Article(id=1153790389078183939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153790299898897185, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715356800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-11, revisedDate=1722096000000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753014665144, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753014665144, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753014665144, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753014665144, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153790299898897185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753014643882, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753067424351, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1154011677273084824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153790299898897185, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1154011677273084825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153790299898897185, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153790389426311172, articleId=1153790389078183939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=A Review of Research on Zoning Control Algorithms for Sound Fields in Vehicles, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the process of vehicle intelligence,in-vehicle sound field zoning control technology plays a crucial role in enhancing the acoustic experience within the cabin. In this paper,a comprehensive review of in-vehicle sound field zoning control algorithms and their application are provided. Firstly,the background and theoretical basis of the technology are introduced. Then,the development process,control principles,and characteristics of various sound field zoning control algorithms are thoroughly analyzed. Finally,based on the existing research progress,the potential advancements in sound field zoning control technology with regard to reproduction accuracy improvement,algorithm robustness,and sound field uniformity are explored,and a series of challenges limiting the widespread application of the technology in vehicles and the solutions are discussed. The review aims to provide reference for further research on in-vehicle sound field zoning control and to promote widespread application of the technology in the vehicle industry.

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在汽车智能化进程中,车内声场分区控制技术在提升用户座舱的声学体验方面起着重要作用。本文对车内声场分区控制算法及应用进行了全面综述。首先介绍了该技术的提出背景和理论基础;然后深入分析了各类声场分区控制算法的发展脉络、控制原理及算法特点;最后基于现有研究进展,展望了声场分区控制技术在提高重放精度、算法鲁棒性以及声场均匀分布等方面的发展潜力,并探讨了限制该技术在车内广泛应用的一系列问题及解决方法。本综述旨在为车内声场分区控制的进一步研究提供参考,进而推动该技术在汽车领域的广泛应用。

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王岩松,教授,博士,E-mail:
郭辉,教授,博士,E-mail:
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车内声场分区控制算法研究综述*
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张佳祥 1 , 王岩松 1 , 张声明 2 , 郭辉 1 , 谢晓龙 2 , 刘宁宁 1
汽车工程 | 2025,47(1): 1-12
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汽车工程 | 2025, 47(1): 1-12
车内声场分区控制算法研究综述*
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张佳祥1, 王岩松1 , 张声明2, 郭辉1 , 谢晓龙2, 刘宁宁1
作者信息
  • 1. 上海工程技术大学机械与汽车工程学院,上海 201620
  • 2. 申达(上海)科技有限公司,上海 201814

通讯作者:

王岩松,教授,博士,E-mail:
郭辉,教授,博士,E-mail:
A Review of Research on Zoning Control Algorithms for Sound Fields in Vehicles
Jiaxiang Zhang1, Yansong Wang1 , Shengming Zhang2, Hui Guo1 , Xiaolong Xie2, Ningning Liu1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering,Shanghai University of Engineering Science,Shanghai 201620
  • 2. Shenda (Shanghai) Technology Co. ,Ltd. ,Shanghai 201814
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.001
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在汽车智能化进程中,车内声场分区控制技术在提升用户座舱的声学体验方面起着重要作用。本文对车内声场分区控制算法及应用进行了全面综述。首先介绍了该技术的提出背景和理论基础;然后深入分析了各类声场分区控制算法的发展脉络、控制原理及算法特点;最后基于现有研究进展,展望了声场分区控制技术在提高重放精度、算法鲁棒性以及声场均匀分布等方面的发展潜力,并探讨了限制该技术在车内广泛应用的一系列问题及解决方法。本综述旨在为车内声场分区控制的进一步研究提供参考,进而推动该技术在汽车领域的广泛应用。

车内声场控制  /  扬声器阵列  /  声场分区  /  控制算法

In the process of vehicle intelligence,in-vehicle sound field zoning control technology plays a crucial role in enhancing the acoustic experience within the cabin. In this paper,a comprehensive review of in-vehicle sound field zoning control algorithms and their application are provided. Firstly,the background and theoretical basis of the technology are introduced. Then,the development process,control principles,and characteristics of various sound field zoning control algorithms are thoroughly analyzed. Finally,based on the existing research progress,the potential advancements in sound field zoning control technology with regard to reproduction accuracy improvement,algorithm robustness,and sound field uniformity are explored,and a series of challenges limiting the widespread application of the technology in vehicles and the solutions are discussed. The review aims to provide reference for further research on in-vehicle sound field zoning control and to promote widespread application of the technology in the vehicle industry.

in-vehicle sound field control  /  loudspeaker array  /  sound field zoning  /  control algorithms
张佳祥, 王岩松, 张声明, 郭辉, 谢晓龙, 刘宁宁. 车内声场分区控制算法研究综述*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (1) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.001
Jiaxiang Zhang, Yansong Wang, Shengming Zhang, Hui Guo, Xiaolong Xie, Ningning Liu. A Review of Research on Zoning Control Algorithms for Sound Fields in Vehicles[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (1) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.001
整个汽车行业正朝电动化、智能化方向快速发展,其中智能座舱是最容易被用户理解、感知和接受的汽车智能化技术领域[1]。在智能座舱技术体系中,声场分区技术是一个重要组成部分。通过精准的声场分区控制,不仅能解决车内的噪音干扰和音频失真等问题,还可以实现车内空间独立声场区域的声学调控,以及增加驾乘人员与车舱之间互动的效能,从而创造出高品质、个性化的声学体验。
声场分区的概念是由Druyvesteyn等[2-3]在1994年最早提出,他们针对低频时采用主动控制技术,中频时采用扬声器阵列进行波束成形,高频时配置指向性扬声器和吸声材料的方法[4-5],实现了不同频率下的空间声场分区域控制。在2002年,Choi和Kim[6]对声场分区进行了进一步研究,定义了声学意义上的“明区(bright zone,BZ)”和“暗区(dark zone,DZ)”,将再现所需音频的区域称为“明区”,而非所需音频的区域称为“暗区”。这些研究为声场分区控制理论奠定了基础,为后续研究提供了重要指导。
声场分区系统结合算法与硬件设计,将空间区域内的声音进行分离,使听众能够在特定区域内欣赏所需的音频,而不影响到其他区域的听众,具有较好的实用性。例如,在智能空间中,通过构建智能化的声场分区系统,可以打造智能家居、智能会议等先进的智能化空间,实现声音与空间的深度互动;在虚拟现实中,通过声场分区控制,用户可以清晰地感知到声音来源方向,增加其身临其境地的体验感。在汽车行业中,声场分区控制技术的优势尤为明显[7-8]。由于车载扬声器数量增多和不同乘客多样化要求,人们希望在座舱不同位置产生独立的音频区域。在汽车车舱内,驾驶员可能需要接收交通信息和导航指示,而其他乘客则希望享受音乐或收听广播。传统的耳机解决方案不仅剥夺了三维空间声场的体验,长时间佩戴还可能引发人耳不适。因此,声场分区可以满足座舱不同位置乘客享受独立音频的需求,为其提供量身定制的音频体验。
目前,声场分区控制与主动噪声控制(active noise control,ANC)分别对车内音频和噪声进行调控,两种技术在改善车内声学环境、提高乘客舒适度方面起到了重要作用。ANC基于相消干涉原理,通过产生与初级噪声等幅反相的次级声源,在中低频范围内降低噪声水平[9],而声场分区控制是针对车机系统全频带范围内的声学进行调控。在实际应用中,二者需要使用一些共同的硬件设备,如扬声器、传声器和信号处理系统,这为集成这两种技术的研究提供了便利。但如何解决两种系统之间的相互影响和干扰还须进一步研究。因此声场分区控制方法的研究可以为车舱内其他智能声学管控系统赋能增效。
本文将深入探讨车内声场分区控制的相关技术,主要分为5个部分:第1部分介绍声场分区的基础理论,第2部分介绍声场分区相关算法原理,第3部分探讨声场分区技术在车舱内的应用探索,第4部分介绍车内声场分区领域的研究前沿问题,第5部分进行全文总结。
通过声场分区控制算法和数字信号处理器(digital signal processor,DSP)来处理音频信号,可使扬声器阵列发出的声波在目标区域内实现特定的干涉[10],从而准确还原空间内的声场信息,并将空间内声场进行区域化管理,以达到声场分区控制的目的。
为了能够使声音实现定向传播,声场分区算法要能够分离和处理多个音源,具有精确控制声音传播路径和方向的能力。在算法实现过程中,由于其复杂的计算要求使得系统对处理器性能有较高的需求,并且需要一定数量的扬声器和传声器以支持精确的声场控制和实时反馈。扬声器和传声器的数量决定着声场分区的控制效果,多个扬声器组成阵列,能够更好地控制声音的传播路径和方向,从而实现更复杂和精准的声场分区控制。多个传声器能够更准确地捕捉声音的来源和传播路径,为声场分区控制提供详细的数据支持。当扬声器和传声器数量较少时,虽然算法复杂性下降,但系统的波束成形能力和声场覆盖等方面都受到限制,难以实现高精度的声场分区控制。在实际应用中,可以根据具体需求和场景选择合适的扬声器与传声器数量以及阵列布局,从而实现最佳的声场控制效果。
图1采用线阵列作为声场分区技术原理的示例,假设明区包含 K 1个控制点,暗区包含 K 2个控制点,由 L个扬声器单元组成扬声器阵列。输入信号经过滤波后输入至扬声器单元,随后转换为声波辐射到目标区域。将单位信号输入至 l号扬声器单元,控制区域中第 k个控制点处采集到的声压为 g k Z | 𝓁 l,这个声压信号称为 l号扬声器单元到 k Z点处的声学传递函数(acoustic transfer function,ATF)。由于声场分区控制算法是根据ATF进行设计,因此测量ATF的准确性对算法的控制效果影响显著,是声场分区技术考虑的关键因素之一。
假设系统的ATF状态空间是完全线性的,控制点 k Z处产生的声压可以表示为
p k Z = l = 1 L q l g k Z | 𝓁 l = g T k Z l q
式中: g T k Z l是扬声器阵列到控制点 k Z的ATF向量; q是需要求解的扬声器输入权向量。需要注意的是,式(1)讨论的是某一特定频率的计算,所有物理量的自变量中均忽略了角频率的符号。
当存在多个控制点时,控制区域的声压可以表示为
p = G q
式中: p为所有控制点处的声压向量; G为ATF矩阵,可表示为
G = g ( k 1 | 𝓁 1 ) g ( k 1 | 𝓁 2 ) g ( k 1 | 𝓁 L ) g ( K 1 | 𝓁 1 ) g ( K 1 | 𝓁 2 ) g ( K 1 | 𝓁 L ) g ( k K 1 + 1 | 𝓁 1 ) g ( k K 1 + 1 | 𝓁 2 ) g ( k K 1 + 1 | 𝓁 L ) g ( K 2 | 𝓁 1 ) g ( K 2 | 𝓁 2 ) g ( K 2 | 𝓁 L )
针对明、暗两个控制区域,扬声器阵列到明暗区控制点之间的ATF矩阵分别为 G b G d,控制点处的重建声压分别为 p b p d
声场分区控制基于信号处理技术,其核心在于求解扬声器的输入权向量,以使得明区的重建声压尽可能大,而暗区的重建声压尽可能小。为了更好地评价声场分区控制方法的效果,通常使用声学对比度和归一化再现误差两个指标对声场分区控制效果进行评价。其中,声学对比度表示明暗区之间声能比的对数值,是衡量声场分区控制效果的重要指标,归一化再现误差用来评估明区中再现声场的准确度,通过测量所得到的明区控制点信号与明区所期望的控制点信号之间的差值获得。
根据控制方法的特征,声场分区控制系统的控制方法可分为频域声场分区控制方法和时域声场分区控制方法两大类,下一节将对这两类方法的原理进行介绍。
在频域中,声场分区控制算法主要分为3种。第1种是旨在再现目标区域声压的算法,例如压力匹配[11-12]。第2种是控制目标区域声能量的算法,如声学对比度最大化[6]和能量差最大化[13],通过研究适当的控制算法,控制现有扬声器阵列中每个扬声器的输出,以实现声场分区。第3种方法是上述两种算法的结合[14-20],将重放效果和分区效果都考虑在内,以获得最优解。下面将对3类算法进行详细介绍。
早在1993年,Kirkeby和NeLson的团队就基于最小二乘(least squares,LS)思想[21-22],首次提出了单区域声压匹配算法[11](pressure matching,PM)。这种算法在仿真中成功地重建了平面波声场,为声学研究领域带来了重要突破。在2008年,Poletti为了实现在明区内声场重建并在暗区保持安静的目标,提出了基于PM的多区域声重放算法[12],文献[23]和文献[24]中也采用了类似的重建思路,实现了空间分区域声场控制,此方法被定义为PM-LS算法。
PM算法的核心目标在于实现目标区域控制点处的重建声压与期望声压之间的均方误差最小化[25],其公式为
m i n q J = p - p d e s 2 2 = G q - p ^ 2 2
式中 p ^为目标区域控制点处的期望声压。根据最小二乘思想,式(4)的解为
q P M = G H G - 1 G H p ^
式中 G H G的共轭矩阵。
为了获得更好的重放精度,Lilis等[26]在采用基于空间传递函数的多离散点声压匹配算法[27]的基础上,提出了Lasso法(least absolute shrinkage and selection operator),以最小化声能量的损失和减小声场重建误差为目标,在不同频率下选择不同扬声器阵列进行声场重建。之后,墨尔本皇家理工大学的Radmanesh和Burnett[28-29]将Lasso方法和LS方法组合成Lasso-LS算法,这种最小二乘优化方法解除了先前方法对声源位置施加的许多约束。将其用于多区域宽频带的声场重建后,可以以较少的扬声器获得了较低的重放误差。上述方法都是在自由场条件下使用脉冲响应进行设计的,主要在无反射、无干扰的理想环境中进行声重放。若在混响环境下,声波的传播变得复杂,系统设计时需要考虑反射、扩散等多种因素的影响,以提高系统的重放精度。
2015年,Buerger等[30]首次将速度场也加入到优化目标之中,提出了联合声压-速度匹配算法(joint pressure and velocity matching,JPVM)。JPVM和PM的控制效果对比如图2所示。他们通过球谐分析发现在优化质点速度的切向分量时容易出现误差,甚至导致了重放性能的显著降低。因此,他们提出了一个改进版本JPVM+[31],即只优化质点速度的径向分量。改进后的方法既降低了重放误差,又减少了计算复杂度。然而,速度场的获取比较困难,需要使用昂贵的矢量传感器或者利用声压的差分做近似处理。这两种算法的应用需要考虑到项目的经济成本,以及因为差分处理而引入的误差问题。因此,在获取速度场时,如何在保证精度的同时降低成本,成为了亟待解决的问题。
虽然利用声压匹配法进行声场分区控制能够确保重建声场的音质,但其在衰减暗区声压方面的能力较为有限,导致明暗区之间的声学对比度相对较小,从而在分区效果的展现上并不理想。
为提高明暗区之间声学对比度,Choi和Kim[6]提出使用明区和暗区的声能比,即声学对比度,作为声能分布的一个量化指标,提出了声学对比度控制算法(acoustic contrast control,ACC)。该算法涉及两个与声场分区控制相关的约束,一个是将声能量集中约束在明区,另一个是在暗区中抑制声能量,ACC以最大化明区与暗区声势能比值为优化目标。优化问题可以表示为
m a x q J = K 2 p b H p b K 1 p d H p d = K 2 q H R b q K 1 q H R d q = q H R b q q H R d q
式中R为控制区域的空间相关矩阵,表示为
R = 1 K G H G
优化问题的解为
q A C C = ε i g R d - 1 R b
ACC算法已经应用于电视机音频系统[32]、飞机座椅[33]和移动设备[34]等领域,成为后续许多声场分区研究的基础,但在使用该算法求解最佳扬声器输入权向量的过程中,矩阵求逆会导致其病态性。为了避免这个问题,英国南安普顿大学的Shin等[13]提出了声势能差最大化控制法(acoustic energy difference maximization,AEDM),通过修改目标函数,以最大化明区与暗区声势能差值为优化目标来进行声场分区。这一方法不仅避免了矩阵求逆时存在的问题,还通过调整目标函数中的参数来实现对系统控制效率的灵活调节。
在实际应用中,ATF可能会受到环境温度、传感器的位置失配、听众的散射效应,以及背景噪声等复杂原因的扰动[35-39]。因此,声场分区系统的鲁棒性受到关注。在2012年,Elliott等[40-41]研究了ACC算法的鲁棒性和正则化问题,使用合理的正则化避免了矩阵求逆带来的不稳定性,并通过限制阵列增益提高了鲁棒性。在应用时,须选择适当的正则化参数,在一定程度上会增加系统计算复杂度。
ACC与AEDM这类算法虽然对明暗区的声势能进行了有效控制,实现了较好的分区性能,但它们存在一个明显的局限性:仅关注了声学对比度,而忽略了明区重建声场的相位信息[42],导致无法确保明区重建声场的音质,也无法进一步抑制暗区的声能。
为了能平衡明暗区声学对比度和明区重建声场的性能,丹麦技术大学的Chang和Jacobsen[20]提出了声学对比度控制与声压匹配结合的控制算法(acoustic contrast control-pressure matching,ACC-PM),通过引入权重因子,在最小化暗区声势能与最小化明区声场重建误差间调节,以此来平衡声学对比度和明区声场重建精度。优化问题可以表示为
J = κ p d H p d + ( 1 - κ ) ( p b - p ^ b ) H ( p b - p ^ b )
式中 κ ( 0 κ < 1 )是用于在最小化暗区声势能与最小化明区声场重建误差间调节的权重因子。
p b = G b q p d = G b q代入可得优化问题的解为
q A C C - P M = κ G d H G d + 1 - κ G b H G b - 1 · 1 - κ G b H p ^ b
由于文中并未明确指出权重因子的确定方法,在实际应用中需要反复尝试不同的调节因子来观察系统的最终性能,且只通过权重调节两种算法之间的比例,无法根据实际需要调控算法的性能。为了解决这一问题,周朝[7]在Monte-Carlo迭代求解策略[43-44]的基础上,提出借用模拟退火算法[45-46]求取ACC-PM算法的最优权衡系数。通过仿真与声压匹配方法的对比验证结果表明,引入模拟退火算法可以较快求解出最优权衡系数。
2014年,Cai等[47]提出了声场再现-声学对比度控制(sound field reproduction-acoustic contrast control,SFR-ACC)算法,使用LS准则对ACC算法进行了约束,在声学对比度不低于给定值的情况下最小化再现误差。结果表明,SFR-ACC可以根据实际需要准确地调整算法性能,同时有效地提升了明区的听感。在实验中,ACC、SFR-ACC(MAX)、SFR-ACC(10)、ACC(10)和ACC-PM(10)方法的声学对比度随频率变化的情况如图3所示。括号内的数字表示声学对比度的目标水平,用来确保声音在明区再现的同时,暗区能被有效的抑制,从而在明区和暗区之间形成一定程度的声音隔离。从图3中可以看出,ACC和SFR-ACC(MAX)算法在实验频率范围内保持了较高的声学对比度,而SFR-ACC(10)和ACC-PM(10)算法在保持一定声学对比度水平的同时,通过牺牲一定程度的声学对比度来降低空间平均误差。ACC(10)算法在实现预定义声学对比度方面存在一些困难。这些结果表明,SFR-ACC算法在声学对比度和空间平均误差之间提供了一种权衡,并且能够在保持预定义声学对比度水平的基础上,通过调整参数来优化声场的响应。
SFR-ACC算法在个人音频系统中的应用展示了良好的效果,同时也面临一些挑战。例如,处理非凸优化问题的复杂性和正则化参数的选择可能增加计算负担,这可能影响SFR-ACC算法的实用性和稳定性。通过进一步优化这些方面,可以提升算法的整体性能和适用性。
上节提到的算法均在频域进行声场分区控制,且基于单一激励频率定义。这些方式能够获取最佳滤波器系数,却存在两个明显缺点:一是由于滤波器通常是基于有限脉冲响应(finite impulse response,FIR)设计的,在滤波器阶数较多时会导致信号延迟[48-49],因此需要模拟半个滤波器长度的延迟;二是当滤波器长度较短时,特别是在非控制频率下,声学对比度性能可能较差。这是因为滤波器长度较短时,无法有效地削弱或去除非控制频率下的信号成分,导致声学对比度性能降低。
2012年,英国南安普顿大学的Elliott等[50]为了克服频域声场分区控制的缺点,提出了宽频带声学对比度控制法(broadband acoustic contrast control,BACC),实现了时域内的声场分区域控制。在该算法中,声学对比度最大化被描述为一个时域数字滤波问题,通过直接计算出扬声器阵列中每个声源所需的数字滤波器系数,来实施声场分区控制。BACC中明暗区的声学对比度可以为定义为
C = e B e D = w T E Z b T n Z b n w w T E Z d T n Z d n w
式中: w是需要求解的滤波器系数; Z b ( n ) Z d ( n )分别表示明、暗区的滤波参考信号矩阵。
BACC的优化问题可以表述为
w B A C C = a r g m a x w w T E Z b T n Z b n w w T E Z d T n Z d n w + λ w T Z x w
式中: Z x是一个矩阵,其元素取决于输入信号的自相关函数; λ是正则化系数,加入正则化项约束,可以最大化声学对比度。
因此,式(12)的最优解可以通过矩阵 E Z d T n Z d n + λ Z x - 1 E Z b T n Z b n对应的最大特征值的特征向量来获得。
由于BACC倾向于提取具有最高对比度的特定频率成分,导致它存在不均匀的频率响应[51]。为了缓解这个问题,2013年,Cai等[52]在BACC算法的基础上引入了频率响应函数变动(response variation,RV)的约束,提出了BACC-RV算法,获得了较为平坦的频率响应,实现了目标区域内较小的归一化明区声场重建误差,保障了明区重建声场的音质。BACC-RV算法中必须调整3个参数:权重因子、正则化参数和参考频率。对于参考频率的选择尚没有可遵循的规则,这在实践中是一个潜在的问题。之后,Cai等[53]又将响应变动项替换为响应差异项(response differential,RD),从而提出了BACC-RD算法,通过引入一个响应差分项来控制频率响应。该算法可以在连续频率上提供良好的声学对比度并且保持平坦的频率响应。此外,与之前的算法相比,该算法需要调整的参数较少,避免了BACC-RV算法中参考频率的选择问题。ACC、BACC-RV、BACC-RD 3种算法的对比如图4所示,其中BACC-RV算法的参考频率分别为500和1 000 Hz,图4(a)为每种算法声学对比度的对比,图4(b)图4(c)分别为明区第1控制点和第8控制点的频率响应。结果显示,BACC-RD和BACC-RV(500 Hz)在整个频率范围内都能获得较好的声学对比度,而ACC算法则只在离散的控制频率上表现良好。在频率响应方面,除了BACC-RV(1 000 Hz)外,所有算法都能在明区中实现平坦的响应,BACC-RD和BACC-RV(500 Hz)在区域边缘也能保持较好的平坦响应。BACC-RD在实验中表现出与BACC-RV(500 Hz)相近的性能,但BACC-RD算法只需要调整两个参数,相比BACC-RV算法在参数调整上更为简便,且避免了参考频率的选择问题,因此BACC-RD算法更具实用优势。
BACC-RD算法是在无反射条件下使用线阵列进行验证,避免了房间反射和扬声器环绕控制区域等现象。然而,这些现象可能会导致产生的频率响应发生较大变化,从而增加RD项。为了避免RD项在频带受限的混响场景中成为优化中的主导项,2016年,Schellekens等[54]使用响应趋势估计项(response trend estimation,RTE)替换响应差异项,提出了BACC-RTE算法。为了进一步提高频率响应和明区空间声场均匀性,2022年Zhao等[55]在BACC-RTE的基础上添加了空间一致性约束(spatial uniformity constraint,SUC),提出了BACC-RTE-SUC算法。并用测量的房间脉冲响应(RIRs)进行了模拟,验证了所提出的算法。明区中不同传声器在BACC-RTE和BACC-RTE-SUC算法下的频率响应如图5所示,BACC-RTE算法在不同传声器位置的声压级变化较大,可达8 dB,而BACC-RTE-SUC算法通过引入空间均匀性约束,将声压级变化控制在2 dB以内,有效地实现了声场均匀化的分布。虽然这种改进导致了声学对比度的轻微下降,但是人耳对1 dB左右的变化已难以察觉。BACC-RTE-SUC算法在保持音质的同时,通过牺牲声学对比度,提升了用户体验。
综上所述,从时域进行声场分区控制,具有直观性强、实时处理能力强等优点,但计算量更大且频率特性分析困难。在实际应用中应根据实际需求选择合适的控制方法。
在应用探索的过程中,Elliott和Jones[33]研究了在飞机或汽车相邻座位上使用ACC算法控制头枕扬声器以实现个性化音频的可能性。他们提出了两种策略。首先,通过使用一个座位上的扬声器作为次级声源来控制相邻座位扬声器发出的声音。其次,采用紧密间隔的声源阵列,在一个区域内维持较大声压,同时在另一个区域内将声压最小化以实现声学隔离。实验中,他们在一对飞机座椅的头枕上使用了两组紧密间隔的扬声器阵列,并分别使用4个传声器来定义明区和暗区。研究还分析了在高频下只能对暗区实现局部衰减的原因,这是因为次级声源与初级声源之间的距离明显大于声波的波长,导致声波之间产生干扰。为了解决这一问题,他们采用了靠近主声源的二次声源,布置方式如图6所示。上述研究初步探索了使用头枕扬声器进行声场分区的可行性,并提出了一些解决方案。智己汽车在其车型LS7中也应用了类似技术,通过8个头枕扬声器实现独立声区控制,使不同音频能分流播放。该系统提供了3种使用模式:全车共享、头枕专享和智能选区。须注意的是,在使用头枕扬声器时,应考虑扬声器的尺寸,尽量采用微型扬声器进行隐藏式设计,以免影响驾乘人员的乘坐体验。
Cheer等[56]的研究聚焦于在车内利用两组扬声器阵列对不同频段进行控制,以达到声场分区的目标。车内布置如图7所示,采用了两种不同的扬声器阵列:一种是标准汽车音响扬声器阵列,用于在低频(200 Hz)下产生独立的收听区域;另一种是头靠扬声器阵列,利用指向性扬声器来实现在其余频带音频的控制。该阵列在实际汽车车舱中得到了实施,实验表明,汽车音频扬声器阵列在20~200 Hz的频段基本实现了15 dB的声学对比度目标;对于头靠扬声器阵列,在前排座椅区域当作明区时,其性能在200~20 000 Hz之间大部分超过了15 dB的对比度水平。然而,在后排座椅区域当作明区时,由于扬声器的指向性以及其相对于控制区的定向,对比度水平达不到预期目标,这突显了个人音频系统的实际鲁棒性问题。在实施过程中,控制区域位置的变化可能会对系统性能产生影响。此外,还可能面临可听见的预回声和混响问题,这也可能导致音频质量下降,因此在实际使用中需要考虑进行优化。
在Cheer的研究基础上,Liao等[57-58]为了获得更广泛的音频覆盖范围,提出了在汽车车厢天花板上安装扬声器阵列,如图8所示。传统的4个标准音频扬声器阵列在实现较高频率的声学对比度方面存在限制,因此作者将扬声器阵列移至汽车车厢天花板,以拓展音频带宽,实现更好的音频控制。通过在实际汽车车厢中实施8个独立源的阵列,验证了新系统在实现200 Hz以上独立前后听音区域方面的性能。详细选择适当的扬声器阵列配置后,作者发现在200~1 000 Hz频率范围内,将扬声器阵列安装在车顶上能够实现更高的声学对比度;而在更高频率上,直接将扬声器阵列安装在前后区域正上方则表现更佳。通过声学对比度控制和最小二乘法两种优化策略的应用,结果显示声学对比度控制可以实现不同听音区域之间的最大对比度,最小二乘法能够实现令人满意的对比度控制,并在实际实施中表现更加鲁棒。这项研究为提升汽车车厢内音频系统性能提供了新方法,扬声器阵列的安装方式可以减少车辆内部空间占用、提高乘客舒适度和便利性。在未来的研究中,可以进一步探讨在特殊情况下(如高速行驶、不同道路条件等)系统性能的适用性,并进行实际用户感知的验证,以确保全面评估其效果。
House等[4]为了增强汽车内音频的功能,在驾驶员前方安装了一个由27个扬声器组成的系统,用于分别为汽车驾驶员和前排乘客再现不同的空间音频,如图9所示。他们利用MATLAB建立了一个包括声源定向和1阶反射的声学模型,以指导扬声器阵列的设计。利用该模型得到的参数,他们采用了最小均方(least mean squares,LMS)算法来控制4个控制点处的声压,使其分别对应驾驶员和乘客的左右耳位置,实现了独立的声场。在消声室环境下对汽车内阵列进行了测试,以评估其在控制点之间的串扰消除方面的性能。研究结果表明,在无回声条件下,该阵列在300~11 000 Hz频段内创造了25~45 dB的串扰消除,在汽车环境中加入了多个反射后,相同频段内实现了18~40 dB的串扰消除。然而,该方法存在一些不足之处,对听者头部位置要求精确且易受头部移动干扰,以及数字信号处理效率有待提高。此外,与基于头枕的传声系统相比,该方法在低频性能上有进一步改进的空间。可以尝试通过结合低频控制系统的方式,提升系统整体性能,确保在广泛的频率范围内都能提供优质的音频体验。
为了应对汽车车厢内声环境的变化,Vindrola等[59]通过考虑座椅位置的变动评估了系统对扰动的敏感性,并设计了一种能够应对这些变化的系统,其车内布置如图10所示。研究中引入了滤波最小均方算法(filtered-x least mean,FxLMS)[60],以在无须重新对汽车车厢环境进行重新表征的情况下实现重新校准性能。该算法被用于调整声场分区系统,使其能够适应汽车车厢中座椅位置的变化。然而,该方法要求在头枕中安装一定数量的传声器以接收信号并做出相应调整,这可能会增加系统的复杂性。为了更贴近工业应用,研究中考虑了减少传声器数量的可能性,并检查了其对整体性能的影响。研究结果表明,即便在使用16、12或仅8个传声器的情况下,该算法仍能够改善性能并实现较高的声学对比度。此外,尽管文中假设系统声学环境的主要变化是由座椅位置变化引起的,但有必要在其他变化存在的情况下评估自适应系统,如头枕高度、乘客配置和乘客坐姿等。
经过深入分析上述声场分区系统的应用实践,当前大多数的声场分区控制算法都在系统假设为线性的前提下进行设计的。这种线性算法在处理非线性问题时存在局限性,当车内声环境发生变化时,系统难以及时作出调整。尽管Vindrola等[59]通过引入滤波最小均方算法对系统进行了调整,但其研究主要集中在低频段,对于其他频段下的算法有效性仍需进一步探讨。此外,将扬声器阵列放置在头枕处可能会给驾乘人员带来不便,放置在车顶又可能会占用天窗空间,为了将声场分区系统真正应用于汽车中,还需要对扬声器的布置方式及数量进行更深入的研究,以找到更加合理的技术方案。因此,声场分区系统在算法优化和扬声器布置方面有进一步改进和完善的潜力。
随着消费者对个性化和私密性需求的增加,以及智能网联技术的不断发展,许多汽车制造商开始和专业的声学科技公司合作,投入资源开发车内独立声区技术。例如,比亚迪和瑞声科技合作,在其概念车X-DREAM中使用了瑞声科技研发的智能座舱音响系统,该系统通过扬声器定向发声,使车内不同区域产生独立音区。此外,在东风日产和清听声学联合主办的车载音频创新技术交流会上,清听声学展示了其研发的聚音屏车载独立音区系统,该系统采用先进的定向发声技术和参量阵算法,通过驱动屏幕材料进行微米级振动,发出高指向性、低失真的声音,从而实现定向传播,减少对周围环境的干扰。
目前,关于声场分区控制算法的研究已取得许多进展和成果,尤其是在局部和稳态声学环境中表现出色。但仍存在一些需要解决的问题,首先,在复杂多变的环境中,声场分区系统需要专注于人类听觉,以实现有效和稳健的性能;其次,目前大多数算法在参数选择上仍然倚赖经验值或多次尝试以找到最优值,缺乏参数设定的理论依据;此外,尽管部分企业已经设计了车内声场分区控制系统,但这些系统在实际复杂环境中的适用性仍需验证。并且系统整体成本较高,成本控制仍然是一些汽车制造商和消费者关注的重要因素。
基于上述分析,车内声场分区控制技术的发展趋势可总结为如下几个方面。
(1)智能算法与声场控制算法的结合使用
传统的声场控制方法主要依赖于物理声学原理和经验公式,这些方法在复杂环境下的适应性和精度常常受到限制。智能算法的引入为声场控制提供了新的思路和方法,通过智能计算的方式,可以更高效、更精确地实现声场的优化和控制。目前,已有部分学者在声场控制时结合智能算法[61-63],这些算法在处理非线性问题、适应动态变化和优化系统性能方面具有显著优势。因此,在声场控制中引入智能算法,不仅提高了系统的适应能力和精度,还显著提升了控制效率和鲁棒性。但在使用智能算法控制过程中,参数调整较为繁琐,这使得实际应用中的优化和调整变得困难。此外,一些模型在训练数据上表现良好,在未知数据上效果较差,这限制了其在一些场景中的应用。这些问题在一定程度上制约了智能算法在声场控制领域的发展。为推动智能算法在该领域的应用,需要持续优化参数调整过程,并提升模型在未知数据上的泛化能力。
(2)通过控制波场进行声场分区
大多数声场分区控制算法在空间中若干离散点上调整声压级,以优化整个区域的声场分布。这种方法依赖于在控制点处精确控制声压,以达到预期的声场效果,尤其在复杂的声场环境中能实现高精度控制。然而,周围声学环境的变化可能会影响控制的效果,因此需要精确的声学传感器和控制系统来实时调整和维持声场的预期效果。Firtha等[64]使用波场合成的方式进行局部声重放,在控制区域内实现了更高的声场重放精度,这对于声场分区至关重要。通过控制波场进行声场分区,可以获得均匀的声压分布,相较于离散点控制,波场控制的设计和分析相对简单,便于实施和调试。当使用多个声源时,波之间干涉可能导致不均匀或不稳定的声场分布,需要精确的相位控制来避免。并且需要高性能的声源和精确的控制设备来生成稳定的声波,确保在控制范围内保持一致性。
(3)使用扬声器阵列实现多个独立音区
目前的声场分区控制方法主要集中在单区域的研究上,如果想实现多个独立音区,需要使用头枕扬声器,然而,头枕扬声器会带来诸多限制,影响音质。如何使用扬声器阵列实现多个独立音区是一个挑战。在2021年,Shi等[65]就提出了多个独立音区的想法,通过使用多个扬声器,应用叠加原理来获得多个明区。若要考虑多个明区的情景,需要解决信号间的串扰和空间内混响等问题。因此,对于多个独立音区的声场分区控制,须进行更深入的研究。
(4)提高算法鲁棒性
当前大多数声场分区控制算法在设计时假设声学环境没有发生变化,无法应对复杂多变的声学环境,未来的研究可以致力于设计自适应声场分区算法。这样的算法应能够实时调整声场分区控制策略,以适应环境中声音特性的变化。通过结合传感器技术和实时反馈机制,自适应算法可以在不同情境下保持高效性能,提高声场分区的实用性和可靠性。Hu等[66]提出了一种基于归一化最小均方算法的自适应控制算法,用来在声场分区控制系统中跟踪声学传递函数的变化。可在声学环境发生变化时,自适应保持预期的声学对比度。然而,尽管该算法在仿真环境中表现出有效性,但缺乏实际实验验证,对其实际应用的范围和局限性尚不了解。此外,该方法的性能在很大程度上依赖于对传递函数的精确建模。考虑到车内声学环境的复杂性,这种算法在车内环境的适用性需要进一步深入研究和验证。
(5)降低成本并提升系统兼容性
车内声场分区技术在研发和应用时须投入大量的资金和资源,包括研发成本、制造成本、测试成本等。这可能导致该技术的成本较高,从而限制了其在中低端车型上的普及。因此,在设计车内扬声器阵列和传声器阵列时,应在保持系统性能的前提下,减少扬声器和传声器的数量,降低成本。并且,该技术还需要与车载其他系统保持良好的兼容性。因为车载系统通常包含多个子系统,如音响系统、导航系统、通讯系统等,这些系统需要相互集成并协同工作,以提供全面的车载服务。所以,在研发过程中,需要加强与车载其他系统的集成和兼容性测试工作,确保声场分区技术能够与其他系统无缝对接,从而保持良好的用户体验。
声场分区技术作为声学控制领域的重要分支,有着广泛的应用前景。本文在相关文献的基础上,简述了声场分区控制技术的研究进展,阐述了该技术在推动声场控制研究方面的背景和重要性;对声场分区技术的原理和算法进行了分类和归纳;根据实际应用需求,对未来的发展趋势进行了分析和研判。总体而言,未来车内声场分区研究的发展方向将注重提高系统的适应性和智能化水平,以应对科技和产业的迅猛发展,为实际车内应用提供更为可靠和高效的解决方案。
  • *国家自然科学基金(52172371)
  • 上海市优秀学术/技术带头人计划资助项目(21XD1401100)
  • 上海市新能源汽车振动噪声评价与控制技术专业服务平台基金资助项目(18DZ2295900)
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2025年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.01.001
  • 接收时间:2024-05-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-11
  • 修回日期:2024-07-28
基金
*国家自然科学基金(52172371)
上海市优秀学术/技术带头人计划资助项目(21XD1401100)
上海市新能源汽车振动噪声评价与控制技术专业服务平台基金资助项目(18DZ2295900)
作者信息
    1. 上海工程技术大学机械与汽车工程学院,上海 201620
    2. 申达(上海)科技有限公司,上海 201814

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王岩松,教授,博士,E-mail:
郭辉,教授,博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Number of
genus
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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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