Article(id=1149809890983633814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149420601376412046, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730908800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-07, revisedDate=1734105600000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752065640444, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752065640444, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752065640444, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752065640444, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149420601376412046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='587', pageEnd='795', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751972826539, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754389785974, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1159558063947952346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149420601376412046, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1159558063947952347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149420601376412046, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=788, endPage=795, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149809891197543319, articleId=1149809890983633814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Experimental Research on the Impact of Tire Tread Depth on the Performance of Light Commercial Vehicles, columnId=1149809889280750125, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Selected Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=

To investigate the impact of variation in tire tread depth on vehicle performance,performance tests are conducted using tires with differing tread depth as our subjects on dry,wet,and low-adhesion road surface at the proving ground. The results indicate that the braking distance decreases as tread depth diminishes on dry surface while the trend reverses compared to dry surface on wet surface,and tread depth variation has a minor impact on braking distance on low-adhesion surface. The maximum lateral acceleration and yaw rate of the vehicle initially increase and then decrease with reducing tread depth on dry surface,peaking at 4.0 mm. The maximum yaw rate follows a similar pattern to dry surface on wet surface,but there is no clear trend in maximum lateral acceleration.

, articleAbstract=

To investigate the impact of variation in tire tread depth on vehicle performance, performance tests are conducted using tires with differing tread depth as our subjects on dry, wet, and lowadhesion road surface at the proving ground. The results indicate that the braking distance decreases as tread depth diminishes on dry surface while the trend reverses compared to dry surface on wet surface, and tread depth variation has a minor impact on braking distance on lowadhesion surface. The maximum lateral acceleration and yaw rate of the vehicle initially increase and then decrease with reducing tread depth on dry surface, peaking at 4.0 mm. The maximum yaw rate follows a similar pattern to dry surface on wet surface, but there is no clear trend in maximum lateral acceleration.

, correspAuthors=Lu Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jie Jin, Lu Zhang, Zhigang Piao, Hao Xu, Chunxiao Ren, Xuewen Zhang, Qingfei Yu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149809922021482839, articleId=1149809890983633814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=轮胎花纹深度对轻型货运车辆性能影响的试验研究*, columnId=1149809889410773550, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=精选论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=

为研究轮胎花纹深度变化对车辆性能的影响,将不同花纹深度的轮胎作为研究对象,在试验场的干燥路面、湿路面及低附着路面上开展车辆性能试验。结果表明:干燥路面上车辆制动距离随着轮胎花纹深度的减小而减小,湿路面上的趋势与干燥路面相反,低附着路面上花纹深度的变化对制动距离的影响很小;干燥路面上车辆最大侧向加速度与最大横摆角速度随着花纹深度的减小而先增后减,均在4.0 mm处最大;湿路面上车辆的最大横摆角速度呈现与干燥路面一致结果,但最大侧向加速度则无明显趋势。

, articleAbstract=

为研究轮胎花纹深度变化对车辆性能的影响,将不同花纹深度的轮胎作为研究对象,在试验场的干燥路面、湿路面及低附着路面上开展车辆性能试验。结果表明:干燥路面上车辆制动距离随着轮胎花纹深度的减小而减小,湿路面上的趋势与干燥路面相反,低附着路面上花纹深度的变化对制动距离的影响很小;干燥路面上车辆最大侧向加速度与最大横摆角速度随着花纹深度的减小而先增后减,均在4.0mm处最大;湿路面上车辆的最大横摆角速度呈现与干燥路面一致结果,但最大侧向加速度则无明显趋势。

, correspAuthors=张禄, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张禄,副研究员,博士,E-mail:
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Beijing: World Transport Convention,2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170299512858878706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149809890983633814, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=彭旭东,谢友柏,宗长富,等. 表面粗糙度对冰路面上滑动轮胎摩擦牵引力影响的研究[J]. 汽车工程,2000,22(4): 240-242,255., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170299512921793267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149809890983633814, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PENG X D,XIE Y B,ZONG C F,et al. A study on the effects of surface roughness on tire traction force on ice[J]. 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参数描述 数值/型号 单位
长×宽×高 5995×2180×2540 mm
整备质量 2 566 kg
总质量 4 495 kg
最高车速 80 km/h
轴荷 1 710/2 785 kg
发动机型号 Q23-115C60
发动机功率 85 kW
ABS型号 威伯科YF8
轮胎规格 6.50R16LT-10PR(公路型)
轮胎数 6
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试验样车主要参数

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参数描述 数值/型号 单位
长×宽×高 5995×2180×2540 mm
整备质量 2 566 kg
总质量 4 495 kg
最高车速 80 km/h
轴荷 1 710/2 785 kg
发动机型号 Q23-115C60
发动机功率 85 kW
ABS型号 威伯科YF8
轮胎规格 6.50R16LT-10PR(公路型)
轮胎数 6
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序号 试验项目 试验场地 参考标准及测试内容
1 轮胎花纹深度测量 轮胎实验室 GB/T 521—2023《轮胎外缘尺寸测量方法》
2 轮胎打磨 轮胎实验室 GB/T 42359《湿及冰雪路面试验用轿车轮胎室内磨削方法》
3 制动性能 干燥路面

标准:GB 12676—2014 《商用车辆和挂车制动系统技术要求及试验方法》

测试内容:直线道路上40、60及74 km/h紧急制动试验

湿路面

标准:GB/T 35163—2017《载重汽车轮胎湿路面相对抓着性能试验方法》

测试内容:直线道路上20、40及60 km/h紧急制动试验

玄武岩路面

标准:GB/T 41327—2022《轿车轮胎冰地抓着性能试验方法》

测试内容:玄武岩直线道路20、30及40 km/h紧急制动试验

4 操纵稳定性能 干燥路面

ISO 3888-2:2011《乘用车车道急剧改变操纵用试验车道 第2部分:故障免除》

试验内容:(1)干燥路面35、40、45 km/h双移线试验;(2)湿路面30、35、40 km/h双移线试验

湿路面
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试验项目、标准及内容

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序号 试验项目 试验场地 参考标准及测试内容
1 轮胎花纹深度测量 轮胎实验室 GB/T 521—2023《轮胎外缘尺寸测量方法》
2 轮胎打磨 轮胎实验室 GB/T 42359《湿及冰雪路面试验用轿车轮胎室内磨削方法》
3 制动性能 干燥路面

标准:GB 12676—2014 《商用车辆和挂车制动系统技术要求及试验方法》

测试内容:直线道路上40、60及74 km/h紧急制动试验

湿路面

标准:GB/T 35163—2017《载重汽车轮胎湿路面相对抓着性能试验方法》

测试内容:直线道路上20、40及60 km/h紧急制动试验

玄武岩路面

标准:GB/T 41327—2022《轿车轮胎冰地抓着性能试验方法》

测试内容:玄武岩直线道路20、30及40 km/h紧急制动试验

4 操纵稳定性能 干燥路面

ISO 3888-2:2011《乘用车车道急剧改变操纵用试验车道 第2部分:故障免除》

试验内容:(1)干燥路面35、40、45 km/h双移线试验;(2)湿路面30、35、40 km/h双移线试验

湿路面
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序号 设备名称 型号 实物图片
1

轮胎滚动

阻力试验机

Horizonal 2

Station PCR+TBR

2

PCR/LTR

轮胎轮廓

仿真磨削机

TBM-1
3

轮胎花纹

深度尺

ST-30
4 Vbox VB3i-V5
5

制动

踏板力计

IHH2000
6

惯性导航

系统

RT 3000 L1 V.3
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试验的主要设备

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序号 设备名称 型号 实物图片
1

轮胎滚动

阻力试验机

Horizonal 2

Station PCR+TBR

2

PCR/LTR

轮胎轮廓

仿真磨削机

TBM-1
3

轮胎花纹

深度尺

ST-30
4 Vbox VB3i-V5
5

制动

踏板力计

IHH2000
6

惯性导航

系统

RT 3000 L1 V.3
), ArticleFig(id=1170299509952226003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149809890983633814, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
深度/mm 10.6 6.0 4.0 3.2 2.0 1.6
环境温度/℃ 33.2 30.2 30.4 29.5 29.2 30.8
风速/(m·s-1 2.8 0.9 1.9 1.1 1.7 1.8
第1轴轴荷/kg 1 706 1 738 1 728 1 701 1 708 1 711
第2轴轴荷/kg 2 789 2 758 2 766 2 793 2 785 2 783
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环境条件与车辆条件

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深度/mm 10.6 6.0 4.0 3.2 2.0 1.6
环境温度/℃ 33.2 30.2 30.4 29.5 29.2 30.8
风速/(m·s-1 2.8 0.9 1.9 1.1 1.7 1.8
第1轴轴荷/kg 1 706 1 738 1 728 1 701 1 708 1 711
第2轴轴荷/kg 2 789 2 758 2 766 2 793 2 785 2 783
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项目 标准要求 检测结果

符合性

判定

平整度 ≤6 mm 纵向≤2.0 mm 横向≤3.0 mm 符合
纵坡坡度 ≤2%且均匀一致 0.0% 符合
构造深度 0.7±0.3 mm 0.63 mm 符合
BPN 42~60 58 符合
水膜厚度 1.0±0.5 mm

0.75-1.25 mm

左侧

1.00-1.50 mm

右侧

符合
BFC 0.57-0.79 0.77 符合
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直线制动与操纵试验路面(干燥路面和湿路面)

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项目 标准要求 检测结果

符合性

判定

平整度 ≤6 mm 纵向≤2.0 mm 横向≤3.0 mm 符合
纵坡坡度 ≤2%且均匀一致 0.0% 符合
构造深度 0.7±0.3 mm 0.63 mm 符合
BPN 42~60 58 符合
水膜厚度 1.0±0.5 mm

0.75-1.25 mm

左侧

1.00-1.50 mm

右侧

符合
BFC 0.57-0.79 0.77 符合
), ArticleFig(id=1170299510346490583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149809890983633814, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准条款 标准要求 检测结果 符合性判定
低附着路面R值测量 1.0<R<2.0 1.30 符合
附着系数 ≤0.3 0.27 符合
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低附着路面(玄武岩路面)

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标准条款 标准要求 检测结果 符合性判定
低附着路面R值测量 1.0<R<2.0 1.30 符合
附着系数 ≤0.3 0.27 符合
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轮胎花纹深度对轻型货运车辆性能影响的试验研究*
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晋杰 1, 2 , 张禄 1, 2 , 朴志刚 3 , 徐浩 3 , 任春晓 1, 2 , 张学文 1, 2 , 于晴斐 3
汽车工程 | 精选论文 2025,47(4): 788-795
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汽车工程 | 精选论文 2025, 47(4): 788-795
轮胎花纹深度对轻型货运车辆性能影响的试验研究*
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晋杰1, 2, 张禄1, 2 , 朴志刚3, 徐浩3, 任春晓1, 2, 张学文1, 2, 于晴斐3
作者信息
  • 1 交通运输部公路科学研究院汽车运输研究中心,北京 100088
  • 2 运输车辆运行安全技术交通运输行业重点实验室,北京 100088
  • 3 中路慧能检测认证科技有限公司,烟台 265400

通讯作者:

张禄,副研究员,博士,E-mail:
Experimental Research on the Impact of Tire Tread Depth on the Performance of Light Commercial Vehicles
Jie Jin1, 2, Lu Zhang1, 2 , Zhigang Piao3, Hao Xu3, Chunxiao Ren1, 2, Xuewen Zhang1, 2, Qingfei Yu3
Affiliations
  • 1 Automotive Transportation Research Center,Research Institute of Highway Ministry of Transport,Beijing 100088
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Operation Safety Technology on Transport Vehicles,Beijing 100088
  • 3 Zhonglu Huineng Testing and Certification Technology Co.,Ltd.,Yantai 265400
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.019
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为研究轮胎花纹深度变化对车辆性能的影响,将不同花纹深度的轮胎作为研究对象,在试验场的干燥路面、湿路面及低附着路面上开展车辆性能试验。结果表明:干燥路面上车辆制动距离随着轮胎花纹深度的减小而减小,湿路面上的趋势与干燥路面相反,低附着路面上花纹深度的变化对制动距离的影响很小;干燥路面上车辆最大侧向加速度与最大横摆角速度随着花纹深度的减小而先增后减,均在4.0mm处最大;湿路面上车辆的最大横摆角速度呈现与干燥路面一致结果,但最大侧向加速度则无明显趋势。

轮胎  /  花纹深度  /  车辆性能  /  试验研究

To investigate the impact of variation in tire tread depth on vehicle performance, performance tests are conducted using tires with differing tread depth as our subjects on dry, wet, and lowadhesion road surface at the proving ground. The results indicate that the braking distance decreases as tread depth diminishes on dry surface while the trend reverses compared to dry surface on wet surface, and tread depth variation has a minor impact on braking distance on lowadhesion surface. The maximum lateral acceleration and yaw rate of the vehicle initially increase and then decrease with reducing tread depth on dry surface, peaking at 4.0 mm. The maximum yaw rate follows a similar pattern to dry surface on wet surface, but there is no clear trend in maximum lateral acceleration.

tire  /  tread depth  /  vehicle performance  /  experimental research
晋杰, 张禄, 朴志刚, 徐浩, 任春晓, 张学文, 于晴斐. 轮胎花纹深度对轻型货运车辆性能影响的试验研究*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (4) : 788 -795 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.019
Jie Jin, Lu Zhang, Zhigang Piao, Hao Xu, Chunxiao Ren, Xuewen Zhang, Qingfei Yu. Experimental Research on the Impact of Tire Tread Depth on the Performance of Light Commercial Vehicles[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (4) : 788 -795 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.019
轮胎作为车辆与地面接触最为重要的部件,不仅承载着车辆的重力,还直接关系到车辆的操控稳定性、制动性和燃油经济性等性能[1]。在车辆使用过程中,轮胎磨损是不可避免的,磨损会改变胎面形貌、轮胎刚度及接触特性,进而影响轮胎的动力学性能[2-4]。因此,研究轮胎磨损对车辆性能的影响具有重要意义。
轮胎在使用过程中,其胎面的逐渐磨损最直观地表现是轮胎花纹深度的不断减小。在轮胎磨损对轮胎本体及车辆性能影响方面,已有学者开展一系列研究。李健等[5]以全新轮胎与旧轮胎为例,开展了轮胎磨损对车辆制动效能影响研究。Luchini等[6]分析了轮胎花纹深度对轮胎滚动阻力的影响,解释了试验中观察到的滚动阻力随轮胎花纹深度的变化特性。Kharrazi等[7]和Zhang等[8]研究了轮胎花纹深度对转弯性能的影响,分析了轮胎磨损对接地特性的影响。张晓壮[9]通过Matlab-CarSim仿真,验证了考虑轮胎磨损的控制策略的有效性,强调了轮胎磨损对车辆安全性的重要性。李方舟等[10]开展了6.6和7.3 mm两种花纹深度轮胎对轿车制动性能影响的试验研究,但未涉及当轮胎接近法规规定的深度花纹试验。Wright等[11]研究了磨损对轮胎纵向摩擦特性的影响,表明磨损前后轮胎摩擦力变化幅度约为10%。李论等[12]分析了不同磨损程度轮胎的动力学性能变化规律,指出胎面磨损对轮胎侧偏刚度和回正刚度的影响较大。这些学者均促进了轮胎磨损对车辆性能影响的理解。
此外,鉴于轮胎在实际使用中所面临的多样化天气条件,这些条件会导致路面类型的变化,进而通过轮胎对车辆性能产生影响,这点同样不容忽视。具体而言,所涉及的路面类型主要包括干燥路面、雨天湿滑路面以及雪天或结冰的恶劣路面。Blythe等[13]研究证实了轮胎花纹深度对车辆在潮湿道路上的操作产生不利影响。周海超等[14]提出了一种胎面橡胶-湿滑路面摩擦行为的数值分析方法,实现轮胎与湿滑路面摩擦特性的计算。Kane等[15]提出了一种考虑轮胎-路面接触面之间水层的摩擦模型,强调了湿滑路面上摩擦因数随速度变化的影响。梁荣亮等[16]开展了轮胎湿抓地性能影响因素的试验研究,但未考虑不同轮胎花纹深度的影响。
因此,轮胎磨损对轮胎本体及车辆性能影响研究已有较为显著的成果,但鲜见考虑花纹深度变化且在不同路面类型下车辆安全性能影响的研究。为此,本文选取轻型货运车辆为试验对象,重点通过整车试验的方式探究轮胎花纹深度对轻型货运车辆性能的影响。使用室内轮胎打磨机将轮胎打磨至不同花纹深度,参考车辆相关标准,在试验场内不同路面类型上开展车辆制动性能与操纵稳定性能试验,其中路面类型涉及干燥路面、湿路面、低附着路面。本文的研究结果对车辆安全运行具有一定的指导意义。
试验样车为轻型货运车辆,如图1所示,产品号为CB037898303,主要参数如表1所示。
试验所用的轮胎如图2所示,其基本信息:型号为6.50R16LT 10PR(公路型),负荷指数为107/102,负荷能力为975 kg/850 kg,速度符号为M级,标准气压为81PSI/560 kPa。
车辆的制动性能是确保行车安全的关键因素之一,直接关系到驾乘人员的生命安全。此外,良好的操控稳定性不仅能够提升驾驶体验,还能在紧急情况下避免事故的发生。为了确保车辆在各种条件下的可靠性和安全性,对制动性能和操控稳定性能的测试显得尤为重要。因此,本试验研究重点针对轻型货运车辆这两项性能。
新轮胎测量各轮胎花纹初始深度均为10.6 mm,考虑到现有GB 7258等标准中规定轮胎花纹深度不得低于1.6 mm,因此,用于该款轮胎研究的花纹深度区间可设定为[1.6 mm,10.6 mm]。此外,考虑到相对接近1.6 mm时的关注度要高于接近新轮胎的花纹初始深度,故遵循这一原则进一步在[1.6 mm,10.6 mm]选取多个试验点,包括6.0、4.0、3.2、2.0 mm,即一共包括6个花纹深度。
使用轮胎打磨机将轮胎打磨至不同花纹深度后,分别开展试验车辆安装不同花纹深度的轮胎时制动性能与操纵稳定性能试验。为了进一步说明试验的重复性,在每一种路面上每一种车速下的试验次数均不低于6次。考虑试验过程会造成轮胎的磨损,为尽可能减小试验过程因轮胎磨损带来的影响,3种路面的试验顺序设定为:玄武岩路面→湿路面→干燥路面。参考车辆相关标准,所开展的试验项目、标准及内容如表2所示。需要说明的是,受限于低附着路面(玄武岩路面)宽度限制,未在低附着路面上开展车辆操纵稳定性能试验。
试验所需的主要设备包括轮胎轮廓仿真磨削机、轮胎滚动阻力试验机、轮胎花纹深度尺以及试验场地内试验车辆上安装的VBOX、制动踏板力计、惯性导航系统等,型号和实物图如表3所示。
环境条件和车辆条件如表4所示。开展车辆性能试验时,每种花纹深度下的6个轮胎压力范围均在559~563 kPa。
在开展车辆制动试验与操纵稳定性试验之前,须对干燥路面、湿路面及低附着路面的技术状态进行检测。干燥路面与湿路面的检测结果如表5所示,低附着路面(玄武岩路面)的检测结果如表6所示。由表5表6中可知,3种路面的技术状态均满足试验要求。
在标准压力560 kPa情况下,轮胎的海陆比随着花纹深度的减小而减小,如图3所示。主要原因是,随着轮胎胎面磨损的增加,即轮胎外径和花纹深度不断减小,轮胎的海陆比也随之减小。
在轮胎滚动阻力试验机上开展轮胎滚动阻力试验,不同花纹深度与不同标准压力下轮胎滚动阻力系数如图4所示。由图可知,在轮胎充气压力相同的情况下,滚动阻力系数整体上均随着花纹深度的减小而减小,但在花纹深度在3.2与1.6 mm处出现递增的情况。这些异常可能原因是轮胎本身工艺或试验人员在试验过程未严格控制试验条件(例如,环境温度和湿度)造成。相同花纹深度的情况下,滚动阻力系数随着轮胎充气压力的增加而减小,每增加0.1倍的标准压力时滚动阻力系数平均减小约1.5~2.5 N/kN,相对值约为2.56%~4.81%。其中轮胎1倍标准压力为560 kPa。
车辆制动性能对于确保行车安全至关重要,它直接影响着事故的预防与控制。选择紧急制动试验时的制动距离作为评价指标,是因其能直接反映车辆在紧急情况下的响应速度和停止能力,确保在最短时间内安全减速或停车,有效保护驾乘人员的安全。
干燥路面上不同花纹深度、不同车速下车辆的制动距离如图5所示。由图可知,随着花纹深度的减小,制动距离整体上也随之减小,导致这一现象的主要原因是轮胎胎面与地面之间作用的有效面积增加(即海陆比减小)。与新胎(花纹深度10.6 mm)相比,花纹深度为1.6或2.0 mm时的制动距离减小了约8%~12%。个别特殊的情况是,当轮胎花纹深度从2.0减小到1.6 mm且车速为74 km/h时,制动距离由28.65增加到31.29 m,增加了9.21%。出现这种现象的主要原因是,因高强度紧急制动,触发了车辆ABS,进而增加了制动距离,但此时的制动距离仍与新胎制动距离基本接近。
此外,从制动距离的分散性(误差棒)能看出,虽然相同花纹深度的轮胎在速度越高时制动距离的绝对值更分散,但若换算到距离的相对值(即制动距离的分散区间与平均值之比),相同花纹深度的轮胎在不同车速情况下的相对分散性多数情况均较为接近。
湿路面上不同花纹深度、不同车速下车辆的制动距离如图6所示。由图可知:湿路面上制动距离的趋势与干燥路面的相反,在轮胎磨损至花纹深度为2.0 mm之前,湿路面的制动距离整体呈现增加的趋势,导致这一现象的主要原因是花纹深度的减小削弱了水膜在轮胎胎面与地面之间的相互作用;但当轮胎花纹深度由2.0减小到1.6 mm时,制动距离也随之减小,在20、40及60 km/h速度下分别减少了0.07、0.31及1.79 m,相对值为2.30%、2.53%及5.95%。此外,就制动距离的分散性而言,湿路面与干燥路面的情况基本一致。
低附着路面(玄武岩)主要模拟道路表面结冰的情况,低附着路面上不同花纹深度、不同车速下车辆的制动距离如图7所示。从图中可以看出:当花纹深度由10.6减小到6.0 mm时,低附着路面上车辆制动距离随之增加;当花纹深度由6.0减小至1.6 mm时,低附着路面上车辆制动距离的差异性相对较小。此时,影响车辆制动距离的因素主要包括ABS的触发与轮胎胎面的粗糙度。在低附着路面上车辆紧急制动时,因轮胎与地面的摩擦力降低,车辆ABS为了防止轮胎抱死,触发了ABS,进而增加了制动距离。此外,室内轮胎打磨机将花纹深度为10.6 mm的全新轮胎打磨至不同花纹深度时,轮胎表面的粗糙度与全新轮胎会有所不同,这也导致了轮胎胎面与低附着路面之间作用力的不同[17],进而影响了制动距离。即在ABS起作用状态下,低附着路面上轮胎花纹深度对制动距离的影响很小。
(1)湿路面与干燥路面制动距离之比
湿路面与干燥路面上车辆制动距离之比如图8所示。由图可知:湿路面与干燥路面上车辆制动距离之比均大于1,整体上随着花纹深度的减小而增加;但当花纹深度由2.0减小到1.6 mm时,车辆在两种路面上的制动距离之比随之减小,40与60 km/h速度下的制动距离之比减小的相对值分别为3.04%与2.35%;车辆在60 km/h速度下的湿路面与干燥路面上制动距离之比约为40 km/h的1.05倍。
(2)低附着路面与干燥路面制动距离之比
低附着路面与干燥路面上车辆制动距离之比如图9所示。由图可知:当花纹深度由10.6减小到6.0 mm时,低附着路面与干燥路面上车辆制动距离之比随之增加;当花纹深度由6.0减小至1.6 mm时,低附着路面与干燥路面上车辆制动距离之比的差异性相对较小,约在10~12倍的范围。
双移线试验是一种用于评估车辆操控性能、瞬态响应特性及抗侧翻性能的试验方法,选取该试验的最大侧向加速度与最大横摆角速度作为评价车辆操纵稳定性能。在试验中,车辆以一定的速度行驶,然后突然进行左右两次连续变道,以此模拟紧急避障或失控状态下的动态响应。这种试验能够有效揭示车辆在极限条件下的横纵向稳定性,以及汽车超车或紧急避障后很快返回正确车道的能力。
干燥路面上不同花纹深度、不同车速下车辆的最大侧向加速度与最大横摆角速度如图10图11所示。从两个图中可以看出,在30、40及45 km/h车速下,随着轮胎花纹深度的减小,车辆的最大侧向加速度与最大横摆角速度二者整体上的趋势均为先增加后减小,且在轮胎花纹深度为4.0 mm时这两项指标均最大。不同车速之间的车辆最大侧向加速度之比基本接近于车速之比的平方。
湿路面上不同花纹深度、不同车速下车辆的最大侧向加速度与最大横摆角速度如图12图13所示。从两个图中可以看出,随着轮胎花纹深度的减小,虽然最大侧向加速度整体上未发生明显的变化,但是最大横摆角速度整体上的趋势为先增加后减小,且在轮胎花纹深度为4.0 mm时最大。
湿路面与干燥路面最大侧向加速度之比如图14所示,最大横摆角速度之比如图15所示。从这两个图中可以看出,当轮胎花纹深度约在3.5~9.0 mm区间时,车速为35或40 km/h情况下,湿路面的最大侧向加速度与最大横摆角速度均低于干燥路面。
就最大侧向加速度而言:在车速为35 km/h时,轮胎花纹深度为4.0 mm处的湿路面与干燥路面最大侧向加速度之比最小,湿路面的比干燥路面的下降了16.03%;在车速为40 km/h时,轮胎花纹深度为6.0 mm处的湿路面与干燥路面最大侧向加速度之比最小,湿路面的比干燥路面的下降了20.32%。
就最大横摆角速度而言,在车速为35或40 km/h时,轮胎花纹深度为4.0 mm处的湿路面与干燥路面最大横摆角速度之比最小,湿路面比干燥路面下降了20.79%或17.60%。
(1)在轮胎滚动阻力系数方面:轮胎滚动阻力系数整体上均随着花纹深度的减小而减小,随着轮胎充气压力的增加而减小,每增加0.1倍的标准压力时滚动阻力系数相对减小约2.56%~4.81%。
(2)在制动性能方面:在干燥路面上,随着轮胎花纹深度的减小,车辆紧急制动的距离整体上也随之减小,主要原因是轮胎的海陆比随花纹深度减小而减小,即轮胎胎面与地面之间作用的有效面积增加;而在湿路面上,则呈现出与干燥路面完全相反的趋势;在低附着路面上,影响车辆制动距离的主要因素是ABS的触发与胎面的粗糙度,特别是在ABS起作用状态下,轮胎花纹深度对制动距离的影响很小。
(3)在操纵稳定性方面:在干燥路面上,随着轮胎花纹深度的减小,车辆最大侧向加速度与最大横摆角速度二者整体上的趋势均为先增加后减小,且在轮胎花纹深度为4.0 mm时这两项指标最大;而在湿路面上,随着轮胎花纹深度的减小,最大侧向加速度整体上未发生明显的变化,最大横摆角速度整体上的趋势均为先增加后减小,且在轮胎花纹深度为4.0 mm时最大。
(4)不同路面类型的对比方面:相同速度条件下,湿路面与干燥路面上车辆制动距离之比均大于1,且比值整体上随着花纹深度的减小而增加;但当花纹深度由2.0减小到1.6 mm时,车辆在两种路面上的制动距离之比随之减小。低附着路面与干燥路面上制动距离之比主要体现在全新轮胎与磨损轮胎胎面粗糙度的差异性,花纹深度为10.6 mm的全新轮胎制动距离之比约为5,但在花纹深度在[1.6 mm,6.0 mm]区间打磨过的轮胎,制动距离之比则在10~12之间。在轮胎磨损的中间阶段,湿路面的最大侧向加速度与最大横摆角速度均低于干燥路面;在车速为35 km/h时,轮胎花纹深度为4.00 mm处的湿路面与干燥路面最大侧向加速度之比最小,湿路面的比干燥路面的下降了16.03%;在车速为40 km/h时,轮胎花纹深度为6.0 mm处的湿路面与干燥路面最大侧向加速度之比最小,湿路面的比干燥路面的下降了20.32%;在车速为35或40 km/h时,轮胎花纹深度为4.00 mm处的湿路面与干燥路面最大横摆角速度之比最小,湿路面的比干燥路面上车辆的最大横摆角速度下降了20.79%或17.60%。
(5)本文虽开展了轮胎不同花纹深度对车辆性能影响的试验研究,但车辆运行过程中轮胎实际状态会受使用条件的影响,不乏出现橡胶老化、胎面偏磨等情况,在目前的试验研究中均未考虑。
  • *中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金项目(2024-9065)
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2025年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.019
  • 接收时间:2024-11-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-07
  • 修回日期:2024-12-14
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*中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金项目(2024-9065)
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    1 交通运输部公路科学研究院汽车运输研究中心,北京 100088
    2 运输车辆运行安全技术交通运输行业重点实验室,北京 100088
    3 中路慧能检测认证科技有限公司,烟台 265400

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张禄,副研究员,博士,E-mail:
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种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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