Article(id=1149781739301724773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149781735614935465, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717689600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-07, revisedDate=1721836800000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058928561, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058928561, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058928561, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058928561, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781735614935465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058927681, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780706926, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157003401239290378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149781735614935465, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157003401239290379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149781735614935465, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=460, endPage=469, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781739561771623, articleId=1149781739301724773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=A New Method for Describing and Solving the Vehicle Stability Region, columnId=1149809889280750125, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Selected Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The vehicle stability region is an important aspect of research on vehicle stability analysis and control. For the problems of inaccurate description and difficult solution of stability region in existing research,a quadrilateral description and automatic solution method for vehicle stability region is proposed. A nonlinear two-degree-of-freedom vehicle model is established,and the ant colony algorithm is used to solve the equilibrium state of vehicle system. The Lyapunov indirect method is applied to determine the stability of the equilibrium state. Based on the phase plane of the sideslip angle-sideslip angle velocity of mass center,several phase trajectory feature points and the phase plane stability region boundary point search method are established to solve the stability region boundary points. According to the different distributions of the vehicle stability region,two types of stability regions are proposed,and corresponding judgment methods,stability region quadrilateral description and its automatic solution methods are established. Based on the proposed method,the stability region of vehicle under common medium speed driving condition is solved. The results are compared with the parallel line method and diamond method,and the correctness of the quadrilateral description is validated by CarSim sine wave simulation results. The results show that the proposed quadrilateral description of the vehicle stability region can better describe the boundary of the stability region than the parallel line method and diamond method,and automatic solution reduces the workload of stability region solution.

, articleAbstract=

The vehicle stability region is an important aspect of research on vehicle stability analysis and control. For the problems of inaccurate description and difficult solution of stability region in existing research, a quadrilateral description and automatic solution method for vehicle stability region is proposed. A nonlinear twodegreeoffreedom vehicle model is established, and the ant colony algorithm is used to solve the equilibrium state of vehicle system. The Lyapunov indirect method is applied to determine the stability of the equilibrium state. Based on the phase plane of the sideslip anglesideslip angle velocity of mass center, several phase trajectory feature points and the phase plane stability region boundary point search method are established to solve the stability region boundary points. According to the different distributions of the vehicle stability region, two types of stability regions are proposed, and corresponding judgment methods, stability region quadrilateral description and its automatic solution methods are established. Based on the proposed method, the stability region of vehicle under common medium speed driving condition is solved. The results are compared with the parallel line method and diamond method, and the correctness of the quadrilateral description is validated by CarSim sine wave simulation results. The results show that the proposed quadrilateral description of the vehicle stability region can better describe the boundary of the stability region than the parallel line method and diamond method, and automatic solution reduces the workload of stability region solution.

, correspAuthors=Jie Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Changwang Jia, Jie Li, Lingling Zheng, Qi Zhao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149781758218036094, articleId=1149781739301724773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=车辆稳定域描述与求解的一种新方法*, columnId=1149809889410773550, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=精选论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=

车辆稳定域是车辆稳定性分析与控制研究的重要内容,针对现有研究稳定域描述不准确与求解困难的问题,本文提出车辆稳定域四边形描述与自动求解方法。建立了车辆非线性2自由度模型,采用蚁群算法求解车辆系统平衡状态,应用Lyapunov间接法判断平衡状态稳定性。基于质心的侧偏角-侧偏角速度相平面,建立相轨迹特征点和相平面稳定域边界点搜索法求解稳定域边界点,根据车辆稳定域不同的分布情况,提出两类稳定域类型,建立相应的判断方法、稳定域四边形描述与自动求解方法。基于提出的方法求解常见中等车速行驶工况的车辆稳定域,与平行线法和菱形法的结果进行对比,通过CarSim正弦工况仿真结果进行验证。研究结果表明,提出的车辆稳定域四边形描述可以比平行线法和菱形法更好描述稳定域边界,自动求解减少了稳定域求解工作量。

, articleAbstract=

车辆稳定域是车辆稳定性分析与控制研究的重要内容,针对现有研究稳定域描述不准确与求解困难的问题,本文提出车辆稳定域四边形描述与自动求解方法。建立了车辆非线性2自由度模型,采用蚁群算法求解车辆系统平衡状态,应用Lyapunov间接法判断平衡状态稳定性。基于质心的侧偏角侧偏角速度相平面,建立相轨迹特征点和相平面稳定域边界点搜索法求解稳定域边界点,根据车辆稳定域不同的分布情况,提出两类稳定域类型,建立相应的判断方法、稳定域四边形描述与自动求解方法。基于提出的方法求解常见中等车速行驶工况的车辆稳定域,与平行线法和菱形法的结果进行对比,通过CarSim正弦工况仿真结果进行验证。研究结果表明,提出的车辆稳定域四边形描述可以比平行线法和菱形法更好描述稳定域边界,自动求解减少了稳定域求解工作量。

, correspAuthors=李杰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李杰,教授,博士生导师,博士,E-mail:
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边界点 获得方法
A10 使用稳定域边界点搜索法从不稳定平衡状态Sr垂直向下搜索得到的稳定域边界点
l12 起点为A10、终点为So的相轨迹
A11 相轨迹l12的拐点
A12 相轨迹l12的左端点
A13 使用稳定域边界点搜索法从不稳定平衡状态Sl垂直向上搜索得到的稳定域边界点
l11 起点为A13、终点为So的相轨迹
A14 相轨迹l11的拐点
A15 相轨迹l11的右端点
A16 直线A14A15与过A10水平线的交点
A17 直线A11A12与过A13水平线的交点
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两侧型稳定域边界点

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边界点 获得方法
A10 使用稳定域边界点搜索法从不稳定平衡状态Sr垂直向下搜索得到的稳定域边界点
l12 起点为A10、终点为So的相轨迹
A11 相轨迹l12的拐点
A12 相轨迹l12的左端点
A13 使用稳定域边界点搜索法从不稳定平衡状态Sl垂直向上搜索得到的稳定域边界点
l11 起点为A13、终点为So的相轨迹
A14 相轨迹l11的拐点
A15 相轨迹l11的右端点
A16 直线A14A15与过A10水平线的交点
A17 直线A11A12与过A13水平线的交点
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边界点 获得方法
A20 使用稳定域边界点搜索法从不稳定平衡状态Sl垂直向上搜索得到的稳定域边界点
l21 起点为A20、终点为So的相轨迹
A21 相轨迹l21的拐点
A22 相轨迹l22的右端点
A23 相轨迹l22下端点
A24 相轨迹l22左端点
A25 直线A23A24与过A20水平线的交点
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一侧型稳定域边界点

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边界点 获得方法
A20 使用稳定域边界点搜索法从不稳定平衡状态Sl垂直向上搜索得到的稳定域边界点
l21 起点为A20、终点为So的相轨迹
A21 相轨迹l21的拐点
A22 相轨迹l22的右端点
A23 相轨迹l22下端点
A24 相轨迹l22左端点
A25 直线A23A24与过A20水平线的交点
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参数 数值
汽车总质量m/ kg 1 987.9
横摆转动惯量Iz/ (kg·m2 2 703.7
质心到前轴距离a/ m 1.347
质心到后轴距离b/ m 1.531
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车辆参数

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参数 数值
汽车总质量m/ kg 1 987.9
横摆转动惯量Iz/ (kg·m2 2 703.7
质心到前轴距离a/ m 1.347
质心到后轴距离b/ m 1.531
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前轴参数 数值 后轴参数 数值
PCyf1 1.162 PCyr1 1.314
PEyf1 0.251 PEyr1 0.041
PEyf2 0.588 PEyr2 0.321
PEyf3 -0.024 PEyr3 -0.132
PKyf1 195.561 PKyr1 29.072
PKyf2 12.517 PKyr2 1.697
PKyf4 0.427 PKyr4 0.597
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轮胎参数

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前轴参数 数值 后轴参数 数值
PCyf1 1.162 PCyr1 1.314
PEyf1 0.251 PEyr1 0.041
PEyf2 0.588 PEyr2 0.321
PEyf3 -0.024 PEyr3 -0.132
PKyf1 195.561 PKyr1 29.072
PKyf2 12.517 PKyr2 1.697
PKyf4 0.427 PKyr4 0.597
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项目 四边形法 平行线法 菱形法
δ=0 rad 0.60 0.60 0.20
δ=0.05 rad 0.75 0.70 0.25
δ=0.1 rad 0.90 0.40 0.20
δ=0.15 rad 0.90 0.60 0.30
平均值 0.79 0.58 0.24
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3种划分方法R指标对比

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项目 四边形法 平行线法 菱形法
δ=0 rad 0.60 0.60 0.20
δ=0.05 rad 0.75 0.70 0.25
δ=0.1 rad 0.90 0.40 0.20
δ=0.15 rad 0.90 0.60 0.30
平均值 0.79 0.58 0.24
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车辆稳定域描述与求解的一种新方法*
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贾长旺 1, 3, 4 , 李杰 1, 2 , 郑玲玲 1 , 赵旗 1
汽车工程 | 精选论文 2025,47(3): 460-469
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汽车工程 | 精选论文 2025, 47(3): 460-469
车辆稳定域描述与求解的一种新方法*
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贾长旺1, 3, 4, 李杰1, 2 , 郑玲玲1, 赵旗1
作者信息
  • 1 吉林大学,汽车底盘集成与仿生全国重点实验室,长春 130025
  • 2 吉林大学,长沙汽车创新研究院,长沙 410036
  • 3 湖北汽车工业学院汽车工程学院,十堰 442002
  • 4 汽车动力传动与电子控制湖北省重点实验室,十堰 442002

通讯作者:

李杰,教授,博士生导师,博士,E-mail:
A New Method for Describing and Solving the Vehicle Stability Region
Changwang Jia1, 3, 4, Jie Li1, 2 , Lingling Zheng1, Qi Zhao1
Affiliations
  • 1 Jilin University,National Key Laboratory of Automotive Chassis Integration and Bionics,Changchun 130025
  • 2 Jilin University,Changsha Automobile Innovation Research Institute,Changsha 410036
  • 3 School of Automotive Engineering,Hubei University of Automotive Technology,Shiyan 442002
  • 4 Provincial Key Laboratory of Automotive Power Transmission and Electronic Control,Shiyan 442002
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.008
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车辆稳定域是车辆稳定性分析与控制研究的重要内容,针对现有研究稳定域描述不准确与求解困难的问题,本文提出车辆稳定域四边形描述与自动求解方法。建立了车辆非线性2自由度模型,采用蚁群算法求解车辆系统平衡状态,应用Lyapunov间接法判断平衡状态稳定性。基于质心的侧偏角侧偏角速度相平面,建立相轨迹特征点和相平面稳定域边界点搜索法求解稳定域边界点,根据车辆稳定域不同的分布情况,提出两类稳定域类型,建立相应的判断方法、稳定域四边形描述与自动求解方法。基于提出的方法求解常见中等车速行驶工况的车辆稳定域,与平行线法和菱形法的结果进行对比,通过CarSim正弦工况仿真结果进行验证。研究结果表明,提出的车辆稳定域四边形描述可以比平行线法和菱形法更好描述稳定域边界,自动求解减少了稳定域求解工作量。

车辆稳定域  /  相平面  /  平衡状态  /  蚁群算法  /  Lyapunov间接法

The vehicle stability region is an important aspect of research on vehicle stability analysis and control. For the problems of inaccurate description and difficult solution of stability region in existing research, a quadrilateral description and automatic solution method for vehicle stability region is proposed. A nonlinear twodegreeoffreedom vehicle model is established, and the ant colony algorithm is used to solve the equilibrium state of vehicle system. The Lyapunov indirect method is applied to determine the stability of the equilibrium state. Based on the phase plane of the sideslip anglesideslip angle velocity of mass center, several phase trajectory feature points and the phase plane stability region boundary point search method are established to solve the stability region boundary points. According to the different distributions of the vehicle stability region, two types of stability regions are proposed, and corresponding judgment methods, stability region quadrilateral description and its automatic solution methods are established. Based on the proposed method, the stability region of vehicle under common medium speed driving condition is solved. The results are compared with the parallel line method and diamond method, and the correctness of the quadrilateral description is validated by CarSim sine wave simulation results. The results show that the proposed quadrilateral description of the vehicle stability region can better describe the boundary of the stability region than the parallel line method and diamond method, and automatic solution reduces the workload of stability region solution.

vehicle stability region  /  phase plane  /  equilibrium state  /  ant colony algorithm  /  the Lyapunov indirect method
贾长旺, 李杰, 郑玲玲, 赵旗. 车辆稳定域描述与求解的一种新方法*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (3) : 460 -469 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.008
Changwang Jia, Jie Li, Lingling Zheng, Qi Zhao. A New Method for Describing and Solving the Vehicle Stability Region[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (3) : 460 -469 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.008
车辆稳定性是车辆安全研究的重要内容,一直备受关注。轮胎是影响车辆稳定性的一个关键部件,其非线性特性引起车辆动力学的非线性,增加了车辆稳定性分析的难度[1]。车辆稳定域是指保证车辆安全行驶的稳定区域。根据车辆稳定域可以设计稳定性指标、设置稳定性控制门限值、评价控制效果和实现多系统集成控制等[2-3]。因此,稳定域获得是车辆稳定性分析和控制设计的重要内容。
现有稳定域获得方法包括Lyapunov间接法[4-5]、Lyapunov函数法[6]、SOS(sum-of-squares)法[7-8]和相平面法等。前3种方法属于理论方法,应用较为繁琐,难以获得准确的稳定域。相平面法实现简单,应用广泛。
相平面法是在相平面中采用简单几何图形绘制出稳定域边界,根据不同的几何图形,分为直线法、椭圆法、菱形法等。直线法是使用两条直线描述稳定域边界,最为简单和应用广泛[9-10],但是其将上下两部分不稳定区域包括在内,划分的稳定域不准确[11]。椭圆法,又称为极限环法,采用椭圆描述车辆稳定域[12],比较保守。菱形法采用四边形描述稳定域边界,四边形的左右两个顶点在一条水平线上,上下两个顶点在一条垂直线上;针对菱形法描述稳定域不准确的问题[13],提出了改进的五参数菱形法[14-15],该方法同样存在描述保守的问题。
车辆稳定性常规控制一般将车辆质心侧偏角控制在6°以下,以保证车辆的绝对安全,基于这种控制思路,采用比较保守的车辆稳定域是可行的。然而,在一些极限工况下,这样的控制系统会起到适得其反的作用[16],例如紧急避障、低附路面转向场景、高速转向场景等,这些工况的稳定域描述不宜使用保守原则,应当充分利用车辆稳定域达到更大的控制空间。因此,车辆稳定域适当描述是当前一个急须解决的问题。此外,以往有关相平面法的文献较少涉及如何求解稳定域的研究,只是通过相平面观察,采用人工描点绘制边界,不仅实现比较繁琐,且工作量巨大,难以实现多工况稳定域求解。
针对上述问题,在前人研究基础上,本文将基于车辆2自由度非线性模型,开展与车辆稳定域描述及求解相关的平衡状态求解与稳定性判断、稳定域边界描述与求解新方法、应用分析的研究,设计相应的仿真工况,对提出的车辆稳定域描述与自动求解方法进行说明、应用、对比和验证。
车辆2自由度模型是可以揭示车辆运动的基本规律的经典操稳性模型[17],本文选取其作为研究对象。车辆2自由度模型动力学方程[18]
β˙=-γ+1muFyf+1muFyr
γ˙=aIzFyf-bIzFyr
式中:β˙为质心侧偏角速度;γ为横摆角速度;Fyf为前轮侧向力;Fyr为后轮侧向力;m为车辆总质量;u为车辆纵向速度,假设为常速;a为质心到前轮的距离;b为质心到后轮的距离;Iz为横摆转动惯量。
取状态变量x=[βγ]T,将式(1)式(2)改写成空间状态方程:
x˙=Cx+DFy
其中:

C=0-100D=1mu1muaIz-bIzFy=FyfFyr

魔术公式是广泛应用的轮胎模型,可以精确计算轮胎力,本文采用魔术公式确定轮胎侧向力。Pacejka于2012年给出了最新版的魔术公式轮胎模型[19],对其进行适当简化,得:
Fy=Dysin(Cyarctan(Byα-Ey·(Byα-arctan(Byα))))
Cy=PCy1
dfz=Fz-Fz0Fz0
Dy=μyFz
Kyα=PKy1Fz0sinPKy4arctanFzFz0PKy2
By=KyαCyDy
Ey=(PEy1+PEy2dfz)1-PEy3sgnα
式中:α为轮胎侧偏角;Fz为车轮垂向载荷;Fz0为参考载荷;By为刚度因子;Cy为形状因子;Dy为峰值因子;Ey为曲率因子;μy为路面侧向附着系数;PCy1PEy1PEy2PEy3PKy1PKy2PKy4为轮胎模型二级参数;Kyα为中间参数。
前轮和后轮的垂向载荷表示为
Fzf=ba+bmg
Fzr=aa+bmg
前轮和后轮的侧偏角表示为
αf=β+aγu-δ
αr=β-bγu
式中δ为前轮转角。
针对式(3),满足β˙=0γ˙=0的点xe,称为车辆系统平衡状态,即
Cxe+BFy=0
式(15)似乎比较简单,由于C不存在逆矩阵和Fy具有非线性,因此无法得到xe的理论解,只能进行数值求解。稳定的平衡状态可以通过对车辆微分方程数值计算得到,但不稳定的平衡状态不能通过这种方法得到,因此,使用优化方法求解平衡状态。
为应用优化方法,构造如下目标函数:
f=β˙+γ˙=-γ+Fyfmu+Fyrmu+aFyfIz-bFyrIz
蚁群算法是根据蚁群觅食时的路径选择行为提出的一种优化算法[20],本文应用蚁群算法求解车辆系统平衡状态。蚁群算法的基本思路是通过蚂蚁的行走路径表示待优化问题的可行解,整个蚂蚁群体的所有路径构成待优化问题的解空间。
假设一个蚁群由m只蚂蚁组成,第i只蚂蚁的位置表示为xi=[βi   γi], i=1, 2, , mβi[βl,βu]γi[γl,γu],第i只蚂蚁的信息素表示为
τik+1=(1-ρ)τik+f(xik+1)
式中:τik+1为第i只蚂蚁在第k+1次移动时留下的信息素;ρ为信息素挥发系数,0<ρ1xik+1为第i只蚂蚁在第k+1次移动时的位置。
i只蚂蚁的状态转移概率为
pik=τik-minττik
式中:pik为第i只蚂蚁在第k次移动时的状态转移概率;τik为第i只蚂蚁在第k次迭代时留下的信息素;minτ为整个蚁群信息素最小值。
蚂蚁根据状态转移概率进行位置更新,更新规则如下:
(1)pit<p0时进行局部搜索,即
βik+1=βik+(2rand-1)λ
γik+1=γik+(2rand-1)λλ=1/k
(2)pitp0时进行全局搜索,即
βik+1=βik+(βu-βl)(rand-0.5)
γik+1=γik+(γu-γl)(rand-0.5)
式中:p0为状态转移常数;λ为比例因子;rand为[0,1]范围内的随机数。
蚂蚁位置更新之后,对超出位置边界的蚂蚁需要进行边界处理,采用边界吸收方式,即超出边界的蚂蚁位置令其等于邻近的边界值,有:
βi=βl, βi<βlβi, βlβiβuβu, βi>βu
γi=γl, γi<γlγi, γlγiγuγu, γi>γu
蚁群算法求解平衡状态的优化过程如下:
(1)参数初始化,设置参数初值,包括蚂蚁数量m、蚂蚁移动次数G、信息素挥发系数ρ、转移概率常数p0、搜索范围[βl,βu][γl,γu]
(2)在搜索范围内随机生成每个蚂蚁位置
βi1=βl+(βu-βl)rand
γi1=γl+(γu-γl)rand
(3)计算每只蚂蚁的目标函数值f(xik)和信息素τik,首次迭代,τi1=f(xi1),其余迭代,信息素τik按照式(17)计算;
(4)按照式(18)计算每只蚂蚁的状态转移概率pik
(5)按照式(19)式(20)式(21)式(22)更新蚂蚁位置;
(6)按照式(23)式(24)对蚂蚁位置进行边界处理;
(7)判断蚂蚁是否进行移动,如果f(xik)>f(xik+1),蚂蚁从xik移动到xik+1,否则,不移动;
(8)判断是否达到移动次数,如果k+1>G,转到步骤(9),否则转到步骤(3);
(9)计算蚁群最小目标函数值minf,输出minf及其对应的位置(β,γ),算法结束。
平衡状态分为稳定和不稳定两种状态,稳定是指系统受到外界扰动偏离平衡状态后在扰动消失后恢复到原来平衡状态的能力。
车辆系统的Jacobian矩阵为
J(β, γ)=J11J12J21J22=Cyf+CyrmuCyfa-Cyrbmu2-1Cyfa-CyrbIzCyfa2+Cyrb2Izu
Cyf=dFyfdαfCyr=dFyrdαr
本文采用Lyapunov间接法判断车辆系统平衡状态的稳定性[21],平衡状态稳定条件是平衡状态处的Jacobian矩阵的特征值具有负实部,须满足如下条件:
Tr(J)=Iz(Cyf+Cyr)+m(Cyfa2+Cyrb2)muIz<0
Det(J)=CyfCyr(a+b)2+mu2(Cyfa-Cyrb)mu2Iz>0
式中:Tr(J)=J11+J22为Jacobian矩阵的迹;Det(J)=J11J22-J12J21为Jacobian矩阵的行列式。
对于车辆2自由度模型,可以推导得到Jacobian矩阵的表达式。为与优化方法的数值求解相对应,本文采用使用数值方法求解Jacobian矩阵,借助Matlab的jacobian函数求解。
相轨迹是描述变量y与其导数y˙变化的曲线,由此构成y-y˙相轨迹,所有y-y˙相轨迹就构成y-y˙相平面。通常,描述车辆2自由度模型的变量y取为β,由此形成β-β˙相轨迹和β-β˙相平面。
为便于描述相轨迹,在相轨迹中定义一些特殊的点,称为“特征点”,如图1所示。
图1定义了一条相轨迹的4个特征点,分别为拐点T1、右端点T2、下端点T3和左端点T4T1-T4的一段相轨迹可以近似用3条线段T1T2T2T3T3T4描述。因此,只要得到这4个特征点就可以近似描述这段相轨迹。
已知一条相轨迹,从起点到终点,可以将相轨迹中的相点离散为ββ˙两个数列,表示为
β=[β1,β2,,βl,βn]β˙=[β˙1,β˙2,,β˙l,β˙n]
相轨迹的相点斜率离散形式为
k=[β˙2-β˙1β2-β1,,β˙l-β˙l-1βl-βl-1,,β˙n-β˙n-1βn-βn-1]
由相轨迹起点开始,满足kt1>1的第一个斜率对应的相点,是相轨迹拐点,有:
kt1=β˙t1-β˙t1-1βt1-βt1-1>1
由拐点T1处开始,截取数列:
β1=[βt1,βt1+1,,βn]β˙1=[β˙t1,β˙t1+1,,β˙n]
其它特征点的求解方法如下:
(1)右端点T2β1数列中β值最大的点;
(2)下端点T3β˙1数列中β˙值最小的点;
(3)左端点T4β1数列中β值最小的点。
假设β-β˙相平面内的相点A0(β0,β˙0),经过时间t后,在相平面中变化为At(βt,β˙t),稳定的平衡状态为So(βs,0),则A0(β0,β˙0)稳定的条件为
limtAtSo¯=(βt-βs)2+β˙t2=0
相点A0(β0,β˙0)不稳定的条件为
limtAtSo¯=(βt-βs)2+β˙t2=
为便于仿真,假设仿真时间为ts,稳定标称距离为ln,相点A0(β0,β˙0)稳定的条件简化为
βt-βs+β˙t<ln
相点A0(β0,β˙0)不稳定的条件简化为
βt-βs+β˙t>ln
稳定标称距离ln选一个适当的数即可,例如ln=1;仿真时间ts要取得足够长,应当使相点到达稳定平衡状态附近。
对于车辆系统相平面,一些相轨迹最终回到稳定的平衡状态,这些相轨迹的集合称为车辆稳定域。
稳定域边界处的稳定相点即为稳定域边界点,本文将搜索稳定域边界点的方法简称为“稳定域边界点搜索法”,其原理是在稳定域内部某一点出发,向一个方向以一个小步长逐个相点搜索,搜索到的最后一个稳定相点即为稳定域边界点,如图2所示,其是从稳定平衡状态向下搜索过程的示例,An为搜索得到的稳定域边界点。
当前轮转角变化时,车辆稳定域的形状和分布会发生变化,为更好描述稳定域边界,将稳定域进行分类,如图3所示。在图3中,虚线是相平面稳定域边界;当前轮转角较小时,稳定域在纵轴β=0两侧都有分布,称为两侧型稳定域;当前轮转角较大时,稳定域集中分布在纵轴β=0的一侧,称为一侧型稳定域。
稳定域类型可以通过不稳定平衡状态附近的稳定域宽度确定,如图4所示。在图4中,d1为由稳定域边界点搜索法从左侧不稳定平衡状态向上搜索得到的稳定域宽度,d2为从右侧不稳定平衡状态向下搜索得到的稳定域宽度。对d1d2设置相应的限制值dn1dn2,稳定域类型的判断方法为:d1>dn1d2>dn2时为两侧型稳定域,否则,为一侧型稳定域。dn1dn2取为比较小的数即可,例如0.1。
稳定域边界描述应当符合简洁和易实现的原则,本文还考虑易于实现编程自动化。针对两侧型和一侧型两种分布不同的稳定域,设计了不同的四边形边界。
设计的两侧型稳定域边界如图5所示,其是由A11A17A14A16 4个顶点组成的四边形,由虚线表示;其它A类点是为找出4个顶点服务的,由三角表示;So是稳定的平衡状态,由圆圈表示,SlSr是2个不稳定平衡状态,用星号表示;l11l12为两条相轨迹,用实线表示。A类点和相轨迹的获得方法如表1所示。
设计的一侧型稳定域边界如图6所示,其是由A21A22A23A25 4个点组成的四边形,其它A类点是为找出4个顶点服务的,l21为一条相轨迹。A类点和相轨迹的获得方法如表2所示。
图5图6可以看出,设计的四边形稳定域边界可以将小侧偏角范围内的稳定域包含在内,且可以准确地描述稳定域边界,不会出现划分错误,比起现有的稳定域描述方法,有很大的提高。
稳定域边界方程由4段直线方程表示,假设某两个相邻顶点的坐标为(βi1,β˙i1)(βi2,β˙i2)βi1<βi2,则边界方程为
β˙-β˙i2=β˙i2-β˙i1βi2-βi1(β-βi1),    βi1β<βi2
四边形稳定域自动求解方法:
采用蚁群算法求解平衡状态,使用Lyapunov间接法判断平衡状态稳定性,应用3.4节的方法判断稳定域类型,使用稳定域边界描述与求解的新方法,按照表1表2求解对应的稳定域边界点,可以实现稳定域的自动求解。
车辆参数和轮胎参数如表3表4所示。
选择常见的中等车速作为仿真工况,设置车速u=70 km/h,路面附着系数μ= 0.5,当前轮转角δ 0.15 rad时,稳定域变化较小,因此,δ取为0~0.15 rad,以0.05 rad为间隔变化,采用本文方法自动求解设置工况的稳定域,加入平行线法和菱形法作为对比,如图7所示。
图7可以看出,设计的四边形稳定域可以描述质心侧偏角较小时稳定域边界,随着前轮转角的增大,其描述的稳定域更加准确,δ = 0.15 rad时,四边形稳定域和稳定域相差不大;自动求解方法可以自动求出相应的稳定域,为稳定域的求解提供了极大的便利;平行线法存在划分不准确的问题,将超出上下边界的不稳定区域包含在内;菱形法划分的稳定域过于保守,只将稳定平衡状态的附近区域包含在内。在3种稳定域划分方法中,四边形稳定域最为合理。
为量化不同稳定域划分方法与稳定域的接近程度,选取质心侧偏角范围[-1,1]rad,在该范围内,将不同方法划分的稳定域与相图稳定域的面积比值作为量化标准,即
R=Si/Sp
式中:Si为稳定域划分方法在β[-1, 1]rad内划分的稳定域面积;Sp为相图稳定域在β[-1, 1]rad内的面积。
稳定域面积通过近似估算得到,平行线法超出相图稳定域的部分不计算在内。几种划分方法的R指标对比如表5所示。
表5可以看出,在3种稳定域划分方法中,四边形法最接近相图稳定域,其R指标平均值为0.79,随着前轮转角增大,R指标增大;菱形法的R指标最小,平均值为0.24,说明其最为保守。表5图7的结果一致。
为验证本文提出方法的正确性,由CarSim建立相应的车辆模型,选择正弦工况作为验证工况,车速取120 km/h,路面附着系数取为0.8,转向盘转角幅值为150°。
将轮胎力作为车辆稳定性判断的辅助准则[15],引入轮胎力系数σi
σi=FyiμFzi
式中FyiFzi分别为第i个轮胎的侧向力和垂向力。
以0.9作为参考值,当σi>0.9时,认为轮胎有发生侧滑的风险。
由CarSim进行正弦工况的车辆仿真,做出车辆相轨迹,选取某一状态用星号标出,计算的侧向加速度、轮胎力系数和该状态稳定域,如图8所示。
图8(a)可以看出,车辆侧向加速度达到将近6 m/s2,说明轮胎进入非线性区,车辆有失稳风险;由图8(b)可以看出,左前轮轮胎力系数在1.7~2.4 s超过了0.9,其余3个车轮虽然没有超过0.9,但其最大值在0.8左右,接近0.9,说明各车轮都有发生侧滑的风险,车辆可能失稳;由图8(c)可以看出,选取的车辆状态很接近该时刻的稳定域边界,该结果基本与图8(a)图8(b)的结果一致,说明了本文提出的四边形稳定域的正确性,这种稳定域划分方法同样可以用于多体动力学模型。
本文提出了一种车辆稳定域四边形描述与自动求解方法,对稳定域进行了求解、对比和验证,主要工作内容和结论如下。
(1)建立了车辆2自由度非线性模型,采用最新版的魔术公式轮胎模型确定轮胎侧向力,为车辆非线性稳定性分析奠定了模型基础;说明车辆系统平衡状态只能数值求解的原因,构造了优化求解的适应度函数,提出了求解车辆系统平衡状态的蚁群算法,采用Lyapunov间接法判断车辆系统平衡状态的稳定性。
(2)定义了4个相轨迹特征点,建立了相点稳定性判断条件,提出了相平面稳定域边界点搜索法;根据车辆稳定域不同的分布情况,确定了两侧型和一侧型两种稳定域类型,建立了稳定域类型的判断方法,提出了车辆稳定域边界四边形描述与自动求解方法。
(3)选取中等车速工况,求解得到对应的车辆稳定域,与平行线法和菱形法进行了对比,结果表明,提出的四边形描述与自动求解方法可以准确获得稳定域边界,且优于平行线法和菱形法;选取正弦工况,采用CarSim进行了车辆仿真,提取数据获得了相应的车辆四边形稳定域,说明了本文提出的四边形稳定域的正确性。
  • *长沙汽车创新研究院自由探索项目(JCZT20220204)
  • 省校共建项目(SXGJSF2017-2-1-1)
  • 国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流重点项目(61520106008)
  • 2024年吉林省与吉林大学专业学位研究生教学案例建设项目(23ALK013)
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2025年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.008
  • 接收时间:2024-06-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-07
  • 修回日期:2024-07-25
基金
*长沙汽车创新研究院自由探索项目(JCZT20220204)
省校共建项目(SXGJSF2017-2-1-1)
国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流重点项目(61520106008)
2024年吉林省与吉林大学专业学位研究生教学案例建设项目(23ALK013)
作者信息
    1 吉林大学,汽车底盘集成与仿生全国重点实验室,长春 130025
    2 吉林大学,长沙汽车创新研究院,长沙 410036
    3 湖北汽车工业学院汽车工程学院,十堰 442002
    4 汽车动力传动与电子控制湖北省重点实验室,十堰 442002

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李杰,教授,博士生导师,博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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