Article(id=1153780689263645001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780685195170113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691683200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753012352529, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753012352529, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753012352529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753012352529, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153780685195170113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='187', pageEnd='374', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753012351559, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753058330907, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1153973536604541183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780685195170113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1153973536604541184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780685195170113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=253, endPage=259, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153780689695658314, articleId=1153780689263645001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Modeling on the Penetration Rate of China's Commercial Vehicle Market: Taking Heavy-Duty Long-Haul Trucks as an Example, columnId=1149809889280750125, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Selected Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Carbon reduction in commercial vehicles has become a key bottleneck in reducing carbon emission in China's road transportation. New energy commercial vehicles are seen as an important way to reduce carbon emission in heavy commercial vehicles,but the market penetration rate of new energy commercial vehicles is much lower than that of other vehicle sectors. However,at present,the development of new energy zero-emission commercial vehicles still faces significant bottlenecks such as complex application scenarios,diversified technological paths,and high cost. This study constructs a Discrete Choice-based Market Evolution of Green Truck Model (DC-MEGT),a multi-dimensional Logit discrete choice model based on factors such as the total cost of ownership (TCO) and ease of use of new energy vehicles. TCO is calculated using a bottom-up approach,and the usage convenience is quantified and monetized by supplementary energy time cost. A comprehensive utility function is constructed to predict and analyze the market penetration rate evolution of different power types,such as pure electric vehicles,fuel cell vehicles,and zero-emission fuels from the present to 2060. The study analyzes the heavy-duty long-haul towing scenario as an example and finds that the main technology paths in 2060 include fuel cell vehicles,pure electric vehicles,natural gas vehicles,and diesel vehicles,accounting for 48%,28%,12%,and 10%,respectively. If the uncertainty of different factors such as policy promotion,technological progress,and business models is taken into account,the market share of pure electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles in 2060 may fluctuate by 17% ~ 19%.

, correspAuthors=Hewu Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xu Hao, Xiantao Lu, Jing Yang, Yali Zheng, Hewu Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153780718460195405, articleId=1153780689263645001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=中国零碳商用车市场渗透率建模:以重型长途牵引货车为例*, columnId=1149809889410773550, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=精选论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

商用车碳减排已经成为我国道路交通减碳的关键瓶颈,新能源商用车被视作重型商用车减碳的重要途径,但是新能源商用车的市场渗透率远低于其他车辆部门;但与此同时,现阶段新能源零碳商用车的发展还存在着应用场景复杂、技术路径多样化、同时成本较高的显著的瓶颈。本研究构建了基于新能源汽车总拥有成本(total cost of ownership,TCO)、使用便利性等因素的多元Logit离散选择模型——零碳商用车市场演进模型(discrete choice-based market evolution of green truck model,DC-MEGT),使用自下向上的方法计算TCO,并将车辆使用便利性使用补能时间成本进行货币化量化,构建综合效用函数对纯电动车、燃料电池汽车及零碳燃料等不同动力类型从目前到2060年的市场渗透率演进情况进行预测分析。研究以重型长途牵引场景为例进行分析,结果表明2060年主要的技术路径包括燃料电池汽车、纯电动车、天然气及柴油车,占比分别为48%、28%、12%和10%。政策推广、技术进步、商业模式等因素的不确定性会引发纯电动车和燃料电池汽车2060年市场份额17%~19%的波动。

, correspAuthors=王贺武, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
郑亚莉,中级工程师,硕士,E-mail:
王贺武,研究员,博士,E-mail:
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参数 单位 数值
燃料箱容量 L 1 350
发动机排量 L 13
发动机功率 kW 410
能耗 L/100 km 32.5
车辆使用寿命 10
车辆购置价格 万元 42.0
维修保养 万元/年 2.5
保险费用 万元/年 3.2
车船费 万元/年 0.09
), ArticleFig(id=1173212101767217289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780689263645001, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=

重型长途牵引运输柴油车基础参数

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参数 单位 数值
燃料箱容量 L 1 350
发动机排量 L 13
发动机功率 kW 410
能耗 L/100 km 32.5
车辆使用寿命 10
车辆购置价格 万元 42.0
维修保养 万元/年 2.5
保险费用 万元/年 3.2
车船费 万元/年 0.09
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中国零碳商用车市场渗透率建模:以重型长途牵引货车为例*
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郝旭 1 , 陆贤涛 1 , 杨静 2 , 郑亚莉 2 , 王贺武 3
汽车工程 | 精选论文 2024,46(2): 253-259
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汽车工程 | 精选论文 2024, 46(2): 253-259
中国零碳商用车市场渗透率建模:以重型长途牵引货车为例*
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郝旭1, 陆贤涛1, 杨静2, 郑亚莉2 , 王贺武3
作者信息
  • 1. 北京科技大学机械工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2. 中国汽车工程学会国汽战略院,北京 102600
  • 3. 清华大学,汽车安全与节能国家重点实验室,北京 100084

通讯作者:

郑亚莉,中级工程师,硕士,E-mail:
王贺武,研究员,博士,E-mail:
Modeling on the Penetration Rate of China's Commercial Vehicle Market: Taking Heavy-Duty Long-Haul Trucks as an Example
Xu Hao1, Xiantao Lu1, Jing Yang2, Yali Zheng2 , Hewu Wang3
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Mechanical Engineering,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083
  • 2. CSAE Automobile Innovation and Strategy Institute,Beijing 102600
  • 3. Tsinghua University,State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy,Beijing 100084
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.007
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商用车碳减排已经成为我国道路交通减碳的关键瓶颈,新能源商用车被视作重型商用车减碳的重要途径,但是新能源商用车的市场渗透率远低于其他车辆部门;但与此同时,现阶段新能源零碳商用车的发展还存在着应用场景复杂、技术路径多样化、同时成本较高的显著的瓶颈。本研究构建了基于新能源汽车总拥有成本(total cost of ownership,TCO)、使用便利性等因素的多元Logit离散选择模型——零碳商用车市场演进模型(discrete choice-based market evolution of green truck model,DC-MEGT),使用自下向上的方法计算TCO,并将车辆使用便利性使用补能时间成本进行货币化量化,构建综合效用函数对纯电动车、燃料电池汽车及零碳燃料等不同动力类型从目前到2060年的市场渗透率演进情况进行预测分析。研究以重型长途牵引场景为例进行分析,结果表明2060年主要的技术路径包括燃料电池汽车、纯电动车、天然气及柴油车,占比分别为48%、28%、12%和10%。政策推广、技术进步、商业模式等因素的不确定性会引发纯电动车和燃料电池汽车2060年市场份额17%~19%的波动。

新能源商用车  /  市场渗透率  /  离散选择模型  /  总拥有成本  /  使用便利性

Carbon reduction in commercial vehicles has become a key bottleneck in reducing carbon emission in China's road transportation. New energy commercial vehicles are seen as an important way to reduce carbon emission in heavy commercial vehicles,but the market penetration rate of new energy commercial vehicles is much lower than that of other vehicle sectors. However,at present,the development of new energy zero-emission commercial vehicles still faces significant bottlenecks such as complex application scenarios,diversified technological paths,and high cost. This study constructs a Discrete Choice-based Market Evolution of Green Truck Model (DC-MEGT),a multi-dimensional Logit discrete choice model based on factors such as the total cost of ownership (TCO) and ease of use of new energy vehicles. TCO is calculated using a bottom-up approach,and the usage convenience is quantified and monetized by supplementary energy time cost. A comprehensive utility function is constructed to predict and analyze the market penetration rate evolution of different power types,such as pure electric vehicles,fuel cell vehicles,and zero-emission fuels from the present to 2060. The study analyzes the heavy-duty long-haul towing scenario as an example and finds that the main technology paths in 2060 include fuel cell vehicles,pure electric vehicles,natural gas vehicles,and diesel vehicles,accounting for 48%,28%,12%,and 10%,respectively. If the uncertainty of different factors such as policy promotion,technological progress,and business models is taken into account,the market share of pure electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles in 2060 may fluctuate by 17% ~ 19%.

new energy commercial vehicles  /  market penetration rate  /  discrete choice model  /  total cost of ownership  /  usage convenience
郝旭, 陆贤涛, 杨静, 郑亚莉, 王贺武. 中国零碳商用车市场渗透率建模:以重型长途牵引货车为例*. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (2) : 253 -259 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.007
Xu Hao, Xiantao Lu, Jing Yang, Yali Zheng, Hewu Wang. Modeling on the Penetration Rate of China's Commercial Vehicle Market: Taking Heavy-Duty Long-Haul Trucks as an Example[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (2) : 253 -259 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.007
商用车碳减排已经成为我国道路交通减碳的关键瓶颈。我国将商用车定义为车辆座位大于9座(含驾驶员位)或者以载货为主要目的的车辆,主要包括客车、货车及专用车辆;按照货车的额定载质量(GVW),还可进一步划分为重型货车(GVW≥12 t)、中型货车(3.5 t≤GVW<12 t)、轻型货车(GVW<3.5 t)等[1]。我国货车市场由于主体复杂、分类应用场景丰富,成为了难点,也将是本研究的重点。2017年重型货车保有量仅占全国汽车总量的6.6%[2],但其碳排放已经达到道路交通行业排放的约40%[3]。因此,要实现碳达峰和碳中和,在道路交通部门中商用车的碳减排已成为重中之重。
与乘用车类似,新能源商用车被视作重型商用车减碳的重要途径,但是新能源商用车的市场渗透率远低于其他车辆部门,特别是重型货车,2021年新能源商用车市场渗透率为3.9%,但其中重型商用车市场渗透率仅为0.7%,远低于新能源乘用车市场渗透率15.5%。2022年重型货车市场渗透率虽然有较大幅度提升,但仍远落后于新能源乘用车的市场渗透率[2]
2022年我国新能源重型货车已进入加速发展阶段。早在2009年,我国车企进入新能源重型货车的布局和市场推广阶段,并在2016年开始获得了更加全面的政策支持和商业化运营示范阶段。2022年新能源重型货车市场渗透率达到5.2%,电动重型货车开始进入高速增长阶段。传统重型货车主机厂,包括一汽解放、东风、福田、宇通等均积极布局新能源重型货车;以Deepway为代表的自动驾驶公司跨界进入电动重型货车领域,也形成了新的业态。纯电动重型货车(充电车型、换电车型)、燃料电池重型货车均在2022年受到消费者的关注。但与此同时,还存在着很多的问题:新能源商用车的市场将如何发展?最适合于商用车的动力系统技术路线是哪一种?甚至,新能源商用车是否是商用车减碳的最佳选择?
为了解答上述问题,现阶段新能源零碳商用车的发展还存在着显著的瓶颈:商用车应用场景复杂、技术路径多样化、同时对成本敏感。首先,商用车产品多样、场景复杂,不同场景对产品的需求不同,这就决定了不同场景的技术路径及需求不同,例如2020年公路货运单日出行里程约 305 km[4],但用于短倒运输时,日运距和单程运距都有所不同。因此,适配不同场景的减碳动力系统仍存在不确定性。目前主流的纯电动、燃料电池技术短期内无法覆盖整个商用车市场,氨、氢等零碳内燃机技术潜力仍须进一步分析。此外,商用车主要用于运营,具有生产资料属性,消费者对于成本敏感,对于新技术导入市场时的成本和可靠性具有较高要求。
基于上述考虑,现阶段对我国商用车市场渗透率开展研究非常有必要。市场渗透率预测,也即消费者购买意愿预测的研究方法有很多,在环境经济、交通和市场等领域应用最广泛的估计方法是离散选择实验[5]。通过对影响消费者购买意愿的因素进行量化分析,有助于对影响新能源商用车市场推广的关键因素进行识别、分析,同时有助于解答“商用车市场将如何发展”的问题,将为商用车厂家产业发展战略的制定、国家对新能源商用车支持政策的确定提供重要参考。
离散选择模型(discrete choice model,DCM)具有严谨的理论基础,是研究选择决策行为最有力的工具之一。离散选择模型假设消费者决策是理性的,认为消费者在选择产品或服务时会根据自身目标和有限资源做出最优的选择以达到满足程度最大化。交通部门也常常使用离散选择模型进行交通工具的选择分析,如经典的不同出行交通工具的选择、乘用车交通工具选择等。Greene等[6]基于Nested Multi-Nomial Logit (NMNL)构建了美国乘用车离散选择模型,Lin[7]在此基础上开发了针对中国市场的版本(MA3T模型),该模型对不同动力类型、不同续驶里程甚至是品牌的车型市场渗透率均能进行模拟。除采用离散选择模型外,各类交通能源经济学模型中也会对不同技术路线的市场份额进行计算或假设,如美国阿贡国家能源实验室的GREET模型[8]、劳伦斯伯克利国家能源实验室的China 2050 Demand Resource Energy Analysis Model (DREAM)中对电动化率的假设[3]等。
但目前,受限于商用车基础数据的缺乏,还没有针对中国商用车市场的离散选择模型。本研究即针对这一空缺,基于中国目前商用车市场现状,构建基于新能源汽车总拥有成本(total cost of ownership,TCO)、使用便利性等因素的多元Logit离散选择模型,对目前至2060年我国商用车的市场渗透率开展建模研究,并以长途重型牵引车为例开展实例研究。
本研究拟构建基于多元Logit离散选择模型的商用车市场渗透率模型——零碳商用车市场演进模型(discrete choice-based market evolution of green truck model,DC-MEGT)。这一建模的理论前提在于利用个体在不同选择项中的选择行为可以表征出个体的隐性偏好。离散选择模型的关键构成包括决策者、备选项、备选项属性及选择准则。
(1)决策者:在本研究中,选择不同场景下购买商用车的个人/车队消费者作为决策者。
(2)备选项集合:主要针对不同动力类型,包括柴油、天然气、甲醇、二甲醚、生物柴油、氢内燃机、氨内燃机、氨氢融合等内燃机,非插电混合动力,增程式、插电混、纯电动、氢燃料电池、甲醇燃料电池、氨燃料电池等新能源动力技术路径。
(3)备选项属性:考虑现阶段零碳商用车市场推广的关键瓶颈,决策者对不同技术路线的需求核心关注点在于总拥有成本(TCO)、基础设施便利性因素,因此选择不同备选项的这两个属性作为选择依据。
(4)选择准则:效用最大化原则,通过构建效用函数实现。
基于上述关键变量构建的DC-MEGT模型框架如图 1所示。模型的核心是计算效用函数。对于某一个体 i选择动力类型 j所带来的效用 u i j
u i j = b ( A j + β j E x i , j E + β j I x i , j I + ε i , j )
式中: A j是反映车辆动力类型 j没有被TCO和使用便利性解释的常数;参数 b衡量消费者价格敏感性; β j E β j I分别为拥有成本 x i , j E和使用便利性 x i , j I的权重系数,本研究中将拥有成本的权重系数 β j E设定为1,然后通过货币化使用便利性得到使用便利性 x i , j I的权重系数; ε i , j是个体 i对于备选项 j的个体随机性因素。
假设个体因素遵循I型极值分布,那么备选项被消费者选择的概率为
p j = e u i j j = 1 K e u i j
式中 K包括15种不同的动力类型,与备选项集合相对应。
消费者价格弹性的设定主要依据消费者价格的敏感性。本研究基于2021年消费者对于价格的敏感性进行价格弹性计算:
b = ξ P ( 1 - p )
式中 ξ为消费者对于不同技术路径的价格弹性。
此外,常数的标定还需要用到相应动力类型的历史销量数据及历史市场份额,采用2016-2021年商用车的TCO数据、市场份额用于标定常数项。
商用车拥有成本的计算主要考虑车辆购车成本、用车成本及车辆残值。
T C O = ( C P + T P - R V ) + ( C E + C M )
式中:一次性成本包括3个部分,分别是整车购置费用 C P(包含财政对新能源汽车的补贴)、车辆购置税 T P、车辆残值 R V;其他车辆拥有成本包括车辆能源费用 C E、车辆维修保养费用 C M,针对柴油车还存在尿素使用费用等。其中能源费用和保养费用为年度费用使用费用的累计,以柴油车为例说明能源费用 C E的计算方法:
C E = N × A V K T × E C × P f
式中: N为车辆使用寿命,基于GREET模型及国内商用车企业调研得到,单位为年; A V K T为车辆年均行驶里程,是需要综合考虑车辆年行驶里程随车辆寿命变化后的加权平均年行驶里程; E C为车辆的平均能耗; P f为柴油价格。其他动力类型也可参考柴油车能源费用的计算方法进行计算。
维修保养费用 C M包括:
C M = N M + R + I + T V
式中: M为年度保养费用;R为年度维修费用,包含更换轮胎的费用;I为年度商业保险费用; T V则为每年度需要缴纳的车船税。TCO(图2)的详细计算说明及部分参数的数据选择参见之前的研究[9]
车辆的使用便利性成本主要针对纯电动商用车。相比于传统的柴油车或天然气商用车,电动商用车补能的时间更长,由于商用车的生产工具属性导致其对这一补能时间相对敏感,因此采用商用车在各场景下单位时间盈利水平估算由于纯电动商用车充电导致的时间成本。
本研究以传统柴油车在本场景的使用强度及加油效率为标杆,对比分析纯电动在满足相同活动水平的情况下,其充电时长所造成的成本。这一将时间成本进行货币化量化的方法已被乘用车[10]和商用车[9]的拥有成本研究所使用。
以重型长途牵引车辆为例,采用上述DC-MEGT模型进行分析。重型长途牵引车辆主要应用于长途干线运输,日运距较长,通常在1 000 km以上,通过与企业的调研交流,本研究中采用年行驶里程25万km。这一场景对运输的时效性要求较高。在本研究中作为动力指标设置依据的柴油车基本参数如表 1所示。
基于柴油车的动力性能,按照场景需求对其他动力类型的参数进行设置,以动力性能一致和车辆载质量一致为原则对不同动力类型车辆的成本及使用费用等各项进行估算。同时,通过对关键零部件“自底向上”方式的拆解[911]、能源价格的演进[912]进行综合研判和预测,对不同动力类型车辆2022-2060年的TCO进行预测,并对由于能源获取可行性等因素完全不适合于该场景的部分动力类型进行筛选剔除,结果如图 3所示。
在重型长途牵引场景下,在2025年前的短期内,TCO最低的车型为天然气重型长途牵引车,柴油车次之,纯电动和燃料电池重型货车的成本均高于柴油车。针对甲醇内燃机汽车,还包括不同燃料制取路径导致的成本不同。结果表明,绿醇较高的制备成本导致使用绿醇比使用灰醇的重型长途牵引车辆TCO更高。在图 3中使用阴影标注使用不同燃料制备路径对拥有成本的影响。
2035年后纯电动车和燃料电池重型货车在长途牵引领域开始具备与柴油车TCO接近的潜力,2040年二者TCO均低于柴油车。柴氨、氨氢及纯氢内燃机由于目前的技术成熟度较低,同时能源费用较高,因此在2035年前都显著高于柴油车,2040年后纯氢内燃机重型货车开始具备与柴油车TCO接近的潜力,并在约2050年TCO低于柴油车。由于能源效率优势,增程混动在短期内具有一定成本优势。
使用便利性成本方面,按照年度行驶里程为25万km计算,纯电动重型长途牵引车续航里程目前为150 km,将随着电池技术进步和整车能耗的优化在2060年达到500 km,则充电次数从1 667次/年下降至500次/年;在补能效率方面,采用快充的方式对纯电动重型长途牵引车辆进行补能,与柴油车加油相比,单次补能时长相差1.2 h,按照场景平均利润为52.1元/h进行估算,则2022年使用便利性成本为10.4万元/年,并随着充电频率降低、补能效率提升,到2060年逐步下降至1.6万元/年,如图 4所示。
使用2016-2021年柴油车、天然气重型商用车的市场份额用来近似标定重型长途牵引场景下的柴油车和天然气的市场份额,并根据2021-2022年纯电动重型货车、换电重型货车、燃料电池重型货车的市场份额近似标定重型长途牵引场景下的对应动力类型车辆的市场份额,用来获得相应的常数项。同时,考虑到技术成熟度与量产潜力,假设柴氨、氨氢、纯氢内燃机在2030年后进入市场。采用的消费者价格敏感性根据企业调研得到,针对重型长途牵引车辆,影响用户50%购买决策的价格区间为1 000元。
基于上述场景设置得到的基础场景下的重型长途牵引运输场景下的市场渗透率如图 5所示,2060年该场景下主要技术类型为纯电动和燃料电池汽车,分别占据28%、48%的市场份额,这主要是因为纯电动和燃料电池汽车的总拥有成本将随着时间的发展逐步降低,同时使用便利性逐步增加,而使得二者的推广成为可能。在这一过程中电动车和燃料电池汽车的增长相对稳定。届时柴油车市场份额将下降至10%,天然气市场份额约为12%,此外纯氢内燃机等零碳燃料内燃机将占2%的市场份额。而二甲醚内燃机、生物柴油、甲醇内燃机在该场景下的市场份额均接近0,可以认为并不适用于该场景。其中需要注意的天然气动力类型并非在全国均可获得,具有一定的地域局限性,因此虽然其TCO具有优势,但在计算市场渗透率时需要对其上限进行约束。本研究中采用的方法如下:2021年我国天然气商用车销量占比超过10%的省份有宁夏、山西、新疆等7个省份,这些省份重型长途牵引车辆总量占全国的11.6%,因此以这些省份车辆的上限11.6%作为天然气商用车市场渗透率的阈值。
影响不同动力类型市场渗透率的关键因素较多,除2.1节介绍的参数外,不同技术路径进入市场初期的政策支持及市场份额对技术的推广有较大影响,特别是对上述提到的纯电动和燃料电池汽车技术路径。如图 6所示,如果考虑纯电动汽车和燃料电池汽车政策推广、技术进步、商业模式等不同因素导致的发展不确定性,纯电动车在2060年的市场份额最高可达47%,此时对应的燃料电池汽车市场份额为39%;而燃料电池汽车在2060年最高可达65%,此时对应的纯电动汽车市场份额约为18%。
为了对新能源商用车的市场渗透演进过程进行分析及关键因素研究,本研究构建了基于新能源汽车总拥有成本(total cost of ownership,TCO)、使用便利性等因素的多元Logit离散选择模型——零碳商用车市场演进模型(discrete choice-based market evolution of green truck model,DC-MEGT),使用自底向上的方法计算TCO,并将车辆使用便利性使用补能时间成本进行货币化量化,构建综合效用函数对纯电动车、燃料电池汽车及零碳燃料等不同动力类型从目前到2060年的市场渗透率演进情况进行预测分析。
研究使用重型长途牵引场景为例进行分析,发现在这一场景下,2060年主要的技术路径包括燃料电池汽车、纯电动车、天然气及柴油车,占比分别为48%、28%、12%和10%。如果考虑到政策推广、技术进步、商业模式等不同因素的不确定性,纯电动车在2060年的市场份额最高可达47%,此时对应的燃料电池汽车市场份额为39%;而燃料电池汽车在2060年最高可达65%,此时对应的纯电动汽车市场份额约18%。
商用车拥有成本对市场渗透率的影响非常关键,但目前对于商用车拥有成本的估算还存在着很大的不确定性,无论是对于能源费用的预测,还是对于汽车关键零部件(如电池、燃料电池电堆等)的价格预测,不同技术路径的演进情况仍有待进一步开展更加深入的分析。
同时,不同动力类型的碳排放也将对动力系统市场渗透率的演进产生重要影响,政策将更加倾向于鼓励全生命周期碳排放更低的技术,如通过碳税、碳交易、碳积分等方式将会通过货币化或非货币化的方式影响不同技术路径的市场渗透率。因此在后续的研究中,也需要将碳排放通过量化的方式纳入离散选择模型的效用函数,进行进一步的分析。以及随着模型的建立,也将这一模型运用在更多的商用车场景上,而不仅局限于重型长途牵引运输这一单一场景。
  • *清华大学-丰田联合研究基金“新能源汽车-低碳交通协同碳达峰碳中和路线图研究”项目资助
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2024年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.007
  • 接收时间:2023-08-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-11
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*清华大学-丰田联合研究基金“新能源汽车-低碳交通协同碳达峰碳中和路线图研究”项目资助
作者信息
    1. 北京科技大学机械工程学院,北京 100083
    2. 中国汽车工程学会国汽战略院,北京 102600
    3. 清华大学,汽车安全与节能国家重点实验室,北京 100084

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郑亚莉,中级工程师,硕士,E-mail:
王贺武,研究员,博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
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种数
Number of
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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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