Article(id=1149781739758903912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149781735614935465, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723564800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-14, revisedDate=1727798400000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058928670, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058928670, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058928670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058928670, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781735614935465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058927681, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780706926, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157003401239290378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149781735614935465, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157003401239290379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149781735614935465, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=529, endPage=540, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781739977007721, articleId=1149781739758903912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Research on Multi-objective Parameter Hierarchical Optimization Method of High Frequency High-Force Electromagnetic Actuator, columnId=1149809889280750125, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Selected Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=

In order to meet the requirements of large output force value,high working frequency and good linearity of force-displacement of electromagnetic actuator for active mounting,a multi-objective parameter hierarchical optimization method is proposed to solve the problems of different influence of different structural parameters on optimization objectives,difficulty of expression of dynamic electromagnetic force by analytical formula,and difficulty of realization of optimal characteristics at the same time of the output force value,working frequency and force-displacement. In the upper layer,Taguchi algorithm is used to preliminarily optimize parameters,screen sensitive parameters and update the optimization range of high sensitivity parameters. In the lower layer,the backpropagation (BP) neural network prediction model is used to characterize the dynamic electromagnetic force,and the multi-objective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is used to search and optimize the dynamic electromagnetic force. Through simulation and experiments,the results show that the parameters of electromagnetic actuator obtained by the optimization method in this paper have better comprehensive performance,which verifies the effectiveness of this method.

, articleAbstract=

In order to meet the requirements of large output force value, high working frequency and good linearity of forcedisplacement of electromagnetic actuator for active mounting, a multiobjective parameter hierarchical optimization method is proposed to solve the problems of different influence of different structural parameters on optimization objectives, difficulty of expression of dynamic electromagnetic force by analytical formula, and difficulty of realization of optimal characteristics at the same time of the output force value, working frequency and forcedisplacement. In the upper layer, Taguchi algorithm is used to preliminarily optimize parameters, screen sensitive parameters and update the optimization range of high sensitivity parameters. In the lower layer, the backpropagation (BP) neural network prediction model is used to characterize the dynamic electromagnetic force, and the multiobjective genetic algorithm (NSGAII) is used to search and optimize the dynamic electromagnetic force. Through simulation and experiments, the results show that the parameters of electromagnetic actuator obtained by the optimization method in this paper have better comprehensive performance, which verifies the effectiveness of this method.

, correspAuthors=Mingming Qiu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mingming Qiu, Zengyuan Li, Yiming Sun, Ji Li, Han Zhao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149781772050849953, articleId=1149781739758903912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=高频大力值电磁作动器多目标参数分层优化方法研究*, columnId=1149809889410773550, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=精选论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=

为了满足主动悬置用电磁作动器输出力值大、工作频率高和力位移线性度好的要求,针对不同结构参数对优化目标影响互异,动态电磁力难以用解析公式表达,且输出力值、工作频率和力位移特性难以同时达到最优的问题,提出了一种多目标参数分层优化方法。上层,采用Taguchi算法进行参数初步优化,筛选敏感参数并对高敏感度参数优化范围进行更新;下层,利用反向传播(back propagation,BP)神经网络预测模型来表征动态电磁力,采用多目标遗传算法(NSGA-II)搜索寻优。仿真及实验结果表明,采用本文优化方法获得的电磁作动器参数具有更好的综合性能,验证了本文方法的有效性。

, articleAbstract=

为了满足主动悬置用电磁作动器输出力值大、工作频率高和力位移线性度好的要求,针对不同结构参数对优化目标影响互异,动态电磁力难以用解析公式表达,且输出力值、工作频率和力位移特性难以同时达到最优的问题,提出了一种多目标参数分层优化方法。上层,采用Taguchi算法进行参数初步优化,筛选敏感参数并对高敏感度参数优化范围进行更新;下层,利用反向传播(back propagation,BP)神经网络预测模型来表征动态电磁力,采用多目标遗传算法(NSGAII)搜索寻优。仿真及实验结果表明,采用本文优化方法获得的电磁作动器参数具有更好的综合性能,验证了本文方法的有效性。

, correspAuthors=邱明明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
邱明明,副教授,硕士生导师,博士,E-mail:
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language=CN, label=图17, caption=动态特性实验现场装置, figureFileSmall=A+KctkmQ3u+FOpOnMpcTBg==, figureFileBig=i4WSbH1w9lfrJZNlByPzcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297392843727115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781739758903912, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=COi8ma15J+8nxL4fWbcFUQ==, figureFileBig=PQBttbaOGAauqaGhX28CWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297392915030285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781739758903912, language=CN, label=图18, caption=优化前后高频(400 Hz)响应实验曲线, figureFileSmall=COi8ma15J+8nxL4fWbcFUQ==, figureFileBig=PQBttbaOGAauqaGhX28CWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297392973750543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781739758903912, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主要结构参数 初始值
动子内径r 5.0
动子端部导磁体厚度h1 2.5
永磁体厚度hm 3.0
永磁体宽度Xm 11.6
端部磁轭内长度h3 3.0
气隙长度δ 0.4
外部磁轭径向长度h5 8.0
外部磁轭垂向长度h6 6.0
), ArticleFig(id=1170297393137328401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781739758903912, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

初始结构参数 mm

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主要结构参数 初始值
动子内径r 5.0
动子端部导磁体厚度h1 2.5
永磁体厚度hm 3.0
永磁体宽度Xm 11.6
端部磁轭内长度h3 3.0
气隙长度δ 0.4
外部磁轭径向长度h5 8.0
外部磁轭垂向长度h6 6.0
), ArticleFig(id=1170297393237991699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781739758903912, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
初始优化参数 取值范围 水平
1 2 3 4
动子内径r 3-6 3 4 5 6
动子端部导磁体厚度h1 1.5-4.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5
永磁体厚度hm 2-5 2 3 4 5
永磁体截面宽度Xm 7.6-13.6 7.6 9.6 11.6 13.6
端部磁轭内长度h3 1.5-6 1.5 3 4.5 6
气隙长度δ 0.2-0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
外部磁轭径向长度h5 6-9 6 7 8 9
外部磁轭垂向长度h6 5-8 5 6 7 8
), ArticleFig(id=1170297393405763861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781739758903912, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

优化参数因子水平 mm

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初始优化参数 取值范围 水平
1 2 3 4
动子内径r 3-6 3 4 5 6
动子端部导磁体厚度h1 1.5-4.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5
永磁体厚度hm 2-5 2 3 4 5
永磁体截面宽度Xm 7.6-13.6 7.6 9.6 11.6 13.6
端部磁轭内长度h3 1.5-6 1.5 3 4.5 6
气隙长度δ 0.2-0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
外部磁轭径向长度h5 6-9 6 7 8 9
外部磁轭垂向长度h6 5-8 5 6 7 8
), ArticleFig(id=1170297393489649943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781739758903912, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

水平 Fmax/N M/g R
r h1 hm Xm h3 δ h5 h6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 237.59 119.49 0.971 62
2 1 1 2 2 4 4 3 3 44.79 139.51 0.999 87
3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 241.75 306.95 0.823 9
31 4 4 3 3 1 1 2 2 257.77 315.24 0.113 577
32 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 19.67 322.75 0.998 434
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Taguchi实验矩阵与有限元分析结果

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水平 Fmax/N M/g R
r h1 hm Xm h3 δ h5 h6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 237.59 119.49 0.971 62
2 1 1 2 2 4 4 3 3 44.79 139.51 0.999 87
3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 241.75 306.95 0.823 9
31 4 4 3 3 1 1 2 2 257.77 315.24 0.113 577
32 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 19.67 322.75 0.998 434
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优化目标 Fmax/N M/g R
平均值 128.98 221.60 0.917 545
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各优化目标的总体平均值

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优化目标 Fmax/N M/g R
平均值 128.98 221.60 0.917 545
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优化参数 Fmax M R
方差SS 比重/% 方差SS 比重/% 方差SS 比重/%
r 87.38 0.13 9 646.62 10.28 0.05 9.90
h1 2 226.64 3.33 69.79 0.07 0.07 14.02
hm 440.84 0.66 6.32 0.00 0.02 5.02
Xm 1 274.81 1.91 79 034.77 84.24 0.02 4.77
h3 51 249.77 76.62 4 969.32 5.30 0.24 51.36
δ 9 921.30 14.83 82.22 0.08 0.02 4.03
h5 1 149.07 1.72 1.61 0.00 0.01 2.69
h6 534.27 0.80 13.77 0.01 0.04 8.21
), ArticleFig(id=1170297393988772127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781739758903912, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各优化参数对优化目标的影响

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优化参数 Fmax M R
方差SS 比重/% 方差SS 比重/% 方差SS 比重/%
r 87.38 0.13 9 646.62 10.28 0.05 9.90
h1 2 226.64 3.33 69.79 0.07 0.07 14.02
hm 440.84 0.66 6.32 0.00 0.02 5.02
Xm 1 274.81 1.91 79 034.77 84.24 0.02 4.77
h3 51 249.77 76.62 4 969.32 5.30 0.24 51.36
δ 9 921.30 14.83 82.22 0.08 0.02 4.03
h5 1 149.07 1.72 1.61 0.00 0.01 2.69
h6 534.27 0.80 13.77 0.01 0.04 8.21
), ArticleFig(id=1170297394102018336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781739758903912, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优化变量 Taguchi法优化 初始取值范围 局部取值范围
动子内径r/mm 4.0 3.0-6.0 3.4-4.6
动子端部导磁体厚度h1/mm 2.5 1.5-4.5 1.9-3.1
永磁体宽度Xm/mm 9.6 7.6-13.6 8.4-10.8
端部磁轭内长度h3/mm 3.0 1.5-6.0 2.1-3.9
气隙宽度δ/mm 0.4 0.2-0.8 0.28-0.52
), ArticleFig(id=1170297394185904417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781739758903912, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

下层高敏感度参数取值范围

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优化变量 Taguchi法优化 初始取值范围 局部取值范围
动子内径r/mm 4.0 3.0-6.0 3.4-4.6
动子端部导磁体厚度h1/mm 2.5 1.5-4.5 1.9-3.1
永磁体宽度Xm/mm 9.6 7.6-13.6 8.4-10.8
端部磁轭内长度h3/mm 3.0 1.5-6.0 2.1-3.9
气隙宽度δ/mm 0.4 0.2-0.8 0.28-0.52
), ArticleFig(id=1170297394273984802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781739758903912, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验 参数取值范围 优化目标
r/mm h1/mm Xm/mm h3/mm δ/mm Fmax/N R
1 4.6 3 8.8 3.7 0.48 140.67 0.982 49
2 4.1 2.2 8.9 3.2 0.28 198.52 0.975 60
3 4.5 2.0 9.2 3.3 0.28 208.64 0.972 90
4 4.4 2.3 10 2.3 0.28 250.24 0.968 85
5 4.0 2.5 9.6 2.5 0.52 194.97 0.976 58
99 4.6 2.0 10.6 2.7 0.28 237.75 0.970 86
100 4.6 2.9 9.2 3.5 0.28 178.59 0.968 59
), ArticleFig(id=1170297394395619619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781739758903912, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

随机实验及仿真结果

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实验 参数取值范围 优化目标
r/mm h1/mm Xm/mm h3/mm δ/mm Fmax/N R
1 4.6 3 8.8 3.7 0.48 140.67 0.982 49
2 4.1 2.2 8.9 3.2 0.28 198.52 0.975 60
3 4.5 2.0 9.2 3.3 0.28 208.64 0.972 90
4 4.4 2.3 10 2.3 0.28 250.24 0.968 85
5 4.0 2.5 9.6 2.5 0.52 194.97 0.976 58
99 4.6 2.0 10.6 2.7 0.28 237.75 0.970 86
100 4.6 2.9 9.2 3.5 0.28 178.59 0.968 59
), ArticleFig(id=1170297394475311396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781739758903912, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优化目标 Fmax/N M/g R
优化前 171.21 270.53 0.976 49
上层优化 192.46 203.16 0.977 38
下层优化模型预测值 184.63 144.03 0.986 20
下层优化实际值 186.36 144.02 0.986 70
), ArticleFig(id=1170297394575974693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781739758903912, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

优化指标结果

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优化目标 Fmax/N M/g R
优化前 171.21 270.53 0.976 49
上层优化 192.46 203.16 0.977 38
下层优化模型预测值 184.63 144.03 0.986 20
下层优化实际值 186.36 144.02 0.986 70
), ArticleFig(id=1170297394638889254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781739758903912, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 Fmax-R2 R-R2
RSM法 0.926 7 0.886 5
本文优化方法 0.992 8 0.985 9
), ArticleFig(id=1170297394710192423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781739758903912, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

不同优化算法模型预测精度

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方法 Fmax-R2 R-R2
RSM法 0.926 7 0.886 5
本文优化方法 0.992 8 0.985 9
), ArticleFig(id=1170297394781495592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781739758903912, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 Fmax/N

提升

百分比/%

M/g

提升

百分比/%

R
优化前 171.21 270.53 0.970 76
Taguchi优化 192.48 12.42 203.16 24.90 0.977 38

NSGA-II-

PSO-BP

186.36 8.85 144.02 46.76 0.986 70
NSGA-II-RSM 183.28 7.05 187.05 30.86 0.973 48
), ArticleFig(id=1170297394852798761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781739758903912, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

不同方法优化结果对比

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参数 Fmax/N

提升

百分比/%

M/g

提升

百分比/%

R
优化前 171.21 270.53 0.970 76
Taguchi优化 192.48 12.42 203.16 24.90 0.977 38

NSGA-II-

PSO-BP

186.36 8.85 144.02 46.76 0.986 70
NSGA-II-RSM 183.28 7.05 187.05 30.86 0.973 48
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高频大力值电磁作动器多目标参数分层优化方法研究*
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邱明明 1, 2 , 李增援 1 , 孙艺铭 1 , 李季 3 , 赵韩 1, 2
汽车工程 | 精选论文 2025,47(3): 529-540
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汽车工程 | 精选论文 2025, 47(3): 529-540
高频大力值电磁作动器多目标参数分层优化方法研究*
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邱明明1, 2 , 李增援1, 孙艺铭1, 李季3, 赵韩1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 合肥工业大学机械工程学院,合肥 230009
  • 2 汽车技术与装备国家地方联合工程研究中心,合肥 230009
  • 3 安徽微威胶件集团有限公司,桐城 231400

通讯作者:

邱明明,副教授,硕士生导师,博士,E-mail:
Research on Multi-objective Parameter Hierarchical Optimization Method of High Frequency High-Force Electromagnetic Actuator
Mingming Qiu1, 2 , Zengyuan Li1, Yiming Sun1, Ji Li3, Han Zhao1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009
  • 2 National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Automotive Technology and Equipment,Hefei 230009
  • 3 Anhui Weiwei Rubber Parts Group Co.,Ltd. ,Tongcheng 231400
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.015
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为了满足主动悬置用电磁作动器输出力值大、工作频率高和力位移线性度好的要求,针对不同结构参数对优化目标影响互异,动态电磁力难以用解析公式表达,且输出力值、工作频率和力位移特性难以同时达到最优的问题,提出了一种多目标参数分层优化方法。上层,采用Taguchi算法进行参数初步优化,筛选敏感参数并对高敏感度参数优化范围进行更新;下层,利用反向传播(back propagation,BP)神经网络预测模型来表征动态电磁力,采用多目标遗传算法(NSGAII)搜索寻优。仿真及实验结果表明,采用本文优化方法获得的电磁作动器参数具有更好的综合性能,验证了本文方法的有效性。

分层优化  /  多目标优化设计  /  电磁作动器  /  Taguchi法  /  BP神经网络

In order to meet the requirements of large output force value, high working frequency and good linearity of forcedisplacement of electromagnetic actuator for active mounting, a multiobjective parameter hierarchical optimization method is proposed to solve the problems of different influence of different structural parameters on optimization objectives, difficulty of expression of dynamic electromagnetic force by analytical formula, and difficulty of realization of optimal characteristics at the same time of the output force value, working frequency and forcedisplacement. In the upper layer, Taguchi algorithm is used to preliminarily optimize parameters, screen sensitive parameters and update the optimization range of high sensitivity parameters. In the lower layer, the backpropagation (BP) neural network prediction model is used to characterize the dynamic electromagnetic force, and the multiobjective genetic algorithm (NSGAII) is used to search and optimize the dynamic electromagnetic force. Through simulation and experiments, the results show that the parameters of electromagnetic actuator obtained by the optimization method in this paper have better comprehensive performance, which verifies the effectiveness of this method.

hierarchical optimization  /  multi-objective optimization design  /  electromagnetic actuator  /  Taguchi method  /  BP neural network
邱明明, 李增援, 孙艺铭, 李季, 赵韩. 高频大力值电磁作动器多目标参数分层优化方法研究*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (3) : 529 -540 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.015
Mingming Qiu, Zengyuan Li, Yiming Sun, Ji Li, Han Zhao. Research on Multi-objective Parameter Hierarchical Optimization Method of High Frequency High-Force Electromagnetic Actuator[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (3) : 529 -540 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.015
动力总成是汽车主要振动激励源之一,对车辆舒适性有着重要影响[1] 。随着汽车技术的不断发展,主动悬置成为降低动力总成振动的主要途径之一,逐渐成为行业的研究热点。然而,随着高速电机在新能源汽车上广泛使用且动力总成集成度越来越高,使得振动激励频率越来越高,激振力也越来越大,这就需要主动悬置的电磁作动器具备更高的工作频率和更大的输出力值,以满足减振要求。
工作频率、输出力值和力位移特性是电磁作动器的主要性能指标,在设计时需要对作动器结构参数进行综合优化。对动磁式作动器而言,输出力值越大永磁体体积越大,因而动子质量大导致动子惯性增大,使得作动器最高工作频率受限;力位移特性是指行程范围内电磁力与位移之间的关系,线性的力位移特性有利于减振控制,然而由于漏磁、边端效应等影响使得电磁力产生波动,力位移线性度受到影响[2] 。针对上述问题,国内外学者开展了大量研究工作。
张恒海[3] 研究了主动悬置作动器结构参数对磁隙磁感应强度和洛伦兹力的影响。梁天也[4] 通过实验研究了电磁作动器各频率下输入电流与输出位移之间的关系。朱晨曦[5] 以磁感应强度最大、线圈质量、热量最小为优化目标对作动器参数进行了优化。傅涛等[6] 设计了一种具有盘形磁极面的比例电磁作动器,以电磁力波动最小为目标,优化了磁极面结构参数。Abedinifar等[7] 将两个目标归一化为单个优化目标,基于粒子群算法对敏感参数进行了多目标优化。马建国等[8] 建立了电磁作动器有限元模型,并通过优化获得了大输出力、低功耗的电磁作动器。王晓远等[9] 将有限元分析与进化策略结合对电磁转矩进行了优化。兰志勇等[10] 采用Taguchi优化方法并利用有限元法求解实验矩阵,对永磁同步电机进行了多目标优化。陈启明等[11] 采用Taguchi算法优化遗传算法的运行参数,以电机效率和成本为优化目标,对转子结构参数进行了优化。寇发荣等[12] 通过敏感度分析确定优化参数,采用多目标粒子群算法对电磁力进行了优化。Liu等[13] 以最大输出力、电磁力变化系数、响应时间等为性能指标,采用混合代理模型,结合NSGA-II算法对动铁式电磁作动器进行了多目标优化。闫明[14] 建立了电磁作动器磁路平均气隙磁感应强度的响应面代理模型,采用遗传算法对磁路结构参数进行了优化。曹永娟等[15] 将优化目标分为两个层次,逐层使用响应面模型获取目标函数进行优化。刘国海等[16] 使用综合灵敏度对设计参数进行分层,采用响应面模型对电机参数逐层进行了优化。杨尚明[17] 对电机转子结构参数进行灵敏度分析,采用Kriging模型对结构参数进行了分层优化。
综上所述:一方面,由于作动器结构参数与电磁性能之间的关系复杂,且由于漏磁、磁饱和和边端效应等因素的存在,难以利用麦克斯韦张量法或等效磁路法建立准确的动态电磁力解析公式;另一方面,现有研究大多采用响应曲面法来表征动态电磁力,常用2阶拟合公式作为代理模型,但作动器的电磁力模型阶次未知,导致代理模型的精度不高。此外,针对高频电磁作动器的研究缺乏,且大多仅以工作频率作为正向设计指标,而未将其作为优化目标;电磁作动器结构参数繁多,不同参数对优化目标的影响程度不同,现有研究大多借助有限元法进行单目标优化,忽略了参数间相互影响,虽然已有学者提出基于参数分层优化来消除参数间的耦合影响,但仅把灵敏度作为分层法则,然后逐层进行优化,参数仅作为优化初值在层级间传递,层级间关联度小,且仅进行了单次优化,优化效果有待提升。
针对上述问题,本文以高频大力值动磁式作动器为对象,以最大电磁力、动子质量、力位移线性度为优化目标,提出了一种结合BP预测模型的多目标参数分层优化方法。上层采用Taguchi算法进行参数灵敏度分析及初步优化,然后以Taguchi优化结果为基点更新高敏感参数取值范围;下层采用BP神经网络预测模型表征动态电磁力,并基于多目标遗传算法对高灵敏度参数进行二次寻优。最后,通过仿真和实验对本文方法的有效性进行验证。
本文以一款高频大力值动磁式电磁作动器为对象,其最大力值为180 N,最高工作频率为400 Hz,最大工作电流为5 A。作动器整体尺寸为ϕ80 mm×50 mm,动子由软磁材料DT4C和轴向充磁的NdFeB永磁体组成,上下壳体均为软磁材料,结构如图1所示。
根据设计指标要求,作动器主要结构参数的初始值,如表1所示。电磁作动器1/2截面有限元模型如图2所示。
电磁作动器具有多参数、非线性的特点,且不同参数对同一优化目标的影响互异,不同优化目标难以同时达到最优。为此,本文提出了一种多目标参数分层优化方法,流程如图3所示。上层,利用Taguchi算法对初始结构参数进行优化,并通过均值、比重分析筛选出高敏感度参数,进行参数分层,对于高敏感度参数以Taguchi法的优化值为基点,以初始范围的40%为约束更新其取值范围,低灵敏度参数则保持Taguchi优化结果不变;下层,建立正交实验和随机实验数据集,构建动态电磁力的BP神经网络预测模型,采用NSGA-II算法对敏感参数进行二次优化,得到一组Pareto最优解。
电磁作动器作为主动悬置的核心部件,通过输出与振动激励幅值、频率相同,相位相反的电磁力来抵消振动。对于高频大力值动磁式电磁作动器而言,电磁力大需要永磁体体积大,则动子质量大,使得动子惯性增加从而限制最高工作频率[18] ;而作动器力位移线性度对减振控制具有重要影响,由于漏磁、边端效应等影响使得电磁力产生波动,从而影响力位移线性度。同时,在对力位移线性度优化过程中,现有电磁力表征模型精度低,不能满足设计要求。为此,本文提出以最大电磁力、动子质量、力位移线性度为优化目标,如式(1)所示。
max[Fmaxr,h1,h3,hm,Xm,δ]minMr,h1,h2,hm,XmmaxRr,h1,h3,hm,Xm,δ
式中:Fmax为最大电磁力;M为动子质量;R为力位移线性度。
由于仿真技术已相当成熟且精度高,因此,本文通过仿真获取动态电磁力。上层参数灵敏度分析及初步优化时作动器最大电磁力Fmax由有限元仿真得到,下层优化时由BP预测模型得到。
电磁作动器的力位移特性是指电磁力与位移之间的关系,尽可能线性的力位移特性会使输入输出关系更加简单,更有利于控制[19] 。因此,本文以力位移线性度作为优化目标,优化时取绝对值,用一次多项式拟合的皮尔逊相关系数评价,如式(2)所示。
R=covX,YσXσY=i=1nXi-X¯Yi-Y¯i=1nXi-X¯2i=1nYi-Y¯2
式中:X为真实值;Y为一次多项式拟合值。
由电磁作动器通用力学模型可知,动子质量减小会使电磁作动器幅频特性曲线的第2个共振峰值右移,使最大工作频率升高[4] 。因此,本文选择动子质量为优化目标来优化作动器高频响应特性[20] 。由图4的参数化模型,动子质量为
M=ρNdFeBVpm+ρDT4CVyoke
式中:ρNdFeB为永磁材料密度,7.5 g/cm3ρDT4C为软磁材料密度,7.86 g/cm3VpmVyoke分别代表永磁体和动子部分软磁材料体积。
线圈选用半径为0.6 mm的聚酯漆包线,线圈的铜截面积约占导线截面积的70%,安全电流为6 A。线圈采用串联绕法,匝数N作为因变量由线圈骨架尺寸确定,如式(4)所示;线圈匝数校核公式如式(5)所示,安全系数为0.9。在整体尺寸不变的情况下,主要对作动器动子及端部磁轭结构进行优化。根据总体尺寸及指标,选择h2h4为因变量,h2值由h1h3hm和轴向尺寸确定;h4值由rδXm和径向尺寸确定;优化变量取值范围见表2
N=nkz
L[Lmax]0.9
A=πr2×70%
L=Kπ[nD0+2d(n-1)]
[Lmax]=RmaxAρcu
式中:ρcu为铜线电阻率,1.75×10-8 Ω·m;L为绕组实际长度;A为铜导线截面积; Rmax为线圈最大电阻,2.4 ΩD0为线圈内圈直径;K为单层绕组线圈匝数;n为绕组总层数;r为铜线半径,0.6 mm。
Taguchi算法可利用最少的实验数据得到参数的最佳组合,为研究不同参数交互作用对优化目标的影响,本文建立Taguchi法所需的正交实验表,采用比重分析定义参数灵敏度,进行参数分层和初步优化。选择上节中8个参数为因子,并在取值范围内配置4个因子水平,如表2所示,由此构建L32(48)的正交矩阵。有限元仿真得到的Fmax及由式(2)式(3)计算得到RM值如表3所示。
为确定不同参数对各优化目标的影响,对表3中的数据进行均值分析。
(1)均值分析
总体均值:
mS=132j=132mjS
式中:S为作动器各优化指标,FmaxMRmj(S)为优化目标Sj次仿真结果;mSS总平均值,结果见表4
进一步计算特定优化目标在各优化因子水平下的平均值,如图5所示。例如,计算最大电磁力Fmax在参数r因子水平1下的平均值,如式(10)所示。
mrFmax=18[Fmax1+Fmax2+Fmax3+Fmax4+
Fmax5+Fmax6+Fmax7+Fmax8
式中Fmax1~Fmax8分别表示动子内径r在水平1下进行1~8次仿真的最大电磁力。
图5可知,为使最大电磁力超过180 N,动子质量最小,线性度最好,则各参数取值为:r(2)=4.0 mmh1(2)=2.5 mmhm2=3.0 mmXm2=9.6 mmh32=3.0 mmδ2=0.4 mmh52=7.0 mmh63=7.0 mm
(2)方差和比重分析
对优化变量进行方差和比重分析,分析不同参数对各优化目标影响所占的比重,如表5所示。筛选与优化目标相关的敏感参数。方差为
SS=4i=14mxiSi-mS2
式中:xi表示rh1hmXmh3δh5h6mxiSixi个影响因子下优化目标S的平均值。
采用Taguchi算法得到的比重来定义参数灵敏度:
Gsxi=SSxiSSxi×100%
式中:SSxi为某一优化变量关于优化目标S的方差;SSxi为优化目标S下的所有方差之和。
图6可知,在尽可能不丢失与优化目标有关变量的前提下,灵敏度阈值为0.1时参数分层效果明显。因此,灵敏度阈值取0.1,大于0.1为高敏感度参数,表明该参数对优化目标有显著影响,小于0.1为非敏感参数,表明该参数对优化目标影响较小。由图5图6可知,动子内径r和动子端部导磁体厚度h1及磁轭内长度h3对线性度影响较大;动子内径r和永磁体宽度Xm对动子质量影响较大,端部磁轭内长度h3和气隙宽度δ对最大电磁力影响较大。因此,将上述5个参数作为高敏感度参数进入下层进一步优化,其余参数保持上层优化结果不变。
为消除Taguchi算法搜索跨度大而丧失最优参数组合的问题,增强上下层之间关联度,本文对高敏感度参数进行二次寻优,以上层优化结果为基点,对高敏感度参数取值范围进行重新定义。为兼顾Taguchi优化结果和BP神经网络数据集样本数量,高敏感度变量取值范围设为初始取值范围的40%,如某个变量的初始取值范围为[ac],上层优化确定的基点为b,则新取值范围为b上下浮动c-a乘以20%;若超出初始取值范围,则以基点为边界值,确保范围为40%更新变量。以此制定正交实验、随机实验,作为下层数据集样本的输入。
c-a×20%=da,a+2d,  b-a<dc-2d,c,   c-b<db,b+2d,  b=ab-2d,b,  b=c
下层高敏感度参数取值范围如表6所示。
由于漏磁、磁饱和、磁路磁阻随位移变化等因素影响,难以建立准确的动态电磁力解析公式;而响应曲面法用2阶多项式拟合多参数未知模型时,精度不高。BP神经网络是一种按照误差逆向传播算法训练的前馈神经网络,通过调整内部节点之间相互连接的关系来处理信息,常用于模型之间的预测[21] 。为此,本文采用BP神经网络建立作动器最大电磁力、线性度的预测模型,将上层确定的5个高敏感度参数作为输入,最大电磁力、线性度作为输出。对输入量及输出量进行归一化处理,以满足网络对输入和输出的要求,避免神经元出现饱和。针对BP神经网络存在对初始权重敏感,易陷入局部最优和泛化能力差等问题,采用粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)对BP神经网络的输入层节点数、隐藏层节点数等权值与阈值进行优化,将BP神经网络训练得到的误差作为适应度值,获得最优初始权值与阈值,在此基础上构建BP神经网络预测模型。
BP预测模型的数据集由16组正交实验和100组随机实验共116组样本组成,随机选取其中89组作为训练集,余下27组作为测试集。随机实验及有限元求解结果如表7所示。BP预测模型的预测精度如图7所示。
图7可见:预测值与实际值的曲线基本一致,相对误差较小;且电磁力预测模型决定系数R2为0.992 83,均方根误差(RMSE)为4.447 5;线性度预测模型决定系数R2为0.985 9,均方根误差为0.012 084,R2接近1,RMSE较小,表明BP预测模型精度符合要求。
根据BP 预测模型和式(3),以最大电磁力、动子质量、力位移线性度为优化目标,采用多目标遗传算法(NSGA-II)进行参数优化[1722] 。设定种群数量为100,交叉概率为0.7,变异概率为0.1,迭代次数为100,得到3个目标的Pareto非支配解集,如图8所示。
以电磁力大于180 N、线性度最大、动子质量最小为择优原则,选取最优参数组合为:r=3.74 mmh1=2.01 mmXm=8.43 mmh3=3.12 mmδ=0.43 mm。采用有限元仿真对优化效果进行验证,如图9所示,优化后的最大电磁力符合设计要求,动子质量显著减小,力位移线性度也有提升。此外,预测值与实际值间的偏差较小,如表8所示。
将本文方法和单层Taguchi法、基于参数分层的响应曲面法(response surface methodology,RSM)进行仿真分析,通过比较代理模型的拟合精度、优化后的性能指标来对比方法的优越性[23] 。基于参数分层的响应面法同样由正交实验进行参数分层,确定低灵敏度参数最优值,然后在初值范围内建立响应曲面实验(box-behnken,BBD),进行响应面分析,得到电磁力特性的多元二次回归方程,并构建结构参数与优化目标之间的三维响应曲面,最后基于NSGA-II算法对高灵敏度参数进行优化,如图10所示。当电磁力取最大值时,力位移线性度无法取得最大,反之亦然,表明各优化参数之间相互制约,数学模型具有合理性。
RSM模型的精度通过P值、决定系数R2和信噪比来检验。优化目标FmaxR的Quadratic模型P值远远小于0.05,决定系数R2分别为0.926 7、0.886 5,与1接近,信噪比分别为37.039、14.773 dB,均大于4 dB。可见,RSM模型具备良好的预测精度。RSM法下层NSGA-II算法的参数和本文优化方法中的参数设置相同。最终,得到RSM法的Pareto解集如图11所示,按照同样选优原则,得到最优参数组合为:r=3.12 mmh1=1.50 mmXm=7.71 mmh3=2.53 mmδ=0.31 mm
本文优化方法的PSO-BP模型与RSM代理模型的预测精度如表9所示。本文方法各优化指标决定系数R2均大于RSM法,且更接近与1,表明本文PSO-BP模型预测精度优于RSM模型。
将单层Taguchi法、分层响应面法与本文方法的优化结果进行对比,如表10图12所示。通过瞬态电磁仿真分析得到动态电磁力响应曲线,如图13所示。在保持其它参数不变仅改变动子质量的情况下,电磁作动器的频响曲线如图14所示。
图12图13可知:本文方法优化结果各性能指标相对于优化前均有提升,其中最大电磁力、动子质量优化效果显著,分别提升8.85%、46.76%;相比于单层Taguchi法和分层RSM法,本文方法优化的综合性能更好,优化后的动态电磁力与输入电流之间的相关性为0.954 57,更接近于1,说明本文方法优化后的电磁作动器在高频时更容易控制。由图14可知,本文方法优化后的作动器第2个共振峰值工作频率相比于初始结构由381提升到518 Hz,满足设计要求。
试制两种结构的样机,初始结构样机为样机1,参数见表1,线圈匝数为260匝,支撑弹簧刚度为860 N/m;优化结构样机为样机2,参数为hm2=3.0 mmh52=7.0 mmh63=7.0 mmr=3.74 mmh1=2.01 mmXm=8.43 mmh3=3.12 mmδ=0.43 mm,线圈匝数为380匝,支撑弹簧刚度为420 N/m。分别对样机1和样机2开展力-位移特性静态实验,实验装置如图15所示。
控制通入线圈的电流方向,使作动器通电时运动方向向上,控制实验机移动横梁以1 mm/min的速度向下运动,记录测得的位移和力,对数据进行处理可得到力-位移静态曲线,如图16所示。
为验证电磁作动器的高频响应特性,开展电磁作动器动态特性测试,实验装置如图17所示。实验时,通过控制DC-AC调频控制器和功率放大器,为电磁作动器通入幅值为5 A,频率为400 Hz的正弦电流;BK加速度传感器贴于动子上端,将采集到的加速度信号传输给VENZO 820动态分析仪,采样间隔为0.195 3 ms,并在上位机中显示结果;最终经过数据处理拟合得到电磁作动器的动态响应曲线如图18所示。
图16可知:实测结果与仿真结果变化趋势基本一致,且误差小于10%;实测样机1最大电磁力为175.21 N,动子质量为262 g,线性度为0.939 63;样机2的最大电磁力为192.30 N,提升9.75%,动子质量为124 g,减少52.67%,线性度为0.984 37,提升4.76%;结果表明样机2电磁力更大,线性度更好。图18的结果表明,样机2的动态电磁力与输入电流之间的相关性为0.976 0,较样机1提升了4.53%,高频响应滞后更小,表明样机2在400 Hz下响应特性更好。
为解决主动悬置用电磁作动器多目标参数优化过程中动态电磁力难以用解析公式表达、不同结构参数对优化目标影响互异的问题,建立了一种多目标参数分层优化方法,对一款高频大力值电磁作动器的电磁力、工作频率、力位移线性度进行了优化。该方法上层采用Taguchi算法初步寻优,筛选敏感参数并对敏感参数优化范围进行更新;下层利用BP神经网络预测模型来表征动态电磁力,然后采用多目标遗传算法(NSGA-II)搜索寻优。最后,通过仿真和实验对作动器的动、静态特性进行了对比验证。结果表明,本文方法优化后的电磁作动器具有更好的综合电磁特性,电磁力大、在高频时的输入输出相关性更好、动态响应更快。
  • *安徽省经信厅揭榜挂帅项目(JB22075)
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2025年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.015
  • 接收时间:2024-08-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-14
  • 修回日期:2024-10-02
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*安徽省经信厅揭榜挂帅项目(JB22075)
作者信息
    1 合肥工业大学机械工程学院,合肥 230009
    2 汽车技术与装备国家地方联合工程研究中心,合肥 230009
    3 安徽微威胶件集团有限公司,桐城 231400

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邱明明,副教授,硕士生导师,博士,E-mail:
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