Article(id=1153780544983785549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780537878634558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1685203200000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-28, revisedDate=1687622400000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753012318130, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753012318130, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753012318130, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753012318130, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153780537878634558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753012316436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753067606853, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1154012442750345936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780537878634558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1154012442750345937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780537878634558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=100, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153780545508073552, articleId=1153780544983785549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Integral Sliding Mode Control for Four-Wheel Active Steering Based on Kalman Filter Extended State Observer, columnId=1149809889280750125, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Selected Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=

In order to eliminate the influence of parameter uncertainty and external uncertain disturbances on the handling stability of four-wheel steering vehicles,a nonlinear integral sliding mode control method based on kalman filter extended state observer for four-wheel active steering is proposed. Firstly,the kalman filter extended state observer (KFESO) is designed to realize the vehicle state observation and external disturbance estimation,which overcomes the disadvantage of traditional kalman filter algorithm's dependence on high-precision models. Secondly,to reduce the tracking control error of the target ideal state of the vehicle caused by disturbances,the disturbance observed by KFESO is compensated to the control input. In order to realize global robust control and suppress integral saturation,a nonlinear integral sliding mode control method based on exponential convergence is designed. Finally,hardware in the loop test results indicate that the KFESO has high observation accuracy in the presence of internal and external uncertain disturbances in the system,and the KFESO-ISMC method has excellent anti-interference performance in controlling the stability of four-wheel active steering compared to LQR and ISMC methods.

, articleAbstract=

In order to eliminate the influence of parameter uncertainty and external uncertain disturbances on the handling stability of fourwheel steering vehicles, a nonlinear integral sliding mode control method based on kalman filter extended state observer for fourwheel active steering is proposed. Firstly, the kalman filter extended state observer (KFESO) is designed to realize the vehicle state observation and external disturbance estimation, which overcomes the disadvantage of traditional kalman filter algorithm's dependence on highprecision models. Secondly, to reduce the tracking control error of the target ideal state of the vehicle caused by disturbances, the disturbance observed by KFESO is compensated to the control input. In order to realize global robust control and suppress integral saturation, a nonlinear integral sliding mode control method based on exponential convergence is designed. Finally, hardware in the loop test results indicate that the KFESO has high observation accuracy in the presence of internal and external uncertain disturbances in the system, and the KFESOISMC method has excellent antiinterference performance in controlling the stability of fourwheel active steering compared to LQR and ISMC methods.

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为消除参数不确定和外部不确定扰动对四轮转向车辆操纵稳定性的影响,提出了一种基于卡尔曼扩张状态观测器的四轮主动转向非线性积分滑模控制(KFESO-ISMC)方法。首先设计了一种卡尔曼扩张状态观测器(KFESO),实现了车辆状态观测以及外部扰动估计,克服了传统卡尔曼滤波算法对模型参数精度的依赖的缺点。其次为降低外部扰动引起的车辆状态的跟踪误差,将KFESO观测的系统总扰动补偿到控制输入;并为实现全局鲁棒控制和抑制积分饱和现象,设计了四轮主动转向非线性积分滑模控制方法。最后,硬件在环试验结果表明:在存在内外部不确定扰动情况下,KFESO观测器具有较高的观测精度;在四轮主动转向操纵稳定性的控制方面,KFESO-ISMC方法相比LQR和ISMC方法具优良的抗扰性能。

, articleAbstract=

为消除参数不确定和外部不确定扰动对四轮转向车辆操纵稳定性的影响,提出了一种基于卡尔曼扩张状态观测器的四轮主动转向非线性积分滑模控制(KFESOISMC)方法。首先设计了一种卡尔曼扩张状态观测器(KFESO),实现了车辆状态观测以及外部扰动估计,克服了传统卡尔曼滤波算法对模型参数精度的依赖的缺点。其次为降低外部扰动引起的车辆状态的跟踪误差,将KFESO观测的系统总扰动补偿到控制输入;并为实现全局鲁棒控制和抑制积分饱和现象,设计了四轮主动转向非线性积分滑模控制方法。最后,硬件在环试验结果表明:在存在内外部不确定扰动情况下,KFESO观测器具有较高的观测精度;在四轮主动转向操纵稳定性的控制方面,KFESOISMC方法相比LQR和ISMC方法具优良的抗扰性能。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李维汉,讲师,博士,E-mail:
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参数 名义数值 实际数值
整车质量m/kg 1 500 1 600
前轮轮胎侧偏刚度kf/(N·rad-1 -62 566 -64 562
后轮轮胎侧偏刚度kr/(N·rad-1 -63 566 -63 861
质心到前轴的距离lf /m 1.25 1.50
质心到后轴的距离lr /m 1.40 1.22
轴距L/m 2.72 2.72
横摆转动惯量Jz /(kg·m2 3 950 4 250
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4WAS车辆模型参数

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参数 名义数值 实际数值
整车质量m/kg 1 500 1 600
前轮轮胎侧偏刚度kf/(N·rad-1 -62 566 -64 562
后轮轮胎侧偏刚度kr/(N·rad-1 -63 566 -63 861
质心到前轴的距离lf /m 1.25 1.50
质心到后轴的距离lr /m 1.40 1.22
轴距L/m 2.72 2.72
横摆转动惯量Jz /(kg·m2 3 950 4 250
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基于KFESO的四轮主动转向积分滑模控制*
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邓斌 1, 2 , 李维汉 1, 2 , 吴迪 1, 2 , 张冰战 1, 2 , 赵韩 1, 3
汽车工程 | 精选论文 2024,46(1): 100-108
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汽车工程 | 精选论文 2024, 46(1): 100-108
基于KFESO的四轮主动转向积分滑模控制*
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邓斌1, 2, 李维汉1, 2 , 吴迪1, 2, 张冰战1, 2, 赵韩1, 3
作者信息
  • 1 安徽省数字化设计与制造重点实验室,合肥 230009
  • 2 合肥工业大学汽车与交通工程学院,合肥 230009
  • 3 合肥工业大学机械工程学院,合肥 230009

通讯作者:

李维汉,讲师,博士,E-mail:
Integral Sliding Mode Control for Four-Wheel Active Steering Based on Kalman Filter Extended State Observer
Bin Deng1, 2, Weihan Li1, 2 , Di Wu1, 2, Bingzhan Zhang1, 2, Han Zhao1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Anhui Key Laboratory of Digit Design and Manufacture,Hefei  230009
  • 2 Department of Vehicle Engineering,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei  230009
  • 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei  230009
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.011
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为消除参数不确定和外部不确定扰动对四轮转向车辆操纵稳定性的影响,提出了一种基于卡尔曼扩张状态观测器的四轮主动转向非线性积分滑模控制(KFESOISMC)方法。首先设计了一种卡尔曼扩张状态观测器(KFESO),实现了车辆状态观测以及外部扰动估计,克服了传统卡尔曼滤波算法对模型参数精度的依赖的缺点。其次为降低外部扰动引起的车辆状态的跟踪误差,将KFESO观测的系统总扰动补偿到控制输入;并为实现全局鲁棒控制和抑制积分饱和现象,设计了四轮主动转向非线性积分滑模控制方法。最后,硬件在环试验结果表明:在存在内外部不确定扰动情况下,KFESO观测器具有较高的观测精度;在四轮主动转向操纵稳定性的控制方面,KFESOISMC方法相比LQR和ISMC方法具优良的抗扰性能。

四轮主动转向  /  线控转向  /  扰动观测器  /  卡尔曼滤波  /  积分滑模控制

In order to eliminate the influence of parameter uncertainty and external uncertain disturbances on the handling stability of fourwheel steering vehicles, a nonlinear integral sliding mode control method based on kalman filter extended state observer for fourwheel active steering is proposed. Firstly, the kalman filter extended state observer (KFESO) is designed to realize the vehicle state observation and external disturbance estimation, which overcomes the disadvantage of traditional kalman filter algorithm's dependence on highprecision models. Secondly, to reduce the tracking control error of the target ideal state of the vehicle caused by disturbances, the disturbance observed by KFESO is compensated to the control input. In order to realize global robust control and suppress integral saturation, a nonlinear integral sliding mode control method based on exponential convergence is designed. Finally, hardware in the loop test results indicate that the KFESO has high observation accuracy in the presence of internal and external uncertain disturbances in the system, and the KFESOISMC method has excellent antiinterference performance in controlling the stability of fourwheel active steering compared to LQR and ISMC methods.

four-wheel active steering  /  steering by wire  /  disturbance observer  /  Kalman filter  /  integral sliding mode control
邓斌, 李维汉, 吴迪, 张冰战, 赵韩. 基于KFESO的四轮主动转向积分滑模控制*. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (1) : 100 -108 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.011
Bin Deng, Weihan Li, Di Wu, Bingzhan Zhang, Han Zhao. Integral Sliding Mode Control for Four-Wheel Active Steering Based on Kalman Filter Extended State Observer[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (1) : 100 -108 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.011
随着智能无人车辆研究不断深入,对车辆底盘驾驶灵活性、舒适性、安全性要求越来越高[1]。四轮主动转向(four wheel active steering,4WAS)作为一种先进的底盘控制技术,利用线控技术能同时主动控制前后轮的转向角,可实现对车辆质心侧偏角和横摆角速度两个状态的同时控制,进而能提高车辆操纵稳定性以及在极限工况下的主动安全性。智能无人车辆具有环境感知、辅助驾驶或者自动驾驶功能,相比于传统非无人驾驶车辆,4WAS技术在智能无人驾驶车辆上具有更具有应用优势[2]
针对4WAS的控制策略,早期研究采用前馈控制以及反馈控制的方法[3],仅以质心侧偏角为零作为控制目标,逆解出主动转向的控制规律或者通过优化控制传动比和反馈参数,改善了车辆的瞬态和稳态响应[4]。基于LQR的状态反馈控制方法可以实现4WAS最优控制[5-6]。也有学者进一步采用基于变权重系数的LQR方法主动控制后轮角度以提升整车稳定性[7]。上述方法在一定程度上提升了车辆操纵性,且是在车辆模型线性区域和无扰动情况下设计的,控制方法鲁棒性不高。
为提高4WAS车辆的稳定性和鲁棒性,国内外学者设计了一些先进的控制方法应用在4WAS控制系统中,如H2/H混合综合方法、μ综合控制理论、非线性控制等先进的控制方法。文献[8]中采用了非线性三步法设计主动四轮转向,控制输入由稳态控制、考虑参考信号变化的前馈控制和状态相关误差反馈控制3部分组成,在质心侧偏角和横摆角速方面表现出较好的跟踪效果。文献[9]中针对不确定性系统设计了具有鲁棒性的模型跟随滑模控制器,控制输出前轮可变传动比抑制过度转向,主动后转向以实现零侧滑角。文献[10]中为降低故障和干扰对车辆稳定性的影响,设计了一种具有容错性和鲁棒性的基于线性二次型的H控制方法,该方法实现了跟踪性能和控制输入能量之间的折衷,并将外部扰动对受控输出的影响降至最低。考虑系统的参数不确定性,文献[11]和文献[12]中提出了四轮主动转向混合H2/H鲁棒控制方法,设计了具有优化加权函数的混合H2/H控制器,在保证4WS车辆稳定性的同时实现了良好鲁棒性。考虑到非结构化和结构化的不确定性,文献[13]中设计了一种四轮主动转向μ综合鲁棒控制器,并基于Hankel Norm近似实现了控制器的降阶。
对于已知干扰或者部分已知的干扰(如有界干扰)可以通过鲁棒控制方法或者滑模控制实现补偿。对于车辆模型中未知不确定的干扰,一般的解决思路是先利用干扰观测器观测扰动,再融合其他控制方法实现抗扰和稳定控制。文献[14]中提出了一种基于扰动观测器的四轮转向控制策略,首先将前馈控制和反馈控制相结合,求解控制前后轮转向角,保证操纵稳定性;再基于扰动观测器的控制方法,用于处理被忽略的非线性动力学和外部扰动,以达到较强的鲁棒性。文献[15]中设计了一种用于四轮转向车辆的姿态控制系统,采用了扰动观测器(DOB)、离散时间LQR和线性模型预测控制(LMPC)方法保证车身姿态的稳定性。文献[16]中采用基于扰动观测器的滑模控制方法,通过实时估计扰动,克服了系统的扰动和非线性带来的影响,提高操纵稳定性和车辆安全性。文献[17]中提出了一种基于微分平坦和线性自抗扰控制器的控制策略,以解决4WS车辆跟踪控制中的欠驱动、非线性、强耦合、扰动和测量噪声等问题。这种方法的优点是对模型精度依赖度低,甚至可以实现无模型控制。
目前针对车辆的状态估计问题多数采用基于卡尔曼滤波的方法。卡尔曼滤波算法是一种递推最小方差估计方法,适合处理多维和非平稳的随机过程。为提高状态观测器的精度和鲁棒性,研究学者在卡尔曼滤波方法基础上进行了一些改进。Wang 等[18]提出了一种新的自适应容错扩展卡尔曼滤波器,用于在传感器数据部分丢失的情况下估计车辆状态。针对未知噪声条件下的车辆状态估计问题,Bersani 等[19]提出了一种基于增强型自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波器(EAUKF)的状态估计方法。Liu等[20]提出针对无人驾驶车辆提出了一种自适应衰落无迹卡尔曼滤波器(AFUKF)算法。为解决噪声信号的未知或时变性,Prakash等[21]提出了一种基于最大似然原理(MLP)的自适应鲁棒扩展卡尔曼滤波器。这些方法可以实现对车辆状态的估计,但是缺乏对车辆不确定扰动的估计。
车辆参数以及行驶工况往往是不确定的,如车辆载荷变化、路面附着系数变化、外部不确定侧向风扰动等不确定因素,都会对车辆操纵稳定性产生影响,因此要求4WAS的控制方法要具有较高的抗干扰和鲁棒性。本文针对4WAS车辆在不确定扰动下的操纵稳定性控制问题开展研究,提出一种基于卡尔曼扩张状态观测器的四轮主动转向非线性积分滑模控制(KFESO-ISMC)方法。首先在将系统内部和外部的不确定扰动扩张为车辆动力学模型中的总扰动,并设计卡尔曼扩张状态观测器观测车辆状态和不确定扰动;其次,设计四轮主动转向非线性积分滑模控制方法并将KFESO观测的系统总扰动补偿到控制输入中,以降低外部干扰影响,实现四轮主动转向车辆操纵稳定性的全局鲁棒控制;最后,搭建硬件在环试验系统验证提出控制方法控制效果。
为方便研究四轮主动转向车辆的操纵稳定性问题,一般将车辆模型简化为2自由度单车模型,如图1所示。在轮胎的线性特性区域内,可以建立线性的车辆动力学模型[22],考虑实际车辆内部模型参数不确定以及外部不确定的侧向扰动和横摆扰动,如轮胎侧偏刚度的参数不确定,侧向风扰动等,在线性模型基础上引入侧向总扰动和横摆总扰动,用等效总扰动表达系统的非线性部分以及不确定扰动。
因此,可建立包含不确定扰动的2自由度车辆动力学模型,如式(1)所示。
β ˙ = k f + k f m v x β + l f k f - l r k r m v x 2 - 1 ω - k f m v x δ f - k r m v x δ r + w 1 ω ˙ = l f k f - l r k r J z β + l f 2 k f + l r 2 k r v x J z ω - l f k f J z δ f + l r k r J z δ r + w 2
式中:m表示整车质量; J z表示横摆转动惯量; l f表示质心到前轴的距离; l r表示质心到后轴的距离; β表示质心侧偏角; ω表示车身横摆角速度; v x表示纵向车速; w 1表示侧向等效总扰动; w 2表示横摆等效总扰动; k f表示前轮等效侧偏刚度; k r表示后轮等效侧偏刚度,定义轮胎的侧偏刚度为负值。
侧向加速度 a y可写成下式:
a y = v ˙ y + v x ω = v x β ˙ + v x ω
由于质心侧偏角 β无法通过传感器直接测量得到,故选择 a y ω作为模型输出。进一步,将车辆模型的动力学微分方程写成状态空间方程形式:
X ˙ = A X + B U + W y = C X + D U
其中:$\begin{array}{l}\boldsymbol{A}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}a_{11} & a_{12} \\a_{21} & a_{22}\end{array}\right] ; \boldsymbol{B}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}b_{11} & b_{12} \\b_{21} & b_{22}\end{array}\right] ; \boldsymbol{C}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}c_{1} & c_{2} \\0 & 1\end{array}\right] \\\boldsymbol{D}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}d_{1} & d_{2} \\0 & 0\end{array}\right] ; \boldsymbol{W}=\left[\begin{array}{c}w_{1} \\w_{2}\end{array}\right] ; \boldsymbol{U}=\left[\begin{array}{c}\delta_{\mathrm{f}} \\\delta_{\mathrm{r}}\end{array}\right] ; \boldsymbol{y}=\left[\begin{array}{c}a_{y} \\\omega\end{array}\right] \\c_{1}=-\frac{k_{\mathrm{f}}+k_{\mathrm{r}}}{m} ; c_{2}=\frac{-l_{\mathrm{f}} k_{\mathrm{f}}+l_{\mathrm{r}} k_{\mathrm{r}}}{m v_{x}} ; d_{1}=\frac{-k_{\mathrm{f}}}{m} ; d_{2}=\frac{-k_{\mathrm{r}}}{m} \\a_{11}=\frac{k_{\mathrm{f}}+k_{\mathrm{f}}}{m v_{x}} ; a_{12}=\frac{l_{\mathrm{f}} k_{\mathrm{f}}-l_{\mathrm{r}} k_{\mathrm{r}}}{m v_{x}^{2}}-1 ; a_{21}=\frac{l_{\mathrm{f}} k_{\mathrm{f}}-l_{\mathrm{r}} k_{\mathrm{r}}}{J_{z}} \\a_{22}=\frac{l_{\mathrm{f}}^{2} k_{\mathrm{f}}+l_{\mathrm{r}}^{2} k_{\mathrm{r}}}{v_{x} J_{z}} ; b_{11}=-\frac{k_{\mathrm{f}}}{m v_{x}} ; b_{12}=-\frac{k_{\mathrm{r}}}{m v_{x}} ; b_{21}=-\frac{l_{\mathrm{f}} k_{\mathrm{f}}}{J_{z}} \\b_{22}=\frac{l_{\mathrm{r}} k_{\mathrm{r}}}{J_{z}}\end{array}$
在一定车速下,车辆的理想横摆角速度与转向盘成正比关系时,有利于驾驶员做出适当的操纵判断。为尽可能地抑制车辆侧滑,车辆的期望质心侧偏角一般保持在零附近。由此可建立车辆的理想转向模型,如式(4)所示:
β ˙ d ω ˙ d = - 1 / t β 0 0 - 1 / t ω β d ω d + 0 G s δ s w
式中: ω d表示车辆的理想横摆角速度; β d表示车辆的理想质心侧偏角; t β表示理想的质心侧偏角延迟时间常数; t ω 表示横摆角速度延迟时间常数; δ s w表示转向盘转向角; G s = v x / ( 1 + κ s v x 2 ) L表示稳态横摆角速度增益, κ s = m ( l f / k r - l r / k f ) / L 2为稳定性因数, L = l f + l r表示轴距。
进一步可将式(4)改写成状态空间模型,即
X ˙ d = A d X d + B d δ s w
在实现四轮主动转向的操纵稳定性控制时需要获得车辆状态,主要包括质心侧偏角和横摆角速度,目前获得的方法主要分为两种,基于模型的观测方法和基于传感器测量融合观测方法。基于模型的方法对模型精度依赖度高,而基于传感器测量的方法需要解决随机噪声干扰带来的影响。实际车辆模型的参数具有一定不确定性,同时传感器采集的信号具有一定的噪声,因此在设计状态观测方法既要克服参数不确定带来的偏差,又要滤除传感器的随机噪声。
卡尔曼滤波(Kalman filter,KF)算法是一种应用广泛的最优滤波算法,但由于卡尔曼滤波算法对模型精度依赖性较高,当先验模型的精度较高时可获得较好的估计效果,当模型参数偏差较大以及外部不确定扰动较大时,卡尔曼滤波会产生模型失配,不再满足最优估计条件,状态估计将会出现较大的误差,甚至估计器发散[23]。扩张状态观测器(extended state observer,ESO)的核心思想是将影响被控对象输出的扰动作用扩张为一个新的状态变量,利用反馈机制建立能够观测被扩张的状态变量[24]。扩张状态观测器既不依赖扰动的模型,还可以利用系统部分模型,估计系统存在的不确定性(包括系统的未建模动态、耦合/非线性项、未知来源的外界干扰),同时可以观测得到系统的状态变量。但是ESO缺乏对高斯噪声的处理,反馈采集信号中的高斯噪声会导致ESO观测能力下降。
针对包含不确定扰动和随机噪声的车辆状态空间方程,设计一种基于卡尔曼滤波的扩张状态观测器(Kalman filter based extended state observer,KFESO)。基于KFESO的车辆状态估计算法过程如图2所示。该方法首先通过扩张状态观测器可以重构出包含不确定扰动的系统扩张模型,解决了卡尔曼滤波算法模型失配的问题;再设计卡尔曼最优递归算法过滤噪声,降低噪声对观测器精度的影响;最终实现车辆状态高精度观测以及不确定扰动的估计。
首先将车辆系统总扰动 W扩张为系统新的状态变量 Z = X W T,其次考虑随机噪声,将系统连续状态方程改写为包含不确定扰动和随机噪声的离散状态方程:
Z k = A ¯ Z k - 1 + B ¯ U k + w k Y k = C ¯ Z k - 1 + D ¯ U k + v k
式中 w k v k分别为过程噪声和观测噪声,假设它们为相互独立,正态分布的高斯白噪声,则 P w k = N 0 , R P v k = N 0 , Q Q表示过程噪声协方差矩阵, R表示观测噪声协方差矩阵,设 Q R均为对称非负定矩阵,且不随状态变化而变化。
设计卡尔曼最优递归扩张状态观测器,主要分为时间更新方程和测量更新方程两个部分。
(1)时间更新方程
利用k-1时刻的最优估计值 z ^ k表,推出k时刻的先验预测值 z ^ k -,再利用k-1时刻的最优估计值的协方差 P k - 1 Q,推出k时刻先验预测值协方差 P k -,如式(7)所示。
Z ^ k - = A ¯ Z k - 1 + B ¯ U k - 1 P k - = A ¯ P k - 1 A ¯ T + Q
(2)测量更新方程
先计算卡尔曼增益:
K k = P k - C ¯ T C ¯ P k - C ¯ T + R - 1
再由观测变量更新估计:
Z ^ k = Z ^ k - + K k Y k - C Z ^ k -
最后更新误差协方差为
P k = I - K k C ¯ P k -
设计的KFESO有以下特点:(1)KF方法通常通过使用线性化尽可能精确地逼近真实模型,线性化过程丢失了模型中非线性部分且未考虑外部扰动影响;而KFESO将系统中的非线性和不确定扰动视为扩张模型的状态,无须精确对扰动建模即可实现重构系统模型以及扰动估计。(2)在KFESO方法中系统不确定扰动分为两种类型,即等效总扰动和随机噪声,KFESO方法能够对随机噪声滤波,同时估计外部等效总扰动。
在扰动慢时变且有界情况下( W ˙ = 0 , W d m a x  ),假设随机噪声信号 w k v k为正态分布的高斯白噪声,则KFESO可估计系统的未知扰动,同时对过程噪声和测量噪声实现抑制。然而,受到KFESO选择参数的限制,扰动时变速度较快或者突变时,估计结果会存在一定的估计误差和滞后,需要设计控制方法补偿无法观测的不确定扰动。
积分滑模控制(integral sliding mode control,ISMC)通过合理设定积分器的初始状态,使系统的初始状态一开始就处于滑模面上,从而消除到达段,以提高控制系统的鲁棒性。而常规的ISMC方法具有一定的局限性,滑模面中积分项的引入可以提高系统控制的精度,但是在较大的初始误差情况下,会导致较大的超调和较长的调节时间,甚至导致整个系统的不稳定。
结合KFESO对扰动估计和噪声抑制的优势以及ISMC可实现全局状态鲁棒控制的优势,针对四轮主动转向操纵稳定控制,设计了基于卡尔曼扩张状态观测器的非线性积分滑模控制(Kalman filter based extended state observer-integral sliding mode control,KFESO-ISMC)方法,所设计的KFESO-ISMC算法如图3所示。首先理想转向模型作为目标参考模型,其次KFESO实现对车辆状态以及等效总扰动的估计,最后将在KFESO中估计的等效扰动补偿到ISMC,求解主动抗扰转向控制输入 U,并输入到车辆模型中。
定义跟踪误差向量 e = e 1   e 2 T = X d - X,其中, e 1 = β d - β e 2 = ω d - ω。为抑制稳态误差和增强鲁棒性,在滑模面设计时,将误差的积分引入到滑模面函数中,因此通常积分滑模面设计如式(11)所示:
s = k p e + k i 0 e ( τ ) d τ
当初始误差较大时,会产生较大超调和较长的调节时间,导致暂态性能恶化;特别是在控制输出饱和时,会产生积分饱和现象。为此引入一种非线性积分滑模面 S,即
S = e + λ σ σ ˙ = f c ( e )
式中: λ = d i a g ( λ 1 , λ 2 ),表示积分系数; f c ( e )表示非线性积分函数,其表达式如下:
f c ( e i ) = Φ i s i n π e i / 2 Φ i , e i Φ i Φ i , e i > Φ i , i = 1,2 - Φ i , e i < - Φ i
对比一般的线性积分滑模面的积分部分,当误差较小 e i ϕ i时,非线性函数 f c e i e i,产生小误差放大效果,提高小误差区间的积分速度,当误差较大 e i > ϕ i时, f c e i < e i,产生大误差抗饱和的功能。
对积分滑模面 S求导得:
S ˙ = X ˙ d - X ˙ + λ f c ( e ) = X ˙ d - A X - B U - W + λ f c ( e )
基于等效控制设计滑模控制率,由于等效总扰动为 W = W ¯ + W,其中 W ¯表示总扰动中的可观测部分,可基于上述设计的KFESO观测器得到, W表示总扰动观测误差。令 S ˙ = 0 , W = 0,则得到等效控制项:
U e q = B - 1 X ˙ d - A X - W ¯ + λ f c ( e )
当扰动时变速度较快或者突变时,观测器会产生误差和滞后,即扰动观测误差 W 0。假设总扰动有界, W = W ¯ + W d m a x,可得 W d m a x。为进一步补偿无法观测的不确定扰动,选取常数 d m a x = M。可设计基于指数趋近律的切换控制项,即
U s w = B - 1 K S + Μ s g n ( S )
其中: s g n ( S ) = d i a g ( s g n ( S 1 ) , s g n ( S 2 ) )
M = d i a g ( M 1 , M 2 ) K = d i a g ( K 1 , K 2 )
因此,积分滑模控制输出可写为
U = U e q + U s w = B - 1 X ˙ d - A X - W ¯ + λ f c ( e ) + B - 1 K S + Μ s g n ( S ) = B - 1 X ˙ d - A X - W ¯ + λ f c ( e ) + K S + Μ s g n ( S )
选择Lyapunov函数 V 1 = S T S / 2,求导得
V ˙ 1 = S T S ˙ = S T X ˙ d - X ˙ + λ f c ( e ) = S T X ˙ d - A X - B U - W ¯ - Δ W + λ f c ( e ) = S T X ˙ d - A X - B U e q + U s w - W ¯ - Δ W + λ f c ( e ) = S T - Δ W - Μ s g n ( S ) - K S = - s i Δ W i - s i M i - K S 2 s i Δ W i - s i M i - K S 2 = s i Δ W i - M i - K S 2 0
因此,在控制率作用下系统在滑模面 S=0处是渐进稳定的。即当 t 时, S = e + λ f c ( e ) 0。假设在 t s时刻进入滑模动态,当 t t s时, S = 0 e ˙ = - λ f c ( e )
进一步,取Lyapunov函数 V 2 t = e 2 / 2,求导得
V ˙ 2 = e ˙ e = - λ f c ( e ) e - η e 2 0 , 0 V 2 e 2
其中:
η i = Φ i λ i / e i t s , λ i , e i t s > Φ i e i t s Φ i
由Lyapunov稳定性判据知 V 2在原点处是渐进稳定的,从而当 t 时, V 2→0,故 e→0, X X d。至此,可证明提出基于KFESO的非线性积分滑模控制的稳定性。
(1)为了保证快速趋近,应增大 K;又由于等效控制项中引入了扰动补偿,降低了模型的不确定性,因此减小M可降低抖振且不会降低抗扰性;取 K 1 = 10 , K 2 = 12 M 1 = 4 , M 2 = 5
(2)在非线性积分项中增大 λ会提高误差收敛速度,但是当 S≠0时, λ过大容易引起震荡,取 λ 1 = λ 2 = 8 Φ 1 Φ 2分别表示非线性积分边界,取 Φ 1 = 0.02 Φ 2 = 0.1
(3)另外,设计中采用符号函数sgn要求切换频率无限大,但实际中是无法实现的。实际应用中趋近运动和滑模运动的切换容易造成抖振,增加能耗。为了进一步减小抖振,采用准动态滑模方法,选择非线性饱和函数sig(s)代替符号函数sgn(s),如式(21)所示:
s i g ( s ) = 1 - e - τ s 1 + e - τ s , τ > 0
基于dSPACE实时仿真系统设计四轮主动转向系统的硬件在环试验系统,dSPACE系统具有实时性高、I/O资源丰富、交互设计方便等特点,是快速原型控制测试、硬件在环试验中的首选实时试验平台。图4为四轮主动转向控制硬件在环系统框图。硬件在环试验系统由四轮主动转向原型车、四轮主动转向控制器、前后轮转向电机控制器、dSPACE整车实时仿真系统、PC调试监测和数据采集、供电系统等组成。
图4的左侧部分主要实现模拟整车和数据采集的功能。首先模拟驾驶仪操纵动作指令,如加速踏板、制动踏板、转向盘转向角度输入到车辆模型;其次,dSPACE整车实时仿真系统利用dSPACE实时仿真系统的RTI工具,将CarSim车辆仿真模型下载到dSPACE设备中运行,实现车辆实时高精度动力学仿真;最后将整车的状态数据通过CAN总线反馈给四轮主动转向控制系统。PC监控和数据采集用于调试控制模型参数以及记录保存试验数据,车辆运行状态数据可以利用ControlDesk上位机软件进行检测和记录。
图4的右侧部分为4WAS控制硬件系统,运行设计的KFESO-ISMC控制算法,由前后轮转向执行器控制前轮和后轮的角度,并将执行器转向角度发送到dSPACE中运行的车辆模型中。在Simulink建立4WAS转向控制策略模型,采用自动代码生成技术,可以将控制算法模型生成为源代码,并编译下载到目标硬件中。
图5表示硬件在环试验的CAN通信数据传递框图,图中:左侧为4WAS转向控制器硬件,运行KFESO-ISMC操纵稳定性控制算法;右侧为dSPACE实时仿真机,运行实时车辆模型以及模型扰动。试验中的内部和外部干扰是通过在dSPACE实时仿真系统中模拟施加。w1w2分别表示模拟施加的侧向扰动和横摆扰动。由于试验环境限制,文中将dSPACE实时车辆模型中作用于车轮的力矩作为转向器执行器的模拟负载加入到转向控制器的输入中,可在一定程度上模拟实际车辆运行的力学环境,图中Mzf表示前轮转向负载力矩,Mzr表示后轴转向负载力矩。图6为搭建的四轮主动转向硬件在环试验平台。
在实际中车辆质量、质心位置、横摆转动惯量以及轮胎侧偏刚度等参数的变化,都会影响车辆的操纵动态性能。为验证控制方法对模型参数不确定的抗干扰性能,设置试验车辆的名义参数与实际参数,如表1所示。图7表示不同参数车辆的转向特性曲线。可以看出:实际被控车辆具有过度转向特性,高速行驶工况下对车辆的操纵稳定性具有较大的影响;名义模型具有不足转向特性,可作为理想转向参考模型。
首先采用驾驶员转向角阶跃响应工况验证本文所提出的KFESO观测器的效果,在硬件在环试验中设定车辆前轮阶跃转动10°,车速80 km/h。为进一步模拟外部不确定扰动,分别在侧向运动和横摆运动中引入不确定扰动。侧向运动模型中,在t=5 s时施加一个突加扰动,用以模拟突加的侧向风干扰的动态过程。在侧向加速度和横摆角速度状态加入随机噪声模拟实际传感器存在的噪声。
在模型参数失配和随机噪声工况下,对比状态观测器(STO)方法、卡尔曼滤波(KF)方法和本文所提出的KFESO方法。从图8图9看出,在具有较大的信号噪声下,STO方法虽然实现了质心侧偏角和横摆角速度的状态观测,但在状态变化较快时滞后明显,观测精度较差。KF方法对噪声实现了较好的滤波效果,但是由于模型的失配,导致估计的结果与真实值产生了一定的偏差。而本文的KFESO方法,在存在模型不确定干扰和随机噪声干扰情况下,实现了车辆状态的高精度观测,更利于实现车辆操纵稳定性控制。
双移线工况是验证车辆操纵稳定性的典型工况。为验证控制方法在不确定工况下的有效性,分别在侧向风扰动和不同附着系数工况下进行试验。
(1)在硬件在环试验中设定路面附着系数为0.85,车速80 km/h,在t=5 s时施加侧向风干扰。对比图10图11试验结果:在侧向风干扰时,ISMC和LQR控制下的质心侧偏角和横摆角速度均产生较大的波动,车辆处于侧滑状态;而采用本文提出的控制方法车辆的质心侧偏角、横摆角速度的控制效果都优于LQR方法和ISMC方法,质心侧偏角和横摆角速度变化过程相对更加平滑、稳定、无震荡,体现了控制方法具有较好的舒适性。分析图12试验结果可知,本文提出的控制方法侧向误差最小,轨迹跟踪精度更好,整个轨迹跟踪过程更加平滑。
(2)为进一步验证所设计控制方法的抗干扰性,针对本文设计的KFESO-ISMC方法,分别在低中高3种不同附着系数下进行试验,设置3种不同附着系数分别为0.6,0.7,0.8。对比图13图14试验结果,当附着系数变化时,质心侧偏角仍能控制在较小的范围内,最大误差小于0.042 rad,横摆角速度基本控制在相同的趋势和幅值范围内,保证了操纵特性的不变性,验证了控制算法的抗干扰性。
本文考虑参数不确定和外部不确定扰动对四轮主动转向操纵稳定性的影响,提出了一种基于卡尔曼扩张状态观测器的非线性积分滑模控制(KFESO-ISMC)的四轮转向车辆操纵稳定性控制方法。
(1)设计的基于卡尔曼的扩张状态观测器(KFESO)结合了ESO的对外部扰动能够实现较好估计的优点,克服了传统卡尔曼滤波算法对高精度模型的依赖,实现了系统状态观测、扰动估计以及噪声过滤。
(2)设计的基于KFESO的非线性积分滑模控制方法,降低了车辆在目标理想转向模型跟踪动态过程的误差,实现了全局鲁棒控制和抑制积分饱和。硬件在环试验结果表明,在系统内外部存在较大不确定扰动的情况下,所提出的控制方法具有较好的主动抗扰性和鲁棒性,可明显提升车辆的操纵稳定性和安全性。
  • *中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(PA2021GDSK0076)
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2024年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.011
  • 接收时间:2023-05-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-28
  • 修回日期:2023-06-25
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*中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(PA2021GDSK0076)
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    1 安徽省数字化设计与制造重点实验室,合肥 230009
    2 合肥工业大学汽车与交通工程学院,合肥 230009
    3 合肥工业大学机械工程学院,合肥 230009

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李维汉,讲师,博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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