Article(id=1153780541527675060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780537878634558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1669824000000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-01, revisedDate=1672761600000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753012317306, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753012317306, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753012317306, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753012317306, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153780537878634558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753012316436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753067606853, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1154012442750345936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780537878634558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1154012442750345937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780537878634558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=17, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153780541905162422, articleId=1153780541527675060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Takeover Risk Assessment Model Based on Risk Field Theory Under Different Cognitive Secondary Tasks, columnId=1170304484317081702, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Feature Topic: Intelligent Cockpit and Human-Machine Interaction, runingTitle=null, highlight=

To effectively evaluate the takeover risks of L3 autonomous vehicles under different cognitive secondary tasks,a study on the risk assessment model for driving takeover is carried out. The urban expressway emergency takeover scenario is designed and driving simulation experiments under different cognitive secondary tasks are carried out. The takeover risk assessment model considering trajectory field,potential field and behavior field is established. The validity of the proposed model is verified by adopting the takeover risk index method. Combined with the measured data,the influence of different cognitive secondary tasks and avoidance operation types on the strength of takeover risk field is quantized. The results show that the M-W test and K-S test for the distribution of the takeover risk index between 1 and 9 s after the takeover operation by the participants are both with the result of p<0.05,indicating that the model can effectively assess the takeover risk of the vehicle during the takeover process. In addition,the root mean square error of the takeover risk index (0.062) is smaller than the root mean square error of the inverse time-to-collision (0.098),indicating that the model is better than the inverse time-to-collision in accurately describing the risk. The research results can provide reference for vehicle operation risk assessment and collision avoidance design in takeover process.

, articleAbstract=

To effectively evaluate the takeover risks of L3 autonomous vehicles under different cognitive secondary tasks, a study on the risk assessment model for driving takeover is carried out. The urban expressway emergency takeover scenario is designed and driving simulation experiments under different cognitive secondary tasks are carried out. The takeover risk assessment model considering trajectory field, potential field and behavior field is established. The validity of the proposed model is verified by adopting the takeover risk index method. Combined with the measured data, the influence of different cognitive secondary tasks and avoidance operation types on the strength of takeover risk field is quantized. The results show that the MW test and KS test for the distribution of the takeover risk index between 1 and 9 s after the takeover operation by the participants are both with the result of p&lt;0.05, indicating that the model can effectively assess the takeover risk of the vehicle during the takeover process. In addition, the root mean square error of the takeover risk index (0.062) is smaller than the root mean square error of the inverse timetocollision (0.098), indicating that the model is better than the inverse timetocollision in accurately describing the risk. The research results can provide reference for vehicle operation risk assessment and collision avoidance design in takeover process.

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为有效评估不同认知次任务下L3级自动驾驶车辆接管时的风险,开展了驾驶接管风险评估模型研究。设计了城市快速路紧急接管场景并开展不同认知次任务下的驾驶模拟试验。考虑轨迹场、势能场和行为场因素,构建了接管风险评估模型。采用接管风险指数法,验证了所建模型的有效性。结合实测数据,量化不同认知次任务和回避操作类型对接管风险场场强的影响。结果表明:被试者进行接管操作后1~9 s内模型接管风险指数分布情况的M-W检验和K-S检验结果均为p<0.05,说明模型可以有效评估车辆在接管过程中的接管风险。此外,模型接管风险指数的均方根误差均值(0.062)小于碰撞时间倒数的均方根误差均值(0.098),说明模型在表征风险的准确性方面要优于碰撞时间倒数。研究结果可为接管过程中的车辆运行风险评估和避撞设计提供借鉴和参考。

, articleAbstract=

为有效评估不同认知次任务下L3级自动驾驶车辆接管时的风险,开展了驾驶接管风险评估模型研究。设计了城市快速路紧急接管场景并开展不同认知次任务下的驾驶模拟试验。考虑轨迹场、势能场和行为场因素,构建了接管风险评估模型。采用接管风险指数法,验证了所建模型的有效性。结合实测数据,量化不同认知次任务和回避操作类型对接管风险场场强的影响。结果表明:被试者进行接管操作后1~9s内模型接管风险指数分布情况的MW检验和KS检验结果均为p&lt;0.05,说明模型可以有效评估车辆在接管过程中的接管风险。此外,模型接管风险指数的均方根误差均值(0.062)小于碰撞时间倒数的均方根误差均值(0.098),说明模型在表征风险的准确性方面要优于碰撞时间倒数。研究结果可为接管过程中的车辆运行风险评估和避撞设计提供借鉴和参考。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
马艳丽,教授,博士,E-mail:
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待定常系数 标定结果 待定常系数 标定结果 待定常系数 标定结果
Φ 19.743 τ 0.520 θ 0 10.014
κ 2.013 ψ 1 0.756 θ 1 24.510
α 1 1.000 ψ 2 0.041 θ 2 10.370
α 2 1.000 ψ 3 0.032 θ 3 0.020
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待定常系数标定结果

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κ 2.013 ψ 1 0.756 θ 1 24.510
α 1 1.000 ψ 2 0.041 θ 2 10.370
α 2 1.000 ψ 3 0.032 θ 3 0.020
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基于风险场的不同认知次任务下接管风险评估模型*
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马艳丽 1 , 秦钦 1 , 董方琦 1 , 娄艺苧 2
汽车工程 | 专题:智能座舱与人机交互技术 2024,46(1): 9-17
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汽车工程 | 专题:智能座舱与人机交互技术 2024, 46(1): 9-17
基于风险场的不同认知次任务下接管风险评估模型*
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马艳丽1 , 秦钦1, 董方琦1, 娄艺苧2
作者信息
  • 1 哈尔滨工业大学交通科学与工程学院,哈尔滨  150090
  • 2 伦敦大学学院数学学院,伦敦 WC1E 6BT

通讯作者:

马艳丽,教授,博士,E-mail:
Takeover Risk Assessment Model Based on Risk Field Theory Under Different Cognitive Secondary Tasks
Yanli Ma1 , Qin Qin1, Fangqi Dong1, Yining Lou2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Transportation Science and Engineering,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin  150090
  • 2 Department of Mathematics,University College London,London,WC1E 6BT
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.002
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为有效评估不同认知次任务下L3级自动驾驶车辆接管时的风险,开展了驾驶接管风险评估模型研究。设计了城市快速路紧急接管场景并开展不同认知次任务下的驾驶模拟试验。考虑轨迹场、势能场和行为场因素,构建了接管风险评估模型。采用接管风险指数法,验证了所建模型的有效性。结合实测数据,量化不同认知次任务和回避操作类型对接管风险场场强的影响。结果表明:被试者进行接管操作后1~9s内模型接管风险指数分布情况的MW检验和KS检验结果均为p&lt;0.05,说明模型可以有效评估车辆在接管过程中的接管风险。此外,模型接管风险指数的均方根误差均值(0.062)小于碰撞时间倒数的均方根误差均值(0.098),说明模型在表征风险的准确性方面要优于碰撞时间倒数。研究结果可为接管过程中的车辆运行风险评估和避撞设计提供借鉴和参考。

交通工程  /  自动驾驶  /  风险评估模型  /  行车风险场  /  驾驶接管

To effectively evaluate the takeover risks of L3 autonomous vehicles under different cognitive secondary tasks, a study on the risk assessment model for driving takeover is carried out. The urban expressway emergency takeover scenario is designed and driving simulation experiments under different cognitive secondary tasks are carried out. The takeover risk assessment model considering trajectory field, potential field and behavior field is established. The validity of the proposed model is verified by adopting the takeover risk index method. Combined with the measured data, the influence of different cognitive secondary tasks and avoidance operation types on the strength of takeover risk field is quantized. The results show that the MW test and KS test for the distribution of the takeover risk index between 1 and 9 s after the takeover operation by the participants are both with the result of p&lt;0.05, indicating that the model can effectively assess the takeover risk of the vehicle during the takeover process. In addition, the root mean square error of the takeover risk index (0.062) is smaller than the root mean square error of the inverse timetocollision (0.098), indicating that the model is better than the inverse timetocollision in accurately describing the risk. The research results can provide reference for vehicle operation risk assessment and collision avoidance design in takeover process.

traffic engineering  /  autonomous driving  /  risk assessment model  /  driving risk field  /  driving takeover
马艳丽, 秦钦, 董方琦, 娄艺苧. 基于风险场的不同认知次任务下接管风险评估模型*. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (1) : 9 -17 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.002
Yanli Ma, Qin Qin, Fangqi Dong, Yining Lou. Takeover Risk Assessment Model Based on Risk Field Theory Under Different Cognitive Secondary Tasks[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (1) : 9 -17 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.002
随着汽车智能化水平的不断提高,自动驾驶技术逐渐成为交通领域的热门话题。在L3级自动驾驶阶段,当出现超出系统运行设计域(ODD)范围的紧急情况时,如车辆前方出现静止的障碍物,需要驾驶员进行紧急接管并完成换道避障操作,此时不同的认知次任务会对接管绩效和接管质量产生影响[1],因此有必要针对不同认知次任务下L3级自动驾驶接管风险评估进行研究。
在认知次任务与接管绩效分析方面,马小翔等[2]分析了做手机游戏次任务时的接管风险变化规律。Lin等[3]设计了加法数学题计算的认知负荷试验。Körber等[4]调查不同交通密度和驾驶次任务对接管时间和接管质量的影响。林庆峰等[5]设计了驾驶仿真试验,对不同认知次任务和接管请求时间对接管绩效指标的影响进行研究。鲁光泉等[6]研究了不同等级SuRT次任务下驾驶员跟驰风险接受程度对其接管质量的影响。
在风险评估模型方法方面,Xiong等[7]建立了具有递归特征变量估计方法的多项Logistics模型,对驾驶风险进行预测。牛世峰等[8]利用指标集构建营运车辆驾驶员驾驶风险动态评估模型。Zhu等[9]采用贝叶斯层次模型和XGBoost算法对车辆换道过程中的风险进行评估。Gold等[10]以接管前置时间、交通密度、非驾驶相关的任务和驾驶员年龄等因素为输入,构建了L3级自动驾驶接管碰撞概率模型。马小翔等[2]为研究预期接管场景下的L3级自动驾驶接管风险,构建了基于制动反应时间的接管事故概率模型。Grane[11]提出一种基于失败GAM2E模型的驾驶接管风险评估方法。此外,场论的发展和引入为接管风险评估提供了新的方法,Ma等[12]为评估多车交互时的行车风险,提出了一种基于势能场理论的多车交互变道速度模型。随后,Wang等[13]提出了考虑行车风险场的概念模型,并设计了车辆碰撞预警算法。何仁等[14]以行车风险场模型为框架,建立包含驾驶员特性、车辆特性和环境特性的风险响应度模型。
在认知次任务与自动驾驶接管方面,国内外研究主要针对接管绩效的影响指标与变化规律展开,对接管风险的量化评估研究还须进一步开展。在风险评估模型方法方面,常见的风险评估模型大多应用于传统的跟驰换道场景,应用场景单一,且多数研究仅从车辆角度研究接管风险,缺少对L3级自动驾驶接管场景下的人-车-路协同作用的考量。行车风险场[13]是表征车辆行驶过程中人、车、路要素对行车安全所产生的影响的物理场,能够应用于各种复杂交通场景,从多角度对L3级自动驾驶车辆行驶过程中的动态风险进行定量评估。
本文基于行车风险场原理[13-15],建立驾驶接管场景下考虑轨迹场、势能场和行为场因素的接管风险评估模型,依据相关系数和均方根误差指标来进行模型的有效性验证,以实测数据为基础,探究接管风险场场强在不同次任务和回避操作类型下的变化规律。
招募新手驾驶员[16]30名(男性17人,女性13人),平均年龄为24.36岁,平均驾龄为2.58年,驾驶里程均小于20 000 km 且持有有效期限内的驾驶证。由于新手驾驶员的驾驶经验不足,在发生紧急情况接管车辆时的反应与行为特征对接管风险会产生较大的影响,因此本文选择这一群体进行研究。同时,采集被试的年龄、健康状况和疲劳程度等信息。
驾驶接管试验设备如图1所示,该系统的硬件包括:罗技G29转向盘和踏板、显示器、音响、脑电测试设备(可实时量化、记录并输出被试的放松度和注意力等指标)。试验中,将车辆行驶模式设置为自动变速模式,驾驶员在接管车辆时仅须操控加速踏板、制动踏板和转向盘。驾驶模拟器的场景设计软件为SCANeR studio。
认知次任务通常有N-back、数学题计算、SuRT次任务和图形记忆等内容。由于加法计算的数字位数越多,计算难度越大,计算准确率越低,因此可以通过设置不同难度的计算题以使驾驶员在自动驾驶过程中产生不同程度的认知负荷。本试验选取做需进位的两位数与两位数的加法计算题和做需进位的三位数与三位数的加法计算题[3](命名为2+2次任务;3+3次任务)作为驾驶认知次任务。
试验道路为城市快速路直线路段,双向6车道,路段长7.5 km,天气状况及道路状况均良好。道路限速为90 km/h,交通流设置为稳定流(15 pcu/km·ln),且分布均匀,初始车速设定为80 km/h。试验开始时,自车处于自动驾驶模式且位于中间车道行驶。
接管场景为自动驾驶过程中,自车所在的车道前方有障碍物,考虑自车自动驾驶模式时的行驶速度以及自车与障碍物间的距离,同时参照文献[1]中对接管前置时间的研究成果,将接管请求前置时间设置为5 s,此时有助于更好地提醒驾驶员接管车辆。每个接管场景的距离间隔约为2~2.5 km。接管提示方式采用视觉+听觉相结合的方式,显示器屏幕左上方出现红色“自动驾驶失效,请接管”字样;音响发出“自动驾驶失效,请接管”语音指令。被试听到语音指令后,应立即转动转向盘或踩下制动踏板使车辆从自动驾驶模式切换到手动驾驶模式。自动驾驶车辆在不同视角下的驾驶仿真场景如图2所示。
采取单因素试验设计,包括:无次任务(对照组)、2+2次任务、3+3次任务。试验采集到的变量为接管反应时间、合成减速度、制动踏板下压幅度、转向盘转角、注意力、放松度等。
接管反应时间为系统发出接管请求到被试驾驶员踩下制动踏板或转动转向盘的时间间隔。依据文献[8]、文献[10]和文献[11],当踏板下压幅度大于5 N,系统判定驾驶员已采取有效制动操作。当转向盘转角大于5°时,系统判定驾驶员已采取有效转向操作。合成减速度为驾驶员接管车辆时纵向和横向减速度的矢量和。
驾驶接管流程如图3所示。试验开始之前,被试应当了解整个试验过程并签署知情同意书,填写基本信息。在正式试验前,被试须进行一次预试验,其目的在于使被试尽可能熟悉驾驶接管试验操作,其中正式试验中次任务的执行顺序与预试验不同,以此消除试验过程中的学习效应。被试执行次任务时,右脚应呈放松状态且不放置在制动或加速踏板上。当系统发出接管请求,被试须尽快接管车辆进行换道完成避障,在完成接管操作后须返回中间车道,由手动驾驶切换回自动驾驶。更换被试后,重复以上步骤。
本文引用行车风险场理论,将接管过程中的行车风险量化并定义为“接管风险场场强”,用于表征交通场景中各类风险影响因素对自车造成的风险。
驾驶接管过程中的风险影响因素分为车辆因素、道路条件因素、驾驶员因素3类,具体如图4(a)所示。根据场强的特性,接管过程中形成的行车风险场分为基于车辆运行因素的“轨迹场”、基于道路条件因素的“势能场”、基于驾驶员因素的“行为场”,与接管风险影响因素的对应关系如图4(b)所示。
引入车辆性能概率因子[14]表示接管过程中车辆轨迹异常而导致潜在交通事故发生的概率。采用风险分布函数描述驾驶接管过程中自车的潜在风险在交通场景中的分布特征。考虑接管反应时间的影响,轨迹场场强可以表示为
W i = j = 1 n ( λ 1 Q j i ( d ) + λ 2 Q j i ( s ) ) e t i Φ P c
式中: W i为自车i的轨迹场场强; Q j i ( d )为接管过程中交通单元 j在自车 i处产生的动态风险分布函数; Q j i ( s )为接管过程中交通单元 j在自车 i处产生的静态风险分布函数; P c为车辆性能概率因子; t i为自车i在接管过程中的接管反应时间,s; λ 1为动态风险分布函数所占权重; λ 2为静态风险分布函数所占权重; Φ为待定常系数。
在道路交通中,与行车风险场场源的距离越大,发生碰撞事故的概率越小,即场源产生的接管风险场场强越弱。在行车风险场中,基于距离的静态风险分布函数表达式为
Q j i ( s ) = j = 1 n κ M i d j i γ d j i d j i
式中: M i为自车 i的等效质量,kg; κ为待定常系数, κ>0; d j i为道路平面内某一点ji之间的距离,m; γ为下降速度因子, γ≥1,能够描述真实交通环境中风险分布的准确性[15],在以自车i为圆心的圆形区域闭合边界线上, γ=1。
等效质量表示车辆属性对自身所产生的风险,等效质量越大,车辆与其他交通参与者发生碰撞时的严重程度就越大。依据文献[13],自车i的等效质量Mi的函数表达式可以写为
M i = M ( m i , v i ) = m i ( ρ v i u + χ )
式中: m i为自车 i的实际质量,kg; v i为自车 i的行驶速度, m s - 1 ρ u χ为待定常系数。
将每次交通事故的平均死亡人数拟合为车辆行驶速度的幂函数,以此确定式(3)中待定常系数的取值,故自车i的等效质量Mi最终表示为[13]
M i = m i ( 1.566 × 10 - 14 v i 6.687 + 0.335 )
当车辆遇到障碍物进行减速运动时,减速度越小,发生碰撞事故的概率越高。自车指向周围交通参与者的方向向量与道路纵向的夹角越小,行驶风险越大。因此,考虑上述因素,接管过程中交通单元基于运动状态的动态风险分布函数可以表示为
Q j i ( d ) = j = 1 n M i c o s θ i j δ a
式中: δ为待定常系数, δ>0,取 δ=0.15; a为接管过程中自车 i的合成减速度, m s - 2 θ i j为接管过程中自车 i与场内其他交通参与者 j的连线方向与 x轴(平行于车道分界线)正方向的夹角, θ i j 0 ° , 180 °
在驾驶接管过程中,车辆规避风险的方式主要有制动和转向两种。采用车辆制动时制动踏板下压幅度和转向盘转角来衡量接管过程中车辆对风险的响应速度和程度,则车辆性能概率因子表示为
P c = ζ C m a x C α 1 , C m a x C > Z m a x Z ζ Z m a x Z α 2 , C m a x C Z m a x Z
式中: ζ为车辆的状态系数,正常车辆的 ζ=1,故障车辆的 ζ<1, ζ 0,1 C为接管过程中车辆制动踏板下压的幅度,N; C m a x为接管过程中车辆的制动踏板下压幅度最大值,N; Z为接管过程中车辆的转向盘转角,(°); Z m a x为接管过程中车辆的转向盘转角最大值,(°); α 1 α 2为待定常系数, α 1>0, α 2>0。
在驾驶员规范操控车辆完成接管操作,即未出现激烈的踏板或转向操作的情况下,制动踏板下压的幅度越大、车辆的转向盘转角越大时,发生碰撞风险的可能性越小。周围动态及静态交通参与者j对自车i产生的轨迹场场强可以表示为
W i = j = 1 n λ 1 M i c o s θ i j δ a + j = 1 n λ 2 κ M i d j i γ e t i Φ d j i d j i ζ C m a x C α 1 , C m a x C > Z m a x Z j = 1 n λ 1 M i c o s θ i j δ a + j = 1 n λ 2 κ M i d j i γ e t i Φ d j i d j i ζ Z Z m a x α 2 , C m a x C Z m a x Z
采用道路条件概率因子表示接管过程中因道路条件不良发生交通事故的概率大小,则势能场场强可以表示为
G i = μ L L i + μ F F i P r
式中: G i为自车i的势能场强度; L i为车道分界线所产生的势能场强度; μ L为车道分界线产生的势能场强度所占的比重; F i为道路边界线所产生的势能场强度; μ F为道路边界线产生的势能场强度所占的比重; P r为道路条件概率因子。
道路条件能够通过道路能见度 ϕ 1、道路坡度 ϕ 2和道路曲线半径 ϕ 3 进行评估。依据文献[14],给出道路条件概率因子的定义式:
P r = τ ϕ 1 ϕ 1 * ψ 1 , v i = 0 τ ϕ 1 ϕ 1 * ψ 1 e   ϕ 2 - ϕ 2 * ψ 2 + ϕ 3 - ϕ 3 * ψ 3 , v i 0
式中: τ ψ 1 ψ 2 ψ 3为待定常系数, τ ψ 1 ψ 2 ψ 3>0; ϕ 1为接管过程中自车 i所在道路的道路能见度,m; ϕ 2为接管过程中自车 i所在道路的道路坡度,%; ϕ 3 为接管过程中自车 i所在道路的道路曲线半径,m; ϕ 1 *为标准道路能见度,取晴朗天气且光照充足时的道路能见度值,m; ϕ 2 *为标准道路坡度,取平直道路的道路坡度值,%; ϕ 3 *为标准道路曲线半径,取平直道路的道路曲线半径值,m。
车道分界线产生的势能场会将车辆限制在车道中间行驶以减少车辆左右偏移,但是允许车辆进行换道;而中央分隔带产生的势能场在限制车辆于车道中间行驶的同时,防止车辆进行跨线变道。参照文献[15],采用类高斯模型对车道分界线和中央分隔带边界所产生的势能场强度进行描述:
L i = T 1 e - ( q 1 - i ) 2 2 σ 1 2 q 1 - i q 1 - i + T 2 e - ( q 2 - i ) 2 2 σ 2 2 q 2 - i q 2 - i
式中: T 1为车道分界线所产生的势能场强度因子; T 2为中央分隔带的边界所产生的势能场强度因子; q 1 - i为自车i质心指向车辆所在车道离其最近的一侧白虚线的垂直距离,m; q 2 - i为自车i质心指向中央分隔带边界的垂直距离,m; σ 1 σ 2为变化系数,表示当自车i靠近或远离车道分界线时,势能场强度值增大或减小的速率。
车辆越靠近道路边界线,势能场强度就越大,接管时产生的风险就越高。依据文献[15],给出道路边界线的势能场强度计算式:
F i = 1 2 T 3 1 b i 2 · b i b i
式中: T 3为道路边界线所产生的势能场强度因子; b i为自车i质心与车辆所在侧的道路边界线之间的距离,m。
由于车辆在接管过程中处于运动状态,故 v i 0。考虑道路边界线和车道分界线等道路条件的势能场场强可表示为
$\begin{aligned}G_{i}= & \mu_{\mathrm{L}}\left(T_{1} \mathrm{e}^{\frac{-\left(q_{1-i}\right)^{2}}{2 \sigma_{1}^{2}}} \frac{q_{1-i}}{\left|q_{1-i}\right|}+T_{2} \mathrm{e}^{\frac{-\left(q_{2-i}\right)^{2}}{2 \sigma_{2}^{2}}} \frac{q_{2-i}}{\left|q_{2-i}\right|}\right) \\& \tau\left(\frac{\phi_{1}}{\phi_{1}{ }^{*}}\right)^{\psi_{1}} \mathrm{e}^{\left[\left(\phi_{2}-\phi_{2}\right)^{\psi_{2}}+\left(\phi_{3}-\phi_{3}\right)^{\psi_{3}}\right]}+\frac{1}{2} \mu_{\mathrm{F}} T_{3} \frac{1}{\left|b_{i}\right|^{2}} \cdot \frac{b_{i}}{\left|b_{i}\right|} \\& \tau\left(\frac{\phi_{1}}{\phi_{1}{ }^{*}}\right)^{\psi_{1}} \mathrm{e}^{\left[\left(\phi_{2}-\phi_{2}{ }^{*}\right)^{\psi_{2}}+\left(\phi_{3}-\phi_{3}{ }^{*}\right)^{\psi_{3}}\right]}\end{aligned}$
从生理指标、性格特点和驾驶水平3个方面进行分析,行为场场强表达式可以表示为
B i = ω 1 B 1 - i + ω 2 B 2 - i + ω 3 B 3 - i
式中: B i为位于自车i的驾驶员所产生的行为场场强; B 1 - i为驾驶员的生理指标因子; B 2 - i为驾驶员的驾驶水平因子; B 3 - i为驾驶员的性格特点因子; ω 1 ω 2 ω 3为各因子的权重系数,取值在[0,1]之间,根据文献[17],可取 ω 1=0.3, ω 2=0.3, ω 3=0.4。
驾驶员注意力指标越高,表示驾驶员越沉浸于从事驾驶次任务操作,当接管请求产生时,驾驶员将注意力快速转移至前方道路的时间越长,接管风险越高。驾驶员生理指标因子表达式为
B 1 - i = θ 0 e N i θ 1
式中: N i为自车i的驾驶员在自动驾驶系统发出接管请求到接管车辆的注意力; θ 0 θ 1为待定常系数。
随着驾驶经验的丰富和驾龄的增长,驾驶水平呈现先缓慢增长后迅速增长的趋势,其表达式为
B 2 - i = θ 2 e η A i
式中: A i为自车i驾驶员的驾龄,年; η为调节系数; θ 2为待定常系数。
将驾驶员按照保守型、正常型和激进型驾驶风格分别赋值。放松度能够表征驾驶员的平静程度与放松水平。驾驶员的性格特点因子可表示为
B 3 - i = θ 3 - ς i R i 2 + ε i
式中: ς i为不同驾驶风格的驾驶员, i=1为激进型, i=2为正常型, i=3为激进型; R i为位于自车i的驾驶员在自动驾驶系统发出接管请求到接管车辆过程中放松度的平均值; θ 3 ε i为调节参数。
考虑自车i中驾驶员生理指标因子、驾驶水平因子和性格特点因子的行为场场强可表示为
B i = ω 1 θ 0 e N i θ 1 + ω 2 θ 2 e η A i + ω 3 θ 3 - ς i R i 2 + ε i
综上,以 S i表示自车i在接管时刻的接管风险场场强, W i表示轨迹场场强, G i表示势能场场强, B i表示行为场场强,则接管风险评估模型为
S i = W i + G i + B i
W i G i B i的计算式见式(7)式(12)式(17)
本文所进行的驾驶接管试验得到30组共270条接管数据,采用箱型图法筛选并处理异常数据。随后采用遗传算法对所建立的接管风险评估模型中的待定常系数进行标定[18],设定种群大小和规模为200;交叉概率为0.8;变异概率为0.2,迭代次数为600次。遗传算法具有随机性,计算所得多为局部最优解,因此,为获得更接近全局最优的解,每位被试的试验数据重复计算 10 次,选择均方根误差最小的1组参数作为最优解。最终得到待定常系数的标定结果如表1所示。
碰撞时间倒数是评价车辆行驶风险的常用指标,以其作为评价指标可以验证本文所建模型的有效性,其中自车换道过程中与相邻车道前后车的碰撞时间倒数参照文献[19]进行计算。为缩小数值变化范围,定义接管风险场场强的相对指标“接管风险指数”来表征接管过程中的风险水平,其表达式为
R I S K i = S i S ¯
式中: R I S K i为自车 i的接管风险指数; S ¯为接管风险场场强的平均值。
车辆在接管后9 s内的接管情况能够较好地反映接管稳定性。分别统计驾驶员采取接管行为(制动或转向)后第1~3、3~6和6~9 s内碰撞时间倒数TD和接管风险指数RISK的分布情况,如图5所示。
采用Mann-Whitney检验和Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验法检验接管后1~3、3~6和6~9 s 内的TD分布是否存在显著性差异,结果均为p<0.05,在此置信水平下,不同时间的TD分布差异显著。接管后第1~3 s内的TD值明显大于接管后第6~9 s内的TD值,说明驾驶员在TD较大时进行了接管,随着接管完成,TD逐渐减小,风险逐渐降低,与实际接管情况一致。
同理,接管后1~3、3~6和6~9 s 内RISK分布的M-W检验和K-S检验结果均为p<0.05,此置信水平下不同时间的RISK分布差异显著。接管后1~3 s内的RISK值略大于接管后6~9 s内的RISK值,整体的变化趋势与TD一致。因此,RISK可有效评估车辆在接管过程中的接管风险。
为进一步得到RISKTD的相关性和变化趋势,将两者进行线性拟合与回归分析,接管后1~4.5 s、4.5~9 s内RISKTD的回归拟合图如图6所示。
无论在接管后1~4.5 s,还是接管后4.5~9 s,TDRISK均呈显著的正相关关系。在接管后1~4.5 s,RISK值与TD值的回归拟合方程为y=1.07x+0.83,相关系数R 2=0.87。在接管后4.5~9 s,RISK值与TD值的回归拟合方程为y=0.19x+0.69,相关系数R 2=0.93。由于相关系数均大于0.80,说明碰撞时间倒数TD与接管风险指数RISK的变化趋势高度吻合。
均方根误差 ERMSE是模型计算结果准确性的评估指标。对30名被试在接管过程中(自车发出接管提示至驾驶员完成操作)的TDRISK均值进行归一化处理,并分别计算其均方根误差,TDRISK均值的误差棒图如图7所示。
图7可知,接管过程中RISK均值的误差棒长度明显短于TD均值的误差棒长度,且长短较为均匀。RISK的均方根误差均值为0.062,TD的均方根误差均值为0.098,说明RISK数据在表征风险的准确性方面要优于TD数据,数据波动更平稳,模型的计算精度更高。
综上所述,接管风险评估模型和接管风险场场强指标的建立具有合理性,能够有效评估驾驶员的接管风险。
以试验所采集的数据为基础设计算例,对接管风险评估模型进行求解。进一步分析不同认知次任务对接管风险场场强的影响,图8为驾驶员在不同认知次任务下的接管风险场场强分布情况。
采用M-W检验可知,不执行驾驶次任务时的接管风险场场强分布与执行2+2次任务和3+3次任务时的接管风险场场强相比,均表现出显著性差异(p<0.05),即是否执行驾驶次任务对接管风险场场强有显著影响。由图8可知,不执行认知次任务时的接管风险场场强普遍较强,均值为590.74,驾驶员倾向于追求行驶效率和驾驶快感。执行2+2次任务和3+3次任务时的接管风险场场强较弱,均值分别为486.99和468.41,驾驶员倾向于规避接管风险以追求驾驶安全。
图9为不同回避操作类型下接管风险场场强的分布情况。
采用M-W检验可知,不同接管回避操作类型下的接管风险场场强分布具有显著性差异(p=0.016<0.05),接管回避操作类型对接管风险场场强有显著影响。由图9可知,采取制动+转向操作时的接管风险场场强均值为472.98,采取仅转向操作时的接管风险场场强均值为523.24。相比于仅转向操作,制动+转向操作所对应的接管风险场场强更弱,接管安全性更佳。
(1)构建了考虑轨迹场、势能场和行为场因素的接管风险评估模型,采用非参数检验、回归拟合和均方根误差法等数学统计方法,将接管风险指数R和碰撞时间倒数TD进行对比,验证了模型的有效性。
(2)执行认知次任务时的接管风险场场强较弱,驾驶操作倾向于保持行驶安全;无认知次任务时的接管风险场场强较强,驾驶操作倾向于追求行车效率。相比于仅转向操作,制动+转向操作所对应的接管风险场场强更小。
(3)本文所建立的接管风险评估模型可以应用于L3级自动驾驶接管场景,且可根据建模需求进行调整,相较于传统模型,基于风险场的接管风险评估模型能够综合考量人-车-路协同作用对接管风险的影响,评估结果更全面可靠,可为复杂接管场景下车辆动态风险的定量评估和避撞策略设计提供理论与方法支持。
  • *国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0803901)
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金项目(LH2020E056)
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2024年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.002
  • 接收时间:2022-12-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-01
  • 修回日期:2023-01-04
基金
*国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0803901)
黑龙江省自然科学基金项目(LH2020E056)
作者信息
    1 哈尔滨工业大学交通科学与工程学院,哈尔滨  150090
    2 伦敦大学学院数学学院,伦敦 WC1E 6BT

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马艳丽,教授,博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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