时,可定义伪逆 B = B T B B T - 1,当满足 B B = I时可通过 u使参考系统与实际系统等效,并设计为
u = u k - B d ^
此外,结合式(5)的结构,UDE算法与扰动观测器(disturbance observer,DOB)的基本思想一致[11],都是通过滤波器 1 - G s改变扰动到系统状态传递函数的幅频特性。UDE算法实现了对DOB的改进,无须构造关于 d ^ d ^ ˙的系统,而是以式(6)得到了 d ^,便于实时计算,且 d ^的复杂程度与 G s / 1 - G s直接相关。
然而,上述UDE算法中存在如下两个问题。
问题1:统一设计的 G s无法对扰动估计 d ^各元素的滤波器参数进行独立设计。
问题2:扰动估计 d ^被完全反馈入控制系统,以实现对 d的补偿,而无法在不影响控制系统的条件下得到所需要的 d ^,也无法对补偿的大小实现独立控制。
针对这两个问题,本文对UDE算法进行改进。
针对问题1进行处理。首先,UDE方法采用 u实现对扰动的补偿,仅适用于 d u的元素位于同一信道,即匹配扰动的情况。不失一般性地定义 x = x 0 T , x 1 T T,其中 x 0 R n 0 × 1对应非匹配扰动信道, x 1 R n 1 × 1对应匹配扰动信道。按行同维度分割矩阵 A B d,即 A = A 0 T , A 1 T T B = B 0 T , B 1 T T d = d 0 T , d 1 T T。从而转为对以下实际系统和参考系统的分析:
x ˙ 1 = A 1 x + B 1 u + d 1 x ˙ 1 = A 1 x + B 1 u k + d 1 - d ^ 1
然后,定义 D 1 s D ^ 1 s X 1 s分别为 d 1 d ^ 1 x 1的拉氏变换。设计 D ^ 1 s = G s D 1 s,其中 G s = d i a g G 1 s , , G n 1 s G i s是对 d 1中元素 d 1 i设计的滤波器,并设计为
1 - G i s = α i T i s 1 + T i s , i 1 , , n 1
该形式具有两个可调参数 T α。其中参数 T影响滤波器的截止频率与幅频特性,参数 α可以在不影响截止频率的同时直接影响幅频特性。减小 T α均能降低滤波器的幅频特性,改善扰动估计。集合滤波器参数,定义 T = d i a g T 1 , , T n 1 α = d i a g α 1 , , α n 1
对参考系统进行拉氏变换,得到:
D ^ 1 s = G ¯ s s X 1 s - A 1 X s - B 1 U k s G ¯ s = G s I - G s - 1 = M 1 / s + M 2 M 1 = α - 1 T - 1 ; M 2 = α - 1 - I
通过拉氏反变换,得到扰动估计为
d ^ 1 = M 1 x 1 - A 1 x - B 1 u k +            M 2 x ˙ 1 - A 1 x - B 1 u k
同理,定义伪逆 B 1 = B 1 T B 1 B 1 T - 1,且须满足 B 1 B 1 = I,设计 u = u k - B 1 d ^ 1
上述多维度UDE算法改进提供了良好的系统分析形式,在其基础上针对问题2进行处理。
定义 d ^ m d 1的估计值,并与式(11)中的扰动估计 d ^ 1进行区分。定义 k q = d i a g k q 1 , , k q n 1为部分扰动补偿比例, q 1 = k q d ^ m为实际扰动补偿,并设计 u = u k - B 1 q 1。将参考系统定义为
x ˙ 1 = A 1 x + B 1 u k + d 1 - k q d ^ m
仍然设计 D ^ m s = G s D 1 s,对上式进行拉氏变换,得到:
D ^ m s = G ¯ m s s X 1 s - A 1 X s - B 1 U k s G ¯ m s = G s I - k q G s - 1
由于 G s k q为对角矩阵,矩阵相乘可交换次序,得到式(10)式(13)的关系为
D ^ m s = G k q s D ^ 1 s G k q s = I - k q G s - 1 I - G s
上式说明,引入 k q后,式(12)建立了不同于式(8)的参考系统形式,且 d ^ m可以视为 d ^ 1经滤波器 G k q s滤波后的结果。由于 d ^ 1 d ^ m对应不同的控制量 u,二者均能实现对 d 1的完整估计。当 k q = I时, d ^ m d 1,当 k q = O时,可得到独立的扰动观测器 d ^ m
以上分别从系统定义和滤波器设计,以及扰动补偿的角度进行了两方面改进,将改进后的UDE算法命名为IUDE(Improved UDE)算法,其改进过程如图2所示。当取 k q = I T = T I α = α I时,IUDE算法退化为经典UDE算法。
为了减小状态观测器的估计误差,本节提出一种H2状态观测器,并分析状态观测器的引入对扰动观测器的影响。
针对式(3)的系统,设计观测系统为
x ^ ˙ = A x ^ + B u + L o b z o b - z ^ o b z o b = C o b x + D o b u + F o b w o b + v o b
式中: x ^ R n × 1为状态估计值; z o b R m × 1为测量值,且 z ^ o b = C o b x ^ + D o b u w o b = w为过程噪声; v o b R m × 1为测量噪声; L o b R n × m为观测器增益矩阵; C o b R m × n D o b R m × r F o b R m × p为定常矩阵。
定义 d o b = w o b T , v o b T T,估计误差 e = x - x ^,引入误差的权重 Q o b R n × n,误差系统表述为
e ˙ = A - L o b C o b e + E - L o b F o b , - L o b d o b y o b = Q o b e
上式说明,观测器设计可以转化为式(16)的控制问题,且噪声 d o b是估计误差 e的来源,直接影响状态观测器性能。
针对以下形式的状态反馈控制系统:
x ˙ = A x + B u + E w = A ¯ x + E w y = C x + D u + F w = C ¯ x + F w
式中: A ¯ = A + B K C ¯ = C + D K K R r × n为反馈增益矩阵,控制量为 u = K x y R q × 1为被控输出; C R q × n D R q × r F R q × p为定常矩阵。
当系统严格真(即 F = O)且渐进稳定时,定义 t r 为矩阵的迹, T w y s为扰动 w到被控输出 y的传递函数,则以下条件是等价的:
(i) T w y s 2 < γ 2
(ii)存在对阵正定矩阵 X 2 R n × n,使 A X 2 + X 2 A T + E E T < O t r C ¯ X 2 C ¯ T < γ 2 2
(iii)存在对阵正定矩阵 Y 2 R n × n,使 A T Y 2 + Y 2 A + C ¯ T C ¯ < O t r E T Y 2 E < γ 2 2
应用于观测器设计中,减小 T d o b y o b s的二范数对应降低估计误差对扰动的平均响应,能增强观测器的鲁棒性。由上述准则,定义H2状态观测器的性能指标为 γ o b,则 T d o b y o b s 2 < γ o b等价于存在对称正定矩阵 X o b R n × n,使得:
A - L o b C o b X o b + X o b A - L o b C o b T + E - L o b F o b , - L o b E - L o b F o b , - L o b T < O
以及:
t r Q o b X o b Q o b T < γ o b 2
成立。
对于式(18),由Schur补,等价于:
A - L o b C o b X o b + * * * E T - F o b T L o b T - I p × p * - L o b T O - I m × m < O
不等式左右同乘对角矩阵 d i a g X o b - 1 , I,并定义 P o b = X o b - 1 W o b = - P o b L o b,以消除线性矩阵不等式(linear matrix inequality,LMI)问题的非线性,不等式等价于:
P o b A + W o b C o b + * * * E T P o b T + F o b T W o b T - I p × p * W o b T O - I m × m < O
对于式(19),引入矩阵 Z o b R n × n满足 Q o b P o b - 1 Q o b T - Z o b < O,由Schur补,该不等式等价于:
- P o b * Q o b - Z o b < O
且当下式成立时,式(19)也成立。
t r Z o b < γ o b 2
综上,通过求解式(21)~式(23)LMI问题,得到观测器增益矩阵 L o b = - P o b - 1 W o b
引入状态观测器后,由于实际控制采用 x ^,即相当于对式(15)的估计系统进行控制,且扰动为
d ¯ o b = L o b C o b x - x ^ + F o b w o b + v o b
这说明,同时应用扰动观测器和状态观测器时,扰动观测器处理的扰动不再是实际扰动 E w,而是 L o b z o b - z ^ o b
式(2)的半车模型设计H2/H-H2-IUDE算法,其由H2/H控制器、H2观测器以及IUDE算法3部分组成。首先由H2/H控制器设计反馈增益 K,然后采用H2观测器获得 x ^,得到参考控制率 u k = K x ^,最后经过IUDE算法再设计实现扰动的完整估计和部分补偿,得到实际控制率 u = u k - B 1 q 1
下面分别介绍3部分算法的设计。
定义分析中使用的矩阵:
C 0 = - k a k s f - k a b k s r - k a c s f - k a b c s r - k a b k s f - k b k s r - k a b c s f - k b c s r D 0 = k a k a b k a b k b F 0 = k a c s f k a b c s r k a b c s f k b c s r
H2H控制器分别降低扰动到输出的传递函数的二范数和无穷范数,对应减小系统对扰动平均响应和最大响应。H2/H状态反馈控制器针对不同的控制目标,分别设计H2H控制器,同时求解得到控制率。
在控制目标上,期望与平顺性相关的性能指标质心加速度 x ¨ c、俯仰角 φ p具有较小的值,采用H2控制,并将对 φ p的控制转为对 φ ¨ p的控制,定义 y 2 = x ¨ c , φ ¨ p T。期望前后轴动挠度 x s u i不超过最大行程 x s u i - m a x,前后轴作用力 F i不超过作动器所能提供的最大范围 F i - m a x,采用H控制,定义 y = x s u f x s u f - m a x , x s u r x s u r - m a x , F f F f - m a x , F r F r - m a x T。引入 Q 2 = d i a g q 21 , q 22 Q = d i a g q 1 , q 2 , q 3 , q 4作为权重矩阵,定义 y ¯ 2 = Q 2 y 2 y ¯ = Q y H2H控制器的被控输出,对应:
y ¯ 2 = C ¯ 2 x + D ¯ 2 u + F ¯ 2 w Λ 2 = 1 a + b b a - 1 1 C ¯ 2 = Q 2 Λ 2 C 0 D ¯ 2 = Q 2 Λ 2 D 0 F ¯ 2 = Q 2 Λ 2 F 0 y = C ¯ x + D ¯ u + F ¯ w C ¯ = Q Λ d i a g 1,1 , 0,0 D ¯ = Q Λ O 2 × 2 , I 2 × 2 T F ¯ = O 4 × 2 Λ = d i a g 1 x s u f - m a x , 1 x s u r - m a x , 1 F f - m a x , 1 F r - m a x
并定义 y ¯ 2 R n 2 × 1 y ¯ R n × 1
定义 w y ¯ 2的传递函数为 T w y ¯ 2 sH2控制器的控制目标为 T w y ¯ 2 s 2,定义对称正定矩阵 X 2 R n × n Z 2 R n 2 × n 2,矩阵 W 2 R r × n,性能指标 γ 2 T w y ¯ 2 s 2 < γ 2等价于求解:
A X 2 + B W 2 + X 2 A T + W 2 T B T + E E T < O - Z 2 * X 2 C ¯ 2 T + W 2 T D ¯ 2 T - X 2 < O t r Z 2 < γ 2 2
定义 w y ¯ 的传递函数为 T w y ¯ sH控制器的控制目标为 T w y ¯ s ,定义对称正定矩阵 X R n × n,矩阵 W R r × n,性能指标 γ ,则 T w y ¯ s < γ 等价于求解:
A X + B W + * * * E T - γ I p × p * C ¯ X + D ¯ W F ¯ - γ I q × q < O
H2/H控制器中,统一定义 X = X 2 = X W = W 2 = W ,同时求解式(25)式(26),得到反馈控制率 K = W X - 1
采用容易获得的加速度信号作为测量值 z ^ o b = x ¨ s f , x ¨ s r T,对应: C o b = C 0 D o b = D 0 F o b = F 0 Q o b = d i a g q o b 1 , q o b 2 , q o b 3 , q o b 4
求解式(21)~式(23)得到矩阵 L o b。显然控制系统中第3、4个状态所在信道对应匹配扰动,因此定义IUDE算法需要处理的扰动为
d f d r = O 2 × 2 I 2 × 2 L o b z o b - z ^ o b
在半车控制系统中,显然第3、4个状态所在信道对应 A 1 = C 0 B 1 = D 0。由式(13)得到完整扰动估计 D ^ m s,并根据 k q得到实际扰动补偿 q 1
图3所示,上述设计过程中逐次得到的算法可以简记为算法1~4,包括无H2观测器的经典H2/H算法、含H2观测器的H2/H-H2算法、基于经典UDE算法的H2/H-H2-UDE算法(相当于取 k q = I 2 × 2,对扰动完全补偿)、引入部分扰动补偿设计的H2/H-H2-IUDE算法。此外,在参数设置方面,均选用同一组权重 Q 2 Q Q o b得到的 K L o b,以及同一组滤波器参数 T α。从而说明IUDE算法再设计对H2/H算法的改善作用,验证H2观测器和扰动观测器的估计效果,并说明部分扰动补偿的优势。
定义无控制的被动悬架以及上述4种算法进行对比,滤波器参数取 T = d i a g 0.001,0.001 α = d i a g 0.8,0.8,并取 k q = d i a g 0.5,0.3作为算法4的部分扰动补偿比例。
此外,为了评价H2状态观测器的性能,定义4个状态的观测误差,分别为 e x s u f e x s u r e x ˙ s r e x ˙ s f。以及针对IUDE算法的扰动估计效果,定义估计误差 e d = d m - d ^ m,分别对应 e d d f e d d r。误差综合反映了估计值与实际值波形的一致性,以及估计的时延情况。
定义仿真路面高程为 x r t,其中 t为时间。定义车速 v,并采用 x r f = x r x r r = x r t - l / v生成前后轴的路面激励。
随机路面中, x r t定义为
x ˙ r t = - 2 π n m i n v x r t + 2 π n 0 G x r n 0 v W t
式中: n m i n为空间下限截止频率,取 0.011   m - 1 n 0为参考空间频率,取 0.1   m - 1 G x r n 0为空间频率功率谱密度,单位为 10 - 6   m 3,且A、B、C、D等级路面分别取16、64、256、1 024; W t为高斯白噪声。
首先,车速为 v = 20   m s - 1时,C级路面上,各性能指标的均方根值(RMS)总结于表2,仿真结果如图4所示,采用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)的频谱分析如图5所示。以算法4为例,H2观测器和IUDE的估计效果分别如图6图7所示。
结合表2图4图5,对于质心垂向加速度 x ¨ c和车身俯仰角 φ p,4种算法相比被动悬架均有明显的改善。其中,算法1和2的结果类似,说明了H2观测器的设计合理性,估计误差对控制效果影响较小。对于算法3和4,针对 x ¨ c φ p的控制相较其余结果都有较好的改善,且算法3的效果最好。这说明IUDE算法的引入提升了算法的鲁棒性,对匹配扰动实现了针对性的抑制。
然而,对于前后轴悬架动挠度 x s u i,4种算法均出现不同程度的恶化,且对 x s u i的恶化程度与对 x ¨ c φ p的优化程度呈正相关。针对算法1和2的恶化,一方面,类比被动悬架中阻尼和刚度降低对平顺性的改善作用,采用定常状态反馈控制率改善平顺性,从形式上类似于改变了悬架的刚度和阻尼,因此通常会对悬架动挠度造成一定影响,另一方面,这种恶化程度相较被动悬架较小,仍在可接受的范围内。针对算法3和4的恶化,一方面,动挠度位于第1和第2信道,属于非匹配扰动,故无法得到改善,且对平顺性的优化会进一步恶化动挠度,另一方面,扰动包含 x ˙ u i,对扰动的抑制相当于削弱了减振器阻尼力的作用,使动挠度难以衰减,故而产生恶化。
此外,对于与操纵稳定性相关的前后轴车轮动变形 x u r i,与动挠度类似,4种算法都相比被动悬架有恶化,且恶化程度与平顺性的改善程度呈正相关,这是因为平顺性和操纵稳定性本质上是相互冲突的指标。但是,算法4相比算法3的恶化程度较小,更说明了部分扰动补偿的优势。
这说明,虽然IUDE算法的引入能更好地减小 x ¨ c φ p,改善平顺性,但是算法3对扰动进行完全抑制并不利于保证悬架的工作空间和操稳性,部分扰动补偿的算法4能更好地折中。
图6以算法4为例,给出了H2状态观测器的观测效果,其余算法观测误差的RMS总结于表2。可以看出,所设计的H2观测器对控制系统状态实现了有效的估计。
图7表2给出了IUDE的扰动观测效果。针对匹配扰动 d f d r,二者对应的扰动估计值 d ^ m都能较好地接近,实际的扰动补偿 q 1则根据 k q按比例缩小。由于算法4中引入了H2观测器,同样说明了式(24)的合理性。此外,状态观测器的估计误差成为一部分扰动,对扰动的有效估计和补偿也能减小状态估计误差的影响。
为了进一步说明控制效果,在C级路面上,当车速在 v 10,30   m s - 1的范围内变化时,以及 v = 20   m s - 1时,在A、B、C、D等级路面上,性能指标的均方根结果分别如图8图9所示。结果说明,不同的车速或路面等级上,算法3和4对 x ¨ c φ p的改善都比算法1和2更好,考虑到悬架动挠度和车轮动变形,部分扰动补偿的算法4更具综合性能优势。
减速带路面中, x r t定义为
x r t = h b 2 1 - c o s 2 π v l b t - τ 1 , τ 1 t τ 2 0 , 其他
式中: h b为减速带高度,取 0.05   m l b为减速带长度,取 0.3   m;定义 l 0为前轮经过减速带前的行驶距离, τ 1 = l 0 / v τ 2 = l 0 + l b / v
车速为 v = 20   m s - 1时,车辆性能指标的绝对值最大值(absolute-maximum,AMax)总结于表3,仿真结果如图10所示,频谱分析如图11所示。以算法4为例,H2观测器和IUDE的估计效果分别如图12图13所示。
结合表3图10,对于AMax,类似随机路面上的仿真结果,相比被动悬架,4种算法对 x ¨ c φ p均呈现优化。且在效果上算法1和2的控制效果相接近,算法3和4能进一步优化,且全扰动补偿具有更好的优化效果。而对于悬架动挠度 x s u i以及车轮动变形 x u r i,4种算法的恶化程度与对 x ¨ c φ p的改善程度呈正相关。该结果与图11经FFT分析得到的结果相符,其中的原理与随机路面中的分析一致。
相比被动悬架,4个评价指标均出现了一定程度的震荡,尤其以全扰动补偿的算法3最剧烈。这同样说明,由于该控制系统中,对作为扰动项的 x ˙ u i进行补偿会影响到悬架动挠度和车轮动变形,因此全扰动补偿并不是合适的选择,应适当进行折中处理。
图12图13分别给出了算法4的H2观测器的观测效果和扰动观测效果,其余控制算法结果总结于表3。该结果证明了所设计的H2观测器和IUDE扰动观测器的有效性。从图12中可以看出,对于 x ˙ s i有一定的估计误差。这源自于减速带路面的激励相较随机路面更为激烈,使H2观测器难以跟随,因此表现较差。引入观测器后,估计误差 e x ˙ s r e x ˙ s f作为匹配扰动 d f d r的一部分,IUDE算法能对两个扰动实现有效的估计并补偿,改善了H2观测器存在估计误差的问题,如图13所示。
同样的,当车速在 v 10,30 m s - 1的范围内变化时,性能指标的Amax结果如图14所示。该结果说明不同车速下,算法3和4均相比算法1和2有更好的鲁棒性,验证了采用IUDE算法对H2/H算法进行再设计的必要性和合理性。此外,也说明了部分扰动补偿设计这一改进的优势,能够弥补全扰动补偿在一些控制系统中带来的不利因素,更灵活性地设计扰动补偿。
(1)针对主动悬架半车模型,将簧下质量速度视为扰动,采用IUDE算法估计并部分补偿,提出了一种H2状态观测器,设计了H2/H-H2-IUDE算法,实现了对H2/H算法的再设计,进一步增强了控制算法的鲁棒性。
(2)对经典UDE算法进行了两方面改进,提出了IUDE算法。一是多维度扰动估计,能针对不同信道的匹配扰动进行参数设计。二是部分扰动补偿设计,对扰动实现完整估计的同时,能自由调整扰动补偿的比例进行部分补偿,实现了扰动估计和控制器设计的解耦。
(3)在随机路面和减速带路面上进行了仿真,并在不同的车速和路面等级下进行了仿真分析,验证了H2观测器和IUDE扰动观测器的可行性。其中,针对车身质心垂向加速度和俯仰角的控制,相比H2/H算法,所提出的算法在随机路面的均方根值分别下降了7.6%和5.9%,在减速带路面的极值分别下降了11.9%和12.5%,说明对汽车平顺性具有明显改善作用。此外,为了保证具有合适的前后轴悬架动挠度以及车轮动变形,具有部分扰动补偿特点的IUDE算法相比全扰动补偿的经典UDE算法更具优势。
  • *北京市自然科学基金-小米创新联合基金项目(L243007)
  • 河南省重大科技专项项目(231100240300)
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2025年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.014
  • 接收时间:2024-10-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-06
  • 修回日期:2024-11-21
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*北京市自然科学基金-小米创新联合基金项目(L243007)
河南省重大科技专项项目(231100240300)
作者信息
    1. 北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
    2. 南阳淅减汽车减振器有限公司,南阳 473000

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陈潇凯,副教授,博士,E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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