Article(id=1153780538327425086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780537878634558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1685462400000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-31, revisedDate=1687795200000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753012316543, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753012316543, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753012316543, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753012316543, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153780537878634558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753012316436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753067606853, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1154012442750345936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780537878634558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1154012442750345937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780537878634558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=128, endPage=138, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153780538679746624, articleId=1153780538327425086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Thermal Analysis and Optimization Design of a BMS Slave Unit for Electric Vehicles, columnId=1149809889280750125, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Selected Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=

For the problem of high temperature and uneven distribution affecting the power and safety of the electric vehicle during the battery management systems slave control board's service,a commercial BMS slave control board thermal analysis model is built and verified using the CFD theory and Icepak software. For the first time under vehicle service conditions,temperature field analysis and thermal uniformity optimization research are carried out based on the thermal analysis model. The BMS slave control board thermal simulation analysis shows that the balancing and power supply modules exceed the BMS's design temperature limit of 60 °C due to local heat accumulation,with the maximum temperature difference of the entire BMS slave control board being 21.0 ℃. A heat dissipation path analysis of the BMS slave control board is further carried out,and heat dissipation optimization design is realized by altering the distance,layout of the balancing resistor,PCB substrate and adding thermal pads. By increasing the heat dissipation capacity of the BMS slave control board,the highest temperature of the BMS slave control board can be controlled below the design limit of 60 ℃,and the temperature difference of the entire circuit board can be reduced to 6.9 ℃,which enhances the safety and reliability of the BMS slave control board under actual vehicle service conditions,providing theoretical methods for the thermal design and optimization of the BMS slave control board.

, articleAbstract=

For the problem of high temperature and uneven distribution affecting the power and safety of the electric vehicle during the battery management systems slave control board's service, a commercial BMS slave control board thermal analysis model is built and verified using the CFD theory and Icepak software. For the first time under vehicle service conditions, temperature field analysis and thermal uniformity optimization research are carried out based on the thermal analysis model. The BMS slave control board thermal simulation analysis shows that the balancing and power supply modules exceed the BMS's design temperature limit of 60 °C due to local heat accumulation, with the maximum temperature difference of the entire BMS slave control board being 21.0 °C. A heat dissipation path analysis of the BMS slave control board is further carried out, and heat dissipation optimization design is realized by altering the distance, layout of the balancing resistor, PCB substrate and adding thermal pads. By increasing the heat dissipation capacity of the BMS slave control board, the highest temperature of the BMS slave control board can be controlled below the design limit of 60 °C, and the temperature difference of the entire circuit board can be reduced to 6.9 °C, which enhances the safety and reliability of the BMS slave control board under actual vehicle service conditions, providing theoretical methods for the thermal design and optimization of the BMS slave control board.

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针对电动汽车电池管理系统从控板服役过程中因温度过高和不均影响整车动力性、安全性问题,本文基于CFD理论,采用Icepak软件建立并验证了某商用BMS从控板热分析模型。首次在车载服役条件下,基于热分析模型开展了温度场分析和热均匀性优化研究。BMS从控板热仿真分析表明,均衡模块及供电模块因局部积热温度均超过BMS的设计温度限值60 ℃,整个BMS从控板最大温差为21.0 ℃。为此,进一步开展了BMS从控板散热路径分析,并通过改变均衡电阻间距、布局、PCB基材以及增设导热硅胶垫进行散热优化设计。提高了BMS从控板的散热能力,使BMS从控板的最高温度控制在设计规定值60 ℃以下,同时整个电路板的温差降为6.9 ℃,提高了BMS从控板在实际车载服役条件下的安全性和可靠性,可望为BMS从控板热设计与优化提供理论方法。

, articleAbstract=

针对电动汽车电池管理系统从控板服役过程中因温度过高和不均影响整车动力性、安全性问题,本文基于CFD理论,采用Icepak软件建立并验证了某商用BMS从控板热分析模型。首次在车载服役条件下,基于热分析模型开展了温度场分析和热均匀性优化研究。BMS从控板热仿真分析表明,均衡模块及供电模块因局部积热温度均超过BMS的设计温度限值60℃,整个BMS从控板最大温差为21.0℃。为此,进一步开展了BMS从控板散热路径分析,并通过改变均衡电阻间距、布局、PCB基材以及增设导热硅胶垫进行散热优化设计。提高了BMS从控板的散热能力,使BMS从控板的最高温度控制在设计规定值60℃以下,同时整个电路板的温差降为6.9℃,提高了BMS从控板在实际车载服役条件下的安全性和可靠性,可望为BMS从控板热设计与优化提供理论方法。

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何莉萍,教授,博士,E-mail:
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元器件编号 器件类别 功耗/ mW
R1,R3,R5,R7,R9,R11,R13,R15 均衡电阻 0
R2,R4,R6,R8,R10,R12,R14,R16 均衡电阻 235.2
U1 主控芯片 38.5
R52,R54 负载电阻 9.8
Q17 三极管 407.4
), ArticleFig(id=1170305377871606035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780538327425086, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

BMS从控板热分析模型元器件功耗参数

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元器件编号 器件类别 功耗/ mW
R1,R3,R5,R7,R9,R11,R13,R15 均衡电阻 0
R2,R4,R6,R8,R10,R12,R14,R16 均衡电阻 235.2
U1 主控芯片 38.5
R52,R54 负载电阻 9.8
Q17 三极管 407.4
), ArticleFig(id=1170305378010018068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780538327425086, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
器件类别 主要材料 导热系数/(W∙m-1∙K-1
PCB FR-4,铜

25.23 (XY

0.37 (Z

主控芯片 封装树脂 47.90
均衡电阻/负载电阻 氧化铝陶瓷 24.70
三极管 封装树脂 113.30
外壳 AL 6061-T6 154.00
), ArticleFig(id=1170305378089709845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780538327425086, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

元器件及外壳主要材料与导热系数

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器件类别 主要材料 导热系数/(W∙m-1∙K-1
PCB FR-4,铜

25.23 (XY

0.37 (Z

主控芯片 封装树脂 47.90
均衡电阻/负载电阻 氧化铝陶瓷 24.70
三极管 封装树脂 113.30
外壳 AL 6061-T6 154.00
), ArticleFig(id=1170305378152624406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780538327425086, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元器件编号 试验结果/ ℃ 仿真结果/ ℃ 相对误差/%
R2 50.9 51.8 1.8
R4 52.8 53.3 1.0
R6 54.5 54.2 0.6
R8 54.6 54.5 0.2
R10 55.1 54.6 0.9
R12 55.3 54.4 1.6
R14 53.0 53.9 1.7
R16 51.7 52.6 1.7
U1 40.6 39.5 2.7
Q17 49.4 48.9 1.0
), ArticleFig(id=1170305378223927575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780538327425086, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

25 ℃环境温度下BMS从控板试验与仿真结果对比

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元器件编号 试验结果/ ℃ 仿真结果/ ℃ 相对误差/%
R2 50.9 51.8 1.8
R4 52.8 53.3 1.0
R6 54.5 54.2 0.6
R8 54.6 54.5 0.2
R10 55.1 54.6 0.9
R12 55.3 54.4 1.6
R14 53.0 53.9 1.7
R16 51.7 52.6 1.7
U1 40.6 39.5 2.7
Q17 49.4 48.9 1.0
), ArticleFig(id=1170305378299425048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780538327425086, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元器件编号 温度/°C
R2 70.2
R4 71.6
R6 72.4
R8 72.8
R10 72.9
R12 72.7
R14 72.1
R16 70.9
R52 60.1
R54 59.3
U1 56.9
Q17 67.5
), ArticleFig(id=1170305378429448473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780538327425086, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

环境温度为40 ℃时BMS从控板主要发热元器件温度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元器件编号 温度/°C
R2 70.2
R4 71.6
R6 72.4
R8 72.8
R10 72.9
R12 72.7
R14 72.1
R16 70.9
R52 60.1
R54 59.3
U1 56.9
Q17 67.5
), ArticleFig(id=1170305378559471898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780538327425086, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
间距方案 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6
间距/mm 4.47 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50
), ArticleFig(id=1170305378630775067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780538327425086, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

均衡电阻不同间距方案

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间距方案 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6
间距/mm 4.47 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50
), ArticleFig(id=1170305378706272540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780538327425086, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

元器件

编号

Layout 1 Layout 2 Layout 3 Layout 4 Layout 5
R2 69.5 69.6 69.6 69.0 69.2
R4 69.7 70.3 69.5 70.0 69.9
R6 70.4 69.9 70.5 69.9 69.3
R8 70.1 70.6 70.1 70.6 70.0
R10 70.8 70.3 70.7 70.3 69.7
R12 70.4 70.7 70.4 70.8 70.2
R14 70.8 70.4 70.4 70.2 70.1
R16 70.2 70.1 69.8 70.2 70.5
R52 60.2 60.3 60.3 60.2 60.3
R54 59.4 59.5 59.5 59.4 59.5
U1 56.8 56.8 56.8 56.8 56.8
Q17 67.3 67.4 67.4 67.3 67.4
), ArticleFig(id=1170305378790158621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780538327425086, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同布局方案下各发热元器件的温度 ℃

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

元器件

编号

Layout 1 Layout 2 Layout 3 Layout 4 Layout 5
R2 69.5 69.6 69.6 69.0 69.2
R4 69.7 70.3 69.5 70.0 69.9
R6 70.4 69.9 70.5 69.9 69.3
R8 70.1 70.6 70.1 70.6 70.0
R10 70.8 70.3 70.7 70.3 69.7
R12 70.4 70.7 70.4 70.8 70.2
R14 70.8 70.4 70.4 70.2 70.1
R16 70.2 70.1 69.8 70.2 70.5
R52 60.2 60.3 60.3 60.2 60.3
R54 59.4 59.5 59.5 59.4 59.5
U1 56.8 56.8 56.8 56.8 56.8
Q17 67.3 67.4 67.4 67.3 67.4
), ArticleFig(id=1170305378861461790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780538327425086, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基板材料 FR-4 RO3010 92ML
水平方向(XY)导热系数/(W∙m-1∙K-1 25.23 25.79 26.77
垂直方向(Z)导热系数/(W∙m-1∙K-1 0.37 1.02 2.14
), ArticleFig(id=1170305378920182047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780538327425086, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同基板材料下PCB水平和垂直方向的导热系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基板材料 FR-4 RO3010 92ML
水平方向(XY)导热系数/(W∙m-1∙K-1 25.23 25.79 26.77
垂直方向(Z)导热系数/(W∙m-1∙K-1 0.37 1.02 2.14
), ArticleFig(id=1170305378987290912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780538327425086, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元器件编号 FR-4 RO3010 92ML
R2 69.6 66.1 64.7
R4 70.3 66.7 65.3
R6 69.9 66.4 65.0
R8 70.6 67.1 65.7
R10 70.3 66.8 65.4
R12 70.7 67.2 65.8
R14 70.4 66.9 65.5
R16 70.1 66.7 65.3
R52 60.3 60 59.8
R54 59.5 59.6 56.7
U1 56.8 56.8 56.9
Q17 67.4 64.0 62.5
), ArticleFig(id=1170305379041816865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1153780538327425086, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

不同PCB基板材料下各发热元器件的温度 ℃

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元器件编号 FR-4 RO3010 92ML
R2 69.6 66.1 64.7
R4 70.3 66.7 65.3
R6 69.9 66.4 65.0
R8 70.6 67.1 65.7
R10 70.3 66.8 65.4
R12 70.7 67.2 65.8
R14 70.4 66.9 65.5
R16 70.1 66.7 65.3
R52 60.3 60 59.8
R54 59.5 59.6 56.7
U1 56.8 56.8 56.9
Q17 67.4 64.0 62.5
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电动汽车BMS从控板热分析及散热优化*
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原江鑫 1, 2 , 何莉萍 1, 2 , 李耀东 3 , 李罡 2
汽车工程 | 精选论文 2024,46(1): 128-138
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汽车工程 | 精选论文 2024, 46(1): 128-138
电动汽车BMS从控板热分析及散热优化*
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原江鑫1, 2, 何莉萍1, 2 , 李耀东3, 李罡2
作者信息
  • 1 湖南大学,整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室,长沙 410082
  • 2 湖南大学机械与运载工程学院,长沙 410082
  • 3 湖南中南智能装备有限公司,长沙 410116

通讯作者:

何莉萍,教授,博士,E-mail:
Thermal Analysis and Optimization Design of a BMS Slave Unit for Electric Vehicles
Jiangxin Yuan1, 2, Liping He1, 2 , Yaodong Li3, Gang Li2
Affiliations
  • 1 Hunan University,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicles,Changsha  410082
  • 2 College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering,Hunan University,Changsha  410082
  • 3 Hunan Central South Intelligent Equipment Co.,Ltd.,Changsha  410116
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.014
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针对电动汽车电池管理系统从控板服役过程中因温度过高和不均影响整车动力性、安全性问题,本文基于CFD理论,采用Icepak软件建立并验证了某商用BMS从控板热分析模型。首次在车载服役条件下,基于热分析模型开展了温度场分析和热均匀性优化研究。BMS从控板热仿真分析表明,均衡模块及供电模块因局部积热温度均超过BMS的设计温度限值60℃,整个BMS从控板最大温差为21.0℃。为此,进一步开展了BMS从控板散热路径分析,并通过改变均衡电阻间距、布局、PCB基材以及增设导热硅胶垫进行散热优化设计。提高了BMS从控板的散热能力,使BMS从控板的最高温度控制在设计规定值60℃以下,同时整个电路板的温差降为6.9℃,提高了BMS从控板在实际车载服役条件下的安全性和可靠性,可望为BMS从控板热设计与优化提供理论方法。

新能源电动汽车  /  BMS从控板  /  热分析  /  散热优化

For the problem of high temperature and uneven distribution affecting the power and safety of the electric vehicle during the battery management systems slave control board's service, a commercial BMS slave control board thermal analysis model is built and verified using the CFD theory and Icepak software. For the first time under vehicle service conditions, temperature field analysis and thermal uniformity optimization research are carried out based on the thermal analysis model. The BMS slave control board thermal simulation analysis shows that the balancing and power supply modules exceed the BMS's design temperature limit of 60 °C due to local heat accumulation, with the maximum temperature difference of the entire BMS slave control board being 21.0 °C. A heat dissipation path analysis of the BMS slave control board is further carried out, and heat dissipation optimization design is realized by altering the distance, layout of the balancing resistor, PCB substrate and adding thermal pads. By increasing the heat dissipation capacity of the BMS slave control board, the highest temperature of the BMS slave control board can be controlled below the design limit of 60 °C, and the temperature difference of the entire circuit board can be reduced to 6.9 °C, which enhances the safety and reliability of the BMS slave control board under actual vehicle service conditions, providing theoretical methods for the thermal design and optimization of the BMS slave control board.

new energy electric vehicles  /  battery management system slave control board  /  thermal analysis  /  heat dissipation optimization
原江鑫, 何莉萍, 李耀东, 李罡. 电动汽车BMS从控板热分析及散热优化*. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (1) : 128 -138 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.014
Jiangxin Yuan, Liping He, Yaodong Li, Gang Li. Thermal Analysis and Optimization Design of a BMS Slave Unit for Electric Vehicles[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (1) : 128 -138 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.014
锂电池是电动汽车的重要动力来源。为确保锂电池在复杂的车辆环境中安全、可靠地高效运行,电动汽车动力电池系统中集成了电池管理系统(battery management system,BMS)[1-4]。BMS的功能包括充放电控制、电池状态(电压、电流和温度)监测、荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)/健康状态(state of health,SOH)计算、电池单元平衡、电池保护和故障诊断等[5-6]。其可靠性备受关注,被认为是电池系统设计的关键要求[7-9]。BMS的各项功能主要分布和集成在BMS主控板和BMS从控板上。两者均由印刷电路板(printed circuit board,PCB)及安装在PCB上的大量电子元器件组成[7]。其中BMS从控板主要负责电池单体的电压和温度数据采集、数据上传及电池间均衡。这些功能通过PCB上的均衡、供电、控制等功能模块实现。目前,均衡模块均采用被动均衡技术[10-11],即对每个电池单元串联均衡电阻,通过控制电阻间歇或同时工作,将一个或多个电池多余的能量通过电阻泄放,从而实现电池能量的均衡。被动均衡方式会产生大量热,导致BMS从控板出现积热和过热现象[12-13],这将加速BMS从控板板载电子元器件的故障失效机制,如热疲劳、电气参数漂移和电气过应力等[14]。同时,各功能模块之间的温度分布不均和局部过热将诱发电路板组件翘曲变形,导致电子元器件可靠性显著降低甚至失效[15-16]
另一方面,在车载服役过程中,由于电池包内电池也会产生热量,使BMS从控板面临进一步的温升风险和及时散热挑战。 为此,已有一些学者对BMS从控板发热量最大的均衡模块进行了一些研究。例如,熊瑞等[17]搭建了BMS从控板均衡模块的热模型,并对其在常温环境下运行的温度场进行研究。为控制均衡模块工作时的温度,Pattnayak等[18]基于均衡模块的热模型,通过控制同时均衡的电池单元数量和均衡时间,研究工作温度最低的均衡模块控制策略。Abronzini等[19]则提出了一种自适应均衡控制算法,根据均衡模块当前温度智能选择可同时均衡的电池单元数量,从而降低均衡模块的发热量。
然而,BMS从控板是一个由大量电子元器件、不同功能模块组成的重要车载电子设备,现有针对BMS从控板的热分析研究多是在常温环境下,针对从控板单一模块(均衡模块)开展,很难准确反映实际非常温车载服役条件下,BMS从控板整体而非单一功能模块的温度分布及其均匀性。另一方面,现有针对BMS从控板上单一功能模块的研究也是从软件层面(如均衡策略、控制算法)开展优化,从硬件层面开展BMS从控板的散热结构优化设计研究尚未见报道。因此,进一步对实际车载服役条件下的BMS从控板整体开展热分析,并从散热结构方面开展散热优化设计十分必要,有助于提高BMS从控板服役条件下的可靠性,以及电动汽车整车的动力性和安全性。
为此,本文中以某商用BMS从控板为研究对象,基于计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)理论,采用ANSYS Icepak热仿真软件,构建BMS从控板热分析模型,并通过试验开展模型有效性验证。基于热分析模型,研究该从控板在实际车载服役条件下各功能模块的温度场及其热均匀性。并针对散热能力提升,从均衡电阻间距、布局、PCB基材,以及增设导热硅胶垫方面对原始BMS从控板进行散热优化设计,以期其整体和局部温度满足BMS从控板设计限值(60 ℃),并提高各模块之间的温度均匀性,实现BMS从控板上各功能模块在服役状态下性能的可靠性与安全性。
以某商用BMS从控板为研究对象,该BMS从控板以车规级模拟前端芯片BQ76PL455A-Q1为主控,可以在16-79.2 V范围内的堆叠电压下工作,支持对16串串联锂电池组进行监控、被动均衡和保护,并实时将信息通过菊花链通信向BMS主控板发送。BMS从控板上的功能模块分别为采集/均衡模块、供电模块、控制模块和通信模块。各功能模块在BMS从控板上的位置划分如图1所示。
采用电子产品设计软件Altium Designer(AD)和ANSYS Design Modeler(DM)几何建模软件建立原始BMS从控板的元器件几何模型。为提高仿真效率,在搭建几何模型时进行了简化:仅考虑BMS从控板上发热量高的元器件,对于不产生热量的塑料接插件以及对空气流动影响较小的元器件细小引脚进行省略。同时,PCB视为一个整体,不考虑内部铜皮走线。
简化后的BMS从控板几何模型如图2所示。除均衡模块中的贴片电阻/均衡电阻(R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10、R11、R12、R13、R14、R15、R16)外,电源模块中的贴片电阻(R52、R54)、三极管(Q17)和控制模块中的主控芯片(U1)是主要发热源。通信模块中无高发热元器件,故在几何建模时忽略不计。
研究中的BMS从控板安装在一近似密封的铝金属外壳中,尺寸为115 mm×90 mm×26 mm,壁厚1 mm。在Icepak热仿真软件中建立该铝金属外壳几何模型,如图3所示。
基于CFD理论,采用Icepak热仿真软件构建BMS从控板热分析模型。为模拟BMS从控板发热量最大的情况,研究中的BMS从控板以一种最高发热功率模式工作。
对于均衡模块,其可通过单独控制分布在PCB正反面的16个被动均衡单元,实现对16个电池单元的均衡管理。在最高发热功率模式下,最多支持同时启用8个被动均衡单元。每个被动均衡单元都可以简化为图4所示的形式来计算均衡电阻的功耗。
图4 U b a t 表示三元锂类型锂电池的电压,此处取最大值4.2 V; R表示均衡电阻(R1~R16)阻值,其值为75 Ω。
则均衡电流的计算公式为
I = U b a t R 56   m A  
均衡电阻消耗功率为
P R = I 2 R 0.2352   W
对于本应用中的电流大小,均衡N MOSFET消耗的功率可忽略不计。研究中启用的均衡单元对应的均衡电阻编号分别为R2、R4、R6、R8、R10、R12、R14、R16。其余功能模块中主要发热元器件的发热功率参考其元器件手册中给出的额定工作电压及电流参数,结合式(3)进行计算。
P = U I
表1为BMS从控板热分析模型中的主要发热元器件及其对应的功耗。
本文在稳态条件下开展BMS从控板的温度场分析研究,须考虑各元器件材料的导热系数。BMS从控板热分析模型中所有组件的主要材料成分和导热系数见表2
BMS从控板热分析过程中的边界条件设置为:流动状态为自然对流,环境温度设置为40 ℃,辐射模型选择“discrete ordinates (DO)”模型,重力方向为垂直于BMS从控板电路板水平面方向,重力加速度为-9.8 m/s2
BMS从控板热分析模型的计算域采用非连续性网格划分方式,对BMS从控板主体采用细网格划分,其周围计算域的空气域采用粗网格划分。网格采用Mesher-HD(六面体占优) 划分规则,并进行网格质量检查及网格独立性验证。如图5所示,最终的BMS从控板热分析模型计算域被离散化为646 340个网格,743 321个节点。
为验证所建立BMS从控板热分析模型的有效性,搭建了如图6所示的BMS从控板温度测量试验平台。试验平台包括BMS从控板、锂电池模拟器、直流电源、RS485转USB转换器(型号SDS1011)、温度记录仪(型号M2102)、10个直径为0.25 mm的K型热电偶(型号TT-K-30)。这些热电偶通过硅酮导热胶分别固定在几个主要发热元器件上表面,以测量其工作温度,如图7所示。
试验条件为室温25 ℃,当BMS从控板的温度稳定后(约1.5 h),记录10 min内各测温通道温度数据的平均值作为测试结果。将测试结果与25 ℃条件下BMS从控板热分析模型数值仿真结果进行对比,结果如表3所示。
表3可以看出,试验与仿真结果中温度最高的区域均位于均衡模块中心,均衡电阻R10、R12附近,越靠近均衡模块边缘,均衡电阻温度越低。均衡模块和供电模块中主要发热元器件测量值与仿真值误差均小于2 %。控制模块主控芯片U1的误差相对较大,为2.7%,这是因为该集成芯片有多个电源输入且处于动态工作状态,其功耗无法精确计算导致的。综合来说,试验测量值与仿真值误差均小于3%,验证了BMS从控板热分析模型的有效性。
在实际电动汽车车载服役条件下,电池包内的环境温度可达40~45 ℃ [20-21]。该环境温度叠加BMS从控板功率元器件自身发热将影响BMS从控板温度场及其可靠性。为此,本文研究了BMS从控板在不同环境温度下工作的温度情况,如图8所示。
图8可见,当BMS从控板的工作环境温度达30 ℃时,其最高温度达63.7 ℃,已超过BMS从控板设计温度限值60 ℃。当环境温度为40 ℃时,BMS从控板的最高温度高达72.9 ℃,表明BMS从控板在实际车载服役条件下将出现局部积热,其元器件温度超过设计限值12.9 ℃。表4为环境温度40 ℃条件下BMS从控板上各主要发热元器件的温度。
表4可见,BMS从控板的高温区域位于PCB左侧均衡模块和供电模块。其中均衡模块和供电模块的最高温度分别出现在电阻R10和三极管Q17上,分别达到72.9和67.5 ℃,均超过了60 ℃的设计温度限值。均衡模块中心区域还存在积热现象,位于均衡模块中心的电阻R10与边缘位置的均衡电阻R2存在最大2.7 ℃的温差。而对于控制模块及PCB右侧区域,温度相对较低,最低仅为51.9 ℃。可见,整个BMS从控板温度分布不均,存在21.0 ℃的温差。这种局部的积热和温差容易使电路板组件翘曲变形、产生热应力,影响相应模块中元器件的可靠运行,最终导致BMS从控板失效[14]
因此,需要对均衡模块和供电模块进行散热优化设计,提高BMS从控板的散热能力,防止BMS从控板局部积热,确保其在电动汽车中的安全应用。
为更好地进行BMS从控板散热优化设计,首先对其散热路径和传热形式进行分析,如图9所示。散热分析表明,BMS从控板中的传热形式包括热传导、热对流和辐射。在BMS从控板中,主要有两条散热路径:(1)产热直接从元器件传导到PCB;(2)间接的对流和辐射,即元器件/PCB-外壳-环境。从元器件产生的约92.3 %的热量通过热传导传递到PCB上,然后通过自然对流(52%)和辐射(48%)从PCB传递到金属外壳上。这表明BMS从控板的传热主要取决于PCB上的热扩散。因此,为了增强BMS从控板的散热,在原始BMS从控板的基础上开展以下散热优化设计。
元器件之间的间距过小不利于空气流动,影响自然对流换热[22]。数值热分析表明,BMS从控板上均衡模块温度达72.9 ℃且存在积热。因此,本研究试图在不改变原始BMS从控板的PCB尺寸前提下,通过改变均衡电阻间的间距来改善散热。
原始BMS从控板均衡模块尺寸设计如图10所示。其中,均衡电阻间初始间距为4.47 mm(记为D0)。在改进设计中,将间距在4.47~7.50 mm范围内进行递增,分别标记为D1、D2、D3、D4、D5和D6,具体间距见表5
对不同均衡电阻间距方案下的BMS从控板进行热分析,得到如图11所示的均衡电阻间距方案与温度函数关系图。
图11可见,增大间距可以显著减小均衡电阻之间的最大温差,提高均衡电阻之间工作温度的一致性,改善积热现象。当均衡电阻间距为7 mm(D5间距方案)时,均衡电阻的温度分布一致性最好。因此,7 mm (D5间距方案)为最佳的均衡电阻间距。此时均衡电阻之间的最大温差减小到1.6 ℃,与原始设计中的2.7 ℃相比降低了41 %。在后续的散热改进设计中,BMS从控板均衡模块均采用7 mm的均衡电阻间距。
此外,可以发现靠近均衡模块中心位置的电阻 (R4、R6、R8、R10、R12、R14)的温度随着间距的增加而降低。而均衡模块边缘的均衡电阻(R2、R16)其温度随着电阻间距的增加几乎没有变化,这是因为增大均衡电阻间距时,位于均衡模块边缘位置的均衡电阻(R2、R16)散热空间几乎没有变化。与原始设计相比,当均衡电阻间距为7 mm时,电阻R10的最高温度降低了2.3 %。然而,各均衡电阻的温度仍在69.6 ~ 72.3 ℃范围内,仍高于BMS从控板的设计温度限值(60 ℃),需要进一步散热改进。
为进一步改善均衡模块的散热,考虑改变均衡电阻的布局,来增大均衡电阻的散热空间。在保持BMS从控板原有整体尺寸设计、保证均衡模块电气性能的前提下,基于7 mm的均衡电阻间距方案设计了5种不同的均衡电阻布局,如图12所示。
5种均衡电阻布局方式下BMS从控板的温度分布云图数值仿真结果如图13所示,各主要发热元器件的详细温度见表6
图13表6可见,由于均衡电阻布局改动的空间非常有限(77.82 mm×16.30 mm),因而改变均衡电阻布局带来的温降小于2.2 ℃,各均衡电阻的温度仍在69.2 ~ 70.8 ℃的范围内,不满足BMS从控板温度限值<60 ℃的设计要求。然而,改变均衡电阻布局有助于改善均衡模块的积热,可以将均衡电阻间的最大温差进一步降低。当均衡电阻采用Layout 2的方案时,BMS从控板最高温度出现在均衡电阻R12,为70.7 ℃。此时,均衡电阻间的最大温差降低到1.1 ℃,与原始设计中的2.7 ℃相比降低了59%。因此,在后续的散热优化设计中,均衡模块中的均衡电阻采用Layout 2布局方案。
通过散热路径分析可知,PCB为发热元器件提供了主要的散热路径。发热元器件产生的热量通过引线、焊点和焊盘传递到PCB上,在PCB内部传导,并通过对流和辐射在PCB进行散热。然而,由于PCB是由基板材料和铜箔通过压合粘结而成的多层结构,其水平方向(XY)和垂直方向(Z)上具有不同的导热系数(thermal conductivity,TC)。
原始BMS从控板设计中使用的PCB基板材料是最常用的FR-4材料。可以使用以下公式[23]计算PCB在水平和垂直方向上的导热系数:
k p a r a l l e l = h c u × k c u h p c b + h p c b - h c u × k s u b s h p c b
k v e r t i c a l = h c u k c u × h p c b + h p c b - h c u k s u b s × h p c b - 1  
式中: k c u表示铜的导热系数,其值为387.60 W/(m∙K); k s u b s表示PCB基板材料的导热系数,其值为0.35 W/(m∙K); h p c b表示PCB的厚度,其值为1.590 mm; h c u表示PCB中铜层的总厚度,其值为0.105 mm。
原始BMS从控板PCB在水平和垂直方向上的导热系数分别为25.23和0.37 W/(m∙K)。可以看出,PCB垂直方向上的导热系数远低于水平方向,这使大部分热量只能在水平方向上传播。因此,在优化均衡电阻间距、布局方案的基础上,考虑更换PCB基板材料来改善BMS从控板的散热。研究采用的PCB基板材料是Rogers公司的RO3010和92ML,其导热系数分别为0.95和2.00 W/(m∙K)。表7为更换不同PCB基板材料后计算出的PCB导热系数。
分别对采用不同PCB材料的BMS从控板温度场进行数值仿真,得到如图14所示的温度云图。其中,各发热元器件的温度如表8所示。从图14 (a)和图14(d)可以看出,当PCB基板材料为FR-4时,均衡电阻和PCB的接触界面处存在积热,温度较高的红色区域大部分位于PCB的表面。这是因为原始的BMS从控板设计中,PCB垂直方向上的导热系数仅为0.37 W/(m∙K),远低于水平方向上的导热系数(25.23 W/(m∙K))。因此,在垂直方向上的传热不理想,在热源与PCB的接触位置出现了积热。当采用更高导热系数的RO3010和92ML基板材料后,PCB垂直方向上的传热能力明显增强,积热得到改善。结合表8可知,当PCB基板材料为RO3010时,均衡电阻的最高温度从70.7降至67.2 ℃,三极管Q17的温度从67.4降至64.0 ℃,均降低了5 %。整个BMS从控板的温差从18.9降至15.4 ℃,降幅为19 %。当使用92ML材料时,均衡电阻的最高温度从70.7降至65.8 ℃,三极管Q17的温度从67.4降至62.5 ℃,均降低了7 %。整个BMS从控板的温差从18.9降至13.7 ℃,降幅为28 %。可见,PCB垂直方向的导热系数对BMS从控板散热起着至关重要的作用。散热效果最佳的PCB基板材料是92ML。然而,均衡模块和供电模块的温度仍然超过60 ℃。通过分析图15所示的BMS从控板速度场云图可以看出,BMS从控板金属外壳内的空气流速非常低(<0.03 m/s),严重影响对流换热效率。唐广迪等[24]在对电机控制器的散热研究中也获得了类似的结果,在封闭的金属外壳中空气流速较低,影响对流换热。
因此,在采用92ML基板材料的基础上,考虑在PCB与金属外壳间增设导热界面材料,为BMS从控板增加额外的散热路径。
在前文优化均衡电阻间距、布局,改变PCB基板材料的基础上,继续在均衡模块和供电模块上增设导热界面材料以增加额外的传热路径,使发热元器件产生的热量能以热传导的形式直接传递到金属外壳。所使用的导热界面材料是奥川科技有限公司制造的UTP 100型导热硅胶垫,其具有1 W/(m∙K)的导热系数,具体的尺寸和安装位置如图16所示。
图17为增设UTP 100导热硅胶垫后的BMS从控板热分析模型仿真结果。从温度云图可知,此时BMS从控板电路板上最高温度为57.4 ℃,位于供电模块三极管Q17,满足BMS从控板的设计温度要求。相比于增设导热硅胶垫前,三极管Q17的温度降低了8 %。
均衡模块的最高温度为56.7 ℃,降低了14 %。均衡电阻间的最大温差进一步从1.1降至0.5 ℃,降低了55 %。整个BMS从控板的温差由原先的21.0降至6.9 ℃,降低了67 %。这表明通过添加导热硅胶垫,为发热元器件创建了有效的传热路径,有助于PCB垂直方向上的高效散热。成功将BMS从控板上所有元器件的温度控制在60 ℃的设计温度限值内,可以有效避免BMS从控板出现积热,提高了BMS从控板的可靠性。
(1)基于CFD理论,采用Icepak软件构建了BMS从控板热分析模型,并通过试验测试分析表明所建立的热分析模型具有有效性。
(2) 原始BMS从控板热仿真分析表明,均衡模块中的均衡电阻及供电模块中的三极管Q17温度高达67.5 ~ 72.9 ℃,均超出了BMS从控板设计要求温度限值(60 ℃),存在明显积热,BMS从控板的最大温差达到21.0 ℃。
(3)改变均衡电阻间距、布局对均衡模块的温降不明显,但可显著提高均衡模块温度均匀性,最佳的方案是采用7 mm间距,Layout2布局。
(4)选择高导热系数PCB基材92ML,增大PCB垂直方向导热系数,可以提高BMS从控板的热传导能力,有效降低BMS从控板工作温度,提高温度均匀性。
(5)在主要发热元器件和外壳间增设导热硅胶垫,创建额外的热传导路径可显著增强BMS从控板垂直方向上的传热。在优化均衡电阻间距、布局以及PCB基板材料基础上,增设1 W/(m∙K)的导热硅胶垫,供电模块、均衡模块的最高温度分别降至57.4和56.7 ℃,满足BMS从控板设计温度要求。同时,整个BMS从控板的温差降至6.9 ℃,积热及温度分布不均问题得到明显改善。
本研究有助于提高BMS从控板的热可靠性,并为电动汽车BMS电路板的高可靠性设计提供指导。
  • *湖南省重点专项项目(2019GK2191)
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2024年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.014
  • 接收时间:2023-05-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-31
  • 修回日期:2023-06-27
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*湖南省重点专项项目(2019GK2191)
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    1 湖南大学,整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室,长沙 410082
    2 湖南大学机械与运载工程学院,长沙 410082
    3 湖南中南智能装备有限公司,长沙 410116

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何莉萍,教授,博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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