Article(id=1149781737607225948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149781735614935465, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708876800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-26, revisedDate=1713110400000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058928156, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058928156, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058928156, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058928156, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781735614935465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058927681, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780706926, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157003401239290378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149781735614935465, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157003401239290379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149781735614935465, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=440, endPage=448, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781737783386718, articleId=1149781737607225948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=A Method for Intelligent Driving Simulation Scenes Generation Based on Fusion of Virtual and Real Perception Data, columnId=1149809888211198868, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Feature Topic:Key Technologies on Intelligent and Connected Vehicles, runingTitle=null, highlight=

In order to achieve customizable design and high-fidelity intelligent driving simulation test perception data generation,an intelligent driving test scenario simulation architecture that integrates virtual and real perception data is established in this paper. By fusing simulated traffic subject perception data with real environment scene data,perception simulation data can be continuously generated with dangerous test scenarios as the target. On this basis,the RANSAC method is used to extract the position of obstacles in the real point cloud and determine the operating space constraints of simulated traffic subjects in the real environment scene at each moment. Then,in order to realize the interactive relationship between the behavior and position of the main vehicle and other traffic subjects in the test scenario,in the simulation software,simulation modeling and behavior design of the main vehicle and traffic subjects are conducted based on the real main vehicle sensor parameters and motion trajectories for output of continuous simulated traffic participant perception data. Finally,the mask replacement method and ray replacement strategy are used to perform virtual and real fusion on the image and point cloud data respectively,and the virtual and real fusion perception data of dangerous driving test scenes in different real environment scenarios are obtained. The simulation data is tested and verified. The results show that most scenarios in the real road collection data set have the ability to support simulation data injection. The injected simulated traffic subject behaviors can match the test scene requirements and have high authenticity. At the perceptual level,the injected simulated traffic subject and the real traffic subject have a similarity of 86.5% in the target detection algorithm confidence level. The proposed method can controllably inject simulated traffic subjects that meet test requirements into real environment scene data,and quickly and synchronously obtain virtual-real fusion images and point cloud data with high realism.

, articleAbstract=

In order to achieve customizable design and highfidelity intelligent driving simulation test perception data generation, an intelligent driving test scenario simulation architecture that integrates virtual and real perception data is established in this paper. By fusing simulated traffic subject perception data with real environment scene data, perception simulation data can be continuously generated with dangerous test scenarios as the target. On this basis, the RANSAC method is used to extract the position of obstacles in the real point cloud and determine the operating space constraints of simulated traffic subjects in the real environment scene at each moment. Then, in order to realize the interactive relationship between the behavior and position of the main vehicle and other traffic subjects in the test scenario, in the simulation software, simulation modeling and behavior design of the main vehicle and traffic subjects are conducted based on the real main vehicle sensor parameters and motion trajectories for output of continuous simulated traffic participant perception data. Finally, the mask replacement method and ray replacement strategy are used to perform virtual and real fusion on the image and point cloud data respectively, and the virtual and real fusion perception data of dangerous driving test scenes in different real environment scenarios are obtained. The simulation data is tested and verified. The results show that most scenarios in the real road collection data set have the ability to support simulation data injection. The injected simulated traffic subject behaviors can match the test scene requirements and have high authenticity. At the perceptual level, the injected simulated traffic subject and the real traffic subject have a similarity of 86.5% in the target detection algorithm confidence level. The proposed method can controllably inject simulated traffic subjects that meet test requirements into real environment scene data, and quickly and synchronously obtain virtualreal fusion images and point cloud data with high realism.

, correspAuthors=Wei Shangguan, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Linguo Chai, Xiangyan Liu, Wei Shangguan, Yu Du, Xiaohui Ba, Baigen Cai), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149781770175995967, articleId=1149781737607225948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=虚实感知数据融合的智能驾驶仿真场景生成方法*, columnId=1149809888341222293, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=专题:汽车智能化关键技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=

为实现可自定义设计且具备高真实度的智能驾驶仿真测试感知数据生成,本文构建了虚实感知数据融合的智能驾驶测试场景仿真架构,通过融合仿真交通主体感知数据与真实环境场景数据,以危险测试场景为目标实现感知仿真数据连续生成。在此基础上,通过RANSAC方法提取真实点云中障碍物位置并确定每一时刻真实环境场景中仿真交通主体运行空间约束;而后为实现测试场景中主车与其他交通主体行为及位置交互关系,在仿真软件中根据真实主车传感器参数及运动轨迹对主车及交通主体进行仿真建模及行为设计,输出连续仿真交通参与者感知数据;最后利用掩膜替换法及射线替换策略分别对图像及点云数据进行虚实融合,获得不同真实环境场景下危险驾驶测试场景虚实融合感知数据,并对结果进行测试验证。结果表明:真实路采数据集中多数场景具有对仿真数据注入的支撑能力,注入的仿真交通主体行为均可与测试场景需求匹配,具有较高的真实性。在感知层面,注入的仿真交通主体与真实交通主体在目标检测算法置信度上具有86.5%的相似度。该方法可以可控地向真实环境场景数据中注入满足测试需求的仿真交通主体,快速且同步地获得具有较高真实度的虚实融合图像及点云数据。

, articleAbstract=

为实现可自定义设计且具备高真实度的智能驾驶仿真测试感知数据生成,本文构建了虚实感知数据融合的智能驾驶测试场景仿真架构,通过融合仿真交通主体感知数据与真实环境场景数据,以危险测试场景为目标实现感知仿真数据连续生成。在此基础上,通过RANSAC方法提取真实点云中障碍物位置并确定每一时刻真实环境场景中仿真交通主体运行空间约束;而后为实现测试场景中主车与其他交通主体行为及位置交互关系,在仿真软件中根据真实主车传感器参数及运动轨迹对主车及交通主体进行仿真建模及行为设计,输出连续仿真交通参与者感知数据;最后利用掩膜替换法及射线替换策略分别对图像及点云数据进行虚实融合,获得不同真实环境场景下危险驾驶测试场景虚实融合感知数据,并对结果进行测试验证。结果表明:真实路采数据集中多数场景具有对仿真数据注入的支撑能力,注入的仿真交通主体行为均可与测试场景需求匹配,具有较高的真实性。在感知层面,注入的仿真交通主体与真实交通主体在目标检测算法置信度上具有86.5%的相似度。该方法可以可控地向真实环境场景数据中注入满足测试需求的仿真交通主体,快速且同步地获得具有较高真实度的虚实融合图像及点云数据。

, correspAuthors=上官伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
上官伟,教授,博士,E-mail:
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教授,博士

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主体特征 特征描述
车辆
外形 长度
宽度
高度
速度 仿真车速
行为 跟驰
超车
减速
换道
车辆方向 直行
左转
右转
非机动车及行人
外形 长度
宽度
高度
速度 仿真运动速度
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仿真交通主体特征变量

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主体特征 特征描述
车辆
外形 长度
宽度
高度
速度 仿真车速
行为 跟驰
超车
减速
换道
车辆方向 直行
左转
右转
非机动车及行人
外形 长度
宽度
高度
速度 仿真运动速度
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测试场景 仿真交通主体行为
前方车辆紧急停车

前方仿真车辆减速或静止

相邻车道有真实/仿真车辆

并行车辆侵入

前方仿真车辆切入本车道

前方仿真车辆切出本车道

车辆并道行驶 仿真车辆同速行驶相邻车道
持续跟车行驶 前方仿真车辆同速行驶
对向借道超车 对向仿真车辆切入本车道
非机动车/行人避让 前方切出仿真非机动车/行人
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经典危险场景及仿真交通主体行为模式

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测试场景 仿真交通主体行为
前方车辆紧急停车

前方仿真车辆减速或静止

相邻车道有真实/仿真车辆

并行车辆侵入

前方仿真车辆切入本车道

前方仿真车辆切出本车道

车辆并道行驶 仿真车辆同速行驶相邻车道
持续跟车行驶 前方仿真车辆同速行驶
对向借道超车 对向仿真车辆切入本车道
非机动车/行人避让 前方切出仿真非机动车/行人
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场景 空间约束面积/m2 连续可用场景/s
0061 661.16 13.5
0103 1 165.00 18.5
0553 1 115.48 20.0
0655 896.88 14.5
0796 733.80 13.0
0916 1 224.40 12.5
1077 852.48 10.5
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场景中仿真主体运行空间约束测试结果

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场景 空间约束面积/m2 连续可用场景/s
0061 661.16 13.5
0103 1 165.00 18.5
0553 1 115.48 20.0
0655 896.88 14.5
0796 733.80 13.0
0916 1 224.40 12.5
1077 852.48 10.5
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虚实感知数据融合的智能驾驶仿真场景生成方法*
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柴琳果 1 , 刘湘言 1 , 上官伟 1 , 杜煜 2 , 巴晓辉 1 , 蔡伯根 1
汽车工程 | 专题:汽车智能化关键技术 2025,47(3): 440-448
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汽车工程 | 专题:汽车智能化关键技术 2025, 47(3): 440-448
虚实感知数据融合的智能驾驶仿真场景生成方法*
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柴琳果1, 刘湘言1, 上官伟1 , 杜煜2, 巴晓辉1, 蔡伯根1
作者信息
  • 1 北京交通大学自动化与智能学院,北京 100044
  • 2 国汽(北京)智能网联汽车研究院有限公司,北京 100176

通讯作者:

上官伟,教授,博士,E-mail:
A Method for Intelligent Driving Simulation Scenes Generation Based on Fusion of Virtual and Real Perception Data
Linguo Chai1, Xiangyan Liu1, Wei Shangguan1 , Yu Du2, Xiaohui Ba1, Baigen Cai1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Automation and Intelligence,Beijing Jiaotong University,Beijing 100044
  • 2 China Intelligent and Connected Vehicles (Beijing) Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100176
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.006
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为实现可自定义设计且具备高真实度的智能驾驶仿真测试感知数据生成,本文构建了虚实感知数据融合的智能驾驶测试场景仿真架构,通过融合仿真交通主体感知数据与真实环境场景数据,以危险测试场景为目标实现感知仿真数据连续生成。在此基础上,通过RANSAC方法提取真实点云中障碍物位置并确定每一时刻真实环境场景中仿真交通主体运行空间约束;而后为实现测试场景中主车与其他交通主体行为及位置交互关系,在仿真软件中根据真实主车传感器参数及运动轨迹对主车及交通主体进行仿真建模及行为设计,输出连续仿真交通参与者感知数据;最后利用掩膜替换法及射线替换策略分别对图像及点云数据进行虚实融合,获得不同真实环境场景下危险驾驶测试场景虚实融合感知数据,并对结果进行测试验证。结果表明:真实路采数据集中多数场景具有对仿真数据注入的支撑能力,注入的仿真交通主体行为均可与测试场景需求匹配,具有较高的真实性。在感知层面,注入的仿真交通主体与真实交通主体在目标检测算法置信度上具有86.5%的相似度。该方法可以可控地向真实环境场景数据中注入满足测试需求的仿真交通主体,快速且同步地获得具有较高真实度的虚实融合图像及点云数据。

智能交通  /  智能驾驶  /  场景测试  /  虚实数据融合  /  感知数据仿真

In order to achieve customizable design and highfidelity intelligent driving simulation test perception data generation, an intelligent driving test scenario simulation architecture that integrates virtual and real perception data is established in this paper. By fusing simulated traffic subject perception data with real environment scene data, perception simulation data can be continuously generated with dangerous test scenarios as the target. On this basis, the RANSAC method is used to extract the position of obstacles in the real point cloud and determine the operating space constraints of simulated traffic subjects in the real environment scene at each moment. Then, in order to realize the interactive relationship between the behavior and position of the main vehicle and other traffic subjects in the test scenario, in the simulation software, simulation modeling and behavior design of the main vehicle and traffic subjects are conducted based on the real main vehicle sensor parameters and motion trajectories for output of continuous simulated traffic participant perception data. Finally, the mask replacement method and ray replacement strategy are used to perform virtual and real fusion on the image and point cloud data respectively, and the virtual and real fusion perception data of dangerous driving test scenes in different real environment scenarios are obtained. The simulation data is tested and verified. The results show that most scenarios in the real road collection data set have the ability to support simulation data injection. The injected simulated traffic subject behaviors can match the test scene requirements and have high authenticity. At the perceptual level, the injected simulated traffic subject and the real traffic subject have a similarity of 86.5% in the target detection algorithm confidence level. The proposed method can controllably inject simulated traffic subjects that meet test requirements into real environment scene data, and quickly and synchronously obtain virtualreal fusion images and point cloud data with high realism.

intelligent transportation  /  intelligent drive  /  scenario testing  /  fusion of virtual and real data  /  perception data simulation
柴琳果, 刘湘言, 上官伟, 杜煜, 巴晓辉, 蔡伯根. 虚实感知数据融合的智能驾驶仿真场景生成方法*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (3) : 440 -448 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.006
Linguo Chai, Xiangyan Liu, Wei Shangguan, Yu Du, Xiaohui Ba, Baigen Cai. A Method for Intelligent Driving Simulation Scenes Generation Based on Fusion of Virtual and Real Perception Data[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (3) : 440 -448 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.006
智能驾驶车辆在上路前,需要在开放/半开放道路或封闭测试场通过严苛的功能测试,以保证智能驾驶系统安全性。有研究表明,至少需要1.41622272×1010 km的试车里程才能以95%的信心证明自动驾驶车辆的故障率低于人类驾驶员的故障率[1]。对感知系统进行准确、高效的测试是实现智能驾驶功能测试的基础。
考虑到测试安全、成本及效率,目前在进行危险场景测试时,多采用仿真场景构建作为一种实现低成本、高效测试智能驾驶算法的重要途径[2-3]。Chaudhuri等[4]提出了基于数据驱动的三维建模方法,使用概率图模型结合机器学习方法来完成场景的三维重建。Pan等[5]提出了基于视频动态的行人、车辆虚拟场景构建,实现更加符合人类认知的仿真场景构建。但仿真场景直接得到的感知数据存在着真实度较差的缺陷,如何进一步提升仿真感知真实度成为了研究的趋势。
Gonda[6]指出在早期的设计和开发过程中采用虚实结合方法,逐步增加测试场景的真实度以完成测试,可以极大地减小开发成本。对此,国内外大量学者对此进行了研究。Li等[7]在仿真过程中,通过注入视频数据进行虚拟交通场景仿真测试。Amini等[8]提出了一种基于虚拟图像合成和变换,以数据为驱动的仿真工具。Chen等[9]以真实场景图像为数据驱动,生成险情场景仿真图像。Gechter等提出了一种混合仿真方式,利用VIVUS[10]将真实车辆和虚拟传感器合并在同一模拟环境中,实现了介于仿真测试和实车试验之间的测试方法[11]。Fang等[12]提出了一种增强点云的生成方法,通过将计算机生成的行人、车辆等的点云数据按照障碍物概率分布放置到真实背景点云中。但目前虚实结合仿真大多只考虑通过单一源感知数据仿真,较少对多传感器数据同步仿真进行研究。同时没有实现数据级的虚实结合,无法高效地实现测试场景感知数据仿真。
针对上述问题,本文研究内容如下:
(1)构建虚实场景数据联合仿真模型框架,融合仿真交通主体与真实环境场景数据,以危险场景为目标生成感知仿真数据。
(2)利用RANSAC提取真实环境场景点云数据中的障碍物点云,并进一步通过射线追踪法得到每帧感知数据中仿真交通主体运行空间约束,进而保证添加的仿真交通主体不与真实环境场景产生冲突。
(3)以生成符合真实环境场景采集结果的仿真感知数据为目标,在仿真软件中对虚拟传感器进行参数设计并连续输出仿真交通主体感知数据。分别通过掩膜提取法及射线替换法实现真实环境场景数据与仿真交通主体数据合成,实现虚实融合的智能驾驶测试场景感知数据生成。
(4)探究真实场景数据对于仿真交通主体数据注入的支撑能力,生成场景仿真感知数据并验证其真实性。
本文提出的方法可通过融合仿真感知数据与真实环境场景数据,来构建符合测试需求的危险场景,具有低成本、高安全、可重复等优点。
在构建智能驾驶测试场景时,须综合考虑交通主体行为、道路环境以及天气条件等因素。为实现危险场景感知数据的生成,本文考虑结合真实道路采集数据及仿真软件场景构建的优势,将上述设计因素进行分离,通过仿真得到满足测试中交通主体行为需求的仿真数据,利用真实道路采集数据提供满足道路环境及天气条件需求的真实环境场景,进而建立虚实场景数据联合仿真方法框架,如图1所示。利用主车在不同真实环境场景下进行采样,并向真实采样数据中加入仿真交通主体,根据测试需求定向控制仿真交通主体行为,与主车形成交互关系,最终得到虚实数据融合的感知数据仿真生成。在保留真实采样数据中环境信息的基础上,更加真实地实现不同智能驾驶场景下的感知仿真。
在一个智能驾驶测试场景中,人-车-路-环境关系是一个复杂动态关系的模型,这种关系模型形成的无限场景是智能驾驶仿真测试开发的基础[13]。其中主要决定测试场景的是车-车或人-车之间的交互关系,主车与交通主体之间的交互关系可以分为相对位置变化以及相对运动状态变化。
为方便对测试场景中交通主体进行行为特征设计,本文对真实及仿真环境下各交通主体进行划分,根据在场景中的职能将其分为:①真实主车,搭载传感器进行感知数据采集,是智能驾驶测试的主体目标。②仿真主车,用于在仿真环境中还原真实主车的传感器设置以及运动轨迹,并输出仿真感知数据。③仿真交通主体,通过在仿真环境中进行行为模式设计,与仿真主车形成交互关系。④背景交通主体,真实环境下不参与测试场景的其他交通主体。
通过对仿真交通主体进行行为设计,即可得到满足不同测试场景下的感知数据。对仿真交通主体进行特征提取,得到的特征变量如表1所示。
选取6种经典危险场景作为目标,建立测试场景及对应的交通主体行为,如表2所示。
根据上述仿真交通行为模式表为指导,在仿真软件中进行交通主体运动建模,完成智能驾驶测试场景构建,如图2所示。
为保证注入真实环境场景的仿真交通主体与背景交通主体之间不会出现如被遮挡或重叠等冲突情况,选择根据真实点云对真实环境场景中障碍物位置进行确定后,得到的仿真交通主体空间约束区域如图3所示。
由于点云数据中包含大量地面点云,需要通过RANSAC(随机抽样一致性)方法[14]分离地面和障碍物,进而计算仿真交通主体运行空间约束。
假设点云数据为P=p1,p2,...,pn,其中每个点的坐标为xi,yi,zi,RANSAC方法可以通过以下步骤分离地面和障碍物:随机抽取一定数量的点Pi=pi1,pi2,...,pim,假设这些点均来自地面,并根据这些点构建地面模型。对于剩余的点Pj=P-Pi=pj1,pj2,...,pjn-m,分别计算它们到地面模型的距离,如果距离小于设定阈值d,则继续将该点归为地面点。对地面点进行记录并不断迭代至终止条件,进而得到最优解。其中迭代终止次数k如下所示:
k=log(1-P)/log1-Wn
式中:Wn表示随机抽取的点都为地面点的概率;P为采样成功置信度参数。将拟合得到的地面点云消去后即可得到如图4所示的障碍物点云结果。
通过上述步骤,可以得到地面点和障碍物点的坐标集合,并建立栅格地图来描述障碍物在地图上的位置。栅格地图将环境划分为一系列固定大小的格子并赋予其属性值,以不同的颜色对障碍物或空闲区域进行表示。
考虑到由于注入位置关系导致加入的仿真交通主体存在被遮挡的问题,选择使用射线追踪法进一步对空闲区域进行划分。以原点作为起点向周围发射一系列与障碍物进行碰撞后停止的射线,将射线经过的区域标记为可运行空间,得到如图5所示的仿真主体运行空间约束结果。
图6为得到的仿真主体运行空间约束在数据中的映射,图中红色区域为仿真交通主体空间约束,仿真交通主体处于该区域内即可保证其不与真实世界的其他交通主体产生冲突。
通过对仿真交通主体进行数据生成及提取,进而与真实环境场景数据进行融合,可以得到满足测试需求的目标场景感知仿真数据。
Prescan软件是西门子旗下的一款智能驾驶仿真软件,主要用于感知测试和智能驾驶交通场景的开发,在传感器建模以及车辆动力学配置等方面具有优势[15]。本文基于Prescan软件构建与真实环境场景同步的仿真感知测试场景,生成仿真交通主体感知数据。
为保证在仿真环境与真实环境下的主车的运动轨迹统一,需要在仿真软件中重现主车运动路径。Prescan可以利用GPS进行轨迹输入,通过其包含的时间戳、经纬度及航向角计算得到仿真环境下主车运行轨迹以及速度曲线,实现虚实场景主车路径同步结果,如图7所示。
针对仿真交通主体的行为设计则须根据场景需求进行路径设计,通过在场景中添加车辆模型并利用Prescan中的图形化界面来设计车辆的运动轨迹。
针对仿真感知数据生成,Prescan提供了多种传感器以供使用。根据真实传感器参数对仿真传感器进行参数设置,即可得到成像效果与真实采样情况相近的仿真感知数据。本文以相机和激光雷达建模及仿真为目标进行研究。在进行仿真相机建模时,主要须考虑相机位置、焦距以及生成图像尺寸的设置。而影响激光雷达采样的主要参数为点云分辨率[16],该参数直接决定了仿真得到的点云稠密度。本文对Prescan中的仿真传感器的参数具体设置如图8所示。
通过对真实主车的仿真还原,可以使得仿真主车生成与真实环境场景具备相同采样时间起点的连续仿真交通主体感知数据,进而与真实图像及点云的同步融合,实现联合仿真生成的多传感器感知数据。其仿真与真实数据采样时间戳对照关系如图9所示。
完成仿真交通主体感知数据生成后,需要对仿真数据及真实数据进行融合。常用于图像融合的方法有掩膜提取法以及泊松融合法。掩膜提取法是直接将一个图像中的某个区域复制到另一个区域,可以保留原始图像的整体结构和颜色分布。而泊松分布方法则可能会在复制区域和周围区域之间产生颜色和纹理不一致的现象[17]。考虑到仿真交通主体为独立个体,在进行融合时并不希望其边界与真实环境中的公路、树木或其他交通参与者产生交融情况,故掩膜提取法更适合本方法的场景。利用计算公式如式(2)所示,可以将源图像与目标图像按照二值化掩膜进行叠加。
x=xsrc*xmask +xdst*1-xmask
式中:*为矩阵点乘;xsrc为源图像;xmask为二值化掩膜图;xdst为目标图像。
本文利用Prescan提供的语义分割摄像机,在仿真主车上相同位置安装仿真相机与语义分割相机,进而同时得到仿真交通主体数据以及对应的二值化掩膜图用于图像融合,如图10所示。
相比于目前利用大模型方法进行交通场景图像生成如对抗式生成网络[18]或文生图模型[19],本文采用的虚实融合方法可以更加简单快速实现图像生成。并且可以根据测试需求对于添加的仿真交通主体进行行为控制,在场景构建上更加灵活。同时,基于大模型的方法具有广阔发展前景,将作为后续工作,优化图像仿真结果。
针对点云数据融合,考虑到加入的仿真交通主体会对背景产生遮挡,本文采用射线替换策略进行点云融合。当仿真激光雷达的射线命中了感兴趣仿真对象时,同一射线角度下得到的仿真数据会对真实数据进行替换。对仿真得到的点云数据利用式(3)计算每个点云相应射线高度角θ及垂直角φ
θ=arctany / xφ=arctan(z/x2+y2)
fv(θ,φ)设为仿真激光雷达获得的点云数据,fr(θ,φ)为真实激光雷达对应的点云数据。融合后的点云可以由式(4)得到,考虑到仿真交通主体对于射线的遮挡关系,该策略从射线角度来实现仿真交通主体点云与真实环境点云的融合,进而保证了融合结果的合理性。
fa(θ,φ)=fv(θ,φ), 射线命中目标主体 fr(θ,φ), 射线未命中目标主 
射线替换策略结果如图11所示,其中灰色区域为被遮挡的真实点云存在区域,该部分点云因被遮挡而被消去。
在上述方法的支撑下,通过对虚拟传感器生成的仿真数据进行提取,并与真实感知数据进行合成,即可得到符合特定场景需求的仿真图像及点云数据。
为验证所提方法在应用时对场景的支撑能力、感知仿真数据生成效果以及仿真数据在感知层面的真实性,本文采用nuScenes数据集[20]进行试验,数据集中的相机及激光雷达数据为试验提供了真实环境场景数据,GPS数据提供了真实主车的运动路径。
进行虚实数据融合时,须考虑真实环境场景对仿真主体的承载能力。本节对真实环境场景中运行空间约束面积以及连续可用场景时间进行测试,验证数据注入的可行性。
对于驾驶场景的研究表明,危险场景通常发生在几秒内[21],因此在进行虚实融合时须保证具有连续可用的场景段。
对目前流行的真实道路驾驶数据集进行分析后发现,数据的采集通常都是在较为空旷的环境中进行。利用数据集场景中各时刻激光雷达点云数据,以0.5 s为周期建立尺度为0.5 m×0.5 m、总面积为6 400 m2的粗粒度栅格地图,计算得到了数据集中不同场景下仿真交通主体运行空间约束区域面积,如图12所示。
由图可知,各场景在较长连续时间内都存在着稳定且大范围的可用于仿真交通主体注入的区域,可满足智能驾驶测试场景部署需求。将运行空间约束面积剧烈降低看作是连续可用场景中断的分界线,计算各场景中平均运行空间约束面积以及连续可用场景时间,结果如表3所示。
nuScenes数据集中各场景平均可提供949.88 m2的空间约束面积以及平均占比73.2%的连续可用供仿真数据注入,具有对仿真数据注入的空间支撑能力。
本节从不同环境、不同交通主体对虚实数据仿真效果进行试验,验证仿真感知数据在不同环境下的效果。
选择nuScenes数据集中晴朗白天、多云白天、夜晚晴朗的真实环境场景进行试验。为使仿真交通主体与真实环境场景具有更高相似度,在Prescan中将该3种仿真场景下的光照强度分别设置为108%、93%和26%。根据真实传感器参数设置对Prescan中仿真传感器进行设置,得到加入了交通主体如摩托车、汽车以及行人图像及点云仿真结果,如图13图14所示。
图13图14可见,在图像或是点云数据上,注入的仿真交通主体位置大小关系符合真实环境场景的成像规律,且仿真数据与真实数据之间具有较高相似度。添加的交通参与者在仿真软件、点云与图像数据之间位置关系映射也能保持一致。仿真结果在真实度、一致性以及合理性上都表现较好。
本节从感知识别效果对仿真交通主体与真实交通主体进行试验,验证仿真数据与真实数据在感知层面的相似度。
选择基于COCO数据集训练的图像识别算法YOLO[22]以及基于nuScenes数据集训练的点云目标检测算法TransFusion[23]对生成数据进行识别,得到的识别结果如图15所示。通过对比目标检测算法在仿真及真实交通主体的感知效果,从而评估构建的智能驾驶仿真场景在感知层面的真实性。
对目标识别算法得到的各交通主体识别置信度进行对比,结果如图16所示。在大多数情况下,由于仿真得到的数据不会被噪声或者残影影响,所以置信度会略高于真实数据。同时由于点云目标检测更易被周围环境影响,所以整体置信度相较于图像较低。但整体而言,在各种环境下加入的仿真交通主体识别置信度与真实交通主体相似,该方法具备感知层面的真实性。
本文结合测试场景要素分析,提出了一种真实环境场景与仿真交通主体融合的智能驾驶场景感知数据仿真生成方法。在Prescan仿真软件中对交通主体运动及传感器建模,进而得到满足真实主车与仿真交通主体之间交互关系的仿真感知数据。利用真实环境场景点云确定场景中空闲区域作为仿真主体运行的空间约束,以此保证注入的仿真交通主体数据不会与真实环境场景中背景交通主体产生冲突。通过掩膜提取及射线替换策略对仿真感知数据与真实感知数据进行融合,提升了仿真感知结果整体真实性。
本文通过虚实数据融合方式实现了智能驾驶测试场景感知数据仿真生成,然而在对光照强度等环境因素优化以及被遮挡场景的实现上仍有缺陷。利用风格迁移方法对仿真数据进行优化而提高还原真实交通环境的能力,以及引入对真实数据的语义分割来实现被遮挡场景的实现将作为下一步研究的重点。
  • *浙江省智能网联汽车和新能源生态融合创新发展战略研究项目(2023ZL0007)
  • 装备预研教育部联合基金(8091B022238)
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2025年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.006
  • 接收时间:2024-02-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-26
  • 修回日期:2024-04-15
基金
*浙江省智能网联汽车和新能源生态融合创新发展战略研究项目(2023ZL0007)
装备预研教育部联合基金(8091B022238)
作者信息
    1 北京交通大学自动化与智能学院,北京 100044
    2 国汽(北京)智能网联汽车研究院有限公司,北京 100176

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