Article(id=1153780685656543553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780685195170113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687104000000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-19, revisedDate=1690387200000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753012351668, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753012351668, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753012351668, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753012351668, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153780685195170113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='187', pageEnd='374', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753012351559, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753058330907, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1153973536604541183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780685195170113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1153973536604541184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780685195170113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=187, endPage=200, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153780686008865090, articleId=1153780685656543553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Current Status and Trend of Automotive Safety Procedures/Programs, columnId=1149809888211198868, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Feature Topic:Key Technologies on Intelligent and Connected Vehicles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the process of electrification and intellectualization of the automobile industry,the automotive safety testing and evaluation technology has also been extended and expanded from simple passive safety to active and passive safety integration. In this paper,the differences between the world's mainstream automotive safety assessment procedures are compared and analyzed from three aspects: occupant protection in the vehicle,vulnerable road user protection outside the vehicle,and active safety. The key technical points of vehicle safety development for each evaluation condition are summarized and the development trend of safety evaluation procedures for new energy and intelligent networked vehicles is discussed. The research concludes that the mainstream automotive safety evaluation procedures are becoming more and more stringent in passive safety evaluation,with the proportion of active safety evaluation conditions gradually increasing,and the development focus of the future evaluation procedures will focus on the integration of active and passive safety and virtual evaluation for complex working conditions. In addition,the battery safety test for new energy vehicles has been relatively perfect,and the future research focus can be expanded to the direction of electronic control system testing,chassis stability testing,and unified standardization certification of charging and swapping facilities and supporting equipment. In the medium and long term,the construction of reasonable and reliable evaluation methods such as OTA (over the air) testing of intelligent networked vehicles and HMI (human machine interface) safety and comfort will become a major difficulty concerned by the industry,and a composite evaluation system combining the virtual and reality can be built with the help of tools such as autonomous driving simulators.

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在汽车产业电动化和智能化进程中,汽车安全测试评价技术也从单纯被动安全向主被动安全融合方向延伸和扩展。本文从车内乘员保护、车外弱势道路使用者保护与主动安全三方面,深入对比分析了全球主流汽车安全测评规程的差异,总结了针对各测评工况的车辆安全开发技术要点,探讨了新能源与智能网联汽车安全测评规程的发展趋势。研究认为,主流汽车安全测评规程在被动安全评价方面越来越严格,主动安全测评工况比重在逐步增加,未来测评规程的发展重心将集中于主被动安全融合及针对复杂工况的虚拟测评两方面。此外,针对新能源汽车的电池安全测试已相对完善,未来研究重点可向电控系统测试、底盘稳定性测试和充换电设施与配套设备统一标准化认证等方向拓展;而构建合理、可靠的智能网联汽车OTA(over the air)测试、HMI(human machine interface)安全性和舒适性等测评方法,在中长期内将成为行业关注的重难点问题,且可借助自动驾驶模拟器等工具搭建虚实结合的复合测评体系。

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王丹琦,讲师,工学博士,E-mail:
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C-ICAP中国智能网联汽车技术规程(1.0版)正式发布[EB/OL].[2022-12-30]. https://www.c-ncap.org.cn/article detail/1608635654437126146?type=2., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173212273448464723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=108, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAIC Center. C-ICAP China intelligent connected vehicle technical regulations (version 1.0) officially released[EB/OL].[2022-12-30].https://www.c-ncap.org.cn/article detail/160863565443 7126146?type=2., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173212273561710933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[65], rfOrder=109, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HE K X,CHANG Y W,HAN Y Y,et al. Research on cyber security technology and test method of OTA for intelligent connected vehicle[C]. 2020 International Conference on Big Data,Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things Engineering (ICBAIE). 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Proceedings of the 2021 1st International Conference on Control and Intelligent Robotics,2021: 736-739., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173212273721094489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[67], rfOrder=111, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩嘉懿,赵健,朱冰.面向智能汽车人机协同转向控制的强化学习变阻抗人机交互方法[J].机械工程学报,2022,58(18):141-149., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173212273796591963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[67], rfOrder=112, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN J Y,ZHAO J,ZHU B. Variable impedance human-computer interaction based on reinforcement learning for intelligent vehicle collaborative steering control[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2022,58(18): 141-149., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173212273872089437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[68], rfOrder=113, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱宇,赵祥模,李春银,等. 面向自动驾驶虚实结合测试的虚实交互系统设计与验证[C]. 中国科学技术协会,交通运输部,中国工程院,湖北省人民政府.2022世界交通运输大会(WTC2022)论文集(运输规划与交叉学科篇).人民交通出版社股份有限公司,2022:910-918., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173212273935003999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[68], rfOrder=114, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU Y,ZHAO X M,LI C Y,et al. Design and verification of virtual-real interaction system for virtual and real combined testing of autonomous driving[C]. China Association for Science and Technology,Ministry of Transport,Chinese Academy of Engineering,Hubei Provincial People's Government.2022 World Transportation Conference (WTC2022) Proceedings (Transportation Planning and Interdisciplinarity). People's Communications Press Co.,Ltd.,2022: 910-918., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173212273997918561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[69], rfOrder=115, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHI P,ZHAO R,ZHOU H R,et al. Analysis on the development status of intelligent and connected vehicle test site[J]. Intelligent and Converged Networks,2021,2(4): 320-333., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173212274085998947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[70], rfOrder=116, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG X Y,ZANG L G,WANG Z,et al. Study on the stability control of vehicle tire blowout based on run-flat tire[J]. World Electric Vehicle Journal,2021,12(3): 128., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1173212264925638806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, awardId=52325211, language=CN, fundingSource=*国家杰出青年科学基金(52325211), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1173212264992747671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, awardId=52172399, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52172399), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1173212265085022360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, awardId=21A0193, language=CN, fundingSource=湖南省教育厅科学研究项目(21A0193), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1173212265152131225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, awardId=KQ2208235, language=CN, fundingSource=长沙市自然科学基金(KQ2208235), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1173212260597117005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1173212260601311310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, companyId=1173212260597117005, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Changsha University of Science and Technology,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Safety Design and Reliability Technology for Engineering Vehicle,Changsha 410114), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1173212260681003090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, companyId=1173212260668420176, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 长沙理工大学,工程车辆轻量化与可靠性技术湖南省重点实验室,长沙 410114)]), AuthorCompany(id=1173212260731334739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1173212260739723348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, companyId=1173212260731334739, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering,Hunan University,Changsha 410082), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1173212260748111957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, companyId=1173212260731334739, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. 湖南大学机械与运载工程学院,长沙 410082)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1173212262887207040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1d27/g5lMvJA0ELtd/t7Bg==, figureFileBig=DP1dfHO3oMQna6c+kowNcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173212262996258945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=CN, label=图1, caption=全球汽车安全评价规程重要事件节点图, figureFileSmall=1d27/g5lMvJA0ELtd/t7Bg==, figureFileBig=DP1dfHO3oMQna6c+kowNcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173212263080145026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vmYr52JTt8qY5+97VOMsnA==, figureFileBig=JnwJPwbeHdisd10VBfWPJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173212263176614019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=CN, label=图2, caption=C-NCAP(左)和E-NCAP(右)100%正面碰撞试验工况, figureFileSmall=vmYr52JTt8qY5+97VOMsnA==, figureFileBig=JnwJPwbeHdisd10VBfWPJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173212263247917188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Mv8WqJQwcX7jSYewF3RFYQ==, figureFileBig=0EVrAqK7iYNpxx4Q9Z1mZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173212263344386181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=CN, label=图3, caption=E-NCAP(左)和C-NCAP(右)侧面柱碰撞试验示意图, figureFileSmall=Mv8WqJQwcX7jSYewF3RFYQ==, figureFileBig=0EVrAqK7iYNpxx4Q9Z1mZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173212263428272262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=H7Eaz2aJ14J5WT1a6W1W+g==, figureFileBig=Fg0DBp/2rfoxUug3qlLSKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173212263549907079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=CN, label=图4, caption=C-NCAP行人保护试验, figureFileSmall=H7Eaz2aJ14J5WT1a6W1W+g==, figureFileBig=Fg0DBp/2rfoxUug3qlLSKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173212263608627336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NCAP C-NCAP(2021) C-IASI(2020) E-NCAP(2023) US-NCAP(2021)

总体

评价

C-NCAP按照乘员保护、行人保护和主动安全3个部分的得分以6∶1.5∶2.5来进行星级评价。 分别开展耐撞性与维修经济性、车内乘员安全、车外行人保护、辅助安全4项指数的测试和评价。 成人保护、儿童保护、弱势道路使用者与安全辅助得分以2∶1∶1∶1权重得出总分数对应不同星级。 正面碰撞试验得分、侧面碰撞试验得分、翻滚试验得分以5∶4∶3权重计算整车安全得分。
), ArticleFig(id=1173212263717679241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主流汽车安全评价体系总体星级评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NCAP C-NCAP(2021) C-IASI(2020) E-NCAP(2023) US-NCAP(2021)

总体

评价

C-NCAP按照乘员保护、行人保护和主动安全3个部分的得分以6∶1.5∶2.5来进行星级评价。 分别开展耐撞性与维修经济性、车内乘员安全、车外行人保护、辅助安全4项指数的测试和评价。 成人保护、儿童保护、弱势道路使用者与安全辅助得分以2∶1∶1∶1权重得出总分数对应不同星级。 正面碰撞试验得分、侧面碰撞试验得分、翻滚试验得分以5∶4∶3权重计算整车安全得分。
), ArticleFig(id=1173212263788982410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
偏置碰撞 C-NCAP (2021) C-IASI (2020) E-NCAP (2023) US-NCAP (2021)
碰撞形式示意图
试验工况

正面50%偏置碰撞

MPDB

正面25%偏置碰撞

SOB

正面50%偏置碰撞

MPDB

正面35%斜角碰撞

OMDB

假人选用

驾驶员THOR 50 t h

副驾Hybrid III 5 t h

后排Hybrid III 5 t h

Q10儿童假人

驾驶员Hybrid III 50 t h

后排左侧Hybrid III 5 t h

驾驶员THOR 50 t h

副驾Hybrid III 50 t h

后排儿童假人Q10、Q6

驾驶员THOR 50 t h

副驾THOR 50 t h

假人测点(驾驶员) THOR 50 t h:头、颈、胸、腹、骨盆、膝盖、大腿、小腿、脚部和脚踝 Hybrid III 50 t h:头部和颈部、胸部、大腿和髋部、小腿和脚部 THOR 50 t h: 头、颈、腹、胸、骨盆、膝盖、大腿、小腿和脚部 工况尚未正式引入测试

碰撞速度/

(km·h-1

50 64 50 90
评价方法 对假人各部位受伤情况进行考核评价并有兼容性评价 从约束系统和假人运动、假人伤害、车辆结构3个方面进行评价 对假人各部位受伤情况进行考核评价并有兼容性评价 驾乘人员单独评价,取二者平均值之和做评价结果(100%重叠正面碰撞)
), ArticleFig(id=1173212263877062795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

典型汽车安全评价规程正面碰撞测试条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
偏置碰撞 C-NCAP (2021) C-IASI (2020) E-NCAP (2023) US-NCAP (2021)
碰撞形式示意图
试验工况

正面50%偏置碰撞

MPDB

正面25%偏置碰撞

SOB

正面50%偏置碰撞

MPDB

正面35%斜角碰撞

OMDB

假人选用

驾驶员THOR 50 t h

副驾Hybrid III 5 t h

后排Hybrid III 5 t h

Q10儿童假人

驾驶员Hybrid III 50 t h

后排左侧Hybrid III 5 t h

驾驶员THOR 50 t h

副驾Hybrid III 50 t h

后排儿童假人Q10、Q6

驾驶员THOR 50 t h

副驾THOR 50 t h

假人测点(驾驶员) THOR 50 t h:头、颈、胸、腹、骨盆、膝盖、大腿、小腿、脚部和脚踝 Hybrid III 50 t h:头部和颈部、胸部、大腿和髋部、小腿和脚部 THOR 50 t h: 头、颈、腹、胸、骨盆、膝盖、大腿、小腿和脚部 工况尚未正式引入测试

碰撞速度/

(km·h-1

50 64 50 90
评价方法 对假人各部位受伤情况进行考核评价并有兼容性评价 从约束系统和假人运动、假人伤害、车辆结构3个方面进行评价 对假人各部位受伤情况进行考核评价并有兼容性评价 驾乘人员单独评价,取二者平均值之和做评价结果(100%重叠正面碰撞)
), ArticleFig(id=1173212263965143180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
侧面碰撞 C-NCAP(2021) C-IASI(2020) E-NCAP(2023) US-NCAP(2021)

碰撞形式

示意图

试验工况

1.可移动变形壁障侧碰撞

2.侧面柱碰撞

可移动变形壁障侧碰撞

1.可移动变形壁障侧碰撞

2.侧面柱碰撞

1.可移动变形壁障侧碰撞

2.侧面柱碰撞

碰撞角度

1.90°(侧面碰撞)

2.75°(侧面柱碰撞)

90°(侧面碰撞)

1.90°(侧面碰撞)

2.75°(侧面柱碰撞)

1.90°、27°(侧面碰撞)

2.75°(侧面柱碰撞)

碰撞速度/

(km·h-1

1. 50

2. 32

50

1. 60

2. 32

1. 55、62

2. 32

假人选用

1.驾驶员 World-SID 50 t h

副驾ES-2,后排左侧

SID-IIs(D版)

2.驾驶员World-SID 50 t h

驾驶员侧SID-IIs(D版),

后排左侧SID-IIs型(D版)

1.驾驶员World-SID 50 t h,后排儿童假人Q10,Q6

2.前排World-SID 50 t h

(双乘员试验使用2个)

1.驾驶员ES-2 re,

后排SID-IIs(D版)

2.驾驶员侧SID-IIs(D版)

假人测点

(驾驶员)

World-SID 50 t h:头、胸、腹、骨盆 SID-IIs:头部和颈部、躯干、骨盆和腿部 World-SID 50 t h :头、胸、腹、骨盆 ES-2 re:头、胸、腹、骨盆
壁障质量/kg 1 400 1 500 1 400 1 368
), ArticleFig(id=1173212264044834957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

典型汽车安全测评规程中的侧面碰撞测试工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
侧面碰撞 C-NCAP(2021) C-IASI(2020) E-NCAP(2023) US-NCAP(2021)

碰撞形式

示意图

试验工况

1.可移动变形壁障侧碰撞

2.侧面柱碰撞

可移动变形壁障侧碰撞

1.可移动变形壁障侧碰撞

2.侧面柱碰撞

1.可移动变形壁障侧碰撞

2.侧面柱碰撞

碰撞角度

1.90°(侧面碰撞)

2.75°(侧面柱碰撞)

90°(侧面碰撞)

1.90°(侧面碰撞)

2.75°(侧面柱碰撞)

1.90°、27°(侧面碰撞)

2.75°(侧面柱碰撞)

碰撞速度/

(km·h-1

1. 50

2. 32

50

1. 60

2. 32

1. 55、62

2. 32

假人选用

1.驾驶员 World-SID 50 t h

副驾ES-2,后排左侧

SID-IIs(D版)

2.驾驶员World-SID 50 t h

驾驶员侧SID-IIs(D版),

后排左侧SID-IIs型(D版)

1.驾驶员World-SID 50 t h,后排儿童假人Q10,Q6

2.前排World-SID 50 t h

(双乘员试验使用2个)

1.驾驶员ES-2 re,

后排SID-IIs(D版)

2.驾驶员侧SID-IIs(D版)

假人测点

(驾驶员)

World-SID 50 t h:头、胸、腹、骨盆 SID-IIs:头部和颈部、躯干、骨盆和腿部 World-SID 50 t h :头、胸、腹、骨盆 ES-2 re:头、胸、腹、骨盆
壁障质量/kg 1 400 1 500 1 400 1 368
), ArticleFig(id=1173212264149692558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NCAP C-NCAP(2021) E-NCAP(2023)
试验工况 MPDB/FRB MPDB/AE-MDB
假人测点 Q10/Q3:头、颈、胸 Q6/Q10:头、颈、胸
儿童约束系统评价 碰撞过程中若出现安全带解锁、ISOFIX固定点断裂、内置式儿童约束部件脱落,则该试验假人得分为0,在达到最大位移前,若安全带勒脖子或滑落肩部以下,罚1分 若碰撞过程中出现假人肩带滑落、骨盆脱离坐垫、约束系统出现移位、安全带系统出现裂痕和断裂、固定约束系统的部件出现裂痕和断裂得分为0,到最大位移前肩带滑入锁骨和大臂缝隙之间,罚4分
), ArticleFig(id=1173212264241967247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

C-NCAP和E-NCAP儿童保护的评价方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NCAP C-NCAP(2021) E-NCAP(2023)
试验工况 MPDB/FRB MPDB/AE-MDB
假人测点 Q10/Q3:头、颈、胸 Q6/Q10:头、颈、胸
儿童约束系统评价 碰撞过程中若出现安全带解锁、ISOFIX固定点断裂、内置式儿童约束部件脱落,则该试验假人得分为0,在达到最大位移前,若安全带勒脖子或滑落肩部以下,罚1分 若碰撞过程中出现假人肩带滑落、骨盆脱离坐垫、约束系统出现移位、安全带系统出现裂痕和断裂、固定约束系统的部件出现裂痕和断裂得分为0,到最大位移前肩带滑入锁骨和大臂缝隙之间,罚4分
), ArticleFig(id=1173212264309076112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验项目 C-NCAP(2021) C-IASI(2020) E-NCAP(2023) J-NCAP(2021)
行人保护

aPLI

头部冲击器

行人保护AEB

Flex PLI

大腿冲击器

头部冲击器

自行车保护AEB

aPLI

头部冲击器

弱势道路使用者AEB

弱势道路使用者AES

逆向行人AEB

Flex PLI

头部冲击器

行人保护AEB

自行车保护AEB

), ArticleFig(id=1173212264363602065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

典型汽车安全评价体系VRU保护试验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验项目 C-NCAP(2021) C-IASI(2020) E-NCAP(2023) J-NCAP(2021)
行人保护

aPLI

头部冲击器

行人保护AEB

Flex PLI

大腿冲击器

头部冲击器

自行车保护AEB

aPLI

头部冲击器

弱势道路使用者AEB

弱势道路使用者AES

逆向行人AEB

Flex PLI

头部冲击器

行人保护AEB

自行车保护AEB

), ArticleFig(id=1173212264489431186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试项目 C-NCAP(2021) E-NCAP(2023)
AEB车对车 CCRs(接近静止车辆) AEB

20-40 km/h

碰撞位置-50%-50%

10-50 km/h

碰撞位置-50%-50%

CCRs(接近静止车辆) FCW

50-80 km/h

碰撞位置-50%-50%

55-80 km/h

碰撞位置-50%-50%

CCRm(接近慢速行驶车辆) AEB

30-50 km/h

碰撞位置-50%-50%

30-80 km/h

碰撞位置-50%-50%

CCRm(接近慢速行驶车辆) FCW

60-80 km/h

碰撞位置-50%-50%

AEB二轮车 CBNA AEB

20-60 km/h

碰撞位置50%,目标15 km/h

10-60 km/h

碰撞位置50%,目标10-15 km/h

CSFA/CBFA AEB

30-60 km/h

碰撞位置50%,目标20 km/h

10-60 km/h

碰撞位置50%,目标20 km/h

CBLA AEB

20-60 km/h

碰撞位置50%,目标15 km/h

25-60 km/h

碰撞位置50%,目标15 km/h

CBLA FCW

50-80 km/h

碰撞位置25%,目标15 km/h

50-80 km/h

碰撞位置25%,目标20 km/h

AEB行人 CPNA AEB

20-60 km/h

碰撞位置25%、50%,目标5 km/h

10-60 km/h

碰撞位置25%、75%,目标5 km/h

CPFA AEB

20-60 km/h

碰撞位置25%、75%,目标6.5 km/h

10-60 km/h

碰撞位置50%,目标8 km/h

CPLA AEB

20-60 km/h

碰撞位置25%、50%,目标5 km/h

20-60 km/h

碰撞位置50%,目标5 km/h

CPLA FCW

50-80 km/h

碰撞位置25%,目标5 km/h

50-80 km/h

碰撞位置25%,目标5 km/h

), ArticleFig(id=1173212264569122963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

2021版C-NCAP与2023版E-NCAP AEB测试对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试项目 C-NCAP(2021) E-NCAP(2023)
AEB车对车 CCRs(接近静止车辆) AEB

20-40 km/h

碰撞位置-50%-50%

10-50 km/h

碰撞位置-50%-50%

CCRs(接近静止车辆) FCW

50-80 km/h

碰撞位置-50%-50%

55-80 km/h

碰撞位置-50%-50%

CCRm(接近慢速行驶车辆) AEB

30-50 km/h

碰撞位置-50%-50%

30-80 km/h

碰撞位置-50%-50%

CCRm(接近慢速行驶车辆) FCW

60-80 km/h

碰撞位置-50%-50%

AEB二轮车 CBNA AEB

20-60 km/h

碰撞位置50%,目标15 km/h

10-60 km/h

碰撞位置50%,目标10-15 km/h

CSFA/CBFA AEB

30-60 km/h

碰撞位置50%,目标20 km/h

10-60 km/h

碰撞位置50%,目标20 km/h

CBLA AEB

20-60 km/h

碰撞位置50%,目标15 km/h

25-60 km/h

碰撞位置50%,目标15 km/h

CBLA FCW

50-80 km/h

碰撞位置25%,目标15 km/h

50-80 km/h

碰撞位置25%,目标20 km/h

AEB行人 CPNA AEB

20-60 km/h

碰撞位置25%、50%,目标5 km/h

10-60 km/h

碰撞位置25%、75%,目标5 km/h

CPFA AEB

20-60 km/h

碰撞位置25%、75%,目标6.5 km/h

10-60 km/h

碰撞位置50%,目标8 km/h

CPLA AEB

20-60 km/h

碰撞位置25%、50%,目标5 km/h

20-60 km/h

碰撞位置50%,目标5 km/h

CPLA FCW

50-80 km/h

碰撞位置25%,目标5 km/h

50-80 km/h

碰撞位置25%,目标5 km/h

), ArticleFig(id=1173212264720117908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试项目 LDW LKA BSD SAS
全称

Lane Departure Warning

车道偏离预警

Lane Keeping Assist

车道保持辅助

Blind-Spot Detection

盲点监测

Speed Assist System

速度辅助系统

C-NCAP(2021)

试验标准

车速80 km/h 向左向右以0.6、0.7 m/s偏离实线 车速80 km/h 虚实线左右侧以0.2-0.5 m/s偏离 测试车和目标车都是50 km/h,并道接近用60-70 km/h超越试验车辆 测试车对40和60 km/h限速标识牌进行识别并报警

E-NCAP(2023)

试验标准

车辆以虚实线左右侧以0.6-1.0 m/s偏离 车辆以虚实线左右侧以0.2-0.6 m/s偏离 试验车辆72 km/h,目标车辆以80 km/h超越试验车辆 准确识别限速标识牌、道路特征和局部危险并发出警告或采取措施
), ArticleFig(id=1173212264799809685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780685656543553, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

2021版C-NCAP和2023版E-NCAP辅助驾驶测试项目

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试项目 LDW LKA BSD SAS
全称

Lane Departure Warning

车道偏离预警

Lane Keeping Assist

车道保持辅助

Blind-Spot Detection

盲点监测

Speed Assist System

速度辅助系统

C-NCAP(2021)

试验标准

车速80 km/h 向左向右以0.6、0.7 m/s偏离实线 车速80 km/h 虚实线左右侧以0.2-0.5 m/s偏离 测试车和目标车都是50 km/h,并道接近用60-70 km/h超越试验车辆 测试车对40和60 km/h限速标识牌进行识别并报警

E-NCAP(2023)

试验标准

车辆以虚实线左右侧以0.6-1.0 m/s偏离 车辆以虚实线左右侧以0.2-0.6 m/s偏离 试验车辆72 km/h,目标车辆以80 km/h超越试验车辆 准确识别限速标识牌、道路特征和局部危险并发出警告或采取措施
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汽车安全性测评规程现状及趋势展望*
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胡林 1, 2 , 谷子逸 1 , 王丹琦 1, 2 , 王方 1, 2 , 邹铁方 1, 2 , 黄晶 3
汽车工程 | 专题:汽车智能化关键技术 2024,46(2): 187-200
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汽车工程 | 专题:汽车智能化关键技术 2024, 46(2): 187-200
汽车安全性测评规程现状及趋势展望*
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胡林1, 2, 谷子逸1, 王丹琦1, 2 , 王方1, 2, 邹铁方1, 2, 黄晶3
作者信息
  • 1. 长沙理工大学汽车与机械工程学院,长沙 410114
  • 2. 长沙理工大学,工程车辆轻量化与可靠性技术湖南省重点实验室,长沙 410114
  • 3. 湖南大学机械与运载工程学院,长沙 410082

通讯作者:

王丹琦,讲师,工学博士,E-mail:
Current Status and Trend of Automotive Safety Procedures/Programs
Lin Hu1, 2, Ziyi Gu1, Danqi Wang1, 2 , Fang Wang1, 2, Tiefang Zou1, 2, Jing Huang3
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering,Changsha University of Science and Technology,Changsha 410114
  • 2. Changsha University of Science and Technology,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Safety Design and Reliability Technology for Engineering Vehicle,Changsha 410114
  • 3. School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering,Hunan University,Changsha 410082
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.001
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在汽车产业电动化和智能化进程中,汽车安全测试评价技术也从单纯被动安全向主被动安全融合方向延伸和扩展。本文从车内乘员保护、车外弱势道路使用者保护与主动安全三方面,深入对比分析了全球主流汽车安全测评规程的差异,总结了针对各测评工况的车辆安全开发技术要点,探讨了新能源与智能网联汽车安全测评规程的发展趋势。研究认为,主流汽车安全测评规程在被动安全评价方面越来越严格,主动安全测评工况比重在逐步增加,未来测评规程的发展重心将集中于主被动安全融合及针对复杂工况的虚拟测评两方面。此外,针对新能源汽车的电池安全测试已相对完善,未来研究重点可向电控系统测试、底盘稳定性测试和充换电设施与配套设备统一标准化认证等方向拓展;而构建合理、可靠的智能网联汽车OTA(over the air)测试、HMI(human machine interface)安全性和舒适性等测评方法,在中长期内将成为行业关注的重难点问题,且可借助自动驾驶模拟器等工具搭建虚实结合的复合测评体系。

汽车安全测评  /  主被动安全  /  新能源汽车  /  智能网联汽车

In the process of electrification and intellectualization of the automobile industry,the automotive safety testing and evaluation technology has also been extended and expanded from simple passive safety to active and passive safety integration. In this paper,the differences between the world's mainstream automotive safety assessment procedures are compared and analyzed from three aspects: occupant protection in the vehicle,vulnerable road user protection outside the vehicle,and active safety. The key technical points of vehicle safety development for each evaluation condition are summarized and the development trend of safety evaluation procedures for new energy and intelligent networked vehicles is discussed. The research concludes that the mainstream automotive safety evaluation procedures are becoming more and more stringent in passive safety evaluation,with the proportion of active safety evaluation conditions gradually increasing,and the development focus of the future evaluation procedures will focus on the integration of active and passive safety and virtual evaluation for complex working conditions. In addition,the battery safety test for new energy vehicles has been relatively perfect,and the future research focus can be expanded to the direction of electronic control system testing,chassis stability testing,and unified standardization certification of charging and swapping facilities and supporting equipment. In the medium and long term,the construction of reasonable and reliable evaluation methods such as OTA (over the air) testing of intelligent networked vehicles and HMI (human machine interface) safety and comfort will become a major difficulty concerned by the industry,and a composite evaluation system combining the virtual and reality can be built with the help of tools such as autonomous driving simulators.

automotive safety assessment  /  active and passive safety  /  new energy vehicles  /  intelligent connected cars
胡林, 谷子逸, 王丹琦, 王方, 邹铁方, 黄晶. 汽车安全性测评规程现状及趋势展望*. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (2) : 187 -200 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.001
Lin Hu, Ziyi Gu, Danqi Wang, Fang Wang, Tiefang Zou, Jing Huang. Current Status and Trend of Automotive Safety Procedures/Programs[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (2) : 187 -200 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.001
世界卫生组织报告显示,每年全球因道路交通事故死亡人数高达135万,造成经济损失约为5 180亿美元[1]。汽车作为道路交通事故的主要参与者,安全性是车辆设计的重要指标。为测试车辆安全性能,降低道路交通事故伤害,世界各国依据本区域道路交通事故特征及汽车行业的生产和设计现状,开发制定了符合各国道路交通事故和车辆特征的强制性法规,如欧洲ECE(economic commission for Europe)和美国FMVSS(federal motor vehicle safe standard)法规等。
然而,各汽车安全法规仅表征在本区域销售的汽车须满足的最低安全要求,为鼓励汽车产业进一步提升汽车安全技术水平,并为消费者提供更权威和可信的汽车安全信息,部分国家和地区在法规之外相继推出了新车安全评价规程NCAP(new car assessment program)来综合评估汽车的安全性能。除NCAP以外,还有一类由各国保险机构推出的测试评价体系。与具有强制性的汽车安全法规不同,NCAP和其他第三方规程评价结果会对社会大众公布,以期在车辆安全性设计方面起到很好的监督和引导作用。同时,NCAP因其严苛、全面而受到业界的广泛关注,而其向社会提供透明公正的汽车安全性能信息的方式,也使其成为消费者购买汽车的重要参考指标。
据国家统计局发布的数据,我国每年道路交通事故数从2002年的近77万次降低至2022年的近20万次,每万辆车对应交通事故伤亡人数亦呈显著下降趋势[2]。车辆在道路交通事故中所展现的安全性显著提高,离不开各类汽车安全测评法规和规程的指导和监督。本文中将重点讨论主流汽车安全测评法规和规程的测试工况及评价体系,对比分析传统燃油车在乘员保护、弱势道路使用者保护、主动安全等方面的测试方法和评价指标,并对未来汽车安全测评,尤其是新能源和智能网联汽车的安全测评发展趋势做了展望。
US-NCAP最早由美国高速公路交通安全管理局(NHTSA)于1978年提出,并将测评数据公布给消费者作为参考。1997年,欧盟联合行业内高水平学者和工程师创立了欧洲新车安全评价规程(E-NCAP),根据车型销量选择市面上在售车型进行碰撞测试和评价。在E-NCAP推出后,韩国、澳大利亚和拉丁美洲等参考其测试项目推出了具有自己特色的NCAP。
C-NCAP由中国汽车技术研究中心于2006年3月2日成立,现如今也是主流的NCAP之一。
另外一类测评规程与车辆保险挂钩,以1995年推出的美国公路安全保险协会(IIHS)和2017年发布的中国保险汽车安全指数(C-IASI)为代表,其主要服务于保险公司,为其定保提供依据,降低赔付风险;同时,为使保险公司利益最大化,其测评工况和指标都与NCAP有所差异。图1为全球汽车安全评价规程的重要事件节点图[3-6]
随着汽车安全技术的不断进步,测试标准和条件也变得越来越严格,各国汽车安全测试都有不小的更新。本节选取了目前较为知名的汽车安全评价体系,从乘员保护、弱势道路使用者保护以及主动安全3个方面介绍其典型测试工况,分析不同评价体系差异的原因,总结提高汽车在不同测试规程中评价成绩的主要措施,并对测试项目未来的变化趋势进行总结与展望。
乘员保护是汽车安全测评的重要考查项目,是汽车安全评价体系中比重最大的项目,也是目前测试中最为成熟的部分。乘员保护一般包括正面碰撞、侧面碰撞、鞭打试验和翻滚试验等。表1为全球主流汽车安全测评体系的总体评价规则[3-6],根据自身道路交通情况对试验项目和指标有所调整。
随着辅助驾驶技术不断发展,高端SUV和高端轿车已经逐步开始配备L2级别的驾驶辅助系统,并正在经历从L2迈向L3/L4自动驾驶阶段[7]。目前的汽车安全测评体系方案已经实行了数年,与飞速发展的汽车技术相比,特别是主动安全方面,逐步开始出现一些显著的局限。随着主动安全技术愈发成熟,配备主动安全配置的汽车也逐渐增多,NCAP等测评规程对主动安全的考查也愈发重视。C-NCAP 2021版将主动安全测试项目的权重由之前的15%增加到25%。E-NCAP将在2026版规程中将评级框架更新为安全驾驶、碰撞前避免、碰撞中保护、碰撞后安全4个部分[8]。这种评级系统不再强调主动安全和被动安全,而是关注从避免碰撞到缓解碰撞再到碰撞善后全过程中,对乘员和车外人员的全方位保护,也更符合汽车安全技术主被动一体化的发展趋势。
正面碰撞试验一般分为100%重叠正面碰撞和偏置碰撞两类。表2为典型汽车安全测评体系中的正面碰撞测试工况[3-6]。100%重叠正面碰撞是模拟车辆与正面刚性壁障FRB(frontal rigid barrier)发生碰撞的工况,这项测试的目的在于评估汽车在发生中等强度的碰撞时,车内约束系统及气囊是否能够及时、恰当地对驾驶员和乘员进行保护,是企业在进行汽车前端结构性能设计和乘员约束系统匹配时的首要试验工况。由于在真实交通事故中两车全宽碰撞事故的发生概率小于偏置碰撞的发生概率,所以以保险数据为基础的C-IASI评价体系中没有采用该项目[9]图2为C-NCAP和E-NCAP100%正面碰撞试验工况图[4],未来E-NCAP将会在副驾驶位增加Hybrid Ⅲ假人。
小偏置壁障SOB(small overlap barrier)碰撞由美国IIHS推出,用于模拟更为极端的车和车、车和树或车和电线杆等物体发生小重叠率碰撞的事故场景[9]。中国保险汽车安全指数(C-IASI)在充分研究IIHS中SOB工况的基础上,在初版规程中引入了该工况并在后排左侧增加了Hybrid III 5th假人,并计划在2023新的版本中新增乘员侧25%偏置碰撞。在车辆与壁障重叠率为25%的情况下,车体前端的主要吸能结构(吸能盒、前纵梁)在碰撞过程中基本与壁障擦肩而过,吸能作用有限,因此需要车企提出新的思路解决碰撞能量吸收问题,如连接车身上边梁与吸能盒改变碰撞力传递路径、底盘件链接失效、车轮扭转或脱离等设计方案[10]
2018年,E-NCAP 首次发布了正面50%重叠移动渐进变形壁障MPDB(mobile progressive deformable barrier)碰撞测试评价规程,相较于传统的正面偏置碰撞试验,MPDB 试验考查更全面,实验条件也更严格,该测评方法综合考量了碰撞双方车辆的质量、前舱框架设计、车身结构强度及碰撞吸能特性等对车辆安全性能的综合影响,对车辆的安全性和兼容性设计均提出较高要求,在发布之初就引起行业广泛重视[11]
OMDB(oblique offset moving deformable barrier)斜角碰撞是US-NCAP后续计划使用的正碰工况,用来考量安全气囊在假人不戴安全带的情况下的保护能力。OMDB与传统的正碰工况在考查形式、碰撞速度和假人伤害指标等方面有较大区别,研究发现在斜角碰撞中,碰撞速度是影响驾驶员和乘员损伤程度的最重要因素,其中远端乘员的损伤与撞击角度相关性也很高[12]
假人方面,C-IASI和J-NCAP在正面碰撞中使用的是已经有40多年发展历史的Hybrid Ⅲ假人,而C-NCAP和E-NCAP中,驾驶员已经采用新一代正面碰撞测试THOR(test device for human occupant restraint)男性假人。THOR假人与Hybrid Ⅲ假人在颈部剪切力 F X、颈部弯矩 M Y、小腿损伤风险等损伤指标评价上具有显著差异,且THOR假人传感器数量更多,可以采集碰撞响应数据的部位更多(如Hybrid Ⅲ假人的腹部没有传感器,而THOR假人采用两个IR-TRACC传感器测量腹部压缩量),生物逼真度更高,但价格比较昂贵,一般是普通假人的10倍左右[13]。THOR假人在NCAP上的应用也表明,NCAP在乘员损伤评价方面越来越严格,测试技术愈发成熟,也体现出业界在还原/模拟真实事故中乘员伤害付出的不懈努力。
E-NCAP和C-NCAP在逐渐推进模拟车对车正面碰撞事故的MPDB试验工况,MPDB碰撞试验的出现,反映了未来车辆设计的趋势,即车辆安全设计应不局限于保护车内乘员安全,这不仅会给对方车辆乘员造成潜在伤害,还会给事故后营救增加难度。另外,C-NCAP可能会在2024的版本中参考US-NCAP,将FRB和MPDB两种正碰工况车速提高到56 km/h[14]。依据车辆碰撞动力学理论计算结果,车辆碰撞速度提升6 km/h将会增加1/4的碰撞能量,这对汽车前端吸能结构和乘员约束系统设计来说都是新的挑战。因此,如何兼顾车辆安全性和轻量化设计,将成为车企重点关注的问题。
汽车侧面碰撞是最常见的一种碰撞工况,在汽车碰撞事故总数中占比超过40%[15]。目前主流的侧面碰撞试验主要有可移动变形壁障碰撞和侧面柱碰撞。
可移动变形壁障MDB(mobile deformable barrier)碰撞是模拟十字路口车-车侧面碰撞事故的试验工况。E-NCAP在2015年引入该工况,壁障车以50/60 km/h的速度撞击驾驶员侧B柱位置。对比之下,C-NCAP在2021版采用与其不同的、左右侧随机选择的方式撞击车辆侧面,也增加了假人损伤评价指标。由于两地区的政策差别,C-NCAP和E-NCAP的AE-MDB(advanced european mobile deformable barrier)测试中的台车车速、壁障离地间隙还有假人的使用都有区别。据最新的官方信息,C-NCAP将会在即将实施的2024版中采用新的侧碰壁障,碰撞速度从50 km/h提升到60 km/h[14]。类似地,C-IASI也将采用全新的侧面碰撞壁障AC-MDB(advanced Chinese mobile deformable barrier)[16]
侧面柱碰撞试验模拟的是车辆在行程中与电线杆、大树等刚度巨大且接触面较小的障碍物发生碰撞的情况。在该工况中车辆侧面受力相较于MDB碰撞测试更为集中,门槛梁、B柱等部分侧围结构局部变形也更严重,对车内乘员造成的伤害尤其是头部损伤亦更加严重[17]。该工况要求车辆的B柱在发生碰撞时有足够的刚度,侵入量要尽可能小,也更加注重考查侧气帘的保护性能[18]。此外,门槛梁变形容易导致电动汽车电池包发生严重变形,从而引起电池短路甚至是爆炸[19]。C-NCAP于2021版新能源汽车测试项目中增加了侧面柱碰撞试验,以考查新能源汽车电池的碰撞安全性。图3为E-NCAP和C-NCAP侧面柱碰撞试验示意图[4]表3为典型汽车安全测评规程中的侧面碰撞测试工况[3-6]
在假人选用方面,各规程选用的侧面碰撞假人在结构设计与传感器设置方面均不统一,目前最为常用的是欧洲的Euro-SID假人。为统一侧面碰撞假人标准,国际标准组织ISO(international organization for standardization)尝试推出了World-SID假人,供各国法规和NCAP规程使用[20-21]。World-SID假人与Euro-SID假人相比,在外形结构上有所优化,且选用了更加先进的传感器,具有更高的部件稳定性和生物逼真度;在同样冲击条件下,World-SID假人的胸部承受能力略好于Euro-SID假人,且腹部和髋部与Euro-SID相比具有较好的承受能力[22]
E-NCAP于2015年启动侧面碰撞远端(far-side)乘员保护测试工况,并于2020年全面实行。C-NCAP 2021版在原有MDB测试中增加了乘员侧ES-2(Euro side impact dummies-IIs)假人来评估远端乘员在碰撞过程中的损伤风险。早期的侧面碰撞安全研究重点均集中在近端(near-side)乘员的安全性评价。研究表明,在侧面碰撞中近端乘员和远端乘员在头部、胸部以及腹部等部位表现出的损伤风险等级均有明显差异:对于远端乘员,其头部和胸部是最常见的伤害部位[23],且其致伤方式主要是在碰撞过程中,假人因躯干从安全带肩带滑落后与碰撞侧变形侵入的内饰发生碰撞[24],或与其相邻座椅、中通道及另一侧乘员发生撞击[23]。远端碰撞乘员损伤机理与近端不同,在乘员防护方面对约束系统匹配也提出了新要求。同时,提升车辆侧面碰撞远端乘员安全性最直接有效的措施是设置中通道气囊,并兼顾中控台高度设计和车体宽度调控安全带,以控制车体在碰撞过程中的侵入量[25],这也为未来的汽车内饰设计提供了新的需求与思路。
E-NCAP还发布了虚拟测试方法来评估侧面碰撞过程中远端假人损伤风险,具体方法是通过将AE-MDB试验收集到的非碰撞侧B柱加速度脉冲输入到模拟车辆驾驶舱的滑台(内置假人)内,并评估远端乘员运动学和损伤特征,降低了试验成本和时间,是未来汽车碰撞测试的趋势之一。
乘员约束系统在汽车发生碰撞时能给乘员起到一定的保护作用,在乘员约束系统的研究上,研究人员开发出各种主动式安全气囊、侧气帘和膝部气囊,优化其结构设计、控制模式等来提高其保护能力[26],也有开发和优化主动预警安全带等约束装置[27]。儿童保护作为乘员保护的重要一环,越来越受到重视,研究发现在发生碰撞时,成人约束系统对儿童的保护能力较差,进而也有研发出针对儿童乘员约束系统[28],C-NCAP在2021版的FRB碰撞测试中后排放置一个Q3儿童假人和一个儿童座椅,在MPDB测试中也增加了一个Q10儿童假人,E-NCAP也在MPDB测试车辆后排增加了Q10和Q6两个儿童假人定量评价。表4为C-NCAP和E-NCAP儿童保护的评价方法[3-5]
弱势道路使用者VRU(vulnerable road user protection)保护技术不仅涉及到被动安全,也涉及到主动安全[29],两者是否能够很好结合也是汽车安全领域发展的方向之一[30]图4为C-NCAP VRU行人保护试验。
C-NCAP在2021版中的VRU行人保护部分有较大改变。首先,调整了头型、腿型的总分,头型总分由12分变为10分,腿型总分由3分变为5分[31],与除J-NCAP以外的其他国家NCAP评分比例保持一致。其次,在头型试验条件上,C-NACP在成人头型试验65°的基础上新增60°的碰撞角度,试验区域也有所增加,以应对不同规格的发动机罩盖形式,保证试验的精确性。在腿型试验中,C-NCAP由原来的Flex PLI柔性腿冲击器变为最新的aPLI行人腿型冲击器。aPLI相比Flex PLI多了上部质量块,传感器数目也有增加,确保腿型在碰撞时,在运动学和损伤方面与人体下肢生物力学响应更加贴合,提高了车辆对行人下肢的保护性能[32]。在腿型试验区域部分,表5为典型汽车安全评价体系VRU保护试验项目[3-6]。C-NCAP和E-NCAP试验点数量多,区域划分全面,J-NCAP相较之下不够严格,所以日本生产设计的汽车若想要在中欧地区销售,还须在这方面进行更加全面的测试以满足C-NCAP和E-NCAP的要求[33]
目前国内外学者对VRU保护的研究非常深入,在发生人车碰撞时,车辆前部形状对人体损伤有显著影响[34],特别是发动机罩盖前缘造型对行人髋部和大腿损伤影响明显[35]。所以,优化车辆前部结构特别是发动机盖罩形状,是提高车辆行人保护能力的有效方法,还可以通过优化发动机罩内外板的结构和材料参数来吸收行人的碰撞能量,达到保护行人头部安全的目的[36]。目前,许多高端车型均配备了主动式发动机盖罩和行人保护气囊来提高行人头部安全系数,研究结果表明,主动弹起式发动机舱盖的应用可以将E-NCAP规程中行人保护项目得分提升4分左右[37]。然而,事故数据亦表明,事故中仍存在大量主动发动机盖罩延迟弹起和误弹现象,因此,在后续车辆安全测评规程可能须增加对于其稳定性的检测内容。
主动安全技术在车辆行驶过程中能够评估和预测潜在的安全风险,并及时提醒驾驶员,当必要时还能够主动接管车辆,以最大程度地避免事故或减少事故损失。与被动安全关注事故中降低乘员损伤风险相比,主动安全更侧重于事故避免[38]。同时,主动安全辅助技术的应用,亦能有效降低驾驶员的心理负荷,减少驾驶员视野不确定、疲劳和情绪化等因素带来的危险,提高驾驶行为的准确性[39]
E-NCAP于2014年将AEB(autonomous emergency braking)等主动安全设备的性能测试引入测评体系。2015版C-NCAP随后亦引入主动安全测试项目,其试验和评分规则在参考E-NCAP的基础上结合国内法规和道路交通情况进行调整,主要包含追尾碰撞和行人碰撞预防两部分[40]
作为最为典型且广泛应用的汽车主动安全装置,当汽车感知到即将发生碰撞时,AEB系统会自动进行制动来降低车速,并避免可能的碰撞[41]。目前大多数汽车碰撞事故都是追尾导致,其中驾驶人操作不当所导致的事故占比高达70%~90%[42],如今市场上的AEB系统不仅能够有效降低追尾事故的发生概率,还能成功识别行人与两轮车,在VRU保护方面也发挥了重要作用。
在AEB车对车测试中,C-NCAP 2021版取消了CCRb(接近制动车辆)和误用测试场景,增加了偏置率相关的测试内容;2023版E-NCAP相比C-NCAP多出了CCFtap、CCCscp、CCFho 3种测试场景,分别模拟十字路口转弯穿越碰撞、十字路口测试车辆前端撞击另一车辆侧面和被测车辆与反向行驶的车辆发生正面碰撞的工况。
AEB车对二轮车测试项目是C-NCAP 2021版新增的测试工况,有CBNA、CBFA、CBLA和CSFA 4种场景;2023版E-NCAP中AEB车对二轮车测试比2021版C-NCAP多出CBNAO、CBTA和CBDA场景,其中CBNAO是在CBNA的基础上增加障碍物,CBTA是模拟车辆在交叉路口转弯与直行的自行车发生碰撞,CBDA则是模拟自行车在汽车附近行驶时,汽车驾驶员打开车门,导致自行车与车门发生碰撞的场景。另外,E-NCAP还包含了车辆与摩托车发生碰撞时的AEB和FCW测评,其场景与车对车类似。
AEB车对行人测试中,C-NCAP在2018版的基础上增加了纵向行人和夜间行人测试场景;2023版E-NCAP在此项目上比2021版C-NCAP多了十字路口CPTA、后向行人CPRA/C测试场景,且在CPRA/C测试场景中车辆碰撞对象不局限于成人,还有儿童行人。表6为2021版C-NCAP与2023版E-NCAP AEB测试对比表[3-5]
总体而言,E-NCAP在AEB测试场景比C-NCAP更加丰富,考虑更加全面。国内外学者研究发现,AEB传感器探测角FOV(field of view in sensor detection)影响事故规避率,在FOV为90°时规避率最高[43];在AEB测试场景方面,学者通过比较事故数据和C-NCAP的典型场景,认为未来AEB测试场景应重点关注有视觉障碍和汽车或二轮车转弯的场景[44]
美国公路安全保险协会(IIHS)2018年的一项研究显示,LDW(lane departure warning)的使用降低了18%的严重事故发生率,减少了24%的人员损伤和86%的死亡[45]。C-NCAP在2021版中更新了LKA(lane keeping assist)测评方法和对于LDW、BSD(blind-spot detection)、SAS(speed assist system)等的审核项目及技术要求;E-NCAP在LSS方面也有ELK(emergency lane keeping)紧急车道保持辅助和LKA以及HMI(human machine interface)人机交互的测试。表7为C-NCAP和E-NCAP辅助驾驶测试项目表[3-5]
NCAP主动安全测试项目有较大更新,研究发现车辆道路照明性能对夜间行车安全有直接影响,C-NCAP也在2021版本中增加整车灯光性能试验(国际首创)并将其纳入主动安全考查范围。美国调查显示,儿童车内滞留热窒息死亡远高于其他伤害类型[46],E-NCAP在2023年对于配备了CPD(child presence detection)儿童检测技术的车辆给予奖励措施,C-NCAP也将在新版本中为安装CPD装置的车辆提供加分[47]。另外,针对近年来不断出现的误踩踏板导致交通事故,E-NCAP将在2026版加入PMA(pedal misapplication)踏板误用技术的测评[8]
目前汽车的被动安全技术相对成熟,主动安全是未来研究的重点,对即将发生碰撞时的干预措施也将不局限于单一的制动和转向,汽车将能自主判断驾驶场景并选择最合理的干预措施[48],如提前预知碰撞后通过旋转座椅、调整座椅位置甚至弹射座椅以最大限度降低乘员损伤[49]。各大主流汽车安全测评体系对主动安全技术的考查越来越全面,表明汽车安全技术的核心关注点已经从传统的被动安全向车辆主动安全逐步转移,然而,这并不意味着被动安全研究失去了其应有的意义,车辆安全的主体策略应是在确保车辆碰撞安全人体损伤防护底线的前提下,充分挖掘车辆在事故预防方面的潜力,以更大程度上降低事故发生及人员损伤风险,逐步实现道路交通事故零伤亡的愿景。
新能源汽车具有环保、节能、低噪声等优势,2022年1~12月,我国新能源乘用车零售567.4万辆,同比增长90%[50];而智能网联汽车也以其驾驶轻便、效率高、安全性高等优点得到业界和学界的广泛关注,目前多个品牌例如奔驰、宝马等的中高配车型都已配备L2级别的驾驶辅助系统。新能源和智能网联汽车不仅是未来的重要研究内容,也将是汽车安全测评体系的关注重点。
新能源汽车包括纯电动汽车、混合动力汽车、燃料电池汽车等。国际能源署预计,到2030年,电动汽车销量将占全球汽车总销量的20%以上[51]。近年来电动汽车起火事故越来越受到关注,电动汽车起火事故具有易触发、多诱因、潜伏性强的特点,其中电池自燃、充电过程起火和碰撞起火分别排在电动汽车事故诱因前3名[52]。2017年,中国汽车工程研究院发布了《EV-TEST(电动汽车测评)管理规则》(简称EV-TEST),针对已经达到国家准入标准的电动乘用车设立第三方测评体系。EV-TEST将电动车分为微型车组和常规车组,从续航、电耗、充电、安全、动力5个方面对电动汽车进行性能评价,最终评价结果包含直观量化的综合星级评价和单项性能评分[53]。本文认为,当前对于电动汽车的测评还有很多值得完善的部分。
(1)电池极限安全测试
动力电池是电动汽车最关键的部件[54],国家标准GB38031—2020《电动汽车用动力蓄电池安全要求》包含了单体电池和电池包加热、温度循环、挤压、机械冲击、模拟碰撞等试验和评价,还对电池包和系统进行外部火烧、盐雾试验等来测试其热稳定性[55]。完善电池极限安全测试,需要在传统的机械极限测试(针刺、翻滚、挤压等)的基础上,引入热管理(热失控、热传播)和电气(过充、过放等)相关的极限测试。此外,对于一些极端稀少的工况,可以将其设为加分项,例如冷却液泄漏。
(2)底盘稳定性测试
新能源车底盘结构和传统燃油车存在显著区别,因此在碰撞测试中也应有所差异,不仅要保护乘员,还要保护电池。电池在受到撞击时结构受损易导致电池短路而燃烧,所以还要防止因电池燃烧、漏电等给乘员带来二次伤害,汽车底盘承载电池和发动机,在发生剐蹭和撞击时有不小的安全隐患,目前还没有标准明确发生底盘磕碰事故时对电池系统的安全防护要求[54]。另外,新能源汽车尤其是电动汽车具有高转矩和快速响应特点,在高速行驶和急加速条件下容易出现操纵不稳定甚至滑行侧翻等问题[56],亦跟底盘稳定性息息相关,在这方面也应扩展相应的安全测试。同时,可以参考US-NCAP引入翻滚试验,考查电动汽车侧翻时对乘员的保护能力。
(3)低温环境下充放电表现及寿命评估
在低温环境下,锂离子动力电池容量及循环寿命急剧衰退,制约了电动汽车在高寒地区的推广发展[57],汽车安全测评体系目前更多关注低温下的充放电效率,而对于电池寿命评估相对较少。因此,很有必要关注低温环境下的电池充放电表现及寿命评估。
(4)电控系统功能安全
无论是国标还是EV-TEST,对于电控系统功能安全方面的测试较少,电控系统主要包括整车控制器、电机控制器和电池管理系统,与汽车加速、制动等性能密切相关,其安全问题不容忽视。电池管理系统若出现监控故障[58],在行驶过程中没有及时给驾驶员或第三方报警,或在充电过程中没有及时断电导致“过充”,都会给电动汽车所有者带来不同程度的生命和财产安全威胁。因此,对电控系统的测试须更加重视,以适应电动汽车愈加复杂的传感器和电控单元技术发展。
(5)充换电设施与配套设备标准化认证
快充是解决电动汽车使用者续航里程焦虑的主要措施,在充电周期内,一旦发生充电安全事故,将会对电动汽车所有者和系统运营商造成巨大的经济损失,甚至造成人员伤亡。造成充电安全事故的原因,除电动汽车本身外,还有充电桩的安全:研究表明,充电过程起火事故中,充电设备故障占25%[52]。极端充电环境加速充电桩设备老化失效和破损、充电桩与汽车信息交互出错是导致充电事故的重要原因。此外,充电桩被外部入侵不仅会引发电动汽车安全事故,还可能对汽车所有者的隐私安全带来隐患[59]
除快充以外,换电也是用于解决电动汽车续航里程短的措施之一。相比快充,换电补能更快,且不会像快充那样牺牲电池寿命,一定程度上减少了快充带来的安全风险,但其弊端在于成本较高,普及率低。不同类型的电池和不同品牌车辆的兼容性,是换电技术发展中须重点解决的问题,电池和电控系统不适配会导致电动汽车出现各种未知的故障。当前,仅有个别企业拥有自建的换电站,若电动汽车厂家都建立专属换电站,不仅耗费大量资源,还会使电动汽车的使用便利性大打折扣。因此,换电设备的统一化和标准化是未来电动汽车换电的发展趋势,也是电动汽车企业、电池厂家、电力企业、标准和规程研究人员需要共同努力的方向。
另外,未来电动汽车的补能方式还会有无线充电,对此,在提高充电效率和速度的同时降低对生物体潜在的电磁伤害,将是该领域研究人员须攻克的难关之一,也须进行更加规范和严格的测试。
智能时代的汽车控制发展进程是对驾驶员的环境认知感知、决策规划和控制执行等环节的逐步增强和最终替代[60]。经研究表明,高级驾驶辅助系统ADAS(advanced driving assistance system)、人工智能AI(artificial intelligence)以及车联网的应用有效降低了发生碰撞事故的概率[61],这些新技术的应用也反映了未来智能网联汽车技术从单车智能到万物互联的发展趋势。然而汽车智能化和网联化发展过程中,软件控制占比增大,系统的复杂性和异构性不仅给功能安全和信息安全增加了不确定性,也增加了系统功能安全保障测试和验证的难度[62],其安全性测评十分有必要。中国软件评测中心于2022年发布智能网联汽车安全渗透白皮书3.0,从硬件安全、外部连接安全、软件升级安全、接口安全、数据安全等方面对汽车的网络安全进行测评[63],中汽中心也于2022年发布了中国智能网联汽车技术规程(C-ICAP),包含了行车辅助和泊车辅助两个项目[64]。本文认为,当前对于智能网联汽车的测评还有很多值得完善的部分。
(1)OTA测试
OTA技术是指通过无线通信技术对车载电子控制单元(ECU)进行软件/固件升级,能在短时间内修复车辆故障,提升车辆安全性。在联网车OTA升级过程中,升级包的传输风险和篡改风险是OTA系统面临的主要网络安全威胁[65]。OTA安全强调云端、终端以及升级对象的整体安全,任何一环出现漏洞,都有可能成为黑客攻击的目标,且目前常用的校验方法都存在缺陷[66]。未来对于OTA的测试,需要企业、政府和相关研究人员共同努力。
(2)HMI测试
自动驾驶系统研发的初衷是为提高行驶安全性并减轻驾驶人工作负荷,因此智能车须能够自主适应复杂动态环境,并与驾驶人自然交互[67]。HMI输入方式具有多样性,最常见的是语音控制、触摸屏、还有通过手势识别等来提高驾驶员的驾驶体验。随着汽车智能化的提高,由于驾驶员操作不当导致的交通事故比例会降低,但由车载AI错误判断驾驶员意图导致的事故比例可能增多,这也为汽车安全评价体系的更新发展指明了方向。C-NCAP目前在人机交互的测试上仅仅在AEB和FCW项目的报警提示上,本质上还是对AEB的考查,在HMI的考查上ECE法规有很多项目值得各国测评机构借鉴,例如酒精锁、疲劳驾驶报警和驾驶员状态监测。未来对HMI测试标准应该越来越严格,在保证安全性的同时还须提升用户的体验,对于怎样评价用户体验的舒适性这种主观概念也是今后汽车安全规程和法规研究人员须攻克的挑战之一。
(3)ICVTS测试
在辅助驾驶发展越来越成熟的今天,传统的测试场景已无法测试未来带有更高级别的自动驾驶车辆。因此智能网联汽车测试场ICVTS(intelligent and connected vehicle test site)将是未来研究人员重点研究方向,目前国内外已有专门测试车辆自动驾驶和通信安全的测试场,对车辆的高级驾驶辅助系统进行大量的、各种不同的道路条件测试,不仅如此研究人员还通过借助自动驾驶模拟器等设备建立虚拟-现实联合测评[68]。ICVTS测试建设已有成效,但还存在着标准规则不一、数据开放模式缺乏创新等问题[69],未来汽车安全评价规程和法规需要重点关注。
(4)故障自救
在高速行驶的过程中若出现爆胎或在自动驾驶时系统失灵等紧急故障,势必会对自车和他车带来严重的安全威胁,在发生故障时,智能车若能正确处理并及时干预,对于减少道路事故中的人员伤亡具有重要意义。学者通过研究各种控制方法和策略以解决轮胎爆胎后道路车辆的路径跟踪和安全问题[70],辅助驾驶系统故障失灵时ECE法规要求车辆提醒驾驶员手动接管或使用应急系统进行调整以最大程度的降低风险,而现有的规程主要集中在对汽车进行正常行驶时的主动安全测试,尚未考虑在出现故障时车辆如何应对和自救,这也是未来相关规程需要完善之处。
(5)主被动一体集成测试
在汽车主动控制发挥作用但仍无法避免碰撞的情况下,其初始碰撞条件例如碰撞速度、碰撞角度等会受到主动控制的影响而发生改变,现阶段汽车主被动安全性能测评仍独立开展,主被动技术集成的测试尚处于空白阶段。有学者在分析了自动驾驶汽车正面碰撞中的乘员在4种不同座椅朝向(0°、90°、135°和180°)下的动态力学响应和损伤风险,发现180°座椅朝向时乘员损伤风险最小[49]。事实上某些安全技术,如智能乘员约束系统,不仅能在碰撞时对乘员提供保护,也能在碰撞发生前通过监测车辆状态和事故风险,来调整乘员状态以达到最大程度减少乘员损伤风险的目的,对此,现有车辆安全测评无法对其进行科学评价。因此,结合主动安全装备的人体损伤保护,即车辆主被动一体化安全技术,是车辆安全技术的发展趋势,主被动一体集成测评是汽车安全测评技术的发展趋势。
汽车安全测评规程以体现真实道路交通事故特点为目标,不断丰富测评工况和完善评价体系。本文对比分析了全球主流汽车安全测评规程体系在乘员保护、弱势道路使用者保护与主动安全3个方面的差异及变化趋势,总结了针对各测评工况的车辆安全开发技术要点,探讨了新能源与智能网联汽车安全测评规程的发展趋势,主要结论如下。
在车内人员保护方面,主流测评规程在通过增大碰撞速度、采用更接近人体生物力学响应的试验假人等措施提升现有工况科学性和有效性的同时,还引入了侧面碰撞远端 Far-side乘员保护等新工况。
在车辆碰撞兼容性方面,E-NCAP与C-NCAP率先在测试规程中启用MPDB测试工况,从台车加速度、壁障变形等方面综合评价测试车辆对其他车辆的保护效果。
在车辆安全虚拟测评方面,部分机构已经开始探索复杂事故场景的虚拟重建方法,并尝试采用虚拟测评代替部分真实测评工况。虚拟测评依靠其操作简便、经济性高、可重复性好等优点,将是未来测评规程的重要发展方向。
新能源汽车安全测试规程以电动汽车为主,须完善电池极限安全测试和电控系统测试项目,探究电动车底盘稳定性和充换电设施与配套设备统一标准化认证等测试项目及相应的评价体系。
智能网联汽车安全仍缺乏成熟的评价体系,未来须重点关注车内OTA升级带来的安全风险、HMI人机交互过程中的事故责任划分、智能座舱的安全性与舒适性评价等难点。本文认为,可以考虑借助自动驾驶模拟器等设备建立虚拟-现实联合测评方法。智能网联汽车在行驶过程中故障有巨大的安全隐患,因此,如何测评车辆出现紧急故障时的自救功能,仍须进一步探索。
最后在车辆主被动一体化综合测评方面,主流规程已经开展车辆AEB等主动安全测试项目。未来,还须重点探索主被动集成一体测试,在考虑车辆主动避险操作的前提下测评智能约束系统的保护效果。
汽车安全性评价规程发展至今,不断推动汽车安全技术的提升,并为学界研究提供新的研究方向。探讨汽车安全测评规程的发展趋势对提升车辆安全性能、降低道路交通事故发生率和人员损伤风险,具有重要意义。
  • *国家杰出青年科学基金(52325211)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52172399)
  • 湖南省教育厅科学研究项目(21A0193)
  • 长沙市自然科学基金(KQ2208235)
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2024年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.02.001
  • 接收时间:2023-06-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-19
  • 修回日期:2023-07-27
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*国家杰出青年科学基金(52325211)
国家自然科学基金(52172399)
湖南省教育厅科学研究项目(21A0193)
长沙市自然科学基金(KQ2208235)
作者信息
    1. 长沙理工大学汽车与机械工程学院,长沙 410114
    2. 长沙理工大学,工程车辆轻量化与可靠性技术湖南省重点实验室,长沙 410114
    3. 湖南大学机械与运载工程学院,长沙 410082

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王丹琦,讲师,工学博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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