Article(id=1153790475518595352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153790299898897185, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716134400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-20, revisedDate=1718640000000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753014685754, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753014685754, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753014685754, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753014685754, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153790299898897185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753014643882, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753067424351, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1154011677273084824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153790299898897185, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1154011677273084825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153790299898897185, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=178, endPage=186, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153790475862528281, articleId=1153790475518595352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Efficiency Optimization of Iron Core Processing Equipment for Adhesive Motor of Electric Vehicle, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the in-depth implementation of China 's ‘carbon peaking and carbon neutrality’ strategy,electric vehicles have developed rapidly. The bonding process of producing drive motor core has attracted more and more attention. In this study,for the problem that the production efficiency is limited due to the uncoordinated rhythm matching of each process in the production process of adhesive iron core,the purpose of reducing production cost and improving production efficiency is achieved by solving the problems of driving device selection and parameter setting of rotary lamination mechanism of adhesive motor core processing equipment. Based on the grey theory,a comprehensive multi-objective optimization method is put forward in this paper,which aims to improve the accuracy of driving device selection and parameter setting of motor core processing equipment.

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随着我国“双碳”战略的深入实施,电动汽车迅速发展。生产驱动电机铁芯的胶粘工艺受到了越来越多的关注。本研究针对胶粘型铁芯生产流程各工序节拍匹配不协调导致生产效率受到限制这一问题,通过解决胶粘型电机铁芯加工装备——回转叠压机构的驱动装置选择与参数设置等问题,达到了降低生产成本并提高生产效率的目的。本研究基于灰色理论,形成了一种综合性的多目标优化方法,旨在提高电机铁芯加工装备驱动装置选择的准确性、参数设置的精确性。

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杜冰,副教授,博士,E-mail:
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2. Yanshan University,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Advanced Manufacturing,Forming Technology and Equipment,Qinhuangdao 066000
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Research and development of adhesive motor core dispensing injection device and research on mechanical properties of adhesive points[D]. Qinhuangdao: Yanshan University,2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1170074460590715388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790475518595352, awardId=x2020229, language=CN, fundingSource=*新能源汽车驱动电机铁芯模内精准胶接高速冲压关键技术研究项目(x2020229), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1170074454647386523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790475518595352, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170074454651580828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790475518595352, companyId=1170074454647386523, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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参数 数值
冲次m/spm 180
回转角度 α π / 3
同步带机械效率 η 1 0.98
减速器机械效率 η 2 1
最小传动比imin 1
最大传动比imax 3
减速器传动比i2 1
回转周期t0/s 1/3
理论回转时间t'/s 1/12
最低转速n2min/(r·min-1 120
最高转速n2max/(r·min-1 720
最大加速时间 t m a x /s 41
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回转叠压机构负载计算参数

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参数 数值
冲次m/spm 180
回转角度 α π / 3
同步带机械效率 η 1 0.98
减速器机械效率 η 2 1
最小传动比imin 1
最大传动比imax 3
减速器传动比i2 1
回转周期t0/s 1/3
理论回转时间t'/s 1/12
最低转速n2min/(r·min-1 120
最高转速n2max/(r·min-1 720
最大加速时间 t m a x /s 41
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编号 名称 转动惯量J/(kg·m2
2 带轮 0.048
9 回转轴套 0.257
12 凹模 0.028
15 收紧圈 0.023
转子铁芯 0.016
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主要零件的转动惯量

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编号 名称 转动惯量J/(kg·m2
2 带轮 0.048
9 回转轴套 0.257
12 凹模 0.028
15 收紧圈 0.023
转子铁芯 0.016
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电机转速

n2/(r·min-1

总传动比

i

加速时间

t1/s

回转时间

t/s

最大转矩

Ta2/(N∙m)

最大功率

P/kW

转矩均方根

Trms/(N∙m)

240 1.1 0.037 0.082 8 497.790 3 12.509 9 234.543 3
240 1.1 0.038 0.083 8 484.690 6 12.180 7 231.436 6
240 1.2 0.033 0.083 0 468.983 0 11.786 0 208.684 3
240 1.2 0.034 0.084 0 455.189 4 11.439 3 205.592 5
260 1.2 0.037 0.083 2 453.139 0 12.336 8 213.504 9
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部分参数组合

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电机转速

n2/(r·min-1

总传动比

i

加速时间

t1/s

回转时间

t/s

最大转矩

Ta2/(N∙m)

最大功率

P/kW

转矩均方根

Trms/(N∙m)

240 1.1 0.037 0.082 8 497.790 3 12.509 9 234.543 3
240 1.1 0.038 0.083 8 484.690 6 12.180 7 231.436 6
240 1.2 0.033 0.083 0 468.983 0 11.786 0 208.684 3
240 1.2 0.034 0.084 0 455.189 4 11.439 3 205.592 5
260 1.2 0.037 0.083 2 453.139 0 12.336 8 213.504 9
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最大转矩Ta2/(N•m) 最大功率P/kW 转矩均方根Trms/(N•m)
0.068 0 0.011 1 0.511 5
0.065 3 0.008 7 0.501 1
0.061 9 0.005 7 0.425 1
0.059 0 0.003 1 0.414 7
0.058 6 0.009 8 0.441 2
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原始数据量纲化

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最大转矩Ta2/(N•m) 最大功率P/kW 转矩均方根Trms/(N•m)
0.068 0 0.011 1 0.511 5
0.065 3 0.008 7 0.501 1
0.061 9 0.005 7 0.425 1
0.059 0 0.003 1 0.414 7
0.058 6 0.009 8 0.441 2
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灰关联系数 灰关联度

最大转矩

Ta2/(N•m)

最大功率

P/kW

转矩均方根

Trms/(N•m)

0.880 2 0.978 2 0.494 3 0.784 3
0.884 6 0.983 0 0.499 5 0.789 0
0.889 8 0.988 7 0.540 5 0.806 3
0.894 4 0.993 9 0.546 6 0.811 6
0.895 1 0.980 7 0.531 3 0.802 4
), ArticleFig(id=1170074459542139377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790475518595352, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

灰关联系数及灰关联度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灰关联系数 灰关联度

最大转矩

Ta2/(N•m)

最大功率

P/kW

转矩均方根

Trms/(N•m)

0.880 2 0.978 2 0.494 3 0.784 3
0.884 6 0.983 0 0.499 5 0.789 0
0.889 8 0.988 7 0.540 5 0.806 3
0.894 4 0.993 9 0.546 6 0.811 6
0.895 1 0.980 7 0.531 3 0.802 4
), ArticleFig(id=1170074459676357106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790475518595352, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

电机

型号

额定功率

Pe/kW

额定转矩

Te/(N∙m)

最大转矩

Tm/(N∙m)

额定

转速ne/

(r·min-1

电机转动

惯量JM/

(kg∙m2

15K1M(B) 15 95.5 286 1 500 0.031 5
), ArticleFig(id=1170074459777020403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790475518595352, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

电机参数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

电机

型号

额定功率

Pe/kW

额定转矩

Te/(N∙m)

最大转矩

Tm/(N∙m)

额定

转速ne/

(r·min-1

电机转动

惯量JM/

(kg∙m2

15K1M(B) 15 95.5 286 1 500 0.031 5
), ArticleFig(id=1170074459848323572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790475518595352, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

定子

型号

冲次

m/spm

回转角度

α

同步带机

械效率η1

减速器机

械效率η2

机构转动惯量

J1/(kg∙m2

1 210 π/2 0.98 0.98 0.334
2 170 π 0.98 0.98 0.412
), ArticleFig(id=1170074459915432437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790475518595352, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

定子铁芯回转叠压机构负载参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

定子

型号

冲次

m/spm

回转角度

α

同步带机

械效率η1

减速器机

械效率η2

机构转动惯量

J1/(kg∙m2

1 210 π/2 0.98 0.98 0.334
2 170 π 0.98 0.98 0.412
), ArticleFig(id=1170074460028678646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790475518595352, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
定子型号 参数

转速

n/(r·min-1

最大转矩

Tm/(N∙m)

额定转矩

Te/(N∙m)

负载

惯量比

最大/额定

功率P/kW

电机

型号

1 计算结果 2 788 37.8 20.3 1.34 10 HG-JR 703(B)
电机参数 3 000 66.8 22.3 7
2 计算结果 2 350 46.1 27.2 1.07 11 HG-JR 903(B)
电机参数 3 000 85.8 28.6 9
), ArticleFig(id=1170074460133536247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790475518595352, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

计算结果与电机参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
定子型号 参数

转速

n/(r·min-1

最大转矩

Tm/(N∙m)

额定转矩

Te/(N∙m)

负载

惯量比

最大/额定

功率P/kW

电机

型号

1 计算结果 2 788 37.8 20.3 1.34 10 HG-JR 703(B)
电机参数 3 000 66.8 22.3 7
2 计算结果 2 350 46.1 27.2 1.07 11 HG-JR 903(B)
电机参数 3 000 85.8 28.6 9
), ArticleFig(id=1170074460213228024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790475518595352, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
定子型号

转速

n1/(r·min-1

同步带

传动比i1

减速器

传动比i2

加速时间t1/ms
1 2 788 2.5 7 48.7
2 2 350 1.8 5 61.6
), ArticleFig(id=1170074460305502713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790475518595352, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

最终电机设定参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
定子型号

转速

n1/(r·min-1

同步带

传动比i1

减速器

传动比i2

加速时间t1/ms
1 2 788 2.5 7 48.7
2 2 350 1.8 5 61.6
), ArticleFig(id=1170074460368417274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790475518595352, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试指标 名义值 测试点1 测试点2 测试点3 平均值 标准差 是否合格
外径 149 0 + 0.063 149.025 6 149.052 2 149.042 4 149.040 1 0.013 45
内径 45 - 0.027 + 0.012 45.002 44.986 44.979 2 44.989 1 0.011 71
厚度 60 0 + 0.5 60.303 5 60.489 1 60.213 5 60.335 4 0.140 54
位置度 ≤0.05 0.023 5 0.032 5 0.015 9 0.024 0 0.008 31
垂直度 ≤0.3 0.259 6 0.125 7 0.235 1 0.206 8 0.071 29
平面度 ≤0.25 0.125 3 0.163 5 0.174 6 0.154 5 0.025 86
平行度 ≤0.05 0.026 3 0.036 1 0.012 5 0.025 0 0.011 86
), ArticleFig(id=1170074460464886267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153790475518595352, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

铁芯质量参数部分测试结果 (mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试指标 名义值 测试点1 测试点2 测试点3 平均值 标准差 是否合格
外径 149 0 + 0.063 149.025 6 149.052 2 149.042 4 149.040 1 0.013 45
内径 45 - 0.027 + 0.012 45.002 44.986 44.979 2 44.989 1 0.011 71
厚度 60 0 + 0.5 60.303 5 60.489 1 60.213 5 60.335 4 0.140 54
位置度 ≤0.05 0.023 5 0.032 5 0.015 9 0.024 0 0.008 31
垂直度 ≤0.3 0.259 6 0.125 7 0.235 1 0.206 8 0.071 29
平面度 ≤0.25 0.125 3 0.163 5 0.174 6 0.154 5 0.025 86
平行度 ≤0.05 0.026 3 0.036 1 0.012 5 0.025 0 0.011 86
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电动汽车胶粘型电机铁芯加工装备效能优化*
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崔海龙 1, 2, 3 , 杜冰 1, 2, 3 , 黄秀东 4 , 刘凤华 1, 2, 3 , 刘雪东 1, 2, 3 , 周茂伟 4
汽车工程 | 2025,47(1): 178-186
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汽车工程 | 2025, 47(1): 178-186
电动汽车胶粘型电机铁芯加工装备效能优化*
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崔海龙1, 2, 3, 杜冰1, 2, 3 , 黄秀东4, 刘凤华1, 2, 3, 刘雪东1, 2, 3, 周茂伟4
作者信息
  • 1. 燕山大学,先进锻压成形技术与科学教育部重点实验室,秦皇岛 066000
  • 2. 燕山大学,先进制造成形技术及装备国家地方联合工程研究中心,秦皇岛 066000
  • 3. 河北省金属精密塑性加工工程技术研究中心,秦皇岛 066000
  • 4. 宁波震裕科技股份有限公司,宁波 315613

通讯作者:

杜冰,副教授,博士,E-mail:
Efficiency Optimization of Iron Core Processing Equipment for Adhesive Motor of Electric Vehicle
Hailong Cui1, 2, 3, Bing Du1, 2, 3 , Xiudong Huang4, Fenghua Liu1, 2, 3, Xuedong Liu1, 2, 3, Maowei Zhou4
Affiliations
  • 1. Yanshan University,Key Laboratory of Advanced Forging & Stamping Technology and Science,Ministry of Education of China,Qinhuangdao 066000
  • 2. Yanshan University,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Advanced Manufacturing,Forming Technology and Equipment,Qinhuangdao 066000
  • 3. Hebei Engineering Technology Research Center of Metal Precision Plastic Processing,Qinhuangdao 066000
  • 4. Ningbo Zhenyu Technology Co. ,Ltd. ,Ningbo 315613
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.018
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随着我国“双碳”战略的深入实施,电动汽车迅速发展。生产驱动电机铁芯的胶粘工艺受到了越来越多的关注。本研究针对胶粘型铁芯生产流程各工序节拍匹配不协调导致生产效率受到限制这一问题,通过解决胶粘型电机铁芯加工装备——回转叠压机构的驱动装置选择与参数设置等问题,达到了降低生产成本并提高生产效率的目的。本研究基于灰色理论,形成了一种综合性的多目标优化方法,旨在提高电机铁芯加工装备驱动装置选择的准确性、参数设置的精确性。

胶粘型铁芯  /  灰色理论  /  效能优化  /  电动汽车

With the in-depth implementation of China 's ‘carbon peaking and carbon neutrality’ strategy,electric vehicles have developed rapidly. The bonding process of producing drive motor core has attracted more and more attention. In this study,for the problem that the production efficiency is limited due to the uncoordinated rhythm matching of each process in the production process of adhesive iron core,the purpose of reducing production cost and improving production efficiency is achieved by solving the problems of driving device selection and parameter setting of rotary lamination mechanism of adhesive motor core processing equipment. Based on the grey theory,a comprehensive multi-objective optimization method is put forward in this paper,which aims to improve the accuracy of driving device selection and parameter setting of motor core processing equipment.

adhesive motor core  /  gray theory  /  performance optimization  /  electric vehicle
崔海龙, 杜冰, 黄秀东, 刘凤华, 刘雪东, 周茂伟. 电动汽车胶粘型电机铁芯加工装备效能优化*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (1) : 178 -186 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.018
Hailong Cui, Bing Du, Xiudong Huang, Fenghua Liu, Xuedong Liu, Maowei Zhou. Efficiency Optimization of Iron Core Processing Equipment for Adhesive Motor of Electric Vehicle[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (1) : 178 -186 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.018
作为重要的战略新兴产业,电动汽车对于实现“双碳”目标具有举足轻重的地位,也是推动汽车产业实现可持续发展的重要手段[1]。目前投入市场的电动汽车主要为纯电动汽车和插电式混合动力汽车[2]。而作为电动汽车“心脏”的驱动电机受到了越来越多的关注[3]
针对电动汽车领域电机产品的巨大市场开发潜力,需要研发出更高性能的电动汽车驱动电机产品。而电机能量损耗中,占比最多的就是电机铁芯所产生的损耗[4]。为了降低铁芯损耗,目前常规铁芯产品主要由数百片无取向电工钢片叠装连接而成[5]。传统叠装方式主要为铆接和焊接,由于这两种方式均为局部点固定,叠压不够紧密,会导致铁芯有效面积减小,电机磁路磁导降低,空载电流升高,功率因数降低,电机输出转矩能力降低[6-7],电工钢片间存在涡流通路导致铁损较高,难以满足电动汽车领域电机轻量化和高功率密度的需求。因而亟需开发一种更加优异的叠压技术以解决此问题,故胶粘型铁芯加工制造技术应运而生。
胶粘型铁芯加工制造技术是一种利用喷胶机构在电工钢片表面喷涂胶粘剂,同时施加沿厚度方向的压装力进行压装,冷却到室温后,即可实现电工钢片连接的叠压技术[8]。由于胶层厚度较薄且具有良好的绝缘性能,使得电工钢片叠压相对紧密,同时电工钢片间由于绝缘胶层的存在无法通过涡流,从而缩短了涡流的路径,降低了铁芯涡流损耗,提高了电机功率密度[9]。然而由于目前胶粘型铁芯生产设备的生产效率相比传统铁芯低很多,严重限制了其市场推广及应用。限制设备生产效率的主要原因是胶粘型铁芯加工装备——回转叠压机构的驱动装置选型与参数设置环节显著影响生产效率,实际生产往往使用“试错法”,未采用科学的选型方法,使得生产效能受到极大限制。
为了进一步提高胶粘型铁芯加工装备运行效能,降低胶粘型铁芯的生产成本,本研究基于灰色理论,形成了一种综合性的多目标优化方法并将方法程序化,以实现提高胶粘型电铁芯加工装备生产效能的目的。
随着汽车电机铁芯生产制造技术的不断发展,其制造模具也越来越多地采用回转叠压技术[10]。电机铁芯回转叠压机构(简称回转叠压机构)是对级进模具冲裁下来的电工钢冲片进行回转和叠压,兼具凹模落料、铁芯回转和冲片叠压等功能。
图1是一款投入使用的胶粘型电机铁芯冲裁叠压一体式级进模具。该级进模能够一次性完成铁芯的定、转子冲片点胶、落料和回转叠压动作。然而在实际中模具使用效果并不理想,由于回转叠压机构驱动装置选择不合理、参数设置不恰当等问题,显著影响到了汽车电机铁芯的产品质量和生产效率,导致该产品的市场投放进程严重受阻。故回转叠压机构驱动装置的快速选择与参数的精确设置成为提高胶粘型电机铁芯加工装备加工效能的关键途径。
本研究以图1所示的某型号电动汽车电机转子铁芯回转叠压机构为例进行伺服电机的选型。图2所示为电机转子回转叠压机构的详细结构。
回转叠压驱动装置选择的主要流程为:确定传动机构;确定负载惯量匹配;确定机构回转时间;确定回转叠压驱动装置运行参数;回转叠压驱动装置参数的可行性验证。
回转叠压机构驱动装置通常为精度更高、动态性能更好的伺服电机,故驱动装置选择就是在选择合适的伺服电机。伺服电机与回转叠压机构的联接一般为联轴器、齿轮或同步带联接。相比联轴器和齿轮联接而言,同步带没有传动间隙,传动距离较大,工作中没有冲击,成本较低,因此在实际工作中应用的更为广泛,故在本研究中采取同步齿形带传动。
齿轮减速器既可增加电机输出转矩,又能降低负载惯量,但相比于单一的同步带传动却降低了机构的传动效率,增加了电机铁芯制造成本。当同步带能够满足要求时,则不采用减速器传动,但当现有电机不能满足要求时须考虑使用减速器。回转叠压机构常用减速器型号为PLN115系列,其常用传动比为:3、4、5、7、8、10,其转动惯量范围为1.933×10-4~3.256×10-4 kg∙m2
确定回转叠压机构冲次m,回转角度 α,同步带传动效率 η 1,减速器传动效率 η 2,同步带传动比为i1,减速器传动比为i2(当不采用减速器时 η 2=1且i2=1)。
回转叠压机构总传动比为
i = i 1 i 2
回转叠压机构总机械效率为
η = η 1 η 2
回转叠压机构回转周期包含单次回转时间 t和机构停止运行时间 t 0,其计算公式为
t 0 = 60 m
单次回转时间
t = 60 m 1 f
式中f为时间系数,用其倒数来反映回转时间占回转周期的比例,根据生产经验确定其取值范围为1~4,本研究取4。
回转叠压机构的运动模式有三角形、矩形和梯形动作模式。图3(a)所示为三角形运动模式,运转时电机会受到较大冲击,不推荐使用;图3(b)所示为矩形运动模式,运转时无须加速,以最高转速运转,不符合实际;图3(c)所示为梯形运动模式,运转时先匀加速至某一转速,之后以此转速运转,最后匀减速制动,此模式运转时间适中,对电机冲击较小,是回转叠压机构常用的运动模式。
三角形模式运转时,具有最高临界回转速度:
n m a x = 60 α π t
矩形模式运转时,具有最低临界回转速度:
n m i n = 30 α π t
伺服电机最高转速为
n 2 m a x = n m a x i m a x
式中imax为最大传动比。
伺服电机最低转速为
n 2 m i n = n m i n i m i n
式中imin为最小传动比。
伺服电机最长加速时间为
t m a x = t 2
本研究初定同步带传动比i1范围为1~3,既可最大限度满足负载转矩的要求,也可降低传动比以增加同步带寿命。
回转叠压机构负载计算时的参数如表1所示。
伺服电机需要将输入的电功率快速转换为机械功率输出,功率转换越快,伺服电机的快速性越好。伺服电机的有负载功率变化率[11]
d P d t = J ω ( T M - T ω ) 2 ( J M + J ω ) 2
式中:TM为伺服电机的输出转矩,N∙m;Tω为负载转矩,N∙m;JM为电机转子惯量,kg·m2Jω为负载惯量,kg·m2
选定伺服电机、确定负载参数后,电机输出转矩TM为定值。当电机转速小于额定转速时,伺服电机为恒转矩调速,则(TM-Tω)不变。由式(10)可知,当JM=Jω时,dP/dt最大,此时伺服电机具有最大负载功率变化率,伺服电机处于最佳工作状态,即伺服电机负载转动惯量匹配。
但生产实践中很难做到JM=Jω。由文献[12]可知,一般情况下,当JωJM时,电机的可控性好,系统的动态特性好;当JMJω≤3JM时,电机的可控性降低,系统的动态特性较好;当Jω>3JM时,电机的可控性明显下降,系统的动态特性一般。为了保证电机铁芯回转叠压机构的动态特性良好,快速性良好,可控性较强,应使Jω≤3JM,故在本研究中暂定JωJM。定义负载惯量JM与电机转子惯量Jω的比值为负载惯量比M,即M=JM/Jω,应使M≤3,暂取M=1。
负载转动惯量Jω是指负载的转动惯量和质量折算到电机输出轴上的等效转动惯量。
在考虑机构机械效率的前提下,回转叠压机构的负载惯量为
J ω = J 1 η i 2 + J 2 + J r
式中:J1为回转叠压机构转动惯量,kg·m2J2为小带轮转动惯量,其值较小取J2=0;Jr为减速器转动惯量,当使用减速器时其值为2.5×10-4 kg·m2,否则为0。
利用式(10)计算所有零件的负载转动惯量,其中主要零件的转动惯量如表2所示。
回转叠压机构的负载转动惯量为J1=3943.5235×10-4 kg·m2
考虑到未计算小带轮和回转叠压机构连接附件(如轴承结构、垫片等)转动惯量,故对负载惯量进行适当扩大,则最终负载惯量为
J ω 0 = k 1 J ω
式中k1为惯量放大系数,取值范围为1.0~1.3,本研究取1.1。
伺服电机转子惯量为
J M = J ω 0
回转叠压机构总转动惯量为
J ω 1 = J ω 0 + J M = 2 k 1 J 1 η i 2 + 2 J r
回转叠压机构的速度-时间曲线如图4所示。
回转叠压机构完成一次回转动作的时间为
t = t 1 + t 2 + t 3
式中:t1为加速时间,s;t2为稳定运转时间,s;t3为制动时间,s。
回转叠压机构启动角加速度为a1(rad/s2),制动角加速度为a2(rad/s2),加速时间为
t 1 = π 30 · n 1 a 1
式中:n1为回转叠压机构稳定运转转速,r/min;a1为回转叠压机构启动加速度,rad/s2
回转叠压机构启动加速度a1与制动加速度a2大小相等,故t1=t3。单次回转总时间为
t = 900 α a 1 + π 2 n 1 2 30 a 1 π n 1
式中α为回转叠压机构回转角度,rad。
伺服电机稳定运转转速为
n 2 = n 1 i
伺服电机的启动角加速度为
a 10 = π n 2 30 t 1
回转叠压机构回转总时间为
t = 30 α i π n 2 + t 1
(1)匀速转矩
在回转叠压机构稳定运转阶段电机转速恒定,其输出转矩最小,因回转叠压机构采用轴承与机架相配合,其摩擦因数较小,故可认为匀速转矩Tf=0。
(2)加速转矩
加速转矩为
T a 1 = J ω 1 a 10 = 2 k 1 J 1 η i 2 + 2 J r π n 2 30 t 1
(3)电机转矩均方根值
回转叠压机构在运行过程中会频繁启动、制动,因此必须检查伺服电机在运动过程中是否会过热,故须计算电机转矩均方根值,并使此值小于额定转矩,图5所示为电机转矩-时间曲线。电机转矩均方根值为
T r m s = ( T a 1 + T f ) 2 t 1 + T f 2 t 2 + ( T a 1 - T f ) 2 t 3 t 0 = 2 T a 2 2 t 1 t 0
式中t0为回转叠压机构的回转周期,s,t0=t1+t2+t3+t4
(4)伺服电机最大转矩
最大输出转矩为
T a 2 = T a 1 + T f
(5)伺服电机最大功率
最大输出功率为
P = T a 2 n 2 9550 = 2 k 1 J 1 η i 2 + 2 J r π n 2 2 30 × 9550 t 1
对于回转叠压机构来说,伺服电机实际回转时间要趋于理论回转时间,最大输出转矩和最大输出功率在能够满足回转时间要求的前提下,尽量小,以防止电机性能过剩、成本过高,电机转矩均方根要小于电机额定转矩。根据上述要求,确定电机转速、机构传动比和伺服电机加速时间。
根据表1中的数据,确定电机转速n2的范围为120~720 r/min(取值间隔10 r/min),依据参考文献[13],确定同步带传动比i1的范围为1~3(取值间隔0.1),出于成本考虑,本研究在初次计算时暂不采用减速器传动(即i2=1,总传动比i=i1 i2=i1,当初次计算完成后,计算结果均不能满足使用要求时,采用减速器传动重复进行计算,即i2=3,4,5,7,8,10);确定加速时间t1的范围为1~41 ms(取值间隔1 ms),理论回转时间为t′=1/12 s。计算所有参数组合的回转时间、转矩均方根、最大转矩和最大功率,并规定回转时间在(0.99~1.01)t′范围内的参数组合均可完成回转动作,其参数组合共有847组,部分参数如表3所示。
本研究引入灰色理论对参数组合进行分析,并确定最优参数组合。以最大输出转矩、电机转矩均方根值、最大输出功率最小为优化目标,确定电机最大功率、最大转矩、额定转速等参数。
灰色理论数据处理的基本步骤:确定原始数据序列;数据量纲化处理;计算差值序列;计算关联系数;计算灰关联度;进行优势分析。
(1)确定原始数据序列
表3中每行数据组成一组原始数据序列,即xjg)分别代表Ta2PTrms的原始数据序列,其中j=1,2,3;g=1,2,…,847。
(2)量纲化处理
原始数据量纲化,便于量化分析[14]。利用式(25)Ta2PTrms进行量纲化处理,部分结果如表4所示。
y j ( g ) = x j ( g ) - m i n g x j ( g ) m a x g x j ( g ) - m i n g x j ( g )
(3)计算差值序列
计算公式为
Δ j ( g ) = y j 0 ( g ) - y j ( g )
式中:y j 0g)为参数的理想值,本研究选择原始数据中各参数的最小值作为参数的理想值;Δ jg)为差值序列。灰关联系数如表5所示。
(4)计算关联系数
关联系数为
γ j g = m i n j m i n g Δ j ( g ) + ρ m a x j m a x g Δ j ( g ) Δ j ( g ) + ρ m a x j m a x g Δ j ( g )
式中ρ为分辨系数,0≤ρ≤1,取0.5。
(5)计算灰关联度
灰关联度为
γ g = 1 n i = 1 n γ j g
式中:n为目标个数,本研究为3;γg 反映矢量序列与目标序列的关联程度,越接近1,关联程度越高。灰关联度如表5所示。
最优参数组合为:转速560 r/min、传动比3、加速时间30 ms。对应的电机转子惯量0.049 4 kg∙m2、最大转矩193.085 N∙m、电机转矩均方根81.92 N∙m、所需功率11.322 3 kW、回转时间为83.571 4 ms。考虑到运转的安全性和长远实用性,最终选取额定功率为15 kW的伺服电机,选型结果与“试错法”选用的电机型号一致。其具体参数值如表6所示。
伺服电机转子惯量为JM=0.0315 kg∙m2
负载惯量为Jω0=0.0494 kg∙m2
负载惯量比M=1.57≤3,选择的伺服电机符合惯量匹配原则。
计算可知实际回转时间大于理论时间,需要对最优参数进行调整,保证电机稳定运转转速为560 r/min,传动比为3,依据式(20)计算电机加速时间为tp=29.76 ms。
转矩校核公式为
T a 2 = π n 2 30 t 1 ( J M + k 1 J 1 η 1 i 2 )
T a 2 =159.383 N∙m<Tm=286 N∙m,电机转矩符合要求。
功率校核公式为
P = T a 2 n 2 9550 = k 2 π n 2 2 30 × 9550 t 1 ( J M + k 1 J 1 η 1 i 2 )
由文献[14]可知,输出功率应符合P′≤(1~2)Pe,则P′=9.35 kW≤(15~30) kW,电机输出功率符合要求。
电机转矩均方根校核公式为
T r m s = 2 T a 1 2 t 1 t 0
电机转矩均方根 T r m s =67.35 N∙m <Te=95.5 N∙m,电机转矩均方根符合要求。
基于上文的计算方法,将其程序化处理,以提高选取效率,软件界面如图6(a)所示,软件运行流程如图6(b)所示。
根据电机参数校核结果可知,所选电机性能与实际需求性能相差较大,15 kW电机虽能完成回转叠压任务,但性能过剩,因此利用回转叠压机构伺服电机选取软件,对电机性能输出进行优化,调整回转叠压机构冲次至200 spm,计算可知电机转速为580 r/min,传动比为3,加速时间为23.3 ms,电机最大输出转矩 T a 2 =211.075 N m<286 N m,电机最大功率P′=12.8192 kW<15 kW,电机转矩均方根 T r m s=83.146 N m<95.5 N m,故提高冲次后电机依然能够满足使用要求,同时也提高了产品制造效率,依据此方法在不更换电机的前提下,将回转叠压冲次由180提高至200 spm,效率提升11.1%,提高了生产效率,降低了制造成本。
为了验证上述理论的适用性,本研究选取其他两种已经投入生产的定子铁芯回转叠压机构进行伺服电机选型,定子铁芯回转叠压机构负载参数如表7所示。计算结果与电机参数如表8所示,最终电机设定参数如表9所示,与“试错法”选择的电机型号参数一致,证明本方法具有一定的适用性。
为了进一步验证上述理论的可行性,本研究搭建了胶粘型电机铁芯加工实验平台。实验平台由液压机、级进模、伺服电机等组成,如图7图8所示。
利用上述实验平台,生产制造电机铁芯,转子铁芯成品如图9(a)所示,并使用相关设备进行测试。转子铁芯简化示意图及部分测量指标如图9(b)所示,部分测试结果如表10所示。测试结果显示,铁芯的主要指标如外径、内径、厚度等尺寸指标均在允许范围内,能够保证铁芯后续的顺利安装;肉眼观察铁芯表面,其表面光洁、不存在划痕,侧壁胶液未溢出,无须对胶液进行人工清除;铁芯形状参数公差均小于0.1 mm,表明不同位置测量的尺寸差别较小,能够保证尺寸的均匀性,保证较高的安装与尺寸精度;然而厚度方向的标准差为0.140 54 mm,其值较高,这是由于电工钢板材本身会存在一定的厚度差别(简称同板差)[16],即使回转叠压行为能够降低其同板差,但并不能完全消除。综上所述,依据本实验平台生产出来的铁芯符合产品要求,各项指标均在允许范围内,可以投入使用。
(1)基于灰色理论通过多目标优化选择手段,提高了电机铁芯加工装备驱动装置选择的准确性、参数设置的精确性,避免了传统“试错法”带来的高成本问题,并通过该手段精准选择和设置驱动装置相关参数,使胶粘型电机铁芯生产效率提高了11.1%,降低了其制造成本。
(2)制定了电机铁芯加工装备驱动装置的选择、参数设置和校核流程,形成了伺服电机选型计算-校核软件,为提高胶粘型电机铁芯加工装备加工效能提供了理论支撑和技术支持。
(3)搭建了胶粘型电机铁芯加工实验平台,验证了本研究的准确性,为电动汽车胶粘型电机铁芯加工装备效能优化提供了一种可靠有效的新思路。
  • *新能源汽车驱动电机铁芯模内精准胶接高速冲压关键技术研究项目(x2020229)
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2025年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.018
  • 接收时间:2024-05-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-20
  • 修回日期:2024-06-18
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*新能源汽车驱动电机铁芯模内精准胶接高速冲压关键技术研究项目(x2020229)
作者信息
    1. 燕山大学,先进锻压成形技术与科学教育部重点实验室,秦皇岛 066000
    2. 燕山大学,先进制造成形技术及装备国家地方联合工程研究中心,秦皇岛 066000
    3. 河北省金属精密塑性加工工程技术研究中心,秦皇岛 066000
    4. 宁波震裕科技股份有限公司,宁波 315613

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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