Article(id=1153780541095661746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780537878634558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1680624000000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-05, revisedDate=1688832000000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753012317202, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753012317202, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753012317202, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753012317202, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153780537878634558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753012316436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753067606853, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1154012442750345936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780537878634558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1154012442750345937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780537878634558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=61, endPage=74, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153780541598978229, articleId=1153780541095661746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Research Review of Fault Diagnosis for Electric Drive Powertrain System of Pure Electric Vehicles, columnId=1149809889280750125, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Selected Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=

In order to comprehensively review the current status and clarify the future trend of fault diagnosis in the electric drive system of pure electric vehicles,this paper first introduces the basic structure,functions and development history of the electric drive system of pure electric vehicles; then summarizes in detail the types and causes of faults of crucial components of the electric drive system of pure electric vehicles,and analyzes the main research status quo of fault diagnosis methods for key components of the electric drive system of pure electric vehicles. Then the domestic and international research progress and development of the diagnosis methods of the pure electric vehicle electric drive system are reviewed in detail from the four aspects of expert knowledge-driven,model-driven,signal-driven and data-driven,with the advantages and disadvantages of different methods compared. Finally,the problems faced by the fault diagnosis of electric drive system of pure electric vehicles and the development direction are analyzed and foreseen,and it is further discussed and pointed out that the future research on the fault diagnosis of electric drive system of pure electric vehicles can be focused on variable condition coupled fault diagnosis,micro-fault and pre-fault diagnosis,real-time online fault diagnosis,intelligent operation and maintenance,unknown fault diagnosis and system self-healing technology,etc.

, articleAbstract=

In order to comprehensively review the current status and clarify the future trend of fault diagnosis in the electric drive system of pure electric vehicles, this paper first introduces the basic structure, functions and development history of the electric drive system of pure electric vehicles; then summarizes in detail the types and causes of faults of crucial components of the electric drive system of pure electric vehicles, and analyzes the main research status quo of fault diagnosis methods for key components of the electric drive system of pure electric vehicles. Then the domestic and international research progress and development of the diagnosis methods of the pure electric vehicle electric drive system are reviewed in detail from the four aspects of expert knowledgedriven, modeldriven, signaldriven and datadriven, with the advantages and disadvantages of different methods compared. Finally, the problems faced by the fault diagnosis of electric drive system of pure electric vehicles and the development direction are analyzed and foreseen, and it is further discussed and pointed out that the future research on the fault diagnosis of electric drive system of pure electric vehicles can be focused on variable condition coupled fault diagnosis, microfault and prefault diagnosis, realtime online fault diagnosis, intelligent operation and maintenance, unknown fault diagnosis and system selfhealing technology, etc.

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为全面梳理纯电动汽车电驱动系统故障诊断的发展现状,明确未来发展趋势,本文首先介绍了纯电动汽车电驱动系统的基本架构、功能及发展历程;然后详细总结了纯电动汽车电驱动系统关键部件的故障类型及原因,分析了纯电动汽车电驱动系统关键部件故障诊断方法的主要研究现状;接着将诊断方法从专家知识驱动、模型驱动、信号驱动和数据驱动4个方面详细综述了纯电动汽车电驱动系统国内外研究进展和发展动态,并针对不同方法的优缺点进行了对比;最后对纯电动汽车电驱动系统故障诊断所面临的问题及发展方向进行了分析和展望,进一步讨论并指出未来纯电动汽车电驱动系统故障诊断研究可以集中在变工况耦合故障诊断、微小故障诊断和前期故障诊断研究、实时在线故障诊断、基于故障诊断的智能运维、未知故障诊断与系统自愈技术等方面。

, articleAbstract=

为全面梳理纯电动汽车电驱动系统故障诊断的发展现状,明确未来发展趋势,本文首先介绍了纯电动汽车电驱动系统的基本架构、功能及发展历程;然后详细总结了纯电动汽车电驱动系统关键部件的故障类型及原因,分析了纯电动汽车电驱动系统关键部件故障诊断方法的主要研究现状;接着将诊断方法从专家知识驱动、模型驱动、信号驱动和数据驱动4个方面详细综述了纯电动汽车电驱动系统国内外研究进展和发展动态,并针对不同方法的优缺点进行了对比;最后对纯电动汽车电驱动系统故障诊断所面临的问题及发展方向进行了分析和展望,进一步讨论并指出未来纯电动汽车电驱动系统故障诊断研究可以集中在变工况耦合故障诊断、微小故障诊断和前期故障诊断研究、实时在线故障诊断、基于故障诊断的智能运维、未知故障诊断与系统自愈技术等方面。

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陈仁祥,教授,博士,E-mail:
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Fault diagnosis of vehicle motor-bearings under safe running by digital-twin technology[J]. 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故障诊断

方法大类

具体诊断方法 代表文献 优点 缺点

模型

驱动

数值模型驱动 [22242527-3031-35]

1.实用性、稳定性强;

2.可重复操作且成本低;

3.效率高,响应速度快;

4.可诊断多种类型的故障

1.故障诊断准确性受模型精度的影响较大;

2.模型的维护需要不断更新和改进;

3.非稳态、非线性系统难适用;

4.复杂耦合故障诊断难度大

有限元驱动 [232636-38]

信号

驱动

电流信号驱动 [414244-4956-5759]

1.电气信号易获取,成本低;

2.故障诊断准确率高;

3.可实时监测

1.信号易受干扰,影响诊断结果;

2.不同故障可能对应同一种信号响应,诊断识别难度大;

3.特殊信号的传感器部署、监测及数据采集难度大且成本高

电压信号驱动 [404358]
振动信号驱动 [5153-55]
多信号融合 [5052]

数据

驱动

深度学习 [62-637283]

1.诊断速度快,可实时监测,鲁棒性强;

2.无须事先建立数学模型,适用于多种不同类型的故障;

3.可通过不断学习来提高诊断准确度

1.对数据的质量要求高,需要对数据进行预处理和特征提取;

2.受数据质量和传感器精度等因素的影响,可能会出现误诊断;

3.需要较高的计算能力;

4.诊断结果可解释性较差

人工神经网络 [64]
卷积神经网络 [6568-7074768186]
贝叶斯网络 [66]
金字塔池网络 [67]
生成对抗网络 [71]
深度置信网络 [77]
组合逻辑 [78]
自编码器 [7982]
随机森林 [80]
机器学习 [84]
概率神经网络 [85]
), ArticleFig(id=1170304820746395874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780541095661746, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电驱动系统故障诊断方法对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

故障诊断

方法大类

具体诊断方法 代表文献 优点 缺点

模型

驱动

数值模型驱动 [22242527-3031-35]

1.实用性、稳定性强;

2.可重复操作且成本低;

3.效率高,响应速度快;

4.可诊断多种类型的故障

1.故障诊断准确性受模型精度的影响较大;

2.模型的维护需要不断更新和改进;

3.非稳态、非线性系统难适用;

4.复杂耦合故障诊断难度大

有限元驱动 [232636-38]

信号

驱动

电流信号驱动 [414244-4956-5759]

1.电气信号易获取,成本低;

2.故障诊断准确率高;

3.可实时监测

1.信号易受干扰,影响诊断结果;

2.不同故障可能对应同一种信号响应,诊断识别难度大;

3.特殊信号的传感器部署、监测及数据采集难度大且成本高

电压信号驱动 [404358]
振动信号驱动 [5153-55]
多信号融合 [5052]

数据

驱动

深度学习 [62-637283]

1.诊断速度快,可实时监测,鲁棒性强;

2.无须事先建立数学模型,适用于多种不同类型的故障;

3.可通过不断学习来提高诊断准确度

1.对数据的质量要求高,需要对数据进行预处理和特征提取;

2.受数据质量和传感器精度等因素的影响,可能会出现误诊断;

3.需要较高的计算能力;

4.诊断结果可解释性较差

人工神经网络 [64]
卷积神经网络 [6568-7074768186]
贝叶斯网络 [66]
金字塔池网络 [67]
生成对抗网络 [71]
深度置信网络 [77]
组合逻辑 [78]
自编码器 [7982]
随机森林 [80]
机器学习 [84]
概率神经网络 [85]
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纯电动汽车电驱动系统故障诊断研究进展*
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张鹏博 1, 2 , 陈仁祥 2 , 邵毅明 1 , 孙世政 2 , 闫凯波 2
汽车工程 | 精选论文 2024,46(1): 61-74
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汽车工程 | 精选论文 2024, 46(1): 61-74
纯电动汽车电驱动系统故障诊断研究进展*
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张鹏博1, 2, 陈仁祥2 , 邵毅明1, 孙世政2, 闫凯波2
作者信息
  • 1 重庆交通大学交通运输学院,重庆 400074
  • 2 重庆交通大学,交通工程应用机器人重庆市工程实验室,重庆 400074

通讯作者:

陈仁祥,教授,博士,E-mail:
Research Review of Fault Diagnosis for Electric Drive Powertrain System of Pure Electric Vehicles
Pengbo Zhang1, 2, Renxiang Chen2 , Yiming Shao1, Shizheng Sun2, Kaibo Yan2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Traffic and Transportation,Chongqing Jiaotong University,Chongqing  400074
  • 2 Chongqing Jiaotong University,Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Transportation Engineering Application Robot,Chongqing  400074
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.007
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为全面梳理纯电动汽车电驱动系统故障诊断的发展现状,明确未来发展趋势,本文首先介绍了纯电动汽车电驱动系统的基本架构、功能及发展历程;然后详细总结了纯电动汽车电驱动系统关键部件的故障类型及原因,分析了纯电动汽车电驱动系统关键部件故障诊断方法的主要研究现状;接着将诊断方法从专家知识驱动、模型驱动、信号驱动和数据驱动4个方面详细综述了纯电动汽车电驱动系统国内外研究进展和发展动态,并针对不同方法的优缺点进行了对比;最后对纯电动汽车电驱动系统故障诊断所面临的问题及发展方向进行了分析和展望,进一步讨论并指出未来纯电动汽车电驱动系统故障诊断研究可以集中在变工况耦合故障诊断、微小故障诊断和前期故障诊断研究、实时在线故障诊断、基于故障诊断的智能运维、未知故障诊断与系统自愈技术等方面。

纯电动汽车  /  电驱动系统  /  故障诊断

In order to comprehensively review the current status and clarify the future trend of fault diagnosis in the electric drive system of pure electric vehicles, this paper first introduces the basic structure, functions and development history of the electric drive system of pure electric vehicles; then summarizes in detail the types and causes of faults of crucial components of the electric drive system of pure electric vehicles, and analyzes the main research status quo of fault diagnosis methods for key components of the electric drive system of pure electric vehicles. Then the domestic and international research progress and development of the diagnosis methods of the pure electric vehicle electric drive system are reviewed in detail from the four aspects of expert knowledgedriven, modeldriven, signaldriven and datadriven, with the advantages and disadvantages of different methods compared. Finally, the problems faced by the fault diagnosis of electric drive system of pure electric vehicles and the development direction are analyzed and foreseen, and it is further discussed and pointed out that the future research on the fault diagnosis of electric drive system of pure electric vehicles can be focused on variable condition coupled fault diagnosis, microfault and prefault diagnosis, realtime online fault diagnosis, intelligent operation and maintenance, unknown fault diagnosis and system selfhealing technology, etc.

pure electric vehicle  /  electrical drive powertrain system  /  fault diagnosis
张鹏博, 陈仁祥, 邵毅明, 孙世政, 闫凯波. 纯电动汽车电驱动系统故障诊断研究进展*. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (1) : 61 -74 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.007
Pengbo Zhang, Renxiang Chen, Yiming Shao, Shizheng Sun, Kaibo Yan. Research Review of Fault Diagnosis for Electric Drive Powertrain System of Pure Electric Vehicles[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (1) : 61 -74 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.007
全球化石能源危机日趋严峻[1],环境污染问题逐渐突出[2-3],因具有低污染、高效率等优点,新能源汽车的发展越来越受到人们的重视[4]。国务院在2020年印发的《新能源汽车产业发展规划(2021-2035)》中指出,发展新能源汽车不仅是我国实现汽车强国的必由之路,也是应对气候变化、推动绿色发展的战略举措[5]。作为节能减排的重要途经,发展新能源汽车符合我国“双碳”战略的规划目标,也是我国能源转型的重要手段[6-8]
纯电动汽车是新能源汽车中的一种,它只使用电能驱动,无须使用传统燃料。电驱动系统承担着将电能转化为机械能、驱动车辆行驶的关键角色[9]。电动车电驱动系统的结构有中央驱动式、轮边驱动式和轮毂直驱式3种拓扑类型[10],主要由电机、电机控制器、变速器等部件组成[11] ,其拓扑结构、系统组件、驱动原理等显著区别于传统内燃机车,是一个非线性机电强耦合系统,且随着技术的发展集成度越来越高[12]。复杂的集成结构使得其故障率相对较高,当纯电动汽车电驱动系统关键部件发生故障时,可能会导致车辆动力性能下降,甚至造成安全隐患[13-14]。随着新能源汽车的发展,汽车保有量不断增加,随之而来的汽车安全问题也不断增多,2019年奇瑞汽车召回8 580辆新能源汽车,差速器后悬置支架与副车架之间的连接螺栓在使用过程中可能松动,导致底盘出现异响,且在极端工况下松动的连接螺栓可能脱落,导致后悬置连同差速器整体位置下沉及半轴窜动,进而造成半轴传动失效和车辆行驶中动力中断,存在安全隐患[15];宝马在2019年因驱动电机控制单元故障召回了92辆新能源汽车。这一故障可能会导致电机控制单元失灵,造成车辆在行驶过程中电源关闭和失去驱动力,增加发生事故的风险,存在安全隐患[16];2020年,我国新能源汽车召回45次,涉及车辆35.7万辆,占全年召回总数量的5.3%[17];东风悦达在2021年因起亚汽车电机控制逻辑故障召回KX3纯电动汽车共计309辆,该故障可能会导致无法控制电机正常工作,可能导致车辆仪表盘多个警告灯亮起并发生制动踏板发硬等现象,进一步可能造成制动力下降,存在安全隐患[18];2022年,特斯拉新能源汽车Model 3召回近13万辆,主要原因是逆变器故障导致的多方面安全隐患,造成逆变器不能正常控制电流,故障可能导致车辆在行驶过程中失去动力[19];2022年奔驰汽车召回10 104辆EQC新能源汽车,主要原因是电动驱动模块制造偏差可能会导致在极端条件输出功率下降,进而造成电驱动系统安全隐患[20]。因此,开展纯电动汽车电驱动系统故障诊断研究对提高纯电动汽车的可靠性与安全性、降低运行及维护成本至关重要。
当前针对纯电动汽车电驱动系统故障诊断方法研究的主要内容包括:(1)针对电驱动系统关键部件如电机、电机控制器、轴承、齿轮传动等的典型故障开展故障诊断;(2)模型驱动、信号驱动和数据驱动的故障诊断方法共存,且逐步向数据驱动智能故障诊断方向转变;(3)开发更先进的故障诊断方法,如基于迁移学习、小样本学习的故障诊断方法、数字孪生驱动的故障诊断方法等,改善模型训练数据样本不足或不平衡的限制问题,进一步提高故障诊断的准确度和效率本文首先对纯电动汽车电驱动系统的结构、功能及发展历程进行讨论,通过对关键部件典型的故障类型及原因进行分类,采用文献综述的方法对电驱动系统现有的故障诊断方法进行总结并对比分析其优缺点,指出了纯电动汽车电驱动系统故障诊断未来的发展方向,以期为纯电动汽车电驱动系统的故障诊断研究提供科学依据。
电驱动系统是纯电动汽车动力输出的核心部分,负责将电能转化为机械能,驱动汽车前进。主要包括电动机、电机控制器和变速器等部件,是一个复杂的机电强耦合系统,图1所示为纯电动汽车电驱动系统整车构架。
永磁同步电机以其突出的性能优势被广泛应用于电驱动系统[21],通过控制电机控制器为汽车提供驱动力,主要由电磁线圈、永磁体、轴承、外壳等部件组成,电磁线圈通过交流电或直流电来产生旋转磁场,永磁体受到旋转磁场的影响产生动力,电机控制器通常采用计算机控制的工作方式来协调电机控制器各部件工作。变速器是将电机的动力转化为汽车运动的装置,它通常由齿轮、轴承、外壳等部件组成,齿轮在变速器中起到转速调节的作用,轴承是用来支撑齿轮转动的部件,外壳主要用来固定电动机、电机控制器和变速器三者的集成。
电驱动系统最初由单轴电动机和手动变速器组成,由于技术水平限制,电动汽车的各个部件都不能达到理想的状态,因此电动汽车的整体性能相对较差。该阶段电动机的控制系统也比较简单,通常采用机械式变速器或手动变速器,没有专门的电机控制器。随着电动汽车技术快速发展,作为电动汽车的核心部分,电驱动系统出现不同的设计方案,根据电动机的数量和位置,可以分为单电动机、双电动机和多电动机系统,常见的驱动电机主要有永磁同步电机、交流感应电机和开关磁阻电机等。除电动机外,电驱动系统还包括电机控制器和变速器等部件,且随着技术的发展而不断改进。电机控制器可根据驾驶需求和工况条件,调节电动机的输出功率和转矩,同时保护电动机免受过载、过热等故障的影响;变速器根据电动机的转速和车速,调节电动机与车轮之间的传动比以适应不同的工况条件。目前,常用的变速器有恒速器、双离合器变速器、无级变速器、单速变速器等。总的来说,电驱动系统逐渐改变了将电机、电机控制器和减速器分开设计再组装的方式,向集成式方向发展,从最初的“二合一”即“电机+减速器”发展到最多“八合一”,而当下“三合一”的集成式电驱动总成仍为电驱动系统主流的技术方案,如图2所示。
根据电驱动系统的运行状态和输出信号,进而能够判断系统是否存在故障,以及故障的类型、程度和位置。故障诊断可以分为3个层次:定性诊断、定量诊断和定位诊断。定性诊断是指判断系统是否存在故障,以及故障的类型或类别。定量诊断是指确定故障的程度或严重性,即故障参数的大小或范围。定位诊断是指确定故障发生的具体位置或部件。电驱动系统的故障类型主要分为机械故障、电气故障、电磁故障及耦合故障,故障模式包括冲击振动、积灰、绝缘破损、电力电子电器等元件的老化、击穿,电路短路、断路或虚接,机械零件发生磨损、变形等,常见故障类型及失效模式如图3所示。纯电动汽车电驱动系统故障诊断方法的研究越来越得到了广泛的关注,其中模型驱动的故障诊断方法、信号驱动的故障诊断方法、数据驱动的智能故障诊断方法是最典型的3种故障诊断方法,下面将对这3种方法的国内外研究现状进行综述。
专家知识的故障诊断方法是指在故障诊断中使用包括拆卸、检查、测量等物理方法,旨在通过对电驱动系统关键部件的实体进行检查,找出故障的原因,又可称为知识驱动的故障诊断方法。该方法需要操作者具备一定的专家知识和操作技能且比较耗时,此外,该方法在非机械类故障诊断及实现电驱动系统全方位故障诊断具有很大局限。
模型驱动的故障诊断方法是利用电驱动系统的动态模型来诊断故障,这种方法通常使用线性或非线性模型来描述电驱动系统的动态行为,并利用故障模式识别技术来识别故障。
针对定子绕组故障,Gu[22]提出了一种基于稳态d-q平面内的阻抗不平衡的异步电动机离线匝间故障诊断方法,通过建立具有匝间短路电路回路和故障电阻的感应电动机模型,可以实现匝间短路诊断和故障相绕组中的特定故障绕组,并结合有限元及实验进行了验证,但所提方法仅适用于离线诊断。Majid等[23]提出了一种基于有限元模型的定子匝间绝缘故障监测方法,能够在定子绕组绝缘劣化的初期对其进行评估和诊断,并通过实验验证了该方法在不同负载条件下的可行性,能够在相绕组中只有1.2%匝数的绝缘劣化开始发生时检测到,仅适用于绕组绝缘检测。Romeral等[24]建立了永磁同步电机定子匝间绕组短路故障的数值模型,并通过仿真和实验探究了匝间短路对偏心、非正弦定子绕组结构和转子结构引起的定子电流固有谐波的影响规律,为实施匝间短路故障在线诊断和容错控制奠定了理论基础,但研究工况单一且仅考虑单一特定故障类型。Tian等[25]建立了永磁同步电机(permanent magnet synchronous motor,PMSM)对地短路故障仿真模型,基于对地短路电阻电压及电流的谐波分析实现了对地短路故障的监测与定位,只能实现交流测或直流侧的故障定位,不能准确定位故障位置。Lare等[26]提出基于有限元仿真的定子绕组短路和气隙偏心故障诊断方法,基于相电流特征分析可实现闭环电动汽车动力传动系统的仿真和多个工作点的故障检测与诊断,但模型的准确性缺少必要的实验验证。
针对逆变器故障,Poon等[27]提出基于模型的开关功率变换器故障检测和识别方法,可以用于检测和识别开关功率转换器中的组件和传感器中的任意故障。柯炎等[28]提出利用电压残差来诊断逆变器开路故障的方法,建立逆变器闭环控制系统模型,将延迟后的电压与延迟之前进行比较获得残差,通过设置故障检测阈值进行故障诊断。余运俊等[29]提出基于混合逻辑动态模型的三电平逆变器故障诊断方法,建立逆变器混合逻辑动态模型,通过比较功率管发生单管开路故障时逆变器输出的三相电流真实值和状态估计器输出的三相电流估计值得到残差方程,并对残差方程表现特性进行分析实现故障诊断。彭伟发等[30]通过建立电机驱动系统混合逻辑动态模型,提出基于电流残差的逆变器开路故障诊断方法,仅通过仿真分析验证。李战等[31]提出基于平均模型及误差自适应阈值的方法实现了逆变器开路故障的准确诊断与定位,最快诊断时间仅需2个周期,然而诊断准确度过于依赖模型的准确度,且模型难以及时随实际变化进行更新。
针对轴承和齿轮机械故障,雷亚国等[32]建立行星齿轮齿轮箱仿真模型,结合传动机理,通过对比分析健康与故障齿轮下振动信号的差异实现了齿轮箱的故障诊断,并进行实验验证,但忽略了实际运行工况变化对振动信号的影响。Zhang等[33]提出基于模型的感应电机轴承故障的分析和量化方法,通过使用基于互感变化的气隙位移重建技术来评估轴承的故障程度,诊断误差小于10%,但研究忽略了其它故障对气隙磁场的影响。Sheng等[34]通过搭建齿轮传动系统仿真模型模拟齿轮故障下的电流响应,提出基于电机电流信号的齿轮断裂故障诊断方法,但电流信号可能受其它故障因素干扰而影响诊断准确度。杨明等[35]建立了电机、齿轮一体化机电系统模型,基于仿真分析,采用电磁转矩和电流信号对齿轮故障诊断,发现电磁转矩分析法适用的转速范围更广,但研究未考虑非稳态工况。
针对退磁故障,Moon等[36]结合有限元提出一种基于电机电感结构分析的退磁故障诊断方法,利用分析法计算不同磁链下的电机电感,并考虑了磁饱和效应,结合最小二乘法估计电机的磁链,实现了对永磁同步电机退磁故障的诊断,但研究没有进行实验验证,只依赖于仿真结果;李红梅等[37]通过有限元分析建立了PMSM的退磁故障模型,提出基于分形维数的PMSM局部退磁故障诊断方法,利用分形维数作为故障特征,从定子电流信号中提取故障信息,实现了对永磁同步电机局部退磁故障的诊断,研究对分形维数的参数和阈值缺少优化和分析;文献[38]中基于二维有限元分析,提出一种基于齿槽转矩分析的永磁同步电机均匀退磁故障诊断方法,通过仿真和实验验证了该方法能够成功检测均匀退磁故障,所提方法适用于均匀退磁故障,且需要额外测量齿槽转矩信号,图4为模型驱动的一般故障诊断流程。
总结发现,模型驱动的故障诊断方法大多基于理想经验公式推导数学模型而忽略很多干扰因素,而实际中环境对于系统运行的稳定性也会产生影响,这也会影响故障诊断的准确性;此外,现有模型驱动的故障诊断方法大多基于静态模型,而实际电驱动系统处于动态变化过程中。因此,模型驱动的故障诊断方法难以应用到工程实际。
信号驱动的故障诊断方法是利用电驱动系统的工作信号来诊断故障,通常使用时频域或小波变换等手段对信号进行处理[39],以便提取出故障信息,进一步确定故障类型与故障定位。
针对定子绕组故障,Jeong等[40]提出了基于电压负序分量实现永磁同步电机匝间短路早期故障的诊断方法,在短路匝数为1匝~3匝时通过实验验证了该方法对于短路匝数少、故障电流小的早期匝间短路故障诊断的有效性,而对短路匝数多、故障电流较大的情况缺少验证。Sadeghi等[41]提出了基于电机电流经验模态分解的方法来实现不同定子短路故障的检测与诊断并通过实验进行了验证。Hang等[42]提出一种永磁同步电机匝间短路故障在线检测方法,通过将定子电流幅值差的绝对值之和作为故障指标,仅需定子电流基波分量就能够实现故障诊断,研究仅考虑单一故障类型,对于耦合故障情况缺少分析。Guerrero等[43]提出了一种基于对连接在电池组中点和地之间的接地电阻器中电压的分析,实现接地故障定位诊断的接地故障检测方法,并通过实验验证了方法的可靠性,然而该方法须安装额外的接地电阻。Yang等[44]提出了基于电机电流信号的故障检测方法,仅通过电机轴承故障、匝间短路故障验证了所提方法的有效性。
针对逆变器故障,Wu等[45]提出了基于电流相似性分析的三相PWM整流器单管和多管开路故障诊断方法,并通过实验结果验证了该方法的有效性和鲁棒性,该方法需要对三相电流进行重构、形状分析及对电流相似性进行度量,诊断复杂度较高。Eickhoff等[46]提出基于电流观测偏差的逆变器开路故障监测方法,可在故障发生后的几个开关周期内检测到故障,并通过仿真和实验证实了所提方法在表贴式永磁同步电机变工况下故障诊断的有效性。黄科元等[47]提出利用三相电流的Park矢量作为故障诊断特征量来诊断逆变器开路故障,计算复杂度高。陈勇等[48]提出基于电流矢量特征分析的逆变器开路故障诊断方法,仅通过逆变器输出电流的矢量瞬时频率的变化率和平均值的诊断变量即可实现快速诊断与定位,实验和仿真结果显示:定位最短时间小于电流周期的15%,最长时间小于65%的电流周期,但研究仅考虑了单相开路故障模式。许水清等[49]提出基于电流瞬时频率估计的逆变器开路故障诊断方法,无需额外附加硬件,故障特征更为显著,研究方法只针对单一故障类型。
针对轴承和齿轮机械故障,Wang等[50]提出了多传感器数据融合方法,基于电流和振动信号融合实现了轴承故障类型的有效识别,并指出该方法可用于变转速条件下的开关磁阻电机故障在线诊断。Popescu等[51]提出了一种振动信号变化检测和最优分割方法用来实现滚动轴承的内圈、外圈和滚动体的故障检测,并使用凯斯西储大学轴承数据中心的数据集进行验证,对振动信号变化点进行检测和分割可能导致计算量增加和时间延迟。Bogiatzidis等[52]提出利用定子相电流信号和电磁转矩观测器成功检测出齿轮局部式故障,且工程实际中难以获得转矩波动信号,实际应用难度大。针对齿轮故障,He等[53] 提出了基于振动信号的LEASgram方法来实现高斯和非高斯背景噪声下齿轮箱的多故障诊断,并通过仿真和实验在有限场景下验证了该方法的优越性,研究仅针对单一齿轮故障,而轴承故障对振动信号的影响并未考虑。Sigonde等[54]通过对啮合齿轮实测振动响应特征进行分析实现了偏心导致的齿轮故障诊断,研究基于特定实验平台开展,工程实际中实测振动信号获取难度较大且成本高。Park等[55]提出了基于齿轮传动误差的集合经验模态分解方法,实现了齿轮轮齿剥落和裂纹故障的分类与诊断,强干扰噪声下应用该方法的故障诊断准确度缺少验证。
针对退磁故障,张业成等[56]提出基于电流波动特征的故障诊断方法,能够有效区分绕组匝间短路和转子局部退磁故障,通过嵌入式软件即可实现故障诊断,具有较好的实际应用价值;Rosero 等[57]通过分析额定转矩下定子和零序电流利用快速傅里叶变换获得的谐波,实现电机的退磁故障检测。 Urresty等[58]提出了一种在线检测表贴式永磁同步电机退磁故障的方法,该方法基于监测定子相电压的零序分量,实现了局部退磁的故障诊断,但需要访问定子绕组的中性点,需要额外的硬件或软件来实现零序电压分量的测量。Espinosa等[59]提出一种利用希尔伯特-黄变换来对非稳态转速条件下运行电机定子电流进行分解,来诊断PMSM的退磁故障,该方法可以克服基于电机电流谱分析的诊断方法的缺点,但仅考虑恒转矩工况。
总结发现,信号驱动的故障诊断大多针对单一故障类型进行,不同故障类型可能导致同样的故障信号,不同的故障信号也可能对应同样的故障类型,这可能会导致“误诊”,因此该方法在电驱动系统故障精确诊断的应用中受到限制。
数据驱动的智能故障诊断方法主要利用传感器测试数据来实现诊断故障,通常使用机器学习或深度学习及神经网络等人工智能技术来建立模型,通过对数据进行特征提取并利用建立的模型对特征进行分析来实现故障诊断。Dehbia 等[60]对电驱动系统及关键部件的典型故障类型进行总结,Zhang等[61]对深度学习算法在电驱动系统故障诊断及健康监测方面的应用进行了综述,指出人工智能算法在电驱动系统及关键零部件的故障诊断中具有明显优势。
针对定子绕组故障,李垣江等[62]提出基于深度学习的永磁同步电机匝间短路故障诊断方法,利用生成对抗网络扩充采集的负序电流和转矩数据集并结合稀疏自编码网络实现故障分类,诊断准确率高达99.4%,但过于依赖大量实测样本来保证训练网络的准确度。Peng等[63]针对多工况下对永磁同步电机不可逆退磁和匝间短路故障,提出以电流信号构建自注意力机制的深度学习网络实现故障诊断,克服了噪声干扰和多工况变化的影响,并通过实验验证了该方法对永磁同步电机早期故障诊断的优越性,但诊断精度受传感器信号质量影响较大。Moosavi等[64]提出采用人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)实现永磁同步电机不同程度匝间短路的故障诊断和分类,该研究需要大量实验数据训练ANN网络,模型针对其它故障难以扩展。Park等[65]提出将电流时域信号经希尔伯特变换转化为2D图像,进而采用卷积神经网络(convolutional neural networks,CNN)实现永磁同步电机定子绕组匝间短路故障诊断,但研究仅针对单一故障开展,将信号转换为2D图像耗时且计算量大。目前针对电驱动系统中的定子绕组故障诊断大多围绕匝间短路开展,而相间短路、开路故障、对地短路及多故障耦合的研究少有报道。
针对逆变器故障,Cai等[66]提出了一种基于贝叶斯网络的数据驱动的三相逆变器故障诊断方法,通过快速傅里叶变换提取不同故障模式下的电压信号特征,并结合实验验证了方法的准确性,但该研究仅针对逆变器单一故障开展,多故障下故障特征可能会受到不同程度的影响。Liu等[67]提出了基于电机电流信号特征融合空间金字塔池网络方法,可直接通过电机运行的当前数据诊断电机故障。于海等[68] 提出了一种基于CNN的逆变器故障诊断方法,在噪声数据和稀疏数据条件下,该方法也能具有很好的鲁棒性和普适性。Wang等[69]将电机定子三相电流按角度增量同步采样进一步将角域信号转换为灰度图像,通过CNN从灰度图像中提取故障特征,实现了端到端的逆变器开路故障诊断,并通过实验证明了该方法在速度域和负载域均具有较好的适应性。孙权等[70]提出基于二维CNN自适应特征提取的逆变器开路故障诊断,在不同工况和不同故障模式下准确率均保持在 95.14%以上;为了解决样本不均衡的问题,提出了生成对抗网络(generative adversarial networks,GAN)和CNN相融合的逆变器故障诊断方法,但需要人工添加标签[71]。数据驱动的逆变器开路故障诊断研究普遍没有考虑样本条件对网络性能及诊断的影响,大多直接采用数量多、时长超基波周期的长样本训练网络以保证精度,这极大地限制了方法的实际应用。
针对轴承和齿轮机械故障,Li等[72]提出了一种多模态深度支持向量分类方法,采用基于分离-融合的深度学习来执行齿轮箱的故障诊断,并在直齿和斜齿齿轮箱上验证了该方法的有效性,而工程应用中实测数据样本稀缺、不平衡等限制导致该方法难以适用。Senanayaka等[73]首先提出了一个电动动力总成的多故障在线诊断与预测在线故障诊断系统的开发过程,但仅通过台架数据对所开发系统进行了验证;接着通过实测电驱动总成非稳态运行数据,提出采用卷积神经网络来实现单一及复合故障的离线诊断方法,有效实现了对定子及齿轮故障的诊断[74];针对变工况下耦合故障提出了基于自监督特征学习的电驱动系统多故障在线诊断方法,实现了变转速、变负荷下多故障及故障严重度的在线检测,并基于测试装置进行验证,该方法无须人工标注或先验知识,然而针对不同类型或规模的传动系统,特征学习的泛化性和可迁移性有待研究[75]。Chen等[76]提出了基于CNN和离散小波变换(discrete wavelet transform,DWT)的故障诊断方法,用于识别行星齿轮箱的故障状态。He等[77]提出了一种深度置信网络来实现齿轮传动故障诊断,该方法通过无监督特征学习自适应地挖掘与故障相关的鲁棒特征,减少了对信号处理技术和诊断经验的先验知识要求。Ulatowski等[78]提出一种使用组合逻辑的方法,通过分析传感器信号和控制命令在不同工况下的变化来实现电动汽车电驱动总成齿轮传动系统关键部件的故障诊断,诊断准确度受传感器和控制系统精度的影响较大。Shao等[79] 提出基于振动信号集成深度自动编码器的轴承智能故障诊断方法,首先使用不同的激活函数作为隐藏函数来设计一系列具有不同特征的自编码器,然后构建自编码器从测量的振动信号中进行无监督的特征学习,最后设计了一种组合策略来确保准确和稳定的诊断结果,不依赖于人工特征提取,克服了单个深度学习模型的局限性,但对混合故障或新型故障的研究缺少研究。Wang等[80]提出一种基于随机森林分类器混合的方法来实现滚动轴承故障诊断并通过实验验证了所提出方法的鲁棒性。Shao等[81]提出基于改进传递卷积神经网络和热图像的转子-轴承系统故障诊断方法,并指出深度迁移学习在解决变工况下的故障诊断任务中具有很大潜力。Shi等[82]提出一种滑动窗口叠加去噪自编码器和长短时记忆模型的滚动轴承初始故障诊断方法,并通过实验和经典旋转机械数据集验证了该方法的有效性及其相对于现有方法的优越性。Oh等[83]提出基于振动成像和深度学习的无监督特征提取方法来实现转子故障诊断。Hadraoui 等[84]针对电机转子断裂故障,通过采集电机启动和稳定状态下的瞬时电流和电压信号并进行时频域分析,使用有监督的机器学习方法开发故障诊断模型并用来评估电机的运行状态,取得了良好的诊断效果,实测样本不足、不平衡或缺失可能影响诊断模型的准确度,图5为数据驱动的智能故障诊断流程。
针对退磁故障,张丹等[85]提出基于概率神经网络(probabilistic neural network,PNN)算法的永磁同步直线电机局部退磁故障诊断方法,通过仿真获取大量局部退磁故障数据并构建数据库,利用PNN分类算法实现局部退磁故障的精确分类识别,识别率高达99.4%,但所提方法需要大量样本数据支撑;Li等[86]提出了一种基于CNN和图像识别的方法,利用自相关矩阵将定子电流转换为灰度图像,然后用CNN提取故障特征,实现了对内置式永磁同步电机的退磁故障的诊断,该方法不受速度和负载的影响;Huang等[87]提出了一种基于磁泄漏信号的非接触式故障诊断方法,利用小波散射卷积网络(wavelet scattering convolutional network,WSCN)和半监督深度规则(semi-supervised deep rule-based,SSDRB)分类器,通过磁等效电路模型分析,选择了电机表面的磁泄漏信号作为故障信号,然后用对称点图法将故障信号转换为二维图像,再用WSCN从图像中提取特征,最后用SSDRB分类器进行故障诊断,实现了对永磁同步电机退磁故障的诊断,但研究仅考虑退磁单一故障类型,且需要转换信号为图像和标记样本。
总结发现,电驱动系统故障诊断方法从传统的基于模型和信号的方法逐步向大数据人工智能的方法转变,智能故障诊断方法大多基于关键部件的充足实测数据进行,而电驱动系统关键退化数据稀缺又严重制约智能故障诊断在新能源汽车动力系统新型未知故障诊断方面的应用,表1为电驱动系统故障诊断方法对比。针对这一难题,行业专家学者也进行了探索,如:通过不同工况或者不同设备收集的故障数据,利用迁移学习实现跨域或跨任务的知识迁移[88],提高故障诊断模型的泛化能力和适应能力;针对实测样本不足或者样本数据不平衡的问题,可采用小样本学习[89]的方法,通过构建特征网络和关系网络,将故障诊断问题转化为相似度量问题,实现小数据集上的高效故障诊断;针对数据难以获取问题,可采用数字孪生技术建立研究对象的高保真数字孪生体,将物理实体映射到虚拟空间来模拟工程实际中难以获得的故障数据,用模拟数据结合少量实测样本对诊断模型进行训练,进一步实施故障诊断[90]。目前,主要的技术难点有:(1)设计合适的特征提取网络,提取信号的有效特征,降低过拟合的风险;(2)优化迁移算法,克服源域与目标域之间的分布差异、标签不足、噪声干扰等问题,提高迁移学习的鲁棒性;(3)搭建高保真的数字孪生模型来反映真实设备的运行状态、孪生模型与物理实体间高效的数据传输以及模型实时更新难度大。
针对纯电动汽车电驱动系统的结构特点及大数据智能诊断的趋势与挑战,认为可从以下几个方面持续深入开展电驱动系统故障诊断研究工作,为电驱动系统的智能运维提供充足可靠的理论依据与技术支撑,进而为保证驾驶安全性提供保障。
现有的电驱动系统及其部件故障诊断研究是在理想的实验条件下设计和验证的,而电动驱动系统的实际运行条件复杂多变,温度、湿度和扭转振动干扰等非线性时变因素可能会在不同程度上影响故障特征。此外,故障类型与特征之间并不存在严格的一一对应关系,故障之间可能存在相互映射和相互影响,这大大增加了故障诊断的复杂性。因此,在非平稳运行条件下开发电驱动系统的实时多故障诊断策略更具有工程意义。
随着纯电动汽车的普及和发展,对微小故障的诊断和预测变得越来越重要。将人工智能手段应用于大数据分析,可以帮助识别潜在的微小故障迹象,并提前采取相应的维修措施,从而提高电驱动系统的可靠性和安全性。此外,前期故障可能会逐渐发展成为严重故障,可以开发智能诊断系统,结合传感器数据、实时监测和模型算法,识别出潜在的前期故障模式,并提供相应的维修建议,以避免故障的进一步发展。
随着电动驱动系统在新能源汽车和其他领域的关注度越来越高,实时在线故障诊断技术对于确保其稳定可靠的运行至关重要。深度学习在数据挖掘和处理方面具有巨大的潜在优势,通过深度学习提取时间数据特征,并进一步融合故障机制进行分析,不仅可以实现准确的故障识别和实时诊断,而且还可以进行故障预测。此外,未来的研究须更加关注故障容错控制策略的发展,通过研究容错控制策略,可以将故障诊断和控制器设计相结合,以提高整个系统的可靠性和耐用性。
目前的故障诊断研究大多局限于定位、分类和识别缺陷。但是,在实际工程应用中期望使用基于问题诊断和控制策略集成的智能运维技术来降低运行维护成本和风险。即通过分析电驱动系统的运行状态,预测出潜在的故障发生可能性,并提前采取措施进行预防。未来的研究可以利用传感器数据、车辆历史数据和人工智能算法,构建预测模型来识别故障模式和趋势,并提供维修建议,减少故障带来的损失,提高车辆的可靠性和维修效率。例如使用故障隔离来处理早期匝间短路故障,可以防止故障级别恶化或引发其他故障。
电驱动系统及其关键部件的寿命退化数据很少,在有限的开发周期内获得充分的状态监测数据非常具有挑战性。仅凭借有限的实测数据进行数据挖掘,很难实现实时在线诊断和系统故障的精确预测。依托物联网技术(internet of things,IoT)的快速发展,机理和数据融合驱动的数字孪生技术、元宇宙技术可以在很大程度上克服数据不足的缺陷。此外,还可以实现基于现有故障特征的系统退化趋势分析,进一步为实现电驱动系统的故障预测与智能运维奠定理论基础。
目前的故障诊断和预测方法对于未知故障并不敏感,因此,探索新的故障诊断和预测方法来捕捉未知故障特征,并进行全面分析,以实现新故障模式的有效动态集成是非常必要的。此外,系统自愈是人工智能领域的一个重要分支,它基于故障机理和风险分析,将生物特有的自愈机制赋予复杂系统,以防止或消除故障,确保系统在运行过程中不会产生其它故障或自行消除故障。这种方法改变了停机运维和完全依赖人力修理机器的传统方式,使设备具有自发性并保持稳定的能力,这也是故障诊断领域中重要的研究方向。
(1)系统地分析了纯电动汽车电驱动系统的结构和功能、发展历程和典型故障类型及原因。
(2)从专家知识驱动、模型驱动、信号驱动和数据驱动4个方面综述了纯电动汽车电驱动系统故障诊断方法的研究现状,并对比分析了其优缺点。
(3)展望了纯电动汽车电驱动系统故障诊断的未来发展方向和趋势,认为可以从变工况下耦合故障诊断、微小故障诊断和前期故障诊断研究、电驱动系统在线故障实时诊断、基于故障诊断的智能运维、其它先进故障诊断技术如数字孪生和元宇宙、潜在未知故障诊断与系统自愈技术等方面深入开展研究。
  • *国家自然科学基金(51975079)
  • 重庆市教委科学技术研究项目(KJZD-M202200701)
  • 重庆市研究生联合培养基地项目(JDLHPYJD2021007)
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2024年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.007
  • 接收时间:2023-04-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-05
  • 修回日期:2023-07-09
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*国家自然科学基金(51975079)
重庆市教委科学技术研究项目(KJZD-M202200701)
重庆市研究生联合培养基地项目(JDLHPYJD2021007)
作者信息
    1 重庆交通大学交通运输学院,重庆 400074
    2 重庆交通大学,交通工程应用机器人重庆市工程实验室,重庆 400074

通讯作者:

陈仁祥,教授,博士,E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcygc/CN/10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.007
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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