Article(id=1149781740228669885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149781735614935465, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717257600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-02, revisedDate=1720972800000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058928781, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058928781, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058928781, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058928781, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781735614935465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058927681, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780706926, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157003401239290378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149781735614935465, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157003401239290379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149781735614935465, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=551, endPage=564, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781740476133822, articleId=1149781740228669885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Research on Tire Carcass Deformation Based on Finite Element Model, columnId=1149809889280750125, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Selected Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The accurate acquisition of tire body deformation has a crucial influence on the simulation accuracy of theoretical model,so the deformation rules and expression accuracy of different cord are studied by beam body model and finite element model. Firstly,a detailed theoretical model considering the flexible deformation characteristics of the beam carcass is established,and the expressions of tire cornering stiffness and driving/braking stiffness are obtained. Secondly,the tire finite element model is established,and the tire rubber and cord material parameters are accurately obtained to complete the comparison between the simulation results and the test data. On this basis,the finite element model of smooth tire with isotropic tread stiffness distribution is established,and the lateral stiffness,torsional stiffness and steady-state glide stiffness are simulated to obtain the lateral deformation of the tire under the action of lateral force and aligning moment,and the superposition principle of lateral deformation of different cord lines is verified. Then,the lateral deformation of different cord lines is fitted according to the established beam matrix model. Finally,the tread stiffness obtained by different cord lines is compared and verified by combining the flexural stiffness and slip stiffness models. The results show that the principle of deformation superposition is satisfied for different tire cord. The beam matrix model has a better expression precision for the lateral deformation of cord. The bending stiffness of cord shows a nonlinear decreasing trend with the increase of load,and the difference is small under large load. The calculation accuracy of tread stiffness obtained by different cord positions is different. The calculation accuracy of crown cord is the lowest at 93.6%,and the calculation accuracy of body 2 cord is the highest at 97.3%. The research position of the beam body model in the theoretical model is clarified in the study,improving the simulation accuracy of the theoretical model,and providing the reference for the study of tire dynamics.

, articleAbstract=

The accurate acquisition of tire body deformation has a crucial influence on the simulation accuracy of theoretical model, so the deformation rules and expression accuracy of different cord are studied by beam body model and finite element model. Firstly, a detailed theoretical model considering the flexible deformation characteristics of the beam carcass is established, and the expressions of tire cornering stiffness and driving/braking stiffness are obtained. Secondly, the tire finite element model is established, and the tire rubber and cord material parameters are accurately obtained to complete the comparison between the simulation results and the test data. On this basis, the finite element model of smooth tire with isotropic tread stiffness distribution is established, and the lateral stiffness, torsional stiffness and steadystate glide stiffness are simulated to obtain the lateral deformation of the tire under the action of lateral force and aligning moment, and the superposition principle of lateral deformation of different cord lines is verified. Then, the lateral deformation of different cord lines is fitted according to the established beam matrix model. Finally, the tread stiffness obtained by different cord lines is compared and verified by combining the flexural stiffness and slip stiffness models. The results show that the principle of deformation superposition is satisfied for different tire cord. The beam matrix model has a better expression precision for the lateral deformation of cord. The bending stiffness of cord shows a nonlinear decreasing trend with the increase of load, and the difference is small under large load. The calculation accuracy of tread stiffness obtained by different cord positions is different. The calculation accuracy of crown cord is the lowest at 93.6%, and the calculation accuracy of body 2 cord is the highest at 97.3%. The research position of the beam body model in the theoretical model is clarified in the study, improving the simulation accuracy of the theoretical model, and providing the reference for the study of tire dynamics.

, correspAuthors=Dang Lu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wenhao Yang, Dang Lu, Lei Lu, Hengfeng Yin, Xiaofan Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149781776433901855, articleId=1149781740228669885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=基于有限元模型的轮胎胎体变形研究*, columnId=1149809889410773550, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=精选论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=

轮胎胎体变形的准确获取对理论模型仿真精度具有至关重要的影响,因此通过梁胎体模型和有限元模型研究了不同帘线的变形规律和表达精度。首先建立了考虑梁胎体柔性变形特征的详细理论模型,得到轮胎侧偏刚度和纵滑刚度表达式;其次,建立轮胎有限元模型,并准确获取橡胶和帘线材料参数,完成仿真结果与试验数据的对比验证。在此基础上,建立胎面分布刚度各向同性的光面胎有限元模型,进行侧向刚度和扭转刚度以及稳态滑移刚度仿真,获取侧向力和回正力矩作用下的胎体侧向变形,并验证不同帘线的侧向变形叠加原理;然后,根据建立的梁胎体模型对不同帘线的侧向变形进行拟合;最后,结合胎体弯曲刚度和滑移刚度模型,对比和验证通过不同帘线得到的胎面分布刚度。结果表明:轮胎不同帘线均符合变形叠加原理;梁胎体模型对帘线的侧向变形具有较好的表达精度;弯曲刚度随载荷的增大出现非线性下降的趋势,且不同帘线大载荷时相差较小;轮胎不同帘线得到的胎面分布刚度计算精度不同,冠带帘线计算精度最低为93.6%,胎体2帘线计算精度最高为97.3%。该研究明确了理论模型中梁胎体模型的研究位置,提高了理论模型的仿真精度,为轮胎动力学研究提供一定的参考。

, articleAbstract=

轮胎胎体变形的准确获取对理论模型仿真精度具有至关重要的影响,因此通过梁胎体模型和有限元模型研究了不同帘线的变形规律和表达精度。首先建立了考虑梁胎体柔性变形特征的详细理论模型,得到轮胎侧偏刚度和纵滑刚度表达式;其次,建立轮胎有限元模型,并准确获取橡胶和帘线材料参数,完成仿真结果与试验数据的对比验证。在此基础上,建立胎面分布刚度各向同性的光面胎有限元模型,进行侧向刚度和扭转刚度以及稳态滑移刚度仿真,获取侧向力和回正力矩作用下的胎体侧向变形,并验证不同帘线的侧向变形叠加原理;然后,根据建立的梁胎体模型对不同帘线的侧向变形进行拟合;最后,结合胎体弯曲刚度和滑移刚度模型,对比和验证通过不同帘线得到的胎面分布刚度。结果表明:轮胎不同帘线均符合变形叠加原理;梁胎体模型对帘线的侧向变形具有较好的表达精度;弯曲刚度随载荷的增大出现非线性下降的趋势,且不同帘线大载荷时相差较小;轮胎不同帘线得到的胎面分布刚度计算精度不同,冠带帘线计算精度最低为93.6%,胎体2帘线计算精度最高为97.3%。该研究明确了理论模型中梁胎体模型的研究位置,提高了理论模型的仿真精度,为轮胎动力学研究提供一定的参考。

, correspAuthors=卢荡, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
卢荡,教授,博士,E-mail:
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journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781740228669885, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 C10 C20 C30
内衬胶 0.223 128 -0.02 0.007 52
胎面胶 0.636 056 -0.097 3 0.038 5
胎侧胶 0.248 007 -0.014 2 0.003 26
冠带胶 0.528 143 -0.053 5 0.010 8
带束胶 0.593 508 -0.079 365 8 0.020 133 6
胎面底胶 0.355 179 -0.011 4 0.004 01
胎圈护胶 0.485 371 -0.048 2 0.015 2
胎体 0.409 243 -0.046 2 0.009 2
), ArticleFig(id=1170297444760822463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781740228669885, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

橡胶材料Yeoh本构模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 C10 C20 C30
内衬胶 0.223 128 -0.02 0.007 52
胎面胶 0.636 056 -0.097 3 0.038 5
胎侧胶 0.248 007 -0.014 2 0.003 26
冠带胶 0.528 143 -0.053 5 0.010 8
带束胶 0.593 508 -0.079 365 8 0.020 133 6
胎面底胶 0.355 179 -0.011 4 0.004 01
胎圈护胶 0.485 371 -0.048 2 0.015 2
胎体 0.409 243 -0.046 2 0.009 2
), ArticleFig(id=1170297444844708544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781740228669885, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 冠带层 带束层 胎体层 钢丝圈
角度/(°) 0 65 90 0
弹性模量/MPa 5 098.8 202 211 4 956 151 098
截面积/mm2 0.220 6 0.141 368 0.454 1.317 1
泊松比 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
间距/mm 0.746 1.111 1 1.052
), ArticleFig(id=1170297444903428801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781740228669885, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

帘线材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 冠带层 带束层 胎体层 钢丝圈
角度/(°) 0 65 90 0
弹性模量/MPa 5 098.8 202 211 4 956 151 098
截面积/mm2 0.220 6 0.141 368 0.454 1.317 1
泊松比 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
间距/mm 0.746 1.111 1 1.052
), ArticleFig(id=1170297444974731970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781740228669885, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 试验/mm 仿真/mm
AB(接地宽度) 169 168.8
CD(接地长度) 173 175.4
), ArticleFig(id=1170297445025063619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781740228669885, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

接地印迹试验与仿真结果对比(Fz=8115 N)

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项目 试验/mm 仿真/mm
AB(接地宽度) 169 168.8
CD(接地长度) 173 175.4
), ArticleFig(id=1170297445087978180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781740228669885, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷/N

垂向

刚度

纵向

刚度

侧向

刚度

扭转

刚度

侧偏

刚度

纵滑

刚度

2 705 94.9% 98.2% 99.1% 92.3% 97.0% 90.2%
5 410 94.2% 95.4% 95.4% 86.5% 91.6% 98.8%
8 115 94.1% 96.0% 97.4% 94.5% 94.2%
), ArticleFig(id=1170297445155087045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781740228669885, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

轮胎不同工况仿真精度汇总

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载荷/N

垂向

刚度

纵向

刚度

侧向

刚度

扭转

刚度

侧偏

刚度

纵滑

刚度

2 705 94.9% 98.2% 99.1% 92.3% 97.0% 90.2%
5 410 94.2% 95.4% 95.4% 86.5% 91.6% 98.8%
8 115 94.1% 96.0% 97.4% 94.5% 94.2%
), ArticleFig(id=1170297445218001606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781740228669885, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷/N AB/mm CD/mm
2 000 134.4 63.9
4 000 158.1 103.0
6 000 159.2 136.1
8 000 172.3 170.1
), ArticleFig(id=1170297445285110471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781740228669885, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

轮胎接地印迹仿真结果

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载荷/N AB/mm CD/mm
2 000 134.4 63.9
4 000 158.1 103.0
6 000 159.2 136.1
8 000 172.3 170.1
), ArticleFig(id=1170297445335442120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781740228669885, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷/N 侧向力/N 回正力矩/(N·m)
2 000 611.9 39.9
4 000 631.0 93.5
6 000 618.3 140.9
8 000 599.5 186.9
), ArticleFig(id=1170297445385773769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781740228669885, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

轮胎侧向平移和扭转仿真结果

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载荷/N 侧向力/N 回正力矩/(N·m)
2 000 611.9 39.9
4 000 631.0 93.5
6 000 618.3 140.9
8 000 599.5 186.9
), ArticleFig(id=1170297445440299722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781740228669885, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷/N

侧向

力/N

冠带

侧向

变形/

mm

带束2

侧向

变形/

mm

带束1

侧向

变形/

mm

胎体2

侧向

变形/

mm

胎体1

侧向

变形/

mm

平均

侧向

变形/

mm

2 000 611.9 4.37 4.33 4.28 4.25 4.24 4.30
4 000 631.0 4.62 4.59 4.56 4.54 4.52 4.57
6 000 618.3 4.73 4.71 4.69 4.67 4.66 4.69
8 000 599.5 4.80 4.78 4.76 4.75 4.73 4.76
), ArticleFig(id=1170297445499019979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781740228669885, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

轮胎侧向平移(5 mm)后不同帘线侧向变形结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷/N

侧向

力/N

冠带

侧向

变形/

mm

带束2

侧向

变形/

mm

带束1

侧向

变形/

mm

胎体2

侧向

变形/

mm

胎体1

侧向

变形/

mm

平均

侧向

变形/

mm

2 000 611.9 4.37 4.33 4.28 4.25 4.24 4.30
4 000 631.0 4.62 4.59 4.56 4.54 4.52 4.57
6 000 618.3 4.73 4.71 4.69 4.67 4.66 4.69
8 000 599.5 4.80 4.78 4.76 4.75 4.73 4.76
), ArticleFig(id=1170297445578711756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781740228669885, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷/N

回正

力矩/

(N·m)

冠带

扭转

角/(°)

带束2

扭转角/(°)

带束1

扭转角/(°)

胎体2

扭转角/(°)

胎体1

扭转角/(°)

平均

扭转角/(°)

2 000 39.9 0.27 0.23 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.21
4 000 93.5 0.49 0.47 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.45
6 000 140.9 0.71 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.67
8 000 186.9 0.87 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.84
), ArticleFig(id=1170297445620654797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781740228669885, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

轮胎扭转(1.5°)后不同帘线侧向变形结果

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载荷/N

回正

力矩/

(N·m)

冠带

扭转

角/(°)

带束2

扭转角/(°)

带束1

扭转角/(°)

胎体2

扭转角/(°)

胎体1

扭转角/(°)

平均

扭转角/(°)

2 000 39.9 0.27 0.23 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.21
4 000 93.5 0.49 0.47 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.45
6 000 140.9 0.71 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.67
8 000 186.9 0.87 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.84
), ArticleFig(id=1170297445679375054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781740228669885, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置 ky λ
冠带 -0.174 5 -0.002 58
带束2 -0.174 2 -0.002 53
带束1 -0.175 0 -0.002 56
胎体2 -0.174 1 -0.002 56
胎体1 -0.174 0 -0.002 51
), ArticleFig(id=1170297445733901007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781740228669885, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

梁胎体模型拟合参数

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位置 ky λ
冠带 -0.174 5 -0.002 58
带束2 -0.174 2 -0.002 53
带束1 -0.175 0 -0.002 56
胎体2 -0.174 1 -0.002 56
胎体1 -0.174 0 -0.002 51
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基于有限元模型的轮胎胎体变形研究*
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杨文豪 1 , 卢荡 1 , 卢磊 2 , 尹珩沣 1 , 王晓凡 1
汽车工程 | 精选论文 2025,47(3): 551-564
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汽车工程 | 精选论文 2025, 47(3): 551-564
基于有限元模型的轮胎胎体变形研究*
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杨文豪1, 卢荡1 , 卢磊2, 尹珩沣1, 王晓凡1
作者信息
  • 1 吉林大学,汽车底盘集成与仿生全国重点实验室,长春 130012
  • 2 中国第一汽车股份有限公司,长春 130013

通讯作者:

卢荡,教授,博士,E-mail:
Research on Tire Carcass Deformation Based on Finite Element Model
Wenhao Yang1, Dang Lu1 , Lei Lu2, Hengfeng Yin1, Xiaofan Wang1
Affiliations
  • 1 Jilin University,National Key Laboratory of Automotive Chassis Integration and Bionics,Changchun 130012
  • 2 China FAW Group Co.,Ltd.,Changchun 130013
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.017
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轮胎胎体变形的准确获取对理论模型仿真精度具有至关重要的影响,因此通过梁胎体模型和有限元模型研究了不同帘线的变形规律和表达精度。首先建立了考虑梁胎体柔性变形特征的详细理论模型,得到轮胎侧偏刚度和纵滑刚度表达式;其次,建立轮胎有限元模型,并准确获取橡胶和帘线材料参数,完成仿真结果与试验数据的对比验证。在此基础上,建立胎面分布刚度各向同性的光面胎有限元模型,进行侧向刚度和扭转刚度以及稳态滑移刚度仿真,获取侧向力和回正力矩作用下的胎体侧向变形,并验证不同帘线的侧向变形叠加原理;然后,根据建立的梁胎体模型对不同帘线的侧向变形进行拟合;最后,结合胎体弯曲刚度和滑移刚度模型,对比和验证通过不同帘线得到的胎面分布刚度。结果表明:轮胎不同帘线均符合变形叠加原理;梁胎体模型对帘线的侧向变形具有较好的表达精度;弯曲刚度随载荷的增大出现非线性下降的趋势,且不同帘线大载荷时相差较小;轮胎不同帘线得到的胎面分布刚度计算精度不同,冠带帘线计算精度最低为93.6%,胎体2帘线计算精度最高为97.3%。该研究明确了理论模型中梁胎体模型的研究位置,提高了理论模型的仿真精度,为轮胎动力学研究提供一定的参考。

轮胎动力学  /  有限元模型  /  梁胎体模型  /  胎体侧向变形  /  胎面分布刚度

The accurate acquisition of tire body deformation has a crucial influence on the simulation accuracy of theoretical model, so the deformation rules and expression accuracy of different cord are studied by beam body model and finite element model. Firstly, a detailed theoretical model considering the flexible deformation characteristics of the beam carcass is established, and the expressions of tire cornering stiffness and driving/braking stiffness are obtained. Secondly, the tire finite element model is established, and the tire rubber and cord material parameters are accurately obtained to complete the comparison between the simulation results and the test data. On this basis, the finite element model of smooth tire with isotropic tread stiffness distribution is established, and the lateral stiffness, torsional stiffness and steadystate glide stiffness are simulated to obtain the lateral deformation of the tire under the action of lateral force and aligning moment, and the superposition principle of lateral deformation of different cord lines is verified. Then, the lateral deformation of different cord lines is fitted according to the established beam matrix model. Finally, the tread stiffness obtained by different cord lines is compared and verified by combining the flexural stiffness and slip stiffness models. The results show that the principle of deformation superposition is satisfied for different tire cord. The beam matrix model has a better expression precision for the lateral deformation of cord. The bending stiffness of cord shows a nonlinear decreasing trend with the increase of load, and the difference is small under large load. The calculation accuracy of tread stiffness obtained by different cord positions is different. The calculation accuracy of crown cord is the lowest at 93.6%, and the calculation accuracy of body 2 cord is the highest at 97.3%. The research position of the beam body model in the theoretical model is clarified in the study, improving the simulation accuracy of the theoretical model, and providing the reference for the study of tire dynamics.

tire dynamics  /  finite element model  /  beam carcass model  /  lateral deformation of carcass  /  tread distribution stiffness
杨文豪, 卢荡, 卢磊, 尹珩沣, 王晓凡. 基于有限元模型的轮胎胎体变形研究*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (3) : 551 -564 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.017
Wenhao Yang, Dang Lu, Lei Lu, Hengfeng Yin, Xiaofan Wang. Research on Tire Carcass Deformation Based on Finite Element Model[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (3) : 551 -564 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.017
轮胎作为车辆与路面接触的唯一部件,影响着整车的动力学性能,受到广大学者的研究与关注[1-5]。轮胎理论模型对于变形机理的研究和力学特性的获取具有重要作用,其中,胎体变形的准确表达可以有效提高理论模型的仿真精度[6-8],但是目前对于物理模型中不同帘线的变形规律和表达能力方面的研究相对较少,因此须对帘线变形特征进行研究。
大量学者对胎体模型进行了广泛的研究[9-13]。孙丽红[14]通过梁胎体模型的研究,明确了胎体弯曲刚度和扭转刚度计算方法,表明弯曲刚度和扭转刚度会随着载荷发生变化。Pacejka [15]通过研究表明弦胎体模型更适合于斜交轮胎,而梁胎体模型更适合于子午线轮胎。Guo等[16]建立了考虑胎体一般变形形式的详细理论模型,结果表明考虑了轮胎胎体变形的理论模型,六分力计算结果更符合实际轮胎的变化情况。Liu等[17]建立了考虑梁胎体模型的离散理论模型,并通过试验数据对模型的计算精度进行了验证。由上述研究可知,相关研究主要为不同胎体模型在理论模型中的应用以及不同模型精度的表达能力,而很少明确胎体变形的准确研究位置。
有限元模型作为重要的技术手段,对试验测试成本较高或难以完成的测试内容,具有较为显著的优势[18-23]。黄晓明等[24]通过建立带花纹的轮胎和水膜有限元模型,分析了不同水膜厚度和行驶速度对轮胎的性能有显著的影响,并以此评估车辆在积水路面的制动性能。Fakhr等 [25]建立带钉的轮胎有限元模型,并考虑了轮胎和冰雪路面之间的相互作用,对比了无钉轮胎和有钉轮胎的差别,有钉轮胎可以有效提高轮胎的牵引力。Srirangam等 [26]提出一种热机耦合有限元方法,获取轮胎横截面的温度变化,并评估了温度对摩擦特性的影响。贾雪峰等[27]对轮胎爆胎过程进行了瞬态动力学特性的仿真,并对比仿真结果和试验数据,验证了模型的正确性。Stojkovic 等 [28]通过建立轮胎有限元模型,对轮胎性能进行了优化设计。综上所述,轮胎有限元的研究主要包含以下内容:部分学者通过调整结构和材料参数,对轮胎结构设计进行指导,降低生产成本和缩短开发周期;同时,部分学者为了便于进行研究,通过建立轮胎有限元模型,设置相应的仿真条件,对一些特殊工况进行仿真,观察与分析仿真结果;还有一些研究是通过轮胎有限元模型获取一些试验测试难以获取的数据,用于其他轮胎模型的建模或验证。因此,目前研究主要集中在获取轮胎有限元仿真的结果,而对于通过有限元模型准确获取胎体模型参数的研究相对较少。考虑到准确获取胎体模型参数对于提高轮胎理论模型表达精度具有重要作用,因此须研究物理模型中不同帘线侧向变形规律和表达精度。
本文探究了轮胎理论模型中胎体变形的研究位置,通过建立考虑梁胎体变形的理论模型和有限元模型,分析不同帘线胎体变形所计算得到的胎面分布刚度,并进行对比与验证,从而确定轮胎胎体变形的研究位置,提高理论模型仿真精度。首先,建立考虑梁胎体变形特征的侧偏纵滑理论模型,得到轮胎滑移刚度表达式。其次,建立轮胎有限元模型,并验证有限元模型的有效性。在此基础上,建立胎面分布刚度各向同性的光面胎有限元模型,获取侧向力和回正力矩作用下的帘线侧向变形,并对变形叠加原理进行验证。然后,根据获取的帘线侧向变形,对梁胎体模型进行拟合与验证。最后,根据滑移刚度模型和有限元仿真结果,计算和对比通过不同帘线得到的胎面分布刚度,分析不同帘线在理论模型中的表达精度,从而明确梁胎体模型的准确研究位置,提高理论模型仿真精度。
为能够统一表达轮胎纵向和侧向滑移率,采用接地印迹坐标系,如图1所示。将接地印迹中心定义为坐标系原点,v为轮胎运动速度,与轮胎滚动方向Xt轴之间的夹角定义为侧偏角αγ为轮胎的侧倾角。坐标系给出接地印迹内的六分力,图中给出的力和力矩为正方向。
通过考虑轮胎的任意接地压力分布和胎体复杂变形,建立更加精确的详细理论模型。
为描述轮胎在不同工况时的压力分布,建立任意压力分布模型,将压力分布的一般形式表达为
qz=Fz2aηxa
式中:Fz为轮胎垂直载荷;a为接地印迹半长;ηu)为任意压力分布函数,u为印迹相对坐标,u=x/a
梁胎体模型在侧向力和回正力矩作用下的侧向变形如图2所示[29]
侧向力和回正力矩作用下的梁胎体侧向变形通过下式表达:
yF=Fyλ2kye-λxcos λx+sinλx
yM=Mzλ2kye-λxsin λx
式中:yFyM分别为侧向力和回正力矩作用下的胎体侧向变形;ky表示为弹性基础在周向上单位长度的侧向刚度;λ为模型参数。
轮胎在受力时,整体结构都会发生变形,但是96%以上的力学特性由接地印迹范围内的细节特征所决定[30],因此主要对接地印迹范围内的胎体变形进行建模与分析。通过对式(2)式(3)进行泰勒级数展开,得到胎体侧向变形简化表达式:
yF=Fyλ2ky1-λ2x2yM=Mzλ3kyx
根据郭孔辉提出的胎体一般变形模型[31],胎体侧向变形可以看作是弯曲变形、扭转变形和平移变形的叠加。因此,梁胎体模型的3种变形通过下式进行表达:
yct=Fyλ2ky1-λ2a2ycb=Fyλ3a22ky1-u2yθ=θx=Mzλ3kyx
式中yctycbyθ分别表示为胎体的侧向平移、弯曲变形和扭转变形。
在胎体的一般变形表达式中,将其分解为侧向平移变形、弯曲变形和扭转变形,这3种变形可以通过下式进行表示:
yct=FyKcy0ycb=FyKcbξxayθ=MzNθx
式中Kcy0KcbNθ分别表示为胎体侧向平移刚度、弯曲刚度和扭转刚度。
结合式(5)式(6),得到梁胎体模型关于平移刚度、弯曲刚度和扭转刚度的表达式:
Kct=2kyλ1-λ2a2Kcb=kyλ3·3a2Nθ=kyλ3
考虑了胎体弹性的轮胎详细理论模型,在侧偏纵滑复合工况中,接地印迹内的胎面和胎体单元变形如图3所示。
图3所示,轮胎在制动力和侧向力的作用下,胎体出现了弯曲变形和扭转变形,最终胎体变形如线段AC所示,线段ABC为轮胎与路面的接触线。其中,Δx和Δy分别为刷毛的纵向和侧向变形。
刷毛的纵向和侧向变形在附着区可以通过下式进行计算:
Δx=xpt-xpc=a-xSxΔy=ypt-ypc=a-xMzNθ+Sy-FyKcbξxa
对接地印迹内的纵向剪应力和侧向剪应力进行积分,可得附着区的纵向力和侧向力,如下式所示:
Fx=-aaktΔxdx=2a2ktSxFy=-aaktΔydx=2a2kt(1+2aktKcb)(1+2a3kt/3Nθ)Sy
εcbεθ分别表示胎体弯曲特征比和扭转特征比,定义为εcb=2akt /Kcbεθ=23a3kt /Nθ
根据胎体弯曲特征比和扭转特征比的定义,以及式(7),可得到两个胎体特征比的关系为
εθεcb=Kcba23Nθ=1
结合式(9)式(10)可得轮胎侧偏刚度和纵滑刚度表达式如下:
Kx=2a2ktKy=2a2kt1+εcb2
轮胎材料分布图详细展示了各部分结构的尺寸及材料位置信息,是有限元模型建模的依据。选取某品牌215/55R18型号轮胎为研究对象,其橡胶结构主要由胎面、胎侧、胎体和三角胶等组成,帘线结构主要为两层带束帘线、冠带帘线和两层胎体帘线等。依据轮胎材料设计分布图和轮辋结构图,进行橡胶、帘线和轮辋有限元模型的建立,通过对称旋转命令生成三维有限元模型。轮胎材料分布图和详细有限元模型如图4所示。
橡胶材料参数测试方法及本构模型的选择,对于轮胎有限元模型仿真精度有着至关重要的作用。为消除橡胶前期变形中动力学响应影响因素,得到更加真实的力学特性,采用单轴循环拉伸试验方法对橡胶试样进行3组相同的试验测试,根据最后一段数据拟合橡胶本构模型,然而由于橡胶的特性使卸载后应变没有恢复到初始的状态,因此须通过式(12)对最后一段拉伸数据进行处理。图5为橡胶循环拉伸应力应变结果。
εnew=1+ε1+εset-1
式中:εnew为归零后应变数据;ε为原始应变数据;εset为原始的初始应变数据。
根据橡胶应力应变测试结果进行本构模型的拟合,对比Mooney-Rivlin、Ogden和Yeoh本构模型拟合结果。图6为不同橡胶本构模型拟合结果。由图6可知,Ogden本构模型整体拟合精度较好,但Ogden模型在进行仿真时,通常需要更多的试验数据,本文仅使用单轴拉伸试验,因此不考虑Ogden模型。根据本文测试拟合效果,橡胶Yeoh本构模型整体拟合精度要优于Mooney-Rivlin,且Yeoh本构模型参数少于Ogden本构模型,因此选取Yeoh模型作为研究所用的本构模型。表1为橡胶材料Yeoh本构模型参数。
在轮胎有限元模型中,帘线结构主要是通过加强筋(Rebar)单元的形式嵌入到橡胶单元中。加强筋单元须定义帘线材料的角度、弹性模量、截面积、泊松比和质量密度等参数。表2为帘线材料参数。
通过轮胎耦合刚度试验台和MTS试验台,进行垂向刚度、侧向刚度、纵向刚度、扭转刚度以及侧偏刚度和纵滑刚度的试验测试,验证所建立有限元模型的精度。图7图8分别为轮胎耦合刚度试验台和MTS试验台。
对详细有限元模型进行静态工况有限元仿真,充气压力为250 kPa,对路面施加10 100 N载荷,完成径向刚度仿真。对路面分别施加2 705、5 410和8 115 N载荷,进行纵向刚度、侧向刚度和扭转刚度仿真,并对比试验数据与有限元仿真结果。
图9为轮胎接地印迹试验与仿真结果对比。图10为轮胎静态和稳态力学特性测试与仿真结果对比。表3为轮胎接地印迹试验与仿真结果对比(Fz=8115 N)。表4为轮胎不同仿真工况精度汇总。由图9图10以及表3表4可知,接地印迹仿真与试验的压力分布、形状以及尺寸都具有较好的一致性。垂向刚度随着轮胎垂向位移的增大,仿真结果误差逐渐增大,且试验测试结果大于仿真结果。纵向刚度和侧向刚度试验与仿真结果的一致性较好,但是侧向刚度在大载荷时随着侧向位移的增加出现了不收敛情况。扭转刚度仿真在小扭转角条件下一致性较好,误差随着扭转角增加而增加。对比不同载荷下侧偏刚度和纵滑刚度的仿真结果与试验数据可知,仿真结果与试验数据整体对比结果较好,其中由于试验台架量程所限,不能进行大载荷的纵滑试验,因此纵滑试验的最大测试载荷要小,侧偏刚度和纵滑刚度的平均误差分别为94.2%和95.9%。
根据具有沟槽的轮胎有限元模型验证,建立胎面各向分布刚度同性的光面胎有限元模型,用于研究式(11)中不同帘线计算得到的胎面分布刚度表达效果。光面胎有限元模型不改变结构和材料属性,主要去掉模型的纵向沟槽。图11为光面胎有限元模型。
通过光面胎有限元模型,进行接地印迹、侧向刚度、扭转刚度和滑移刚度有限元仿真,仿真载荷分别为2 000、4 000、6 000和8 000 N。考虑到轮胎在小位移和小扭转角条件下,轮胎不发生滑移且模型精度较高,因此进行小位移和小扭转角下的有限元仿真。
图12为轮胎接地印迹仿真结果。图13为轮胎滑移刚度仿真结果。表5为轮胎接地印迹仿真结果。表6为轮胎侧向平移和扭转仿真结果。由图12表5表6可知,轮胎接地印迹形状在小载荷下比较接近于椭圆形,随着载荷的增加接地印迹形状越来越接近于矩形。轮胎侧偏刚度和纵滑刚度随着载荷增大,分别呈现出非线性增加和线性增加。轮胎侧向平移5 mm后,侧向力随载荷变化较小,而轮胎扭转1.5°后的回正力矩随载荷增大而增大。
根据以往研究结果[32-33],轮胎帘线变形在不同胎宽处,沿周向分布的节点在侧向力和回正力矩作用下的侧向变形基本相同,因此对中心路径上的帘线变形进行研究与分析。通过有限元模型获取轮胎在侧向平移和扭转后的帘线侧向变形。由侧向力和回正力矩导致的帘线变形计算方法为:当前侧向力或回正力矩的胎体侧向变形减去侧向力或回正力矩为零时的胎体侧向变形。图14为轮胎胎体变形研究位置。
图15为侧向力和回正力矩作用下不同帘线侧向变形。表6为轮胎侧向平移(5 mm)后不同帘线侧向变形结果。表7为扭转(1.5°)后不同帘线侧向变形结果。由表7表8以及图15图16可知,不同帘线在相同情况下,所产生的侧向变形不同,越接近于轮胎与路面接触区域,帘线的侧向变形越大,但是不同帘线变形差异不大。不同帘线侧向变形的差异主要在接地印迹处,而在其余区域内基本呈现出相同的变形。在侧向力作用下接地印迹内的帘线侧向变形呈现出抛物线形式,而在回正力矩作用下接地印迹内的帘线侧向变形近似线性分布,且关于中心对称,距离印迹中心越远产生的变形越大。帘线的侧向变形和胎体扭转角随着载荷的增加而增加。
由郭孔辉提出的变形叠加原理,可知侧偏时轮胎胎体的侧向变形主要为侧向平移变形和扭转变形的叠加,因此为证明不同帘线都能较好地满足该原理,进行了不同帘线的叠加原理验证。
图17图18为侧向平移和扭转工况不同帘线侧向变形叠加与侧偏工况对比。由图17图18可知,轮胎不同帘线侧向变形和扭转变形叠加后与侧偏工况帘线变形高度一致,验证了叠加原理的正确性,为后续通过静态工况帘线的侧向变形,表达侧偏工况侧向变形提供了支撑。
根据侧向力和回正力矩作用下帘线侧向变形有限元仿真结果,对式(2)式(3)进行模型拟合,以验证梁胎体模型的表达能力。
图19为不同帘线模型拟合效果。由图19可知,梁胎体模型能够较好地表征不同帘线的侧向变形,侧向力作用下胎体侧向变形的平均误差为3.30%。回正力矩作用下胎体侧向变形的平均误差为8.58%。因此可以将所建立的梁胎体模型用于轮胎的侧偏特性分析中。根据有限元模型仿真结果进行梁胎体模型的拟合,进而结合式(7)计算得到轮胎胎体扭转刚度和弯曲刚度,由于弯曲特征比和扭转特征比相同,因此只须获取胎体弯曲刚度。图20为不同帘线弯曲刚度随载荷变化结果。由图20可知,不同帘线弯曲刚度均随着载荷的增加而下降,且不同帘线的弯曲刚度在小载荷时具有较大的不同,随着载荷的增加,不同帘线弯曲刚度计算结果相差逐渐减小。表9为梁胎体模型拟合参数。
轮胎侧偏刚度和纵滑刚度的各向异性,主要是受到胎体刚度和胎面花纹的影响。本文通过建立光面胎有限元模型,忽略胎面花纹对滑移刚度的影响。因此,根据有限元仿真结果和弯曲刚度计算结果,并结合式(11)可以通过侧偏刚度和纵滑刚度求得胎面分布刚度,由于滑移刚度模型须通过仿真获取轮胎接地半长,通过图12可知,轮胎接地印迹在小载荷时,接地印迹接近于椭圆,而在大载荷时更加接近于矩形,并根据文献[34]可知,轮胎胎面分布刚度在不同载荷时近似于线性,因此通过对大载荷的胎面分布刚度进行线性拟合,从而得到小载荷的胎面分布刚度和接地半长。通过纵滑刚度计算得到的胎面分布刚度不涉及胎体变形,因此以该刚度为依据,对比侧偏模型中不同帘线计算得到的胎面分布刚度结果,进而验证不同帘线研究位置的表达精度。
图21为不同帘线计算得到的胎面分布刚度结果对比。由图21所示,kt表示为通过纵滑刚度模型计算得到的胎面分布刚度,冠带、带束和胎体表示通过该部分帘线计算得到的胎面分布刚度。将纵滑刚度模型中得到的胎面分布刚度与侧偏模型中不同帘线计算得到的胎面分布刚度进行对比,表明不同帘线表达的精度。计算得到的胎面分布刚度均随着载荷的增加而下降,且不同帘线计算的胎面分布刚度都具有较高精度,冠带计算得到的胎面分布刚度精度最低为93.6%,胎体计算得到的胎面分布刚度精度最高为97.7%,平均胎体侧向变形所计算得到的胎面分布刚度精度为97.1%。
轮胎胎体变形的准确获取对理论模型仿真精度具有重要的影响。因此本文结合理论模型和有限元模型,对轮胎不同帘线侧向变形的规律和表达能力进行了研究,从而为轮胎动力学研究提供一定的参考,结论如下。
(1)确定正确的材料参数设置,通过循环往复拉伸方法进行橡胶材料测试,选取最后一段数据拟合Yeoh本构模型;建立轮胎详细有限元模型,并与试验数据对标,验证了详细有限元模型的正确性。根据验证的有限元模型,建立胎面分布刚度各向同性的光面胎模型。轮胎在大载荷时,接地印迹形状基本接近于矩形。
(2)不同帘线在相同工况下所产生的侧向变形不同,接地印迹中心处的帘线侧向变形最大,随着远离接地印迹,帘线侧向变形逐渐减小。不同帘线侧向变形结果的差异,主要集中在轮胎接地印迹处,随着远离接地印迹不同帘线的侧向变形逐渐趋于相同。
(3)通过光面胎有限元模型获取不同帘线的侧向变形,并将侧向力和回正力矩所产生的侧向变形进行叠加,对比由侧偏工况产生的侧向变形。不同帘线叠加后的侧向变形与侧偏工况的侧向变形结果一致,验证了不同帘线的侧向变形均满足变形叠加原理。
(4)根据建立的梁胎体模型,对不同帘线由侧向力和回正力矩所产生的侧向变形进行验证。梁胎体模型均能够较好地表征不同帘线的侧向变形,侧向力和回正力矩作用下的侧向变形表达拟合误差分别为3.30%和8.58%,验证了梁模型对不同帘线侧向变形均具有较高的表达精度。通过梁胎体模型参数可以有效计算得到不同帘线的弯曲刚度,不同帘线弯曲刚度随载荷的增加非线性下降,且在小载荷时差异较大,但是随着载荷的增大差异逐渐变小。梁胎体模型能够较好地表达轮胎胎体的侧向变形,但是在有限元仿真中对于胎体变形结果的提取效率较低,因此在后续的研究中需要进一步完善。
(5)根据有限元仿真结果和滑移刚度模型,对比和分析得到的胎面分布刚度,用于验证不同帘线的表达精度。不同帘线得到的胎面分布刚度具有相同的趋势,均随着载荷的增加而下降。根据侧偏刚度模型和不同帘线刚度计算的胎面分布刚度,与纵滑刚度模型计算的胎面分布刚度相比结果差异不大,其中,由冠带帘线计算得到的胎面分布刚度精度最低为93.6%,胎体帘线计算得到的胎面分布刚度精度最高为97.7%,平均的帘线侧向变形所计算得到的胎面分布刚度精度为97.1%。
  • *国家自然科学基金(52172366)
  • 国家自然科学基金(51775224)
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2025年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.017
  • 接收时间:2024-06-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
补充材料
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-06-02
  • 修回日期:2024-07-15
基金
*国家自然科学基金(52172366)
国家自然科学基金(51775224)
作者信息
    1 吉林大学,汽车底盘集成与仿生全国重点实验室,长春 130012
    2 中国第一汽车股份有限公司,长春 130013

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卢荡,教授,博士,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcygc/CN/10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.017
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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