Article(id=1153780693109821782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780685195170113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1688572800000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-06, revisedDate=1691942400000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753012353445, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753012353445, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753012353445, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753012353445, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153780685195170113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='187', pageEnd='374', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753012351559, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753058330907, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1153973536604541183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780685195170113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1153973536604541184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780685195170113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=320, endPage=328, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153780693613138264, articleId=1153780693109821782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Optimization Design of Micro-texture on the Surface of Friction Plate in High-Speed Wet Clutch, columnId=1149809889280750125, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Selected Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The wet clutch is the core component of the vehicle transmission system. It is prone to rub-impact between the friction plate and steel plate during high-speed separation,resulting in a sharp increase in drag torque,and affecting its transmission efficiency and reliability. Therefore,in this paper,to reduce the rub-impact drag torque in high-speed wet clutch,the micro-texture on the surface of the friction plate is optimally designed. Firstly,a parameterized modeling method of arbitrary micro-texture shape lines on the surface of friction plate is proposed. Then the number,depth,circumferential proportion,radial proportion and shape line parameters of the micro-texture are selected to construct the design variables,constraint conditions and optimal objective function for micro-texture optimization. By combining the experiment design method,approximation modeling simulation and global search optimization method,an optimal design model of micro-texture on the surface of friction plate is established. Finally,a comparison test of drag torque before and after micro-texture optimization is carried out. The results show that the optimized micro-texture can significantly reduce the rub-impact drag torque at high circumferential speed,and greatly delay the critical speed at which the rub-impact phenomenon of friction pair occurs.

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湿式离合器是车辆传动系统核心元件,在高速分离状态下易出现摩擦片和钢片之间的碰撞摩擦,由此引起离合器带排转矩的急剧增大,影响其传动效率和可靠性。因此,本文以降低离合器高速段碰摩带排转矩为目标,对摩擦片表面微织构进行了优化设计。首先提出了摩擦片表面任意微织构形线参数化建模方法;然后选取了微织构的数量、深度、周向占比、径向占比和形线参数,构建了微织构优化的设计变量、约束条件和优化目标函数,通过将试验设计、模拟近似模型和搜索寻优相结合,建立了摩擦片表面微织构优化设计模型;最后进行了微织构优化前后的带排转矩对比试验。结果表明优化后的微织构可显著降低高速段碰摩带排转矩,并大幅推迟摩擦副高速碰摩现象出现的线速度。

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魏超,教授,博士,E-mail:
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2. Zhejiang University,State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems,Hangzhou 310027
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项目 参数名称 数值
摩擦副几何尺寸 内半径rin/mm 173
外半径rout/mm 207
转动惯量IxIy /(kg m2 0.026 1
质量Mp/kg 1.43
工况参数 摩擦片转速n1 /(r·min-1 5 000
摩擦片线速度v1 /(m·s-1 108.4
平均间隙hn /mm 0.5
每副平均供流量Qa /(L·min-1 1.8
温度T /℃ 40
油液黏度ul /(Pa·s) 0.091
油液密度 ρl /(Pa·s) 866.3
设计参数约束条件 微织构数量Ng [9,36]
微织构深度hg /mm [0.2,0.5]
微织构周向占比rc [0.1,0.3]
微织构径向占比rra [0.6,0.8]
周向角度偏移量φi / (°) [-0.1 0.1]
有效摩擦面积系数ψs [0.8,0.9]
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摩擦片几何尺寸、工况参数与设计参数约束条件表

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项目 参数名称 数值
摩擦副几何尺寸 内半径rin/mm 173
外半径rout/mm 207
转动惯量IxIy /(kg m2 0.026 1
质量Mp/kg 1.43
工况参数 摩擦片转速n1 /(r·min-1 5 000
摩擦片线速度v1 /(m·s-1 108.4
平均间隙hn /mm 0.5
每副平均供流量Qa /(L·min-1 1.8
温度T /℃ 40
油液黏度ul /(Pa·s) 0.091
油液密度 ρl /(Pa·s) 866.3
设计参数约束条件 微织构数量Ng [9,36]
微织构深度hg /mm [0.2,0.5]
微织构周向占比rc [0.1,0.3]
微织构径向占比rra [0.6,0.8]
周向角度偏移量φi / (°) [-0.1 0.1]
有效摩擦面积系数ψs [0.8,0.9]
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响应 平均误差 最大误差 均方根误差 相关系数
Td 4.042×10-14 7.522×10-14 4.285×10-14 ≈1
许用值 ≤0.2 ≤0.3 ≤0.2 ≥0.9
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输入参数(Nghgrcrra)的椭圆基神经网络模型误差

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响应 平均误差 最大误差 均方根误差 相关系数
Td 4.042×10-14 7.522×10-14 4.285×10-14 ≈1
许用值 ≤0.2 ≤0.3 ≤0.2 ≥0.9
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响应 平均误差 最大误差 均方根误差 相关系数
Td 1.123×10-14 2.459×10-14 1.292×10-14 ≈1
许用值 ≤0.2 ≤0.3 ≤0.2 ≥0.9
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输入参数(φ1φ2φ3φ4)的椭圆基神经网络模型误差

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响应 平均误差 最大误差 均方根误差 相关系数
Td 1.123×10-14 2.459×10-14 1.292×10-14 ≈1
许用值 ≤0.2 ≤0.3 ≤0.2 ≥0.9
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参数 最优解 随机解1 随机解2 随机解3 随机解4 随机解5
Ng 30 18 30 16 24 9
hg /mm 0.50 0.49 0.36 0.23 0.27 0.48
rc 0.12 0.25 0.21 0.14 0.22 0.17
rra 0.72 0.60 0.68 0.65 0.60 0.70
φ1 /(°) 0.044 95 0.037 06 0.027 20 -0.033 23 0.012 98 0.002 878
φ2 /(°) 0.031 82 0.014 00 -0.002 08 -0.042 39 -0.023 91 -0.025 45
φ3 /(°) 0.014 27 -0.044 14 -0.041 28 -0.037 54 -0.011 84 -0.040 73
φ4 /(°) -0.020 28 -0.033 60 -0.038 38 0.043 77 0.032 02 -0.034 73
Td /(N·m) 4.65 10.95 16.96 11.34 15.73 12.74
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最优解及验证表(摩擦片线速度108.4 m/s)

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参数 最优解 随机解1 随机解2 随机解3 随机解4 随机解5
Ng 30 18 30 16 24 9
hg /mm 0.50 0.49 0.36 0.23 0.27 0.48
rc 0.12 0.25 0.21 0.14 0.22 0.17
rra 0.72 0.60 0.68 0.65 0.60 0.70
φ1 /(°) 0.044 95 0.037 06 0.027 20 -0.033 23 0.012 98 0.002 878
φ2 /(°) 0.031 82 0.014 00 -0.002 08 -0.042 39 -0.023 91 -0.025 45
φ3 /(°) 0.014 27 -0.044 14 -0.041 28 -0.037 54 -0.011 84 -0.040 73
φ4 /(°) -0.020 28 -0.033 60 -0.038 38 0.043 77 0.032 02 -0.034 73
Td /(N·m) 4.65 10.95 16.96 11.34 15.73 12.74
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项目 工况(a) 工况(b) 工况(c) 工况(d)
线速度/(m·s-1 优化前 56.4 58.6 42.4 43.8
优化后 86.7 88.1 64.8 65.4
线速度提升/% 53.7 50.3 52.8 49.3
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优化前后摩擦副高速碰摩现象出现对应线速度对比

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项目 工况(a) 工况(b) 工况(c) 工况(d)
线速度/(m·s-1 优化前 56.4 58.6 42.4 43.8
优化后 86.7 88.1 64.8 65.4
线速度提升/% 53.7 50.3 52.8 49.3
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高速湿式离合器摩擦片表面微织构优化设计*
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张琳 1, 2, 3 , 蒙华 1 , 冯宇 3 , 赵晓龙 3 , 魏超 4 , 严运兵 1
汽车工程 | 精选论文 2024,46(2): 320-328
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汽车工程 | 精选论文 2024, 46(2): 320-328
高速湿式离合器摩擦片表面微织构优化设计*
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张琳1, 2, 3, 蒙华1, 冯宇3, 赵晓龙3, 魏超4 , 严运兵1
作者信息
  • 1. 武汉科技大学汽车与交通工程学院,武汉 430081
  • 2. 浙江大学,流体动力基础件与机电系统国家重点实验室,杭州 310027
  • 3. 特种车辆设计制造集成技术全国重点实验室,包头 014030
  • 4. 北京理工大学,坦克传动国防科技重点实验室,北京 100081

通讯作者:

魏超,教授,博士,E-mail:
Optimization Design of Micro-texture on the Surface of Friction Plate in High-Speed Wet Clutch
Lin Zhang1, 2, 3, Hua Meng1, Yu Feng3, Xiaolong Zhao3, Chao Wei4 , Yunbing Yan1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering,Wuhan University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430081
  • 2. Zhejiang University,State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems,Hangzhou 310027
  • 3. National Key Laboratory of Special Vehicle Design and Manufacturing Integration Technology,Baotou 014030
  • 4. Beijing Institute of Technology,Science and Technology on Vehicle Transmission Laboratory,Beijing 100081
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.014
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湿式离合器是车辆传动系统核心元件,在高速分离状态下易出现摩擦片和钢片之间的碰撞摩擦,由此引起离合器带排转矩的急剧增大,影响其传动效率和可靠性。因此,本文以降低离合器高速段碰摩带排转矩为目标,对摩擦片表面微织构进行了优化设计。首先提出了摩擦片表面任意微织构形线参数化建模方法;然后选取了微织构的数量、深度、周向占比、径向占比和形线参数,构建了微织构优化的设计变量、约束条件和优化目标函数,通过将试验设计、模拟近似模型和搜索寻优相结合,建立了摩擦片表面微织构优化设计模型;最后进行了微织构优化前后的带排转矩对比试验。结果表明优化后的微织构可显著降低高速段碰摩带排转矩,并大幅推迟摩擦副高速碰摩现象出现的线速度。

湿式离合器  /  流固耦合  /  碰撞摩擦  /  带排转矩  /  优化设计

The wet clutch is the core component of the vehicle transmission system. It is prone to rub-impact between the friction plate and steel plate during high-speed separation,resulting in a sharp increase in drag torque,and affecting its transmission efficiency and reliability. Therefore,in this paper,to reduce the rub-impact drag torque in high-speed wet clutch,the micro-texture on the surface of the friction plate is optimally designed. Firstly,a parameterized modeling method of arbitrary micro-texture shape lines on the surface of friction plate is proposed. Then the number,depth,circumferential proportion,radial proportion and shape line parameters of the micro-texture are selected to construct the design variables,constraint conditions and optimal objective function for micro-texture optimization. By combining the experiment design method,approximation modeling simulation and global search optimization method,an optimal design model of micro-texture on the surface of friction plate is established. Finally,a comparison test of drag torque before and after micro-texture optimization is carried out. The results show that the optimized micro-texture can significantly reduce the rub-impact drag torque at high circumferential speed,and greatly delay the critical speed at which the rub-impact phenomenon of friction pair occurs.

wet clutch  /  fluid-structure interaction  /  rub-impact  /  drag torque  /  optimization design
张琳, 蒙华, 冯宇, 赵晓龙, 魏超, 严运兵. 高速湿式离合器摩擦片表面微织构优化设计*. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (2) : 320 -328 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.014
Lin Zhang, Hua Meng, Yu Feng, Xiaolong Zhao, Chao Wei, Yunbing Yan. Optimization Design of Micro-texture on the Surface of Friction Plate in High-Speed Wet Clutch[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (2) : 320 -328 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.014
湿式离合器具有传递转矩能力强、功率质量比高、可承受较高热负荷等特点,被广泛应用于军用重载车辆、乘用车自动变速器和工程机械中,是车辆传动系统核心元件。由于湿式离合器需要持续地供应润滑油液,带走接合滑摩过程产生的热量并清洁摩擦片表面,分离状态下摩擦片和分离片间的相对转动将导致油液的黏性剪切效应,不可避免地产生带排转矩,消耗约20%的发动机功率[1]。由于湿式离合器摩擦片表面微织构对间隙流场特性有十分显著的影响[2],因此有必要对微织构进行优化设计,从而降低带排转矩,提升离合器的传动效率和可靠性。
目前,国内外已有的相关文献主要从试验分析、解析建模以及数值模拟3个方面研究了摩擦片表面微织构对低速段黏性剪切带排转矩的影响规律。在试验研究方面,Takagi等[3]利用高速相机对单摩擦副间隙油液进行了可视化研究,发现摩擦片表面径向微织构可增强润滑油的排出效果,使黏性剪切带排转矩峰值及峰值对应的转速均减小。Hu和Neupert等[4- 5]通过单摩擦副带排转矩试验发现将摩擦片表面径向微织构变成斜线状有助于降低带排转矩,并详细研究了径向微织构的倾斜角、数量、宽度以及深度等对黏性剪切带排转矩的影响规律。在解析建模研究方面,项昌乐和刘继凯等[6- 7]建立了考虑摩擦片表面微织构的黏性剪切带排转矩等效半径模型,并以此为基础对比分析了径向微织构和双圆弧微织构在不同转速下的等效半径和带排转矩值。Zhang等[8]建立了基于均相流理论的黏性剪切带排转矩模型,认为摩擦片表面微织构通过增大流场维持全油膜润滑所需流量,促使油膜破裂的临界转速降低,从而降低带排转矩峰值。在数值模拟研究方面,Ryu[9- 10]模拟了摩擦片表面斜线型微织构的速度场分布,结果表明50°的斜线型微织构可显著促进空化作用的形成,降低黏性剪切带排转矩。Wu和熊钊等[11- 12]研究了径向微织构旋转圆盘系统的油气两相流特性,结果显示增加微织构的数量可显著提升流场的含气率。Mahmud和Asia等[13- 14]研究了不同形状微织构的流场油液分布,量化了不同微织构的排油能力,筛选出了最有利于降低黏性剪切带排转矩的微织构形状。
随着车辆传动装置向高速、高功率密度方向发展,试验发现当湿式离合器转速达到某临界值后,带排转矩值突然增大并随着转速提高而不断上升,引发离合器热损坏[15]。不同于低速段黏性剪切带排转矩,高速带排转矩现象近几年才逐渐引起国内外学者的关注。现阶段对高速段带排转矩上升现象的理论解释主要有两种观点。一种观点认为高转速差工况下由于负压间隙收缩导致离合器片相互靠近,间隙不断减小使得油气两相流黏性剪切作用逐渐增强[16- 17]。另一种观点认为高转速差工况下间隙流场流体对偏置摩擦片的支撑作用逐渐减弱,摩擦片的摆动幅度不断增大,与分离片发生了碰撞接触[18- 19]。笔者基于第二种“碰撞”观点,建立了流固耦合动力学模型模拟偏置的摩擦片沿轴向的平移运动和绕直径的摆动运动,并基于刚体碰撞理论建立了摩擦副的碰撞模型,研究了不同润滑流量对高速碰摩带排转矩的影响规律[20- 21],针对摩擦片表面规则形状的复合型微织构进行了高速段低带排转矩优化设计[22]
由上述研究现状可知,目前湿式离合器摩擦片表面微织构的优化研究主要针对降低低速段黏性剪切带排转矩,鲜有针对降低高速段带排转矩的表面微织构优化研究。此外,现有的摩擦片表面微织构优化设计针对的是已有的、规则形状的微织构,对更一般化的微织构进行优化设计的研究则鲜有报道。因此,本文将针对形状更一般化的微织构进行优化设计,基于笔者前期提出的单摩擦片流固耦合动力学与高速碰摩带排转矩数值模型[20],以摩擦片表面微织构边界形线参数等为设计变量,以高速段带排转矩最小化为优化目标,探索有助于降低高速段带排转矩的摩擦片表面微织构边界几何形状。
对于任意的、形状复杂的微织构,往往无法直接给出其形线的表达式,需要在其形线上选取有限个离散点并获取各个点坐标,通过曲线插值的方法得到整条形线,在此基础上采用插值函数作为形线的表达式,获得一般化的微织构形线的参数化表达式[23]图1为基于曲线插值法的任意微织构形线参数化表示方法示意图,左图中,微织构形线上第i个离散点Pi 在摩擦片表面柱坐标系中坐标为(riθi ),为便于建模,设置形线上各个离散点沿径向方向等距分布,径向间距为 Δ r,获得离散点坐标后即可通过插值方法给出微织构形线的表达式。
微织构形线的拟合对插值函数的光滑性有较高要求,不仅要求曲线连续,而且要求曲线2阶导数连续,因此本文采用三次样条插值法拟合微织构形线。采用三弯矩构造法,得到三次样条插值多项式[23]
θ = M i 6 Δ r ( r ( i + 1 ) - r ) 3 + M i 6 Δ r ( r - r i ) 3 +
( θ i - M i + 1 Δ r 2 6 ) · r ( i + 1 ) - r Δ r +
( θ i + 1 - M i + 1 Δ r 2 6 ) r - r i Δ r
式中MiPi 点处曲线的2阶导数值,即弯矩值。
假设三次样条曲线有自然边界条件,即曲线首尾两端点处的2阶导数值为0,根据三弯矩方程可计算得到插值点的 M 矩阵:
$\begin{array}{l} \boldsymbol{M}=\left[\begin{array}{c} M_{1} \\ M_{2} \\ \vdots \\ M_{n-2} \\ M_{n-1} \end{array}\right]=\boldsymbol{A}^{-1} \boldsymbol{d} \\ \boldsymbol{A}=\left[\begin{array}{cccccc} 2 & 1 / 2 & & & & \\ 1 / 2 & 2 & 1 / 2 & & 0 & \\ & & \ddots & & \\ & 0 & & 1 / 2 & 2 & 1 / 2 \\ & & & & 1 / 2 & 2 \end{array}\right] \\ \boldsymbol{d}=\left[\begin{array}{c} d_{1} \\ d_{2} \\ \vdots \\ d_{n-2} \\ d_{n-1} \end{array}\right] \end{array}$
其中:
d i = 3 θ i - 1 - 2 θ i + θ i + 1 Δ r 2
将微织构形线上离散点坐标代入式(3)得到 d 矩阵,再将 d 矩阵代入式(2)得到弯矩矩阵 M,最后将矩阵 M 代入式(1)即得到三次样条插值拟合的不规则微织构形线的函数表达式。
图1所示,在径向方向采用5个等距分布的离散点Pi ri θi )(i = 0~4)构造微织构形线,P0P4分别坐落在摩擦片内径和外径上。图中Pinew表示寻优得到的第i个离散点所在位置,寻优过程中,第i个离散点保持径向坐标ri 不变,仅使其在周向方向改变一定角度φi,从而得到寻优后的位置坐标(rinewθinew)。获得所有离散点坐标后,即可通过式(1)三次样条插值拟合公式求得微织构形线的表达式。优化后的形线离散点坐标与原始位置点关系如下:
r i n e w = r i θ i n e w = θ i + φ i
式中i=1,2,3,4。由于周期性边界条件,内径上的离散点P0在寻优过程中位置设置为不发生变化。通过上述寻优方法,微织构形线的优化问题即转换为形线离散点周向偏移角度向量[φ1φ2φ3φ4]的数值优化问题。
本文选取的摩擦片表面微织构优化设计参数主要分为以下两类:(1)微织构的数量Ng、深度hg、表征微织构占周期单元的周向比例(以下简称周向占比)rc= θg/θp和表征微织构占内外径之间的径向比例(以下简称径向占比)rra= (rg-rin)/(rout-rin);(2)微织构的形线参数,即形线上4个离散点在周向方向的偏移角度 φ1~φ4。这样一共有8个独立参数作为优化设计变量,表示如下:
X = ( N g , h g , r c , r r a , φ 1 , φ 2 , φ 3 , φ 4 )
在优化设计中,考虑到摩擦片表面微织构的可加工性、离合器工作性能需求以及实际的工程经验,需要对设计变量取值范围和相互关系进行一定的限制,这一系列限制条件即为优化设计中的约束条件,约束条件的引入也有利于减小优化计算量。首先,对于摩擦片表面微织构优化设计中的8个设计变量均限定在一定的取值范围内。此外,摩擦片表面微织构的设计须考虑离合器传递转矩和润滑散热的要求,因此需要对摩擦片有效面积系数ψs进行约束。汇总摩擦片表面微织构优化设计约束条件,可表示为如下形式:
g i ( X ) 0
式中i=1~18。各个约束函数 g i X定义由下式给出:
g 1 = N g - N g m a x ;     g 2 = N g m i n - N g g 3 = h g - h g m a x ; g 4 = h g m i n - h g g 5 = r c - r c m a x ;     g 6 = r c m i n - r c g 7 = r r a - δ r a m a x ;     g 8 = δ r a m i n - δ r a g 9 - 12 = φ j - φ j m a x ; g 13 - 16 = φ j m i n - φ j ( j = 1 ~ 4 ) g 17 = ψ s - ψ s m a x ; g 18 = ψ s m i n - ψ s
高速段碰摩带排转矩的存在显著增大了空载湿式离合器功率损失,消耗的发动机功率转化为热量,既降低了传动效率又增大了热失效的风险,因此实际工程中应尽量减小高速段离合器碰摩带排转矩的大小以提高传动效率和系统可靠性。本文选取离合器最高工作线速度时的碰摩带排转矩Td [20]为考察指标,以碰摩带排转矩Td最小为优化目标,因此可将此优化问题的目标函数写为
m i n T d ( X )
由上述可知,离合器摩擦片表面微织构优化为单一优化目标、多优化参数的非线性优化问题,其优化设计方法与流程如图2所示。为合理地提高优化计算效率,本文将式(5)所示优化参数分为两组,分别放在两个阶段中进行优化。第1阶段为参数(Nghgrcrra)的优化,将微织构形线设计变量均设为0,即φ1~4 = 0;第2阶段为参数(φ1φ2φ3φ4)的优化,将第1阶段获得的参数(Nghgrcrra)优化结果作为本阶段的优化初值;最终,将最优解代入单摩擦片流固耦合动力学模型和高速碰摩带排转矩模型[20]求得目标函数值,通过与随机解代入求得的目标函数值对比,验证前两个阶段得到的最优解是否为真实最优解,并输出得到的摩擦片表面微织构优化的最优参数。本文进行优化设计的平台为Isight 5.9-4。
图2中可以看到,摩擦片表面微织构各阶段的参数优化均须通过参数优化设计子程序实现,参数优化设计子程序的运行流程如下:
(1)采用最优拉丁超立方方法[24]进行抽样选点,生成了100组样本点的试验设计空间,将其分别代入单摩擦片流固耦合动力学和高速碰摩带排转矩模型[20],求得每个参数组条件下碰摩带排转矩响应结果。获得所有参数组对应的碰摩带排转矩计算值后,对参数组中变量进行敏感度分析,即可确定各个变量对碰摩带排转矩的影响。
(2)采用近似模型的方法,通过椭圆基神经网络模型[25]模拟输入参数和输出碰摩带排转矩之间的关系,构造出一个计算结果与高速碰摩带排转矩模型[20]计算结果近似但计算量大大降低的数学模型,基于该近似模型进行搜索寻优可极大地提高寻优计算效率。
(3)采用多岛遗传算法[26]搜寻最优解,通过对优化问题解空间的个体进行编码,对编码后的个体种群进行如选择、交叉、变异等遗传操作,进而从新种群中迭代出含有最优解的组合。本文多岛遗传算法的参数设置为:子群规模数为10,岛数代数为10,总进化代数为30,交叉概率为0.8,变异概率为0.01,岛间迁移率为0.2,迁移间隔代数为5。
本文优化设计用到的摩擦片几何尺寸、工况参数与设计参数约束条件如表1所示。
图3图4分别给出了微织构设计参数(Nghgrcrra)和(φ1φ2φ3φ4)对碰摩带排转矩Td的影响Pareto图和主效应图。Pareto图中,各参数对碰摩带排转矩Td的影响程度用柱状图表示,蓝色表示影响为正效应,红色为负效应。主效应图表示经过无量纲化处理后的设计参数由小变大过程中碰摩带排转矩Td的变化趋势。
图3(a)可得:对碰摩带排转矩Td影响程度最大的是微织构径向占比rra,为负效应;其次是周向占比rc,为负效应;微织构的数量Ng 的影响位居第3,也为负效应;影响最小的是微织构的深度hg,为正效应。从图3(b)主效应图中可以获得4个微织构设计参数(Nghgrcrra)在所设取值范围内对碰摩带排转矩Td的影响,微织构径向占比rra或周向占比rc越大,碰摩带排转矩Td越小,要使碰摩带排转矩Td最小化,可能需要微织构径向占比rra和周向占比rc取到设定约束条件的最大值;微织构的数量Ng增大,碰摩带排转矩Td变化曲线近似抛物线,呈现先增大后减小的趋势;碰摩带排转矩Td随微织构的深度hg的增大呈现先减小后增大趋势,但在整个hg变化区间内,碰摩带排转矩Td变化幅度并不大,从Pareto图也可看出,微织构的深度影响敏感度较低。
图4(a)可得:最靠近外径的离散点偏移角度φ4对碰摩带排转矩Td的影响最显著,且为正效应;其次是靠近内径处离散点偏移角度φ1,为负效应;位于中径附近的偏移角度φ3φ2对碰摩带排转矩Td的影响最小,分别为负效应和正效应。从图4(b)主效应图可以看出:4个微织构设计参数(φ1φ2φ3φ4)对碰摩带排转矩Td的影响规律相似,随着4个偏移角度由小变大,碰摩带排转矩Td均呈现先减小后增大的趋势;当4个偏移角度绝对值接近约束条件最大值时,碰摩带排转矩Td显著增大,可见形线上的离散点周向偏移角度不宜过大,偏移角度增大会引起碰摩带排转矩Td的增大;从优化角度可以推测,在偏移角度约束条件中间分别存在4个取值使得碰摩带排转矩Td最小化,此时4个偏移角度绝对值均较小。
本文用来模拟输入微织构优化参数与输出碰摩带排转矩之间关系的椭圆基神经网络模型误差如表2表3所示,可见模拟输入参数(Nghgrcrra)和(φ1φ2φ3φ4)与响应碰摩带排转矩Td的椭圆基神经网络模型各项误差均远远小于许用临界值,相关系数近似于1,满足许用值要求,表明建立的近似模型与样本点数据之间有很高的吻合程度和拟合精度,能很好地反映试验因子和响应之间的关系。
采用多岛遗传算法对上述神经网络模型进行约束条件内的搜索寻优,得到的摩擦片表面微织构优化最优解如表4所示,为了验证本文优化设计方法的有效性,在设计空间内随机选择了5组可行设计变量,在表1所示的工况条件下与最优解进行了对比。结果表明,具有最优解的摩擦片的碰摩带排转矩Td显著小于随机设计变量所对应的值。最优解对应的摩擦片表面微织构几何形状如图5所示。
为验证优化后的摩擦片表面微织构降低高速段碰摩带排转矩的作用,选取如图6所示的表面为径向微织构(Ng =18,hg = 0.3 mm,rc = 0.1,rra = 1)的摩擦片(以下简称优化前)与表面微织构优化后的摩擦片(以下简称优化后),进行4种工况下的带排转矩对比试验(试验方案同文献[20]),结果见图7
由图可见:在所验证的4种工况下,低速段优化后和优化前的带排转矩值差别不大,这是由于优化后的微织构外端封闭,未完全联通外径,进入流场的油液相比优化前不易迅速排出流场,须在微织构外端经过堆积后通过摩擦片表面流出,导致低速段带排转矩未能得到减小;然而在高速段,优化后的带排转矩值虽然仍呈现随摩擦片线速度增大而增大的趋势,但相比优化前的带排转矩值已明显降低,在所示4种工况下最高线速度108.4 m/s时的带排转矩值分别减小了63.5%、60.4%、56.0%和54.3%。
此外,4种工况下优化前后摩擦副高速碰摩现象出现对应线速度值对比如表5所示,表面微织构优化后的摩擦副间隙旋转流场可产生更强的动压效应,增强了对摩擦片不稳定运动时的支撑作用,高速碰摩带排转矩出现时对应的摩擦片线速度分别提高了53.7%、50.3%、52.8%和 49.3%,显著推迟了摩擦副高速碰摩现象的出现。
综上所述,优化后的摩擦片可以有效降低湿式离合器高速段碰摩带排转矩,并显著提高摩擦副高速碰摩现象出现的临界线速度,验证了本文提出的优化设计方法的可行性。
本文以降低湿式离合器高速段碰摩带排转矩为目标,对摩擦片表面微织构进行了优化设计。首先提出了摩擦片表面任意微织构形线参数化建模方法;然后选取了微织构的数量、深度、周向占比、径向占比和形线参数,构建了微织构优化的设计变量、约束条件和优化目标函数,通过将试验设计、模拟近似模型和搜索寻优相结合,建立了摩擦片表面微织构优化设计模型;最后进行了微织构优化前后的带排转矩对比试验,结果表明优化后的微织构可显著降低高速段碰摩带排转矩,并大幅推迟摩擦副高速碰摩现象出现的线速度,验证了本文提出的优化设计方法的可行性。具体结论如下:
(1)摩擦副表面微织构的径向占比rra和周向占比rc对高速段碰摩带排转矩的负效应比较显著,即微织构的径向占比 rra或周向占比 rc越大,碰摩带排转矩越小。
(2)摩擦副表面微织构形线上离散点的周向偏移角度不宜过大,偏移角度增大会引起高速段碰摩带排转矩的增大,即当碰摩带排转矩最小化时,形线参数φ1~4的绝对值均较小。
  • *湖北省自然科学基金项目(2023AFB084)
  • 流体动力基础件与机电系统国家重点实验室开放基金课题(GZKF-202318)
  • 特种车辆设计制造集成技术全国重点实验室开放课题(GZ2023KF004)
  • 教育部“春晖计划”合作科研项目(HZKY20220330)
  • 湖北省教育厅科学研究计划指导项目(B2022027)
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2024年第46卷第2期
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文章信息
doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.014
  • 接收时间:2023-07-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2023-07-06
  • 修回日期:2023-08-14
基金
*湖北省自然科学基金项目(2023AFB084)
流体动力基础件与机电系统国家重点实验室开放基金课题(GZKF-202318)
特种车辆设计制造集成技术全国重点实验室开放课题(GZ2023KF004)
教育部“春晖计划”合作科研项目(HZKY20220330)
湖北省教育厅科学研究计划指导项目(B2022027)
作者信息
    1. 武汉科技大学汽车与交通工程学院,武汉 430081
    2. 浙江大学,流体动力基础件与机电系统国家重点实验室,杭州 310027
    3. 特种车辆设计制造集成技术全国重点实验室,包头 014030
    4. 北京理工大学,坦克传动国防科技重点实验室,北京 100081

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魏超,教授,博士,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcygc/CN/10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.014
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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