Article(id=1153780686747066599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780685195170113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687968000000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-29, revisedDate=1690473600000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753012351929, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753012351929, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753012351929, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753012351929, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153780685195170113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='187', pageEnd='374', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753012351559, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753058330907, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1153973536604541183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780685195170113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1153973536604541184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780685195170113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=201, endPage=210, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153780687111971048, articleId=1153780686747066599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=A Cooperative Lane Change Strategy for Intelligent Connected Vehicles Oriented to Mandatory Lane Change Scenarios, columnId=1149809888211198868, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Feature Topic:Key Technologies on Intelligent and Connected Vehicles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Collaborative lane change technology for intelligent connected vehicles has been widely studied,but existing strategies can hardly solve the problem of vehicle collaboration in mandatory lane change scenarios or may cause notable impact on upstream traffic. For mandatory lane change scenarios demand,a two-stage cooperative lane change strategy considering theoretical minimal safety space is proposed in this paper. Firstly,the control architecture for a two-vehicle cooperative lane change system is proposed and a collaborative lane change scheme is developed for mandatory lane change scenarios. Then,a two-stage receding-horizon trajectory planning strategy of spacing adjustment and collaborative lane change is designed,where the theoretical minimum safe distance is embedded as a constraint of spacing adjustment stage,to solve the problem of conservative spacing strategies in existing research. Finally,numerical simulation and hardware in-loop experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness,advantages and computational real-time performance of the proposed strategy. The results show that the proposed strategy can effectively improve the success rate of lane change,reduce the negative traffic impact while ensuring lane change safety,and is also applicable in real time computing and communication environment of actual edge cloud platform.

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智能网联汽车的协同换道技术已得到广泛研究,但现有协同换道策略难以解决强制换道场景下的车辆协同问题,或对上游交通造成的负面影响较大。本文旨在面向强制换道场景需求,提出一种考虑理论最小安全距离的两阶段协同换道策略。首先,提出了两车协同换道系统控制架构,并面向车辆强制换道场景制定了协同换道方案。随后,设计了间距调整、协同换道两阶段的滚动时域轨迹规划方法,并求解理论最小安全距离作为间距调整阶段末态约束,解决了现有研究间距策略保守的问题。最后,通过仿真与硬件在环试验验证了所提策略的有效性、优越性与计算实时性。结果表明,所提策略可有效提升换道成功率,在保障换道安全性的条件下降低了换道行为对交通的影响,且在实际边缘云平台的实时计算、通信环境下具备可用性。

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罗禹贡,研究员,博士,E-mail:
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参数符号 参数定义 参数取值
T s/s 仿真步长 0.05
T d/s 滚动时域步长 1.0
t l c/s 换道时间 6.0
ε/m 安全裕度 5.0
a x , m a x/(m·s-2 加速度阈值 4.0
j x , m a x/(m·s-3 加加速度阈值 2.0
L c a r/m 轿车车长 5.2
W c a r/m 轿车车宽 2.0
L t r u c k/m 货车车长 6.0
W t r u c k/m 货车车宽 2.4
W l a n e/m 车道宽 3.5
w v 权重系数 0.1
w t 权重系数 0.05
w p 权重系数 0.01
v d e s/(km·h-1 期望速度 40
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仿真参数设置

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参数符号 参数定义 参数取值
T s/s 仿真步长 0.05
T d/s 滚动时域步长 1.0
t l c/s 换道时间 6.0
ε/m 安全裕度 5.0
a x , m a x/(m·s-2 加速度阈值 4.0
j x , m a x/(m·s-3 加加速度阈值 2.0
L c a r/m 轿车车长 5.2
W c a r/m 轿车车宽 2.0
L t r u c k/m 货车车长 6.0
W t r u c k/m 货车车宽 2.4
W l a n e/m 车道宽 3.5
w v 权重系数 0.1
w t 权重系数 0.05
w p 权重系数 0.01
v d e s/(km·h-1 期望速度 40
), ArticleFig(id=1173212300900184626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780686747066599, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 工况1 工况2 工况3
v/(km·h-1 20 20 5
O L H/m 50 50 30
T L H/m 20 30 20
d C 1 - C 2/m 20 10 0
d C 1 - H 3/m 0 0 25
d H 3 - H 4/m 15 15 50
), ArticleFig(id=1173212300971487796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780686747066599, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

典型工况参数设置

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参数 工况1 工况2 工况3
v/(km·h-1 20 20 5
O L H/m 50 50 30
T L H/m 20 30 20
d C 1 - C 2/m 20 10 0
d C 1 - H 3/m 0 0 25
d H 3 - H 4/m 15 15 50
), ArticleFig(id=1173212301059568182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780686747066599, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
符号 参数定义 取值范围 数量
O L H 原车道初始车距 [30 m,80 m] 10
T L H 目标车道初始车距 [15 m,40 m] 10
v C2与前车初始速度差 [0,20 km/h] 4
d C 1 - C 2 C1、C2初始纵向距离 [0,30 m] 10
), ArticleFig(id=1173212301130871352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780686747066599, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

仿真工况参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
符号 参数定义 取值范围 数量
O L H 原车道初始车距 [30 m,80 m] 10
T L H 目标车道初始车距 [15 m,40 m] 10
v C2与前车初始速度差 [0,20 km/h] 4
d C 1 - C 2 C1、C2初始纵向距离 [0,30 m] 10
), ArticleFig(id=1173212301197980218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780686747066599, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 T S C L C P C L C 改善
v l o s s/(km·h-1 19.5 2.82 85.5%
a m i n /(m·s-2 1.086 8 0.400 5 63.1%
v m e a n/(km·h-1 30.57 33.38 9.2%
), ArticleFig(id=1173212301281866300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780686747066599, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

TSCLC、PCLC主要评价指标平均值对比

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参数 T S C L C P C L C 改善
v l o s s/(km·h-1 19.5 2.82 85.5%
a m i n /(m·s-2 1.086 8 0.400 5 63.1%
v m e a n/(km·h-1 30.57 33.38 9.2%
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面向强制换道场景的智能网联汽车协同换道策略*
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关书睿 1 , 李克强 1 , 周俊宇 1 , 石佳 1 , 孔伟伟 2 , 罗禹贡 1
汽车工程 | 专题:汽车智能化关键技术 2024,46(2): 201-210
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汽车工程 | 专题:汽车智能化关键技术 2024, 46(2): 201-210
面向强制换道场景的智能网联汽车协同换道策略*
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关书睿1, 李克强1, 周俊宇1, 石佳1, 孔伟伟2, 罗禹贡1
作者信息
  • 1. 清华大学车辆与运载学院,汽车安全与节能国家重点实验室,北京 100084
  • 2. 中国农业大学工学院,北京 100083

通讯作者:

罗禹贡,研究员,博士,E-mail:
A Cooperative Lane Change Strategy for Intelligent Connected Vehicles Oriented to Mandatory Lane Change Scenarios
Shurui Guan1, Keqiang Li1, Junyu Zhou1, Jia Shi1, Weiwei Kong2, Yugong Luo1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Vehicle and Mobility,Tsinghua University,State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy,Beijing 100084
  • 2. Engineering College,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100083
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.002
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智能网联汽车的协同换道技术已得到广泛研究,但现有协同换道策略难以解决强制换道场景下的车辆协同问题,或对上游交通造成的负面影响较大。本文旨在面向强制换道场景需求,提出一种考虑理论最小安全距离的两阶段协同换道策略。首先,提出了两车协同换道系统控制架构,并面向车辆强制换道场景制定了协同换道方案。随后,设计了间距调整、协同换道两阶段的滚动时域轨迹规划方法,并求解理论最小安全距离作为间距调整阶段末态约束,解决了现有研究间距策略保守的问题。最后,通过仿真与硬件在环试验验证了所提策略的有效性、优越性与计算实时性。结果表明,所提策略可有效提升换道成功率,在保障换道安全性的条件下降低了换道行为对交通的影响,且在实际边缘云平台的实时计算、通信环境下具备可用性。

智能网联汽车  /  协同换道  /  强制换道  /  轨迹规划

Collaborative lane change technology for intelligent connected vehicles has been widely studied,but existing strategies can hardly solve the problem of vehicle collaboration in mandatory lane change scenarios or may cause notable impact on upstream traffic. For mandatory lane change scenarios demand,a two-stage cooperative lane change strategy considering theoretical minimal safety space is proposed in this paper. Firstly,the control architecture for a two-vehicle cooperative lane change system is proposed and a collaborative lane change scheme is developed for mandatory lane change scenarios. Then,a two-stage receding-horizon trajectory planning strategy of spacing adjustment and collaborative lane change is designed,where the theoretical minimum safe distance is embedded as a constraint of spacing adjustment stage,to solve the problem of conservative spacing strategies in existing research. Finally,numerical simulation and hardware in-loop experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness,advantages and computational real-time performance of the proposed strategy. The results show that the proposed strategy can effectively improve the success rate of lane change,reduce the negative traffic impact while ensuring lane change safety,and is also applicable in real time computing and communication environment of actual edge cloud platform.

intelligent and connected vehicles  /  cooperative lane change  /  mandatory lane change  /  trajectory planning
关书睿, 李克强, 周俊宇, 石佳, 孔伟伟, 罗禹贡. 面向强制换道场景的智能网联汽车协同换道策略*. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (2) : 201 -210 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.002
Shurui Guan, Keqiang Li, Junyu Zhou, Jia Shi, Weiwei Kong, Yugong Luo. A Cooperative Lane Change Strategy for Intelligent Connected Vehicles Oriented to Mandatory Lane Change Scenarios[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (2) : 201 -210 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.002
自动换道是智能网联汽车(intelligent connected vehicle,ICV)的基本功能之一,对交通安全与通行效率具有不可忽视的影响[1-2]。强制换道是自动换道中的一类典型场景,具体指主车为实现避让前方障碍、改变行驶路径等目标必须采取的换道行为。目前,自动换道技术主要基于单车智能实现,但在大量人类驾驶车辆(human-driven vehicle,HDV)存在的混合交通环境中,ICV由于相对保守的驾驶行为,当车流密度较大时难以独立完成换道[3]。相比之下,协同换道技术能够通过车辆间的信息交互,协同主车周围少量ICV配合制造换道空间,保障换道成功率与安全性,且有潜力降低换道引发的交通振荡[4],具有重要的研究意义。
现有的协同换道研究中,常用的协同方案包括单阶段协同、两阶段协同两类。单阶段协同指协同车辆在主车换道时通过加减速或换道等方式为主车制造换道空间,是目前大多研究采取的协同方案。其中,Wang等[5-6]、Sun等[7]、Du等[3]令目标车道上的相邻ICV在主车换道同时通过纵向加、减速拉开间距,以换道平顺性、交通影响等作为优化目标,采用模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)、多项式轨迹优化等方式实现多车轨迹规划;杨刚等[8]、Li等[1]、李娟等[9]令协同车辆通过换道为换道车辆提供空间,考虑换道平顺性与时长,基于五次多项式规划两车换道轨迹。上述单阶段协同方案具有换道时间短、对交通影响小等优势,适用于自由换道场景。但由于他车协同行为与主车换道同时进行,协同时间受到换道时间限制,间距调节范围有限。因此,在换道条件不易满足的工况中,如目标车道车距较小、车速较高时,此类方案可能难以满足车辆强制换道需求。
对此,部分研究在换道阶段前增加间距调整阶段,设计了两阶段协同方案。例如,Li等[10]、刘志强等[11]通过在换道阶段前稀疏间距,松弛了换道轨迹规划约束,大大提高了MPC的计算效率;Bai等[4]、柏海舰等[12]通过换道前各车的纵向速度调整,使主车与周围车辆间达到合适的间距与相对速度后再进入换道阶段,基于MPC、多项式轨迹优化等方法实现轨迹规划。相比于单阶段协同,两阶段协同方案可在主车到达目标换道间隙前提前令各车开始调速,扩大了换道可行域,适用于强制换道场景;但为确保主车换道空间充足,现有研究通常基于经验公式确定间距调整阶段的目标间距,容易使得调速策略过于保守,协同车辆减速幅度大,对上游交通影响较大。
综上所述,单阶段协同换道在强制换道场景下适用性较弱,而适用性更强的两阶段协同换道相关研究相对较少,且由于安全距离设计相对保守,对交通影响较大。因此,本文拟面向强制换道场景,制定一种考虑理论最小安全距离的两阶段协同换道策略。首先,提出了两车协同换道系统控制架构,采用自由度较高的两阶段协同方案与并行协同换道方案,制定换道整体流程;其次,制定了包含间距调整、协同换道两阶段的滚动时域轨迹规划方法,并基于换道轨迹表达式求解理论最小安全距离,作为间距调整末态约束,再通过离线求解、在线查找map图的方式降低计算复杂度;最后,基于仿真与硬件在环试验,验证了策略的有效性、优越性与计算实时性。
针对如图1所示的强制换道场景设计了协同换道策略。其中,C1、C2为ICV;H0~H4为HDV,无通信功能。C1为协同车辆,C2为换道车辆;各车在长直路段上行驶,因C2检测到前车H0行驶速度低且具有安全隐患,故提前发出换道请求,C1配合实现协同换道,避免H0所在车道上游交通流通行效率整体受到影响。
对研究场景提出以下假设:
(1) ICV通信条件理想,无丢包、时延;
(2) HDV保持在本车道,不考虑换道行为;
(3) HDV跟随所在车道前车减速避免追尾。
考虑到场景中存在大量无法通信的HDV,为充分获取全局感知信息并实现全局优化,本文中采用基于边缘云[13]的系统控制架构,如图2所示。边缘云平台通过车-云、路-云通信接收来自路端感知设备与场景中ICV的车端感知信息,获取场景中全部车辆的运动状态,并基于上述信息,调用协同换道策略为ICV滚动时域规划参考速度,并下发至车端进行轨迹跟踪。
主要采用两阶段协同换道[10-11]与并行协同换道[8]两种协同换道方案。前者包括间距调整、加减速协同换道两个阶段:间距调整阶段,两辆ICV在本车道上通过纵向调速,使车辆间距、速度等状态达到换道要求;换道阶段中,两辆ICV继续调整纵向速度,同时进行横向换道,如图3(a)所示;后者指两辆ICV同时向左侧换道,如图3(b)所示。值得注意的是,并行协同方案中,由于协同车辆无须进行纵向调速,对上游交通影响更小,因而可在左侧车道换道空间充足时优先采用。
换道整体流程如图4所示。当检测到主车前方存在异常低速车辆时,流程开始。首先判断左侧车道换道空间是否充足,若是,则优先采用并行协同方案,规划换道参考轨迹,流程结束;否则,采用两阶段协同方案。间距调整阶段,ICV进行纵向调速,基于滚动时域规划动态更新参考速度;当主车与周围车辆间隙满足换道要求时,进入换道阶段,规划换道参考轨迹,流程结束。
针对图3中两阶段纵向协同换道方案,本文分别为间距调整阶段、换道阶段制定了基于多项式的轨迹规划策略。其中,换道阶段的轨迹规划策略也可用于并行协同换道方案。
间距调整阶段中,两车纵向轨迹采用关于时间t的四次多项式描述,如式(1)所示。
x t = i = 0 4 a i t i ,   t 0 , t a d j
式中: x为车辆纵向位移; t a d j为间距调整时间; a i为待定系数。令 A = [ a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 ] T,采用矩阵形式表示初末状态边界约束,如式(2)所示。
X = T a d j A
其中:
T a d j = 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 2 t a d j 3 t a d j 2 4 t a d j 3 0 0 2 6 t a d j 12 t a d j 2
X a d j = [ x 0 , v x 0 , a x 0 , v x , a d j , a x , a d j ] T
式中 X a d j的前3项表示车辆的初始运动状态,后2项表示车辆的目标运动状态。为改善换道平顺性,令目标加速度 a x , a d j = 0。选取 v x , a d j t a d j为决策变量,构建优化问题,则最优系数满足:
A * = T a d j t a d j * - 1 X a d j v x , a d j *
设计间距调整阶段优化目标函数为
m i n   J t a d j , v x , a d j , C 1 , v x , a d j , C 2 = J v + J t + J p   J v = w v v x , a d j , C 1 - v d e s + v x , a d j , C 2 - v d e s   J t = w t t a d j   J p = w p a x , m a x - m a x   a x , C 1 t - 2 + a x , m a x - m a x   a x , C 2 t - 2
式中: v d e s为期望车速; a x , m a x为加速度阈值; w v w t w p为权重系数。优化目标函数中, J t项使间距调整时间尽可能短; J v项使进入换道阶段时C1、C2速度接近期望车速,以降低协同行为对上游交通的影响; J P项为惩罚项,旨在避免最优解落在可行域边界上,从而降低HDV扰动对滚动时域规划可行性的影响。
避碰约束、舒适性约束条件如式(7)所示。
t 0 , t a d j , i = 1,2 x L V , i t - x C i t > 1 2 L C i + L L V , i + ε   a x , C i t a x , m a x
式中: x C i为C1、C2的纵向位置,即式(1)中的 x x L V , i为Ci本车道前车的纵向位移,基于匀速模型预测; L为车长; a x , C i为C1、C2的加速度; a x , m a x为加速度阈值; ε为安全裕度。约束含义为:间距调整过程中C1、C2与本车道前车不发生碰撞,且满足舒适性要求。
此外,间距调整阶段结束时,C1、C2与周围车辆间距须满足换道最小安全距离要求,以保证换道阶段轨迹规划有解。因此,增加间距调整目标状态约束,如式(8)所示。
x H 1 t a d j - x C 2 t a d j M S S C 2 - H 1 v x , a d j , C 2 , v H 1   x H 0 t a d j - x C 2 t a d j M S S C 2 - H 0 v x , a d j , C 2 , v H 1 , v H 0 x C 2 t a d j - x C 1 t a d j M S S C 2 - C 1 v x , a d j , C 1 , v x , a d j , C 2 , v H 1
式中MSS为最小目标间距,由换道阶段车辆初、末状态确定。
选取间距调整结束时刻为零时刻,C1、C2的轨迹可由关于时间t的五次多项式描述,如式(9)所示。
x t = i = 0 5 b i t i ,   t 0 , t l c   y t = i = 0 5 c i t i ,   t 0 , t l c
式中: x y分别表示车辆纵、横向位移; t l c为换道阶段时长; b i c i为待定系数。令 B = [ b 0 , b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , b 4 , b 5 ] T C =[c0c1c2c3c4c5]T,采用矩阵形式表示初末状态边界约束,如式(10)所示。
X l c = T l c B Y l c = T l c C
其中:
T l c = 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 t l c t l c 2 t l c 3 t l c 4 t l c 5 0 1 2 t l c 3 t l c 2 4 t l c 3 5 t l c 4 0 0 2 6 t l c 12 t l c 2 20 t l c 3
X l c = [ x 0 , v x 0 , a x 0 , x f , v x f , 0 ] T Y l c = [ y 0 , v y 0 , a y 0 , y 0 ± W l a n e , 0,0 ] T
式中: X l c Y l c的前、后3项分别表示车辆的初始、目标运动状态; W l a n e为车道宽度。为保证换道后车辆安全跟驰, v x f取值为目标车道前车车速。选取 x f为决策变量,构建优化问题,则最优系数满足:
B * = T l c - 1 X l c x f * C * = T l c - 1   Y l c
为提高换道平顺性,设计换道阶段优化目标函数,如式(14)所示。
t 0 , t l c m i n   J ( x f , C 1 * , x f , C 2 * ) =   J a J a = m a x   ( a x , C 1 t ) + m a x   ( a x , C 2 t )
所考虑的避碰约束与舒适性约束如式(15)所示。
t [ 0 , t l c ] , i 1,2 , j , k 1,2 , 3 d > 1 2 ( d C i + d N V ) + ε   d = ( x C i , j ( t ) - x N V , k ( t ) ) 2 + ( y C i , j ( t ) - y N V , k ( t ) ) 2 a x , C i t a x , m a x , a y , C i ( t ) a y , m a x
式中:避碰约束参考文献[14]中的设计,采用3个圆描述车辆外形; x C i y C i表示C1、C2的纵、横向位移; x N V y N V表示相邻车辆 N V的纵、横向位移; d C i d N V为多圆车辆模型的圆形直径。表达式含义为:对于主车 C i与任一相邻车辆 N V,刻画两车外形的圆两两之间不相交。
基于换道轨迹表达式,为换道车辆C2与原车道前车H0、目标车道前车H1、目标车道后车C1之间分别制定了换道理论最小安全距离(minimal safety space,MSS)作为间距调整阶段的末态约束,并通过在线查找map图的方式降低计算复杂度。使用理论最小安全距离能够在确保换道阶段轨迹规划存在可行解的前提下,尽量缩小目标间距,从而降低间距调整对目标车道上游交通的影响。
对于ICV与HDV间的最小安全距离,为使换道轨迹规划有解,MSS须满足:在 0 ,   t l c内任意时刻,任意满足舒适性约束的C2换道轨迹均与预测HDV轨迹无时空交集,如图5所示。
构建优化问题如式(16)式(17)所示,其最优值即为目标MSS
M S S C 2 - H 1 ( v x , a d j , C 2 , v H 1 ) =     m a x x f , C 2 ( m a x t [ 0 , t l c ] ( x C 2 ( x f , C 2 , v x , a d j , C 2 , v H 1 , t ) - v H 1 t ) ) s . t . m a x t 0 , t l c j x , C 2 x f , C 2 , v x , a d j , C 2 , v H 1 , t j x , m a x m a x t [ 0 , t l c ] a x , C 2 ( x f , C 2 , v x , a d j , C 2 , v H 1 , t ) a x , m a x
M S S C 2 - H 0 ( v x , a d j , C 2 , v H 1 , v H 0 )   =     m a x x f , C 2 ( m a x t [ 0 , t l c ] ( x C 2 ( x f , C 2 , v x , a d j , C 2 , v H 1 , t ) - v H 0 t ) ) s . t . m a x t [ 0 , t l c ] j x , C 2 ( x f , C 2 , v x , a d j , C 2 , v H 1 , t ) j x , m a x m a x t [ 0 , t l c ] a x , C 2 ( x f , C 2 , v x , a d j , C 2 , v H 1 , t ) a x , m a x
对于ICV间的最小安全距离,由于ICV间存在协同配合,MSS仅须满足:在 0 ,   t l c内任意时刻,C1、C2的可行换道轨迹中存在一组无时空交集的轨迹,如图6所示。
类似地,构建优化问题如式(18)所示,其最优值即为目标MSS
M S S C 2 - C 1 ( v x , a d j , C 1 , v x , a d j , C 2 , v H 1 )   = m i n x f , C 1 , x f , C 2 ( m a x t [ 0 , t l c ] ( x C 1 - x C 2 ) ) m a x t [ 0 , t l c ] j x , C 1 ( x f , C 1 , v x , a d j , C 1 , v H 1 , t ) j x , m a x m a x t 0 , t l c a x , C 1 x f , C 1 , v x , a d j , C 1 , v H 1 , t a x , m a x m a x t 0 , t l c j x , C 2 x f , C 2 , v x , a d j , C 2 , v H 1 , t j x , m a x m a x t [ 0 , t l c ] a x , C 2 ( x f , C 2 , v x , a d j , C 2 , v H 1 , t ) a x , m a x
由式(16)~式(18)可知,获取MSS须求解优化问题,而MSS本身又是间距调整阶段速度规划的约束条件,与决策变量   v x , a d j , C 1   v x , a d j , C 2相耦合;若在线求解两层优化问题,难以满足计算实时性要求。对此,可在一定速度区间内对式(16)~式(18)离线求解,得到上述3类MSS的map图。以 M S S C 2 - H 1为例,其map图如图7所示。
图中 x轴对应C2换道初始速度, y轴对应C2换道目标速度 v x f , C 2 = v H 1 z轴即C2与H1间的换道最小安全距离。间距调整规划过程中,可通过查找离线计算的map图快速获得MSS,确定式(8)所示末态约束,避免了过高的计算复杂度。
基于MATLAB进行模型在环仿真验证。仿真场景如图1所示。场景中H0、H1、H3为头车,基于给定速度序列行驶,为验证所提策略对HDV速度变化的适用性,头车的速度轨迹取自真实人工驾驶车辆,来源于美国NGSIM开源数据集[15];H2、H4为跟随车,基于最优速度模型[16]行驶,如式(19)~式(21)所示。
a = α V s i t - v i t + β   s ˙ i t
V s = 0 v m a x 2 ( 1 - c o s    π s - s s t s g o - s s t ) v m a x
a a m a x
式中: s g o = 20 m; s s t = 10 m; α = 0.6 β = 0.9 a m a x = 2    m / s 2。其余参数设置如表1所示。
基于3个典型工况,验证所提策略是否能为两辆ICV规划合理轨迹。典型工况参数定义如图8所示,参数设置如表2所示。
所提策略在3种典型工况下的仿真结果如图9图10所示。其中,图9为换道过程中ICV速度变化曲线,虚线标志着间距调整阶段结束;图10为换道车辆原车道、目标车道上车辆纵向位置变化曲线,其中蓝色曲线代指协同车辆C1,红色曲线代指换道车辆C2,黑色曲线代指其它HDV,虚线为ICV不进行间距调整时的纵向位置曲线。当C2中心跨越车道线时,视作进入目标车道;局部图中展示了该时刻的车辆位置。
图9可见,3种典型工况下,ICV分别采用减速调整后协同换道、加速调整后协同换道、并行协同换道的方案完成换道。由图9(a)可见:典型工况1中,C1首先通过减速调整,扩大与前车的间距;与此同时,C2采取加速调整,以减小与C1间换道最小安全距离;进入换道阶段,两辆ICV继续调速,使换道结束时两车与前车H1速度一致,实现平顺换道。由图9(b)可见,典型工况2中,由于C1与C2初始纵向距离更近,且速度高于后者,难以及时减速制造充足的换道空间。因此,C1小幅加速超过C2,同时C2加速调整,缩小与目标车道后车之间的最小安全距离,在C1后方换入完成换道。由图9(c)可见:典型工况3中,由于C1左侧换道空间充足,故采取并行协同换道方案,不进行间距调整;此时C1基本保持匀速向左侧车道换道,同时C2小幅减速避免与前车相碰,再加速换入C1原车道。
图10可见,在3种典型工况中,换道原车道和目标车道上各车辆的纵向位置曲线之间均无交叉点,且由局部图可见,换道车辆跨越车道线时各车之间能够保持一定的安全距离,验证了所提策略的换道安全性;此外,将实际位移曲线与匀速运动时相比,可见C1、C2能够在与周围车辆避碰的前提下将车辆间距、速度调整至理想换道状态,验证了策略的有效性。
综上所述,在3种典型工况中,所提策略能够根据周围车辆的分布状况,采取合适的协同方式,为两辆ICV实时规划安全无碰的换道轨迹,且能够响应HDV的速度变化。
通过对仿真工况参数的组合批量生成测试工况,整理得出所提策略在不同工况参数下的换道评价指标,进行对比分析。
为精简场景数量,在工况生成时假设:
(1)异常低速车辆H0、目标车道头车H1匀速行驶,车速差为20 km/h;
(2)目标车道上车辆初始间距、速度相同;
(3)左侧车道车流密度大,不具备换道条件。
基于上述假设,可通过表3中参数组合生成共4 000组测试工况。
选用文献[1]中提出的单阶段协同换道策略(记为OSCLC)与文献[4]中提出的采用固定目标间距的两阶段协同换道策略(记为TSCLC)作为对比方法,目标间距取为20 m。本文方法记为PCLC。
相比于单阶段协同换道策略,在生成的4 000组测试工况中:OSCLC成功换道1 050组,成功率为26.3%;PCLC成功换道3 252组,成功率为81.3%。为分析所提策略在不同类型工况下的适用性,整理不同原车道车距(original lane headway,OLH)、目标车道车距(target lane headway,TLH)工况下的仿真结果,如图11所示。
图11可见,各类工况下,PCLC的换道成功率均显著高于OSCLC。其中,OLH增大对PCLC的换道成功率提高较显著,对OSCLC影响较小。原因在于主车前车为异常低速车辆,限制了PCLC中主车的纵向调速行为;而OSCLC无间距调整阶段,对OLH的需求更小,故换道成功率基本不变。当TLH增大时,两种策略的换道成功率均提高,且OSCLC对其需求更高。原因在于,OSCLC仅可在换道阶段进行调速,协同时间受限,故在TLH不足时难以充分制造换道空间。
相比于采用固定目标间距的两阶段协同换道策略,换道成功率方面,TSCLC成功换道3 083组,换道成功率为77.1%,与PCLC的换道成功率相近。选取TSCLC、PCLC均可换道成功的2 822组工况,统计交通影响、安全性、通行效率方面相关评价指标平均值,如表4所示。
表4中: v l o s s a m i n分别为目标车道后车在整个换道过程中的最大速度损失与最大减速度,反映了换道过程对上游交通的影响;   v m e a n为换道主车、原车道前车、目标车道前后车在换道过程中的平均速度,反映了通行效率。可见,相比于固定间距策略,PCLC能够显著降低换道对目标车道上游造成的交通影响。
此外,选用换道过程中换道主车与目标车道后车的最小碰撞时间(TTC)评价换道安全性。仿真得到PCLC的最小TTC约为9.9 s,能够保障换道安全性。
综上所述,相比于单阶段协同换道策略,本文提出的协同换道策略可显著提升换道成功率,在强制换道场景下更具适用性;相比于采用固定目标间距的两阶段协同换道策略,所提策略可在保持换道成功率与安全性的条件下,显著降低换道对交通的影响。
基于北京市亦庄示范区实际应用的云平台进行了边缘云硬件在环的试验验证。试验平台结构组成如图12所示。
试验平台由边缘云平台、仿真环境与流处理平台3部分组成。边缘云平台具有多个工作进程,基于任务调度进程实现诸多云控应用间的并行处理。本文所提协同换道策略作为云控应用之一,以C++动态库形式存放在云服务器中,由上层Java程序实时调用。仿真环境模拟车辆执行云端指令的过程,并实时渲染运行结果。流处理平台基于发布-订阅模式实现边缘云平台与仿真环境间的通信与数据交互。
以单个工况为例,对所提策略的计算耗时与规划效果进行测试。测试工况中,原车道车速设为12 m/s,目标车道车速设为15 m/s,OLH为15 m,TLH为15 m,两辆ICV初始间距为25 m。车端信息上报周期为0.2 s。由于换道阶段不涉及滚动时域规划,硬件在环规划结果与模型在环结果相同,故只关注间距调整阶段的规划效果与计算耗时。所提策略在边缘云平台上运行过程中的单次计算耗时如图13所示。
可见,硬件在环试验中,所提策略单步计算耗时始终在50 ms以内,小于200 ms的规划周期,且与模型在环仿真相比,由于运行环境、平台算力等差异,硬件在环试验的单次计算耗时平均可降低约49.9%,能够保证计算实时性。
硬件在环轨迹规划结果如图14所示。
与模型在环仿真相比,由于模型在云服务器而非本地计算机上运行,且云服务器与仿真环境之间存在实际的数据收发与通信过程,车辆输入状态存在误差,导致轨迹规划结果略有不同。由图14可见,间距调整阶段中,边缘云在环时所提策略的规划结果与本地模型在环仿真相近。具体而言,硬件在环与模型在环的调整时间分别为6与6.8 s,偏差率约12%。在0~6 s的时间区间内,两辆ICV纵向位移的最大偏差为1.95、1.94 m,平均最大偏差约2.5%;速度最大偏差为0.34、0.08 m/s,平均最大偏差约1.6%。
综上所述,所提策略在实际的边缘云环境中能够满足计算实时性要求,且规划结果与仿真环境中基本一致,能够保障轨迹的实时规划效果。
面向混合交通强制换道场景,设计了两阶段协同换道方案与两阶段的轨迹规划方法,并针对现有研究目标间距设计保守的问题,基于换道轨迹表达式求解了理论最小安全距离,将其作为间距调整末态约束,并通过在线查找map图保障计算效率。通过仿真与硬件在环试验验证,得到如下结论。
(1)在3种典型工况下,所提策略可选取合适的协同方案,为两辆ICV规划安全平顺的参考轨迹,并实时响应按NGSIM数据集中实际车辆跟驰轨迹行驶的HDV状态变化,验证了策略在混合交通环境车辆强制换道场景下的有效性。
(2)与两种对比方法相比,所提策略在保障较高换道成功率与换道安全的条件下,显著降低了换道对交通造成的负面影响,验证了策略在车辆强制换道场景下的适用性与优越性。
(3)硬件在环试验结果表明,所提策略在实际边缘云平台的工作环境中能够有效运行并满足计算实时性要求,验证了策略的滚动规划方案在实时计算、通信环境下的可用性。
后续研究中,须简化问题建模,改进求解方法,提高策略的计算效率与可推广性;并进一步考虑HDV的不确定性,提升系统鲁棒性。
  • *国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB2503200)
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2024年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.002
  • 接收时间:2023-06-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-29
  • 修回日期:2023-07-28
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*国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB2503200)
作者信息
    1. 清华大学车辆与运载学院,汽车安全与节能国家重点实验室,北京 100084
    2. 中国农业大学工学院,北京 100083

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罗禹贡,研究员,博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
genus
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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