Article(id=1153780545407410255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780537878634558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1681401600000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-14, revisedDate=1686844800000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753012318231, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753012318231, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753012318231, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753012318231, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153780537878634558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753012316436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753067606853, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1154012442750345936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780537878634558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1154012442750345937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780537878634558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=39, endPage=49, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153780545872978001, articleId=1153780545407410255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=An Experimental Study on Optimal H-Point and Seat Parameters for Shared Car Drivers, columnId=1170304484317081702, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Feature Topic: Intelligent Cockpit and Human-Machine Interaction, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The shared cars have the characteristics of standardized vehicle models,diverse users,and high frequency of usage. To enhance the efficiency of shared car usage and the driving experience,the development of an intelligent seat that can automatically adjust the comfortable sitting posture based on the driver's characteristics has significant importance. For the issue of subjective and arbitrary seat adjustments that lead to discomfort for drivers,in conjunction with the intelligent seat project for shared cars,bench experiments are carried out taking the four variables of H-point fore-aft position,H-point vertical position,seat cushion angle,and backrest angle as the research factors in this paper. The study examines the impact of seat parameters on seat comfort for drivers at the 5th,50th,and 95th percentiles. Firstly,three experimental levels are chosen for each research factor within the reference vehicle range. Orthogonal experimental design is employed to simplify the number of experiments required. The required number of orthogonal groups is determined,and orthogonal bench experiments are conducted. Experimental participants subjectively evaluate the seat comfort for each group. Additionally,pressure mapping on the seat cushion and angle measurements using a digital angle gauge are employed to collect information of participants' pressure distribution and joint angles. Secondly,clustering analysis is conducted to determine the subjective and objective comfort evaluation system employed in this study,using joint angle as the objective parameter. Through the analysis of the orthogonal experiments,it is concluded that different seat parameters have varying effect on seat comfort. Furthermore,the parameters that affect seat comfort also vary with changes in the driver's percentile. Finally,the data obtained from the orthogonal experiments are adjusted and fitted to establish the prediction models for the optimal H-point position and backrest angle of the seat.

, articleAbstract=

The shared cars have the characteristics of standardized vehicle models, diverse users, and high frequency of usage. To enhance the efficiency of shared car usage and the driving experience, the development of an intelligent seat that can automatically adjust the comfortable sitting posture based on the driver's characteristics has significant importance. For the issue of subjective and arbitrary seat adjustments that lead to discomfort for drivers, in conjunction with the intelligent seat project for shared cars, bench experiments are carried out taking the four variables of Hpoint foreaft position, Hpoint vertical position, seat cushion angle, and backrest angle as the research factors in this paper. The study examines the impact of seat parameters on seat comfort for drivers at the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles. Firstly, three experimental levels are chosen for each research factor within the reference vehicle range. Orthogonal experimental design is employed to simplify the number of experiments required. The required number of orthogonal groups is determined, and orthogonal bench experiments are conducted. Experimental participants subjectively evaluate the seat comfort for each group. Additionally, pressure mapping on the seat cushion and angle measurements using a digital angle gauge are employed to collect information of participants' pressure distribution and joint angles. Secondly, clustering analysis is conducted to determine the subjective and objective comfort evaluation system employed in this study, using joint angle as the objective parameter. Through the analysis of the orthogonal experiments, it is concluded that different seat parameters have varying effect on seat comfort. Furthermore, the parameters that affect seat comfort also vary with changes in the driver's percentile. Finally, the data obtained from the orthogonal experiments are adjusted and fitted to establish the prediction models for the optimal Hpoint position and backrest angle of the seat.

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共享汽车具有车型统一、用户多变且使用频率高的特点,为提升共享汽车使用效率和驾乘体验,研发一种能根据驾驶员特征自动调节舒适坐姿的智能座椅意义重大。本文针对用户座椅调节存在的主观任意性导致的座椅舒适性问题 ,结合共享汽车智能座椅项目,以座椅H点前后位置、H点高低位置、坐垫角和靠背角4个变量为研究因子进行台架实验,分别研究5th、50th和95th百分位驾驶员的座椅舒适性受座椅参数的影响规律。首先,每个研究因子在参考车型范围内均匀选取3个实验水平,采用正交实验表对实验次数进行简化,确定正交实验须进行的组数并进行正交台架实验。实验人员对每组的座椅舒适性进行主观评价,同时通过压力测量仪和数显角度尺测量实验人员的体压分布信息和关节角度信息;其次,通过聚类分析确定了本文采用的以关节角度为客观参数的主客观舒适性评价体系,通过正交实验分析,得出了不同座椅参数对座椅舒适性的影响存在差异的结论,且随着驾驶员百分位的变化,对座椅舒适性造成影响的参数也在发生变化;最后,对正交实验所得数据进行修正拟合,构建了座椅适宜H点位置预测模型和靠背角度预测模型。

, articleAbstract=

共享汽车具有车型统一、用户多变且使用频率高的特点,为提升共享汽车使用效率和驾乘体验,研发一种能根据驾驶员特征自动调节舒适坐姿的智能座椅意义重大。本文针对用户座椅调节存在的主观任意性导致的座椅舒适性问题,结合共享汽车智能座椅项目,以座椅H点前后位置、H点高低位置、坐垫角和靠背角4个变量为研究因子进行台架实验,分别研究 5th、50th和95th百分位驾驶员的座椅舒适性受座椅参数的影响规律。首先,每个研究因子在参考车型范围内均匀选取3个实验水平,采用正交实验表对实验次数进行简化,确定正交实验须进行的组数并进行正交台架实验。实验人员对每组的座椅舒适性进行主观评价,同时通过压力测量仪和数显角度尺测量实验人员的体压分布信息和关节角度信息;其次,通过聚类分析确定了本文采用的以关节角度为客观参数的主客观舒适性评价体系,通过正交实验分析,得出了不同座椅参数对座椅舒适性的影响存在差异的结论,且随着驾驶员百分位的变化,对座椅舒适性造成影响的参数也在发生变化;最后,对正交实验所得数据进行修正拟合,构建了座椅适宜H点位置预测模型和靠背角度预测模型。

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付铁军,副教授,硕士,E-mail:
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journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究因子 取值范围 水平
H30/mm 230~290 245 260 275
L53/mm 790~970 835 880 925
A27/(°) 5~21 9 13 17
A40/(°) 15~35 20 25 30
), ArticleFig(id=1170305095238431390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=

研究因子及水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究因子 取值范围 水平
H30/mm 230~290 245 260 275
L53/mm 790~970 835 880 925
A27/(°) 5~21 9 13 17
A40/(°) 15~35 20 25 30
), ArticleFig(id=1170305095301345951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验组别 H30/mm L53/mm A27/(°) A40/(°)
1 245 835 9 20
2 245 880 13 25
3 245 925 17 30
4 260 835 13 30
5 260 880 17 20
6 260 925 9 25
7 275 835 17 25
8 275 880 9 30
9 275 925 13 20
), ArticleFig(id=1170305095360066208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=

正交实验筛选出的9组实验配置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验组别 H30/mm L53/mm A27/(°) A40/(°)
1 245 835 9 20
2 245 880 13 25
3 245 925 17 30
4 260 835 13 30
5 260 880 17 20
6 260 925 9 25
7 275 835 17 25
8 275 880 9 30
9 275 925 13 20
), ArticleFig(id=1170305095418786465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 聚类中心
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X1 56 48 66 59 45 51 51
X2 30 24 29 28 24 27 28
X3 125 150 189 174 188 139 147
X4 255 178 269 247 178 255 226
X5 16 19 27 20 19 14 16
X6 72 62 83 76 60 67 70
舒适性 4.1 5.4 5.5 5.6 6.2 7.0 7.3
), ArticleFig(id=1170305095511061154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=

聚类分析结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 聚类中心
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X1 56 48 66 59 45 51 51
X2 30 24 29 28 24 27 28
X3 125 150 189 174 188 139 147
X4 255 178 269 247 178 255 226
X5 16 19 27 20 19 14 16
X6 72 62 83 76 60 67 70
舒适性 4.1 5.4 5.5 5.6 6.2 7.0 7.3
), ArticleFig(id=1170305095586558627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部位 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 权重
B1 1 1/3 1/4 1/7 1/5 1/7 1/8 0.024
B2 3 1 1/3 1/2 1/3 1/6 1/6 0.049
B3 4 3 1 1/4 1/2 1/4 1/5 0.072
B4 7 2 4 1 2 1 1/2 0.177
B5 5 3 2 1/2 1 1/2 1/5 0.104
B6 7 6 4 1 2 1 1/4 0.190
B7 8 6 5 2 5 4 1 0.384
), ArticleFig(id=1170305095653667492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=

专家1权重分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部位 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 权重
B1 1 1/3 1/4 1/7 1/5 1/7 1/8 0.024
B2 3 1 1/3 1/2 1/3 1/6 1/6 0.049
B3 4 3 1 1/4 1/2 1/4 1/5 0.072
B4 7 2 4 1 2 1 1/2 0.177
B5 5 3 2 1/2 1 1/2 1/5 0.104
B6 7 6 4 1 2 1 1/4 0.190
B7 8 6 5 2 5 4 1 0.384
), ArticleFig(id=1170305095737553573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部位 专家1 专家2 专家3 专家4 专家5 专家6
B1 0.024 0.022 0.022 0.055 0.030 0.027
B2 0.049 0.051 0.040 0.035 0.038 0.046
B3 0.072 0.074 0.066 0.064 0.050 0.059
B4 0.177 0.173 0.186 0.185 0.173 0.178
B5 0.104 0.109 0.138 0.128 0.135 0.128
B6 0.190 0.190 0.178 0.174 0.182 0.181
B7 0.384 0.381 0.370 0.359 0.392 0.381
CR 0.056 0.068 0.095 0.083 0.060 0.070
), ArticleFig(id=1170305095829828262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=

各专家权重分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部位 专家1 专家2 专家3 专家4 专家5 专家6
B1 0.024 0.022 0.022 0.055 0.030 0.027
B2 0.049 0.051 0.040 0.035 0.038 0.046
B3 0.072 0.074 0.066 0.064 0.050 0.059
B4 0.177 0.173 0.186 0.185 0.173 0.178
B5 0.104 0.109 0.138 0.128 0.135 0.128
B6 0.190 0.190 0.178 0.174 0.182 0.181
B7 0.384 0.381 0.370 0.359 0.392 0.381
CR 0.056 0.068 0.095 0.083 0.060 0.070
), ArticleFig(id=1170305095917908647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部位 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
权重 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.18 0.12 0.18 0.38
), ArticleFig(id=1170305096014377640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=

层次分析法确定的权重分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部位 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
权重 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.18 0.12 0.18 0.38
), ArticleFig(id=1170305096106652329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
1 4.0 5.7 6.7 4.8 0.9 2.7 0.9
2 5.5 6.6 7.1 6.9 5.6 6.9 5.8
3 5.0 3.9 6.2 7.4 6.6 4.8 6.7
4 6.3 7.0 7.4 7.7 4.7 6.2 3.6
5 5.1 5.3 5.0 6.5 6.7 5.3 2.9
6 5.5 4.9 7.0 7.0 6.9 7.2 7.8
7 6.0 6.8 7.1 7.0 5.5 5.6 3.5
8 3.4 4.7 7.4 6.6 4.9 6.9 5.9
9 6.8 6.7 7.1 6.8 7.0 7.6 6.2
权重 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.15
), ArticleFig(id=1170305096207315626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=CN, label=表 7, caption=

50th驾驶员熵权法计算权重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
1 4.0 5.7 6.7 4.8 0.9 2.7 0.9
2 5.5 6.6 7.1 6.9 5.6 6.9 5.8
3 5.0 3.9 6.2 7.4 6.6 4.8 6.7
4 6.3 7.0 7.4 7.7 4.7 6.2 3.6
5 5.1 5.3 5.0 6.5 6.7 5.3 2.9
6 5.5 4.9 7.0 7.0 6.9 7.2 7.8
7 6.0 6.8 7.1 7.0 5.5 5.6 3.5
8 3.4 4.7 7.4 6.6 4.9 6.9 5.9
9 6.8 6.7 7.1 6.8 7.0 7.6 6.2
权重 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.15
), ArticleFig(id=1170305096270230187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
百分位 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
5th 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.14 0.16
50th 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.15
95th 0.15 0.13 0.17 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.13
权重 0.16 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.15
), ArticleFig(id=1170305096370893484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=CN, label=表 8, caption=

熵权法确定的权重分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
百分位 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
5th 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.14 0.16
50th 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.15
95th 0.15 0.13 0.17 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.13
权重 0.16 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.15
), ArticleFig(id=1170305096467362477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
AHP 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.18 0.12 0.18 0.38
EWM 0.16 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.15

综合

权重

0.095 0.095 0.105 0.155 0.130 0.155 0.265
), ArticleFig(id=1170305096551248558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=CN, label=表 9, caption=

最终权重计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
AHP 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.18 0.12 0.18 0.38
EWM 0.16 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.15

综合

权重

0.095 0.095 0.105 0.155 0.130 0.155 0.265
), ArticleFig(id=1170305096622551727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验组别 H30/mm L53/mm A27/(°) A40/° 综合评价xi
1 245 835 9 20 3.9
2 245 880 13 25 8.0
3 245 925 17 30 4.9
4 260 835 13 30 6.6
5 260 880 17 20 6.6
6 260 925 9 25 5.9
7 275 835 17 25 6.2
8 275 880 9 30 6.8
9 275 925 13 20 6.2
T1 16.8 16.7 16.6 16.7 T=55.1
T2 19.1 21.4 20.8 20.3
T3 19.0 17.1 17.8 18.2
t1 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.6
t2 6.4 7.1 6.9 6.8
t3 6.3 5.7 5.9 6.1
优水平 H302 L532 A272 A402
极差R 0.8 1.5 1.4 1.2
主次顺序 L53-A27-A40-H30
), ArticleFig(id=1170305096706437808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=CN, label=表 10, caption=

50th驾驶员正交实验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验组别 H30/mm L53/mm A27/(°) A40/° 综合评价xi
1 245 835 9 20 3.9
2 245 880 13 25 8.0
3 245 925 17 30 4.9
4 260 835 13 30 6.6
5 260 880 17 20 6.6
6 260 925 9 25 5.9
7 275 835 17 25 6.2
8 275 880 9 30 6.8
9 275 925 13 20 6.2
T1 16.8 16.7 16.6 16.7 T=55.1
T2 19.1 21.4 20.8 20.3
T3 19.0 17.1 17.8 18.2
t1 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.6
t2 6.4 7.1 6.9 6.8
t3 6.3 5.7 5.9 6.1
优水平 H302 L532 A272 A402
极差R 0.8 1.5 1.4 1.2
主次顺序 L53-A27-A40-H30
), ArticleFig(id=1170305096786129585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
百分位 H30 L53 A27 A40 因素重要程度排序
5th 1(245) 1(835) 2(13) 2(25) L53、H30、A27、A40
50th 2(260) 2(880) 2(13) 2(25) L53、A27、A40、H30
95th 2(260) 3(925) 2(13) 3(30) L53、A27、A40、H30
), ArticleFig(id=1170305096844849842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=CN, label=表 11, caption=

各百分位驾驶员舒适性分布和影响因素对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
百分位 H30 L53 A27 A40 因素重要程度排序
5th 1(245) 1(835) 2(13) 2(25) L53、H30、A27、A40
50th 2(260) 2(880) 2(13) 2(25) L53、A27、A40、H30
95th 2(260) 3(925) 2(13) 3(30) L53、A27、A40、H30
), ArticleFig(id=1170305096974873267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
客观参数 实验组别1 实验组别9
坐垫接触面积 733 cm2 786 cm2
臀部平均压力 31 mmHg 20 mmHg
腿部平均压力 15 mmHg 18 mmHg
), ArticleFig(id=1170305097167811252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=CN, label=表 12, caption=

5th第1组和第9组实验压力参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
客观参数 实验组别1 实验组别9
坐垫接触面积 733 cm2 786 cm2
臀部平均压力 31 mmHg 20 mmHg
腿部平均压力 15 mmHg 18 mmHg
), ArticleFig(id=1170305097318806197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
客观参数 50th 95th
坐垫接触面积 836 cm2 815 cm2
臀部平均压力 37 mmHg 46 mmHg
腿部平均压力 20 mmHg 19 mmHg
), ArticleFig(id=1170305097419469494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=CN, label=表 13, caption=

50th和95th第5组实验压力参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
客观参数 50th 95th
坐垫接触面积 836 cm2 815 cm2
臀部平均压力 37 mmHg 46 mmHg
腿部平均压力 20 mmHg 19 mmHg
), ArticleFig(id=1170305097553687223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 最高次 多项式

Adjusted

R-Square

H30/mm 1 y = 0.6 x + 158 0.884 2
2 y = - 0.03 x 2 + 9.1 x - 544 0.992 7
3 y = - 0.27 x 3 - 3.77 x 2 + 5.4 x + 258 0.993 1
L53/mm 1 y = 3.1 x - 352 0.968 3
2 y = 0.06 x 2 - 18.3 x + 2123 0.990 2
3 y = - 0.001 x 3 + 0.74 x 2 - 130.8 x + 8398 0.989 5
A40/(°) 1 y = 1.1 x - 36 0.892 5
2 y = 0.07 x 2 - 7.4 x + 207 0.925 9
3 y = - 0.01 x 3 + 2.61 x 2 - 153.8 x + 3020 0.918 4
), ArticleFig(id=1170305097696293560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780545407410255, language=CN, label=表 14, caption=

拟合曲线对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 最高次 多项式

Adjusted

R-Square

H30/mm 1 y = 0.6 x + 158 0.884 2
2 y = - 0.03 x 2 + 9.1 x - 544 0.992 7
3 y = - 0.27 x 3 - 3.77 x 2 + 5.4 x + 258 0.993 1
L53/mm 1 y = 3.1 x - 352 0.968 3
2 y = 0.06 x 2 - 18.3 x + 2123 0.990 2
3 y = - 0.001 x 3 + 0.74 x 2 - 130.8 x + 8398 0.989 5
A40/(°) 1 y = 1.1 x - 36 0.892 5
2 y = 0.07 x 2 - 7.4 x + 207 0.925 9
3 y = - 0.01 x 3 + 2.61 x 2 - 153.8 x + 3020 0.918 4
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共享汽车驾驶员适宜H点和座椅参数实验研究*
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王军年 , 程川泰 , 高菲 , 付铁军 , 任金东
汽车工程 | 专题:智能座舱与人机交互技术 2024,46(1): 39-49
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汽车工程 | 专题:智能座舱与人机交互技术 2024, 46(1): 39-49
共享汽车驾驶员适宜H点和座椅参数实验研究*
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王军年, 程川泰, 高菲, 付铁军 , 任金东
作者信息
  • 吉林大学,汽车仿真与控制国家重点实验室,长春 130022

通讯作者:

付铁军,副教授,硕士,E-mail:
An Experimental Study on Optimal H-Point and Seat Parameters for Shared Car Drivers
Junnian Wang, Chuantai Cheng, Fei Gao, Tiejun Fu , Jindong Ren
Affiliations
  • Jilin University,State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control,Changchun  130022
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.005
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共享汽车具有车型统一、用户多变且使用频率高的特点,为提升共享汽车使用效率和驾乘体验,研发一种能根据驾驶员特征自动调节舒适坐姿的智能座椅意义重大。本文针对用户座椅调节存在的主观任意性导致的座椅舒适性问题,结合共享汽车智能座椅项目,以座椅H点前后位置、H点高低位置、坐垫角和靠背角4个变量为研究因子进行台架实验,分别研究 5th、50th和95th百分位驾驶员的座椅舒适性受座椅参数的影响规律。首先,每个研究因子在参考车型范围内均匀选取3个实验水平,采用正交实验表对实验次数进行简化,确定正交实验须进行的组数并进行正交台架实验。实验人员对每组的座椅舒适性进行主观评价,同时通过压力测量仪和数显角度尺测量实验人员的体压分布信息和关节角度信息;其次,通过聚类分析确定了本文采用的以关节角度为客观参数的主客观舒适性评价体系,通过正交实验分析,得出了不同座椅参数对座椅舒适性的影响存在差异的结论,且随着驾驶员百分位的变化,对座椅舒适性造成影响的参数也在发生变化;最后,对正交实验所得数据进行修正拟合,构建了座椅适宜H点位置预测模型和靠背角度预测模型。

共享汽车  /  座椅舒适性  /  正交实验  /  舒适性评价  /  预测模型

The shared cars have the characteristics of standardized vehicle models, diverse users, and high frequency of usage. To enhance the efficiency of shared car usage and the driving experience, the development of an intelligent seat that can automatically adjust the comfortable sitting posture based on the driver's characteristics has significant importance. For the issue of subjective and arbitrary seat adjustments that lead to discomfort for drivers, in conjunction with the intelligent seat project for shared cars, bench experiments are carried out taking the four variables of Hpoint foreaft position, Hpoint vertical position, seat cushion angle, and backrest angle as the research factors in this paper. The study examines the impact of seat parameters on seat comfort for drivers at the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles. Firstly, three experimental levels are chosen for each research factor within the reference vehicle range. Orthogonal experimental design is employed to simplify the number of experiments required. The required number of orthogonal groups is determined, and orthogonal bench experiments are conducted. Experimental participants subjectively evaluate the seat comfort for each group. Additionally, pressure mapping on the seat cushion and angle measurements using a digital angle gauge are employed to collect information of participants' pressure distribution and joint angles. Secondly, clustering analysis is conducted to determine the subjective and objective comfort evaluation system employed in this study, using joint angle as the objective parameter. Through the analysis of the orthogonal experiments, it is concluded that different seat parameters have varying effect on seat comfort. Furthermore, the parameters that affect seat comfort also vary with changes in the driver's percentile. Finally, the data obtained from the orthogonal experiments are adjusted and fitted to establish the prediction models for the optimal Hpoint position and backrest angle of the seat.

shared-car  /  seat comfort  /  orthogonal experiment  /  comfort evaluation  /  predictive model
王军年, 程川泰, 高菲, 付铁军, 任金东. 共享汽车驾驶员适宜H点和座椅参数实验研究*. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (1) : 39 -49 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.005
Junnian Wang, Chuantai Cheng, Fei Gao, Tiejun Fu, Jindong Ren. An Experimental Study on Optimal H-Point and Seat Parameters for Shared Car Drivers[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (1) : 39 -49 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.005
在中国制造2025和工业4.0的大环境下,汽车行业向着低碳化、电动化、网联化、智能化和共享化的方向发展,用户对汽车出行的舒适性、便利性提出了更高的要求[1]。共享汽车具有资源利用率高且出行成本低的特点,被认为是未来出行服务的主流形态。目前,汽车共享模式发展迅速,但也存在驾驶体验差,用车效率低下等问题,面临着诸多挑战[2]。当下,汽车正逐渐从交通工具转变成人们的第三生活空间,驾驶员与座椅的长时间接触容易引发肌肉疲劳,甚至引发驾驶职业病,这使如何提高汽车座椅舒适性和驾驶体验成为未来汽车的研究方向之一。汽车座椅作为驾驶过程中与驾驶员长期接触的部件,是提升座椅舒适性、缓解疲劳的关键[3]。Kyung和Nussbaum参考Reed等[4]、Hanson等[5]和Chaffin[6]的研究得出结论:随着人体工程学和数字人体模型在汽车设计中的广泛使用,汽车对座椅舒适性和舒适驾驶姿势的需求会越来越高[7]
目前,研究人员主要通过实验对座椅舒适性进行研究,虽然Kyung和Nussbaum的结果表明,进行台架实验和实车实验条件下的驾驶情况有所不同,但鉴于实车实验重复性差和成本高等原因,大部分研究人员还是以台架实验研究为主[7]。李明月[8]通过将人体划分为背部、腰部、臀部等区域,进行台架实验,并建立了AHP法限制熵权法的主观舒适性评价模型,结果表明腰部和臀部是决定坐姿舒适度最重要的身体部位;郝帅等[9]通过台架实验,运用主观评价对测试者肩部至大腿部的主观舒适性进行评定,分析人椅界面压力分布与主观舒适性间的关系,给出了评定座椅舒适性的模型。
驾驶姿势是评价座椅舒适性的重要因素,显著受座椅特性的影响,也是座椅舒适性的研究方向之一[10]。Porter等[11]用实验测量的驾驶姿势数据进行了舒适关节角度的研究,并基于人体关节运动范围和相邻关节角度之间的关联性制定了舒适驾驶姿势模型;马佳等[12]统计并计算了不同类型座椅下,中国人体的舒适驾驶姿势角度的均值、范围和关联度,找出不同国家驾驶员群体间舒适驾驶姿势角度间的差异;Peng等[13]通过研究关节角度对舒适性的影响,得出不同驾驶员驾驶姿态的关节角度存在较大差异,除人体测量参数外,还受到其他个体因素的影响,如座椅靠背角度和坐垫角度、BMI和车辆等级等。
对于座椅位置,座椅参数的研究也是提高座椅舒适性的重要方式之一。Gao等[14]、Li等[15]和王星月[16]通过虚拟仿真和台架实验分析了驾驶员群体在满足舒适性情况下的座椅布置范围,实现了不同身高驾驶员的最优座椅布置设计;Huang等[17]通过座椅实验得出座椅坐垫倾角、座椅高度、座椅深度和靠背高度,均显示会显著影响腰椎关节负荷,进而影响舒适性的结论。标准SAE J1517[18]颁布了一组不同百分位驾驶员适宜驾驶时的H点位置曲线,根据驾驶员身高和座椅H点高度即可确定座椅位置;鞠伟男[19]实际采集了4 000多中国人体驾驶姿态数据,在SAE J1517模型的基础上,搭建了精度更高的、适合中国驾驶员的座椅位置预测模型;标准SAE J4004[20]提出了SAM(seating accommodation model),该模型采用驾驶员身高、座椅高度、坐垫角等因素预测座椅位置,但由于计算复杂目前并未获得普遍应用。对于座椅参数的研究则集中在座椅坐垫材料、椅面形状、座椅尺寸等对因素舒适性的影响。Kyung等[21]通过获取驾驶员与座椅界面间的体压分布参数,进行主观评价与人椅界面间体压分布的关联研究,结果表明座椅表面的形状、尺寸参数显著影响座椅舒适性;彭强等[22]通过实验测量不同座椅表面分布情况下驾驶员的评价,得出了座椅表面形状对压力分布的影响关系,最终得到驾驶员在舒适位置时的身体各部分的载荷比例。
通过上述文献可以得出,舒适性受到生理、心理和物理等不同层面因素的影响,研究人员分别从驾驶员、驾驶室布局和汽车座椅参数等方面研究了不同因素对座椅舒适性的影响,得出定量或定性的结论。但大部分研究结论受到车端使用场景的限制,共享汽车具备车型统一、驾驶员多样化且使用频率高的特点,可作为驾驶室人机布置理论的先验载体。因此,本课题开展了共享汽车座椅布置的研究,旨在研究不同体征的共享汽车驾驶员在驾驶室中的布置规律,提升共享汽车智能化水平和人机友好性水平。与座椅的材料、形状和尺寸等因素不同,座椅位置、坐垫角度和靠背角度能够在实际使用过程中灵活调节,直接影响汽车的座椅舒适性。因此,本文中从共享汽车智能座椅的角度出发,以座椅H点前后位置、H点高低位置、坐垫角和靠背角4个变量,研究适合不同百分位驾驶员的座椅参数调节方案。
图1所示,在驾驶室布置中,座椅H点、转向盘中心点和踵点构成驾驶室人机三角形,三者之间的关系影响驾驶员的驾驶姿态,在实际使用过程中驾驶员主要通过对座椅的调节达到舒适驾驶姿势。因此,本实验参考某共享汽车车型驾驶室布置参数,选取了显著影响座椅舒适性的座椅H点与踵点(AHP)的Z向距离H30(高度方向)、座椅H点与踵点的X向距离L53(前后方向)、靠背角A40和坐垫角A27 4个变量作为研究因子进行正交台架实验[23]
表 1所示,每个变量在参考车型的参数调节范围内均匀选取3个水平,采用正交实验设计表 L 9 ( 3 4 )对实验次数进行优化,最终确定如表2所示的实验所需的9组实验布置。
搭建的实验台架如图 2所示,其核心设备包括有多自由度人机工程学测试台架、座椅和Tekscan压力测量仪。实验台架可实现座椅和转向盘的上、下、前、后位置四向调节,地板的上、下高度调节,踏板和歇脚板采用角度可调节的支撑平面代替,同时,在台架正前方配备一台显示器,用于模拟正常驾驶情景。
本实验采用Tekscan压力测量仪,可对大部分接触面的压力分布进行静态与动态测量,压力测试范围为10~200 mmHg,垫面尺寸为653 mm×750 mm,共由1 024(32×32)个传感器组成。
根据GB/T 15759—2014,选取本实验所需的5th、50th和95th实验人员,依据实际情况将身高要求放宽±2 cm,每个百分位各选取5名实验人员,实验人员年龄范围为24~39岁,其中男性8名,女性7名,驾龄均在2年以上,最终确定的实验人员BMI范围为21.1~25.2 kg/m2
实验前,按照GB 11562—2014对台架前视野进行校核,将踏板角度、地板高度等非研究变量因子调整至固定位置,实验步骤如下。
(1)实验开展一周前,对所有实验人员进行实验目的、步骤及要求的讲解,保证实验人员实验前12 h内未进行剧烈运动。为避免衣物影响主观评价结果,实验当天所有实验人员均身着宽松衣物。
(2)实验前,测定实验人员的身高和体质量,完成性别、年龄和实际驾龄的记录,将Tekscan压力测量仪置于人椅接触面间。实验人员调整座椅和转向盘至舒适位置,并进行30 min时长的试驾,使实验人员处于舒适驾驶姿势,以排除乘坐时间短对座椅舒适性评价结果造成的偏差。
(3)开始实验时,将台架调整至第1组实验配置,实验人员落座于座椅,双手握于转向盘3点和9点方向,右脚踏于踏板平面,驾驶10 min后对颈部、肩部、背部、臀部、腿部舒适性和上下肢操纵性进行主观评价。其中,上下肢操纵性评价驾驶员的发力特性,以驾驶员处于舒适坐姿下操纵性为最优。主观评价采用SAE打分制,1分为非常差,10分为非常好,1-10分为舒适性的连续状态[8]
(4)用Tekscan压力测量仪采集人椅界面间压力,记录时长5 min,之后采用数显角度尺测量实验人员肘关节、肩关节、躯干角、膝关节和踝关节的角度,记录完毕后间隔15 min进行下一组实验。
(5)调整座椅布置参数,重复上述步骤进行剩余8组座椅布置下的实验人员的主观评价和客观参数的测定。
(6)同上,对剩余14名实验人员进行9组座椅布置下的主观评价和客观参数的测量。
为确定本文采用的舒适性评价体系,首先对实验人员的颈部、肩部、背部、臀部、腿部舒适性和上下肢操纵性的主观评价结果求均值,运用K-均值聚类分析将采集到的15×9组数据分成7类,从每类中挑选出代表性数据列于表 3
表中:X1为臀部峰值压力,kPa;X2为坐垫平均压力,kPa;X3为腿部接触面积,cm2X4为压力分布均匀度;X5为坐垫侧向支撑占比;X6为坐垫纵向压力梯度,Pa/mm。
2、3、4聚类中心的舒适性分别为5.4、5.5、5.6,舒适性差别不大,却被划分为3个类,通过对比可以发现:2、3、4组的腿部接触面积分别为150、189、174;压力分布均匀度分别为178、269、247;坐垫纵向压力梯度分别为62、83、76。可以看出,即使在同一主观舒适性评价结果下,也存在着不同压力参数组合,这可能对驾驶员的疲劳速度造成影响。因此,须从主观和客观两方面对座椅舒适性进行评价。但坐垫压力参数存在量纲不统一的问题[24],因此,本实验选取与坐垫压力参数密切相关的膝关节和躯干角作为客观参数,同时还采用肘关节、肩关节和踝关节对驾驶姿势进行描述,建立了如图 3所示的舒适性评价体系。
各主观评价结果和客观数据的处理方法如图 4所示。主观评价权重由层次分析法和熵权法共同确定,层次分析法从富于经验的专家角度对各指标进行赋权,熵权法侧重于从数据本身特征的角度进行赋权,确定主观综合权重后即可计算得到主观舒适性评价。客观舒适性评价采用模糊综合评价进行评判。通过上述步骤计算得到主观和客观舒适性评价后,将两者加权平均得到综合评价。
(1) 层次分析法(AHP)计算步骤
本实验建立的层次分析法评价模型中,目标层为主观舒适性评价,准则层包括上肢舒适性A1、下肢舒适性A2和操纵舒适性A3,方案层包括颈部舒适性B1、肩部舒适性B2、背部舒适性B3、臀部舒适性B4、腿部舒适性B5、上肢操纵性B6和下肢操纵性B7,确定好层次分析法评价模型后,依次采集6名专家的人体各部位对主观舒适性的权重结果。以专家1为例,按照层次分析法权重确定方法,构建如表 4所示的各项评价指标的判断矩阵,并计算各指标权重,计算出一致性指标CI为0.076 1,一致性比率CR为0.056<0.1,判断矩阵通过一致性检验。
通过上述方法处理对其余5名专家构造的判断矩阵进行一致性检验,并求得对应权重,将最终结果整理后如表 5所示。
通过对表中各专家的各指标权重进行平均后,最终由层次分析法确定的各部位权重如表 6所示。
(2)熵权法(EWM)计算步骤
与层次分析法不同,熵权法依据数据之间的相对变化幅度对系统整体的影响来确定指标权重,计算权重过程中不会受个人主观感觉的影响。因此,将颈部、肩部、背部、臀部、腿部舒适性和上下肢操纵性作为熵权法的输入,根据上述熵权法的计算步骤得出各指标的权重。以50th驾驶员为例,表 7所示为50th驾驶员各项指标的主观评价和通过熵权法计算后的各部位权重值。
为使熵权法计算得到的权值具有足够的代表性,采用将5th、50th和95th 3种百分位驾驶员主观评价计算得到的权值进行加权平均,最终得到由熵权法确定的各指标权重,如表 8所示。
(3)综合权重计算结果
由上述步骤可分别通过层次分析法和熵权法计算得到两组不同的各部位权重,为消除层次分析法偏重于依据人为经验确定,未考虑到客观数据的弊端,使各部位对舒适性的影响更贴合实际情况,本实验采用对层次分析法和熵权法确定的权重进行加权平均的方法,使综合权重能够同时考虑到人为经验规律和客观数据的规律,计算结果如表 9所示。
通过分析表 9可得,层次分析法计算的权重值和熵权法确定的权重值相似度较小。层次分析法中臀部舒适性B4、上肢操纵性B6和下肢操纵性B7的权重明显高于熵权法中的权重,其原因为层次分析法突出体现人为意见,赋予臀部舒适性、上肢操纵性和下肢操纵性的权重较大,而熵权法依据数据相对变化程度进行赋权,权重分布较为均匀。通过计算综合权重,最终确定的各指标对主观舒适性影响的权重从大到小分别为:下肢操纵性B7(0.265),臀部舒适性B4(0.155),上肢操纵性B6(0.155),腿部舒适性B5(0.130),背部舒适性B3(0.105),肩部舒适性B2(0.095)和颈部舒适性B1(0.095)。将求得的权重与实验人员的各部位主观评价值进行加权求和,即为对应的驾驶员主观舒适性评价值C1
以主观评价颈部6、肩部8、背部7、臀部5、腿部6、上肢操纵性4和下肢操纵性5为例,用各部分主观评价结果乘以权重,最终计算主观舒适性评价值为5.6。
驾驶员关节角度数据为驾驶员保持正常驾驶姿态时各身体部位间的角度,均能从生理学方面给出驾驶姿态下驾驶员各关节角的舒适范围,其中肘关节80°~140°,肩关节10°~50°,躯干角90°~120°,膝关节95°~145°,踝关节90°~110°。因此,本节对于实验中采集到的驾驶员关节角度数据,采用模糊综合评价法对各驾驶姿势进行评价,计算步骤如下。
(1)确定因素集
将肘关节、肩关节、躯干、膝关节和踝关节构成评价体系的因素集合,即因素集,记为 U = u 1 , u 2 , u 3 , u 4 , u 5
(2)确定评价集
设定关节角度的舒适性评价为好、可接受、差、很差4种评价,构成因素评价集,记为 V = v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , v 4
(3)确定因素权重
在进行综合评价时,须确定各因素的权重,是关于因素集U的一个模糊向量,记为 A = a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 , a 5。其中: a i为第i个因素的权重,且须满足 i = 1 5 a i = 1。本实验按照层次分析法对多名有经验的驾驶员主观评价采集取平均值,步骤同上,确定模糊向量 A 1 × 5 = 0.08,0.12,0.2,0.28,0.32
(4)确定隶属度函数
将各关节的舒适角度范围划分为优、良、中、差4个等级,采用三角形隶属度函数计算实际关节角度对不同等级的隶属度,舒适角度范围正中间为优,向两边依次变为良、中和差。
(5)确定模糊综合评判矩阵
按照上述步骤分别对关节角度做出评价,5个关节角度、4种评价结果,构建综合评判矩阵为 R 5 × 4 = r 11 r 14 r 51 r 54
(6)模糊综合评判
利用 A 1 × 5 R 5 × 4通过计算得到综合评判结果:
B = A 1 × 5 R 5 × 4 = b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , b 4,其中 [ b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , b 4 ]分别为关节角度隶属于对应评价集的程度。
(7)计算客观舒适性评价
对应主观舒适性评价表,本实验将评价集U中舒适性好、可接受、差、很差对应分值分别为8、6、4和2,通过加权求和求出客观舒适性评价值C2
以肘关节90°、肩关节30°、躯干角115°、膝关节115°和踝关节85°为例,各关节对各评价的隶属度为 R 5 × 4 = 0 0.5 0.5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 0.5,计算得到综合评判结果 B = A 1 × 5 R 5 × 4 = 0.12,0.28,0.44,0.16,将上述权重乘以各评价集对应分值,得客观舒适性评价 C 2 = 8 × 0.12 + 6 × 0.28 + 4 × 0.44 + 2 × 0.16 = 4.72
将主观舒适性和客观舒适性结果进行加权平均得到最终的舒适性评价值,用于后续的正交实验结果分析。
通过正交实验可以得到15名实验人员,分别在9组不同的座椅布置下的参数变化规律。以50th驾驶员为例,将50th驾驶员的综合评价平均后经正交实验分析得到结果如表 10所示。
表10中:T为所有指标的和, T = i = 1 n x i x i为综合评价; T i表示任一列上水平号为i时所对应的实验指标和; t i为实验指标的平均值, t i = T i / r,其中r为任一列上各水平出现的次数,由 T i t i的大小可以判断因素的优水平;R为极差,是任一列上因素各水平的实验指标 t i的最大值与最小值之差,R越大,说明该因素对实验指标的影响越大,将各因素按照极差值进行从大到小排列得到因素主次顺序。优水平代表4个因素在对应水平的组合下可使舒适性达到最优。依据上述步骤分别对5th、50th和95th驾驶员实验结果进行正交实验结果分析,将优水平和因素主次排序结果整理如表 11所示。
表 11所示为不同百分位驾驶员座椅参数优水平组合,由表可见:因素L53优水平随着驾驶员身高的增加而增加;5th驾驶员的因素H30优水平小于50th和95th,且50th和95th驾驶员H点高度相同;95th驾驶员的舒适靠背角度A40优水平大于5th和50th驾驶员;坐垫角度A27优水平与驾驶员百分位没有明显的变化关系。
通过因素重要程度排序可得:
对于5th驾驶员,舒适性受因素L53和H30影响较大,通过分析图5表 12中的坐垫压力分布和参数可知,5th实验人员(女,154 cm,54 kg)在进行第9组实验时的坐垫接触面积786 cm2,臀部平均压力为20 mmHg,腿部平均压力为18 mmHg,不同于5th实验人员综合评价最高的第1组实验。这是因为5th实验人员下肢长度较短,当A27和A40在合理角度范围内时,L53和H30过大会使5th实验人员远离转向盘和地板平面,使座椅坐垫对腿部支撑过大,造成坐垫接触面积增加,臀部平均压力和腿部平均压力下降。
对于50th和95th驾驶员,舒适性受L53和A27的影响较大,受因素A40和H30影响较小。由表 11可知,坐垫角度A27的优水平不随驾驶员百分位变化而变化,且实际使用过程中不直接对坐垫角度A27进行调节,因此,该部分仅对影响因素L53进行分析。
图6为50th(男,172 cm,71 kg)和95th(男,181 cm,79 kg)实验人员在进行第5组实验时的坐垫压力分布情况,压力参数如表 13所示。其中,95th实验人员的坐垫接触面积小于50th实验人员的坐垫接触面积,而95th实验人员的臀部平均压力大于50th实验人员的臀部平均压力。这是由于95th实验人员在进行第5组实验时因素L53较小,实验人员膝关节未充分展开,造成座椅坐垫对实验人员腿部支撑不足,导致臀部平均压力过大。因此,95th实验人员对第5组实验的综合评价较差,与表 11中95th实验人员对因素L53的分析一致。
综上所述,对于5th驾驶员,舒适性主要受到因素H30和因素L53的影响;对于50th和95th驾驶员,舒适性主要受到因素H30的影响。根据以上结论可以对共享汽车驾驶员的座椅调节方法提供一定的参考依据。
根据表 11分析结果可知,实验设计的4个因素中,在舒适性最优的情况下,坐垫角A27不随驾驶员百分位的变化而变化,均在13°时达到舒适性最优,座椅H点前后位置L53、高低位置H30和靠背角度A40与驾驶员身高呈现出明显的变化关系。因此,若能将上述结论应用于指导共享汽车座椅的布置,针对不同驾驶员实现准确快速的座椅位置和参数的调节,可有效简化共享汽车驾驶员的乘车准备工作。
目前,对于不同百分位驾驶员的H点进行明确规定的标准为SAE J1517,该标准颁布了一组不同百分位驾驶员适宜驾驶时的H点位置曲线,其中每一条曲线都表征了H点位置与定位基准点之间的水平和垂直方向的位置关系,如图 7所示[18]。但该模型是对20世纪60年代美国人体数据和车型数据进行统计后得到的,并未适合不同时代、不同国家的人体统计数据,且随着时间的变化,不同百分位驾驶员的身高存在增长或降低的趋势,降低了标准的适用性。
对于SAE J1517中的缺陷,美国汽车制造商协会(American automobile manufactures association,AAMA)对驾驶员适宜乘坐位置进行了研究,得到了SAM(seating accommodation model),该模型采用驾驶员身高、座椅高度、坐垫角度、转向盘前后位置和变速器类型等因素作为预测座椅前后方向位置的因子,提高了模型的预测精度。但该模型计算过程繁琐,未得到普遍应用。
根据标准SAE J1517中给出的各百分位适宜位置曲线,已知驾驶员所属百分位和座椅H点高度H30即可对驾驶员适宜乘坐位置进行预测,但实际操作过程中H点的分布不会布满曲线确定的整个区域(图 7虚线框所示),且对于相同体征的驾驶员来说,其H点分布并不会产生较大的区域变动,而标准SAE J1517中也没有给出对于同一百分位驾驶员,如何在对应的适宜曲线上选取恰当的H点位置作为最优驾驶位置的方法。排除驾驶习惯等不可控因素后,对于经验丰富的驾驶员来说,对应适宜曲线上最优驾驶位置的选择主要受驾驶员体征的影响,而BMI能够从身高和体质量两方面对驾驶员体征进行描述。因此,本节基于实验采集到的数据,通过数据的修正拟合,对实验人员BMI范围(21.1~25.2 kg/m2)内的驾驶员的适宜驾驶位置及姿势进行预测。
在本文设定的实验中,对于5th、50th和95th驾驶员,因素H30的优水平依次为1(245)、2(260)、2(260),因素L53的优水平依次为1(835)、2(880)、3(925),因素A40的优水平依次为2(25)、2(25)、3(30)。考虑到实验设置水平数较少且选取的实验人员身高围绕对应百分位身高上下波动的原因,每个实验人员最优位置并不是严格意义上属于上述水平,因此,在进行适宜驾驶位置预测前,有必要对实验所得的数据进行修正。
正交实验处理过程中,各因素的极差值R表示对舒适性指标的影响程度,因此,本文依据极差值R分别对5th、50th和95th实验人员的各因素的优水平进行修正,修正公式为
Δ = R i - 1 n i = 1 n R i m a x { R } - m i n { R } Δ X
式中:R表示实验人员正交实验计算的极差值;n分别表示5th、50th和95th实验人员的数量; Δ X表示因素H30、L53或A40的实验时设定的不同水平间的差值; Δ代表修正量,将修正量与正交分析得到的优水平相加即为各实验人员的因素H30、因素L53和因素A40修正后的最优位置。
根据修正后的实验人员的各因素最优水平即可对此BMI范围(21.1~25.2 kg/m2)内的驾驶员的座椅布置进行预测。本文中以身高为自变量,以修正后的因素H30和因素L53为因变量,采用多项式进行拟合,通过修正决定系数(Adjusted R-Square)对模型拟合优度进行评价。修正系数大于0.9即认为取得优良的拟合效果,同时为防止模型过拟合,多项式次数应越低越好。因此,如表 14所示,最终选择二次多项式作为因素H30的预测模型,选择线性回归模型作为因素L53的预测模型,拟合曲线如图 8所示。
由驾驶室人机三角形可知,驾驶员上肢的驾驶姿态与座椅靠背角A40和驾驶员上肢长度密切相关[8],且对于同一身高的驾驶员,可能存在上肢长度差异较大的情况,若对同一身高驾驶员进行统一的座椅参数布置,则存在部分驾驶员上肢操纵性较差的情况。因此,本文统计了15名实验人员的上肢长度数据,以上肢长度数据为自变量,修正后的座椅靠背角为因变量进行拟合,最终选择二次多项式作为因素A40的预测模型,如图 9所示。
H30和L53的预测模型联立可得因素L53和因素H30的函数关系,即BMI范围(21.1~25.2 kg/m2)内的驾驶员的适宜H点位置分布曲线。同时,将H点位置曲线上下平移,使之包络所有数据点,形成如图 10所示的包络区域。受GB/T 15759—2014与SAE标准中各百分位人体尺寸不同和实验条件设置的影响,本实验推荐的5th和95th驾驶员的H点前后位置与SAE标准中推荐的位置存在差异。但在实际座椅调节过程中,座椅H点位置并不会覆盖SAE标准推荐的整条曲线。如图 10所示,蓝色虚线间的区域可用较小的面积包括本文全部实验人员的适宜H点位置,且包络线与实验人员身高具有显著的函数关系。因此,此包络区域可以看作本实验BMI范围内(21.1~25.2 kg/m2)的驾驶员的H点分布密集区域,用于本文15名不同身高的实验人员适宜H点位置的快速定位。因此本文推测,对于不同BMI范围内的驾驶员,存在不同的H点密集分布的区域。
确定驾驶员座椅适宜H点位置后,再由靠背角预测曲线依据驾驶员上肢长度确定唯一的靠背调节位置,由于坐垫角不随驾驶员百分位变化而变化,故不单独对坐垫进行调节。依据上述流程,对于不同BMI范围内的驾驶员,也可按照上述方法设计出适合不同BMI范围的适宜H点位置预测曲线和靠背角度预测曲线。
考虑到共享汽车单一车型基数大、用户多变和使用频率高的特点,针对共享汽车使用场景开展驾驶员适宜H点位置和舒适坐姿预测的实验研究。研究了4个座椅参数对不同百分位驾驶员座椅舒适性的影响情况,得出以下结论:不同座椅参数对座椅舒适性的影响存在差异,且随着驾驶员百分位的变化,对座椅舒适性造成影响的参数也在发生变化。5th百分位驾驶员的座椅舒适性主要受到座椅H点前后、高低位置的影响,而50th和95th百分位驾驶员的座椅舒适性不同程度地受到座椅H点前后位置、坐垫角和靠背角的影响;此外,可以身高为自变量,分别采用一次函数和二次多项式对驾驶员H点前后、高低位置进行预测,并以驾驶员上肢长度为自变量,采用二次多项式对座椅靠背角度进行预测。
根据本文提出的方法,依托智能座舱的舱内外摄像头和压力传感器获取到驾驶员身高、体质量及上肢长度信息后,可自动快速准确地确定驾驶员的适宜H点位置和靠背角度,快速确定驾驶员舒适驾驶姿势,提升了共享汽车智能化程度驾乘体验。同时,此研究结果应用车型并不局限于共享汽车,对于私家车,该方案可以纠正部分驾驶员的错误驾驶姿势,减缓驾驶员的疲劳速度。对其他车辆,当汽车驾驶员发生变化时,也可根据此研究方法对座椅参数进行快速调节。
  • *国家自然科学基金(52272365)
  • 吉林省自然科学基金(20220101200JC)
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.005
  • 接收时间:2023-04-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-14
  • 修回日期:2023-06-16
基金
*国家自然科学基金(52272365)
吉林省自然科学基金(20220101200JC)
作者信息
    吉林大学,汽车仿真与控制国家重点实验室,长春 130022

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付铁军,副教授,硕士,E-mail:
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