Article(id=1149781737204576690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149781735614935465, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723564800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-14, revisedDate=1726502400000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058928061, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058928061, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058928061, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058928061, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781735614935465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058927681, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780706926, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157003401239290378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149781735614935465, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157003401239290379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149781735614935465, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=508, endPage=518, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781737401708979, articleId=1149781737204576690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Adaptive Preview H Control of Active Suspension Based on Road Recognition, columnId=1149809889280750125, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Selected Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=

In this paper,an adaptive wheelbase preview robust H control method is proposed based on vibration based road roughness recognition to address the impact of unknown road surface input on the control effect of active suspension. By collecting the vibration acceleration response of the wheels through real vehicle experiments,the longitudinal road surface roughness information is identified based on the vibration based road surface roughness detection method of the front wheels. A speed adaptive wheelbase preview method is designed to obtain the delay relationship of the road surface excitation received by the front and rear wheels of the vehicle,providing real vehicle data for the wheelbase preview control of the rear wheel suspension. On this basis,a multi-objective speed adaptive wheelbase preview robust H control method considering motion constraints is designed,and the optimal solution of parameters in linear matrix inequality (LMI) is achieved through multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) to improve control accuracy. The experimental and simulation results show that the method proposed in this paper can accurately identify road roughness information and effectively improve suspension performance indicators and vehicle vibration frequency,effectively suppress vibration within the frequency range sensitive to motion sickness,and balance passenger driving experience while meeting driving smoothness requirements. Meanwhile,this method also provides a new approach for vertical vibration control of multi axle vehicles.

, articleAbstract=

In this paper, an adaptive wheelbase preview robust H control method is proposed based on vibration based road roughness recognition to address the impact of unknown road surface input on the control effect of active suspension. By collecting the vibration acceleration response of the wheels through real vehicle experiments, the longitudinal road surface roughness information is identified based on the vibration based road surface roughness detection method of the front wheels. A speed adaptive wheelbase preview method is designed to obtain the delay relationship of the road surface excitation received by the front and rear wheels of the vehicle, providing real vehicle data for the wheelbase preview control of the rear wheel suspension. On this basis, a multiobjective speed adaptive wheelbase preview robust H. control method considering motion constraints is designed, and the optimal solution of parameters in linear matrix inequality (LMI) is achieved through multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA) to improve control accuracy. The experimental and simulation results show that the method proposed in this paper can accurately identify road roughness information and effectively improve suspension performance indicators and vehicle vibration frequency, effectively suppress vibration within the frequency range sensitive to motion sickness, and balance passenger driving experience while meeting driving smoothness requirements. Meanwhile, this method also provides a new approach for vertical vibration control of multi axle vehicles.

, correspAuthors=Zhijun Fu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Minghui Cui, Zhijun Fu, Rakheja Subhash, Ran Zhen, Yegang Liu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149781758268371675, articleId=1149781737204576690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=基于路面识别的主动悬架自适应预瞄H控制*, columnId=1149809889410773550, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=精选论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=

针对未知路面输入对主动悬架控制效果造成的影响,本文提出了一种基于振动式路面不平度识别的自适应轴距预瞄鲁棒H控制方法。通过实车实验采集车轮的振动加速度响应,根据前轮的振动式路面不平度检测方法识别出纵向路面不平度信息,设计了速度自适应轴距预瞄方法,以得到车辆前后轮所受到的路面激励的延时关系,为后轮悬架的轴距预瞄控制提供实车数据。在此基础上,设计了一种考虑晕动约束的多目标速度自适应轴距预瞄鲁棒H控制方法,通过多目标遗传算法(MOGA)实现线性矩阵不等式(LMI)中的参数最优解以提高控制精度。实验与仿真结果表明,本文所提出的方法能够精确识别路面不平度信息并能有效改善悬架性能指标和车身振动频率,有效抑制晕动症敏感的车身振动频率范围内的振动,在满足行驶平顺性的基础上又兼顾了乘员驾乘体验。同时,该方法也为多轴车辆的垂向振动控制提供一种新的途径。

, articleAbstract=

针对未知路面输入对主动悬架控制效果造成的影响,本文提出了一种基于振动式路面不平度识别的自适应轴距预瞄鲁棒H控制方法。通过实车实验采集车轮的振动加速度响应,根据前轮的振动式路面不平度检测方法识别出纵向路面不平度信息,设计了速度自适应轴距预瞄方法,以得到车辆前后轮所受到的路面激励的延时关系,为后轮悬架的轴距预瞄控制提供实车数据。在此基础上,设计了一种考虑晕动约束的多目标速度自适应轴距预瞄鲁棒H控制方法,通过多目标遗传算法(MOGA)实现线性矩阵不等式(LMI)中的参数最优解以提高控制精度。实验与仿真结果表明,本文所提出的方法能够精确识别路面不平度信息并能有效改善悬架性能指标和车身振动频率,有效抑制晕动症敏感的车身振动频率范围内的振动,在满足行驶平顺性的基础上又兼顾了乘员驾乘体验。同时,该方法也为多轴车辆的垂向振动控制提供一种新的途径。

, correspAuthors=付志军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
付志军,教授,博士,E-mail:
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教授,博士

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参数 数值 参数 数值
L/mm 2 850 mcr/kg 558.95
a/mm 1 350 csf/(kN·s·m-1 0.8
b/mm 1 500 csr/(kN·s·m-1 0.8
mc/kg 1 380 ksf/(kN·m-1 96.45
mtf/kg 50 ksr/(kN·m-1 107.29
mtr/kg 45 ktf/(kN·m-1 160.63
mcf/kg 621.05 ktr/(kN·m-1 160.63
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车辆参数

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参数 数值 参数 数值
L/mm 2 850 mcr/kg 558.95
a/mm 1 350 csf/(kN·s·m-1 0.8
b/mm 1 500 csr/(kN·s·m-1 0.8
mc/kg 1 380 ksf/(kN·m-1 96.45
mtf/kg 50 ksr/(kN·m-1 107.29
mtr/kg 45 ktf/(kN·m-1 160.63
mcf/kg 621.05 ktr/(kN·m-1 160.63
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控制方法 悬架动行程 轮胎动位移 车身加速度
均方根值 较被动悬架改善程度 均方根值 较被动悬架改善程度 均方根值 较被动悬架改善程度
被动悬架 1.956 9 1.316 5 758.4
H控制 1.754 2 10.36% 1.003 6 23.77% 478.1 36.96%
Pre-H控制 1.892 5 3.29% 0.582 9 55.72% 406.3 46.43%
MOGA-pre-H控制 1.825 8 6.70% 0.474 9 63.93% 348.6 54.05%
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C级随机路面下悬架性能均方根值

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控制方法 悬架动行程 轮胎动位移 车身加速度
均方根值 较被动悬架改善程度 均方根值 较被动悬架改善程度 均方根值 较被动悬架改善程度
被动悬架 1.956 9 1.316 5 758.4
H控制 1.754 2 10.36% 1.003 6 23.77% 478.1 36.96%
Pre-H控制 1.892 5 3.29% 0.582 9 55.72% 406.3 46.43%
MOGA-pre-H控制 1.825 8 6.70% 0.474 9 63.93% 348.6 54.05%
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基于路面识别的主动悬架自适应预瞄H控制*
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崔明辉 1 , 付志军 1 , Subhash Rakheja 1 , 甄冉 2 , 刘业刚 2
汽车工程 | 精选论文 2025,47(3): 508-518
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汽车工程 | 精选论文 2025, 47(3): 508-518
基于路面识别的主动悬架自适应预瞄H控制*
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崔明辉1, 付志军1 , Subhash Rakheja1, 甄冉2, 刘业刚2
作者信息
  • 1 郑州轻工业大学机电工程学院,郑州 450002
  • 2 山东美晨工业集团有限公司,诸城 262200

通讯作者:

付志军,教授,博士,E-mail:
Adaptive Preview H Control of Active Suspension Based on Road Recognition
Minghui Cui1, Zhijun Fu1 , Rakheja Subhash1, Ran Zhen2, Yegang Liu2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,Zhengzhou University of Light Industry,Zhengzhou 450002
  • 2 Shandong Meichen Industrial Group Co.,Ltd.,Zhucheng 262200
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.013
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针对未知路面输入对主动悬架控制效果造成的影响,本文提出了一种基于振动式路面不平度识别的自适应轴距预瞄鲁棒H控制方法。通过实车实验采集车轮的振动加速度响应,根据前轮的振动式路面不平度检测方法识别出纵向路面不平度信息,设计了速度自适应轴距预瞄方法,以得到车辆前后轮所受到的路面激励的延时关系,为后轮悬架的轴距预瞄控制提供实车数据。在此基础上,设计了一种考虑晕动约束的多目标速度自适应轴距预瞄鲁棒H控制方法,通过多目标遗传算法(MOGA)实现线性矩阵不等式(LMI)中的参数最优解以提高控制精度。实验与仿真结果表明,本文所提出的方法能够精确识别路面不平度信息并能有效改善悬架性能指标和车身振动频率,有效抑制晕动症敏感的车身振动频率范围内的振动,在满足行驶平顺性的基础上又兼顾了乘员驾乘体验。同时,该方法也为多轴车辆的垂向振动控制提供一种新的途径。

路面不平度识别  /  主动悬架  /  自适应轴距预瞄  /  鲁棒H控制  /  晕动症

In this paper, an adaptive wheelbase preview robust H control method is proposed based on vibration based road roughness recognition to address the impact of unknown road surface input on the control effect of active suspension. By collecting the vibration acceleration response of the wheels through real vehicle experiments, the longitudinal road surface roughness information is identified based on the vibration based road surface roughness detection method of the front wheels. A speed adaptive wheelbase preview method is designed to obtain the delay relationship of the road surface excitation received by the front and rear wheels of the vehicle, providing real vehicle data for the wheelbase preview control of the rear wheel suspension. On this basis, a multiobjective speed adaptive wheelbase preview robust H. control method considering motion constraints is designed, and the optimal solution of parameters in linear matrix inequality (LMI) is achieved through multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA) to improve control accuracy. The experimental and simulation results show that the method proposed in this paper can accurately identify road roughness information and effectively improve suspension performance indicators and vehicle vibration frequency, effectively suppress vibration within the frequency range sensitive to motion sickness, and balance passenger driving experience while meeting driving smoothness requirements. Meanwhile, this method also provides a new approach for vertical vibration control of multi axle vehicles.

road roughness recognition  /  active suspension  /  adaptive wheelbase preview  /  robust H control  /  motion sickness
崔明辉, 付志军, Subhash Rakheja, 甄冉, 刘业刚. 基于路面识别的主动悬架自适应预瞄H控制*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (3) : 508 -518 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.013
Minghui Cui, Zhijun Fu, Rakheja Subhash, Ran Zhen, Yegang Liu. Adaptive Preview H Control of Active Suspension Based on Road Recognition[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (3) : 508 -518 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.013
随着汽车智能化的发展,先进底盘技术是实现汽车智能辅助驾驶功能的关键技术,主动悬架系统作为汽车底盘技术的重要部分,直接影响驾乘体验,未知的路面输入严重影响着悬架性能。近年来,基于预瞄的主动悬架控制方法被提出[1],根据前方路面信息的获取及利用方式的不同,预瞄控制主要包括车前预瞄和轴距预瞄两种。车前预瞄是控制系统在车辆前部设置专用的预瞄传感器,以测试前方道路的不平度,提前对主动悬架系统进行控制[2-3]。但这些系统中的“前瞻”传感器要克服道路上的水、积雪等带来的测量误差,直接影响悬架系统的控制效果,且需要在传感器成本和控制性能之间找到平衡。相较于车前预瞄,轴距预瞄的主要优点是悬架系统扰动输入量由易于测量的垂直车轮加速度组成,测量到的前轮加速度信号用于后轴悬架的轴距预瞄控制,可以更好地提升车辆的乘坐舒适性,同时也因其更低的成本而更具实用价值[4-5]
对路面不平度信息的精准识别是提高悬架预瞄控制性能的必要前提[6]。路面不平度检测方法主要分为断面类测量方法和响应类测量方法两大类[7]。断面类测量方法是近20年来应用最广的路面高程采集技术,常用激光雷达、激光断面仪等传感器对路面高程信息进行采集。Xu等[8]和Zhao等[9]使用三维激光雷达数据构建路面点云之间的空间关系从而获取路面高程信息,但该方法在极端天气下的识别精度较低。Nikolay等[10]提出了一种用于测量路面纵向粗糙度主要类型的轮廓仪的比较特性,较好地解决了极端天气的影响,但振动噪声对测量仪器在低频振动时的影响较大。近年来,基于深度学习的机器视觉目标检测技术已经越来越成熟,Yao等[11]对路面工程中目标检测技术和相关优化策略的发展进行了综合分析,并得出基于视觉的路面检测方法可以实现实时车载目标检测的结论,但在特定场景下尤其是不同形状路面的检测精度仍有待进一步提高。响应类方法是通过测量车辆行驶过程中所受到路面激励的位移响应、加速度响应等以计算路面不平度指标,实现路面不平度的快速测量,该方法最早由Arturo等[12]提出,通过固定在车辆特定位置的加速度计收集数据,并估计路面不平度信息,该方法估计的路况近似值可用于改善悬架性能。刘浪等[13]使用车身垂向振动作为观测向量,设计了增广卡尔曼滤波观测器估计路面不平度信息,实现路面等级的分类。Zhao等[14]提出了一种由智能手机测量的车辆响应的道路轮廓估计方法,但由于验证过程中车辆的行驶速度固定为80 km/h,只能用于路面轮廓的标定,缺乏可靠性和普适性。目前所研究的振动式路面不平度测量方法大多是在车辆固定车速行驶时所采集到的平稳信号,对变速工况下的路面不平度测量研究较少,目前还没有较为准确、有效的方法。
除此之外,主动悬架控制方法也关乎车辆的驾乘舒适性。主动悬架控制方法从经典控制理论的根轨迹法发展到现代控制理论的线性最优控制、自适应控制、鲁棒控制以及智能控制等方法[15-16]。Fu等[17]提出了一种有限状态LQR控制方法对悬架作动器电流输入进行了控制以简化控制系统的设计,但对于悬架性能指标之一的悬架动行程却有劣化现象。Zeng等[18]利用多个Lyapunov函数建立一种保证闭环系统稳定性的开关机制,从而解决了车辆主动悬架系统的自适应多目标开关控制问题。Fu[19]等和Dridi等[20]分别提出基于神经网络的在线自学习控制策略和基于强化学习的主动悬架系统控制新方法,以实现主动悬架系统在抓地力和乘坐舒适性等性能的提升。但是,目前大多数控制方法仅针对悬架自身性能的提升和悬架作动器能量的收集[21-22],却很少考虑乘客晕动症即晕车指标的影响。鲁棒H控制方法因其良好的鲁棒性而被广泛应用于线性多输入和多输出系统,这种控制技术旨在最大限度地减少路面振动对悬架系统性能目标的传播[23]。乘坐舒适度是与运动频率密切相关的,而晕动症的产生仅属于某个特定的敏感频率段,因此,本文提出考虑晕动敏感频率的H控制的设想,是一种十分有意义的创新性探索。
对于上述所提出的路面不平度识别和主动悬架系统控制策略上所展现出来的问题,本文提出一种基于振动式路面不平度识别的自适应轴距预瞄鲁棒H控制方法,主要贡献如下。
(1)针对目前路面不平度的检测方法在极端天气和变速工况下适用性较差的问题,提出一种振动式路面不平度检测方法,并建立以前轮加速度为输入、路面不平度为输出的悬架系统回归模型,由此得到车辆行驶路面的纵向不平度信息,利用速度自适应轴距预瞄,求出车辆前后轮所受到的路面激励的延时关系。在实车实验中,使用加速度传感器采集车辆前轮的实际加速度信号,为后轮悬架的轴距预瞄控制提供实车数据,提前测得后轮轴距预瞄控制的输入,从而提高后轮悬架的控制精度。
(2)在考虑平顺性的一般主动悬架控制基础上融入了乘员驾乘体验,提出了一种基于多目标遗传算法优化的轴距预瞄鲁棒H控制策略,在常用的悬架动行程、轮胎动位移和车身加速度这3个悬架性能评价指标的基础上,新增车身振动敏感频率作为晕动症的评价指标,对以上目标进行优化以得到控制器的最优参数,在满足行驶平顺性的基础上又兼顾了乘员的驾乘体验。
本文所提出的基于悬架系统振动响应的路面不平度识别方法总体框图如图1所示,图中,传感器1、2分别安装在前、后轴正上方的车身处,用于测量车身振动数据,传感器3采集前轮的振动加速度用于路面不平度识别,安装位置如图1中所示,传感器4用于测量后轮的加速度信号,安装在轮心处。具体识别方法分析如下。
本节采用实车实验对不同路面信息进行采集,通过安装在实验车前轮轮心处的三轴加速度传感器获得在不同路面上行驶时的车轮加速度。实验场地主要采用砖块路面、水泥路面和标准减速带路面,每种工况截取车辆行驶过程中较为稳定的一段作为最终实验数据进行处理。设备采样频率过低会使数据的最大值和最小值丢失,影响实验数据的特征,采样频率过高则会导致实验的数据量过大,对设备的精度要求较高,本实验的设备采样频率为1 000 Hz。
由于非簧载质量的运动会受到道路轮廓的直接影响,因此可以建立以前轮加速度为输入、路面不平度为输出的悬架系统回归模型。当悬挂质量分配系数ε=ρy2/ab=1ρy为绕横轴俯仰的回转半径),且前后轴上方车身部分相互独立的集中质量为mcfmcr时,可将前轴和后轴视为两个独立的2自由度悬架模型,除此之外,不考虑主动悬架作动器的作用时,即将前轮悬架模型视为被动悬架,则前轮的运动微分方程如式(1)所示,并将动力学方程进行拉普拉斯变换可得式(2)
mcfx¨sf+ksf(xsf-xtf)+csf(x˙sf-x˙tf)=0mtfx¨tf-ksf(xsf-xtf)-csf(x˙sf-x˙tf)+           ktf(xtf-xrf)=0
(mcfs2+csfs+ksf)xsf(s)-(csfs+ksf)xtf(s)=0(mtfs2+csfs+ksf+ktf)xtf(s)-           (csfs+ksf)xsf(s)-ktfxrf(s)=0
式中:mcf为前轴的集中簧上质量;mtf为前轮簧下质量;xsf为前轴的集中簧上质量垂直位移;xtf为前轮的垂直位移;xrf为前轮路面输入;csf为前悬架阻尼;ksf为前悬架刚度;ktf为前轮胎刚度。车辆的参数如表1所示。消去式(2)中的xsf(s)可得车轮加速度和路面激励的系统传递函数:
H(s)=Q(s)X(s)=b1s4+b2s3+b3s2+b4s+b5a1s4+a2s3+a3s2+a4s+a5
其中:a1=mcfktfa2=ktfcsfa3=ktfksfa4=a5=0
b1=mcfmtfb2=(mcf+mtf)csf
b3=(mcf+mtf)ksf+mcfktfb4=ktfcsfb5=ktfksf
根据车辆前轮垂向加速度与路面激励信号之间的传递函数逆向推导得到车辆悬架动力学回归模型,可将实车实验中所获得的车轮垂向振动加速度信号转换成为路面激励及路面的不平度信息。通过悬架回归模型可将路面不平度信息进行重新建模,从而将提前感知到的路面激励作为后轴悬架系统的输入。
本文除实验得到的3种路面之外,还增加了谐波叠加法所得的仿真路面进行验证分析,谐波叠加法是一种时域随机路面激励的模拟仿真方法,其基本原理是通过路面不平度可以在离散傅里叶变化下分解成一系列含有不同频率和幅值的正弦波,将一系列正弦波叠加起来可以得到路面不平度的时域模型。
根据ISO/TC108/SC2N67和GB 7031,路面位移功率谱密度的拟合表达式为
Gxr(n)=Gxr(n0)nn0-ω,nminnnmax
当车辆以一定速度v行驶于空间频率为n的路面上时,其等效的时间频率可以表示为
f=vn
其中,时间频率f和空间频率n的频率范围分别为(fmin,fmax)(nmin,nmax)
式(5)可将空间频率功率谱密度Gxr(n)转换为时间频率功率谱密度Gxr(f),根据平稳随机过程的平均功率频谱展开性质,路面不平度的方差为
σxr2=fminfmaxGxr(f)df
将时间频率区间(fmin,fmax)划分为m个小区间,每个区间的中心频率记为fk(k=1,2,,m),再将中心频率处的谱密度值Gxr(fk)代替真实功率谱密度在该小区间内的谱密度值,则式(6)经离散化后可近似表示为
σxr2=k=1mGxr(fk)Δfk
每个小区间段标准差为2Gxr(fk)Δfk的正弦波函数可表示为2Gxr(fk)Δfksin(2πfkt+θk)θk为区间[0,2π]上的随机数。将各个小区间段的正弦波叠加起来得到谐波叠加法生成的路面激励模型:
xr(t)=k=1m2Aksin2πfkt+θk)
其中Ak=2Gxr(fk)Δfk
通过1.1节的方法可测得前轮的垂直加速度信息,根据悬架系统的回归模型求得前轮的路面激励。这里提出一种速度自适应的轴距预瞄方法,能够准确地估计出非匀速行驶时后轮的路面输入信息,以驾驶员一侧车轮为例,根据牛顿第二定律,可将后轮的主动悬架动力学模型简化为
mcrx¨sr=Fr-csrx˙sr-x˙tr-ksrxsr-xtrmtrx¨tr=csrx˙sr-x˙tr+ksrxsr-xtr-              ktrxtr-xrr-Far
式中:mcr为后轴的集中簧上质量;mtr为后轮簧下质量;xsr为后轴的集中簧上质量垂直位移;xtr为后轮的垂直位移;xrr为后轮路面输入;csr为后悬架阻尼;ksr为后悬架刚度;ktr为后轮胎刚度;Far为后悬架作动器输出力。
根据式(9),选取系统的状态变量为X=xsr-xtr  x˙sr  xtr-xrr  x˙trT,选取系统的输出量为Y=xsr-xtr  xtr-xrr  Far  x¨srT,故悬架系统可以用如下状态方程来表示,即
X˙=AX+B1x˙rr+B2FarY=C1X+D11x˙rr+D12Far
其中:A=    0        1          0      -1-ksrmcr  -csrmcr      0      csrmcr    0        0          0         1 ksrmtr    csrmtr  -ktrmtr  -csrmtrB1=00-10
C1=   1          0       0     0   0          0       1     0   0          0       0     0-ksrmcr  -csrmcr    0   csrmcrB2=01mcr0-1mtr
D11=0000D12=0011mcr
当车辆非匀速行驶时,后轮的路面激励与前轮的路面激励相差时间τ(t),故满足如下关系:
xrf(t)=xrr(t+τ(t))
式中:τ(t)=L/v(t)L为轴距;v(t)为车速;τ(t)为前后轮路面激励之间的信号延迟时间。
当车辆变速行驶时,满足以下关系式:
t-τtv(t)dt=L
设车速的采样间隔为Ts,可将其离散化:
i=k-kdi=kviTs=L
利用上式从当前时刻寻优,即可获得前后轮的延时关系,得到延迟时间τ,建立前轮路面激励和后轮预瞄路面激励之间的关系为
xrrxrf=e-τs
由泰勒展开可将式(14)转化为线性多项式,为保证控制器的准确性,采用2阶逼近,取φ1=6/τφ2=12/τ2,展开后可得:
xrrxrf=e-τs2eτs2=s2-φ1s+φ0s2+φ1s+φ0
可将式(15)改写为
(xrr-xrf)(s2+φ1s+φ0)=-2φ1sxrf
设上式中y=xrr-xrfθ=-2φ1,对式(16)进行拉氏变化可得:
y¨+φ1y˙+φ0y=θx˙rf
对于后悬系统,定义含有轴距预瞄信息的状态矢量η=[η1 η2]T=[y    y˙-θx˙rf]T,其状态空间方程为
η˙=Aηη+Bηx˙rfx˙rr=Cηη+Dηx˙rf
其中:Aη=01-φ0-φ1Bη=-2φ12φ12
Cη=10Dη=1
联立式(9)式(17)可得含有轴距预瞄信息的主动悬架系统的状态方程:
X˙η=A1ηXη+B1ηx˙f+B2ηFarYη=C1ηXη+D11ηx˙f+D12ηFarZη=C2ηXη
其中:X˙η=X˙η˙Xη=XηYη=Yη˙Zη=Zη
A1η=A  B1·Cη0     AηB1η=B1·DηBηB2η=B20
C1η=C1 D11·Cη0      AηD11η=D11·DηBηD12η=D120
Z=x1-x2   x˙1   x2-xr   x˙2T
式中:C2η为单位矩阵;Yη为输出量;Zη为状态反馈。
图2为车速分别在20、40和60 km/h时,车辆速度自适应轴距预瞄得到的预瞄信息和前轮路面激励之间的关系。由图可见,不同车速仿真得到的预瞄信息与前轮路面激励信号基本吻合,速度自适应效果较强,时间上相差τ(t)
由于车辆悬架系统结构复杂,一般的线性动力学模型难以实现对悬架系统的稳定控制,而采用鲁棒H控制方法,在系统受到时变的外界扰动时也能保证良好的控制效果和鲁棒性,本文所提出的鲁棒H控制方法的设计框图如图3所示,被控输入变量为主动悬架系统作动器的输出力Far,反馈扰动输入变量为路面激励xr,系统的输出变量为悬架动行程(SWS)、轮胎动位移(DTD)和车身加速度(BA)。
设计基于线性矩阵不等式的轴距预瞄鲁棒H控制器,系统的控制目标就是提高乘坐的舒适性,可通过降低其外部激励到输出量的传递函数G(y)的最大值来实现,这与函数的H范数定义相一致,因此控制目标的数学描述应满足如下关系式:
supG(y)γ
式中γ为一个规定的正标量。
在主动悬架控制系统的设计中,悬架的基本性能约束条件应满足以下3点。
悬架动行程不超过最大许用行程:
xt-xs<xstmax
式中;xt表示轮胎的垂直位移;xs表示车身的垂直位移;xstmax表示悬架的最大许用行程。
车轮与地面保持良好接触:
kt(xr-xt)<(mc+mt)g
式中:kt表示轮胎刚度;xr表示路面垂直位移;mt表示轮胎质量;g表示重力加速度。
控制力应小于作动器最大输出力:
Fa<Fmax
式中:Fa表示作动器输出力;Fmax表示作动器最大输出力。
设控制系统的状态反馈增益为K,将F=KXη代入到含有轴距预瞄信息的主动悬架系统的状态方程(19)中可得:
X˙η=AcXη+B1ηx˙fYη=ClXη+D11ηx˙fZη=C2ηXη
其中:Ac=Aη+B2ηKCl=C1η+D12ηK
定理:对于给定的正标量γ,如果存在一个正定矩阵P0和矩阵Q,则以下线性矩阵不等式成立:
P0Aη+QTB2η+AηP0+B2ηQ   P0C2ηT  B2η                    C2ηP0                      -I      0                      B2ηT                          0   -γ2I<0
经证明,由式(24)所示的闭环系统具有H性能,当且仅当存在正定矩阵P0Q使得线性矩阵不等式成立。求解出控制器参数γ、正定矩阵P0Q的最优解,闭环系统的控制增益为K=QP0-1
悬架的性能指标为悬架动行程(SWS)、轮胎动位移(DTD)、车身加速度(BA)。此外,国际标准组织ISO 2631-3:1985表明:人体处于Z轴垂直方向振动频率范围在0.1-0.63 Hz时,生理上会产生严重不适,从而导致驾乘人员出现晕车现象;国家标准GB/T 13441.1—2007则表明,人体暴露于0.1~0.5 Hz的振动频率范围内时易产生晕动症。本文为降低驾乘人员晕动症发生的可能性,引入车身振动频率作为另一优化目标来改进控制策略,以降低车身在低频段的振动,目标函数如式(26)所示。
f1=RMS(SWS)=1ni=1n(xt(ti)-xs(ti))2f2=RMS(DTD)=1ni=1n(xr(ti)-xt(ti))2f3=RMS(BA)=1ni=1nx¨2s(ti)f4=RMS(BVF)=1ni=1nfB2
由于控制器参数的不同取值会导致控制增益K有很大的差异,引入多目标遗传算法(MOGA)可以快速找到最优解,通过对线性矩阵不等式的参数求最优解从而提高控制器的控制效果,因目标函数都是求最小值,故主动悬架系统的多目标优化问题可以表述为
minF(K)=[f1,f2,f3,f4]
约束条件为
s.t.BA<BApasSWS<SWSpasDTD<DTDpasBVF<BVFpas
采用多目标遗传算法对鲁棒H控制器参数进行优化的流程如图4所示,初始种群为50,最大遗传代数为30,精英个数为10,交叉概率为0.4,变异概率为0.4,最大进化代数为30,停止代数为30,在优化迭代过程中种群适应度的变化如图5所示,初始种群的适应度值为258.2,最佳适应度值为211.5。通过优化得到的最优控制反馈增益矩阵K可使悬架的性能指标和乘车舒适性达到最优。
本文使用4种路面对所设计的控制器进行验证分析,分别为仿真C级路面和3种实验路面,如图6所示,图6(a)图6(b)图6(c)依次为砖块路、水泥路和标准减速带3种实验路面,其中:砖块路为方形铺路砖,路面不平度特征明显,便于采集振动信号;水泥路选择含有不规则裂纹的路面,增加路面特征;标准减速带截面近似梯形,底面宽300 mm,顶面宽100 mm,高50 mm。
图7为仿真和实验结果。由图7(a)的路面不平度分级图可知,仿真得到的C级路面与国际标准化组织规定A~H 8种标准等级路面中的C级路面基本吻合。采用振动式路面不平度识别方法,可得到车辆在砖块路面(图7(b))、水泥路面(图7(c))和标准减速带路面(图7(d))上行驶时车轮的加速度信号和路面时域响应曲线,其中,振动式路面不平度识别方法得到的减速带高程峰值在50 mm附近,与实际减速带高程数据基本相同,且识别到的砖块路面和水泥路面不平缓信息均符合实际情况,因此该方法具有可行性。
为验证多目标遗传算法优化的速度自适应轴距预瞄鲁棒H控制策略的有效性,使用仿真C级路面(图8(a))和砖块路面(图8(b))、水泥路面(图8(c))以及标准减速带路面(图8(d))共4种工况进行分析比对。选取被动悬架(Passive)、鲁棒H控制、轴距预瞄鲁棒H∞控制(Pre-H)3种控制方法与本文所设计的方法(MOGA-pre-H)进行对比分析,比较结果如图8所示。图9为C级路面工况下悬架动行程、轮胎动位移、车身加速度的最大值和均方根值的雷达图,图中每种控制方法的面积越小,表明控制效果越好。从图8图9中可以看出,所设计的MOGA-pre-H控制方法与被动悬架相比在性能上有较大的提升,与鲁棒H控制和轴距预瞄鲁棒H控制相比也有一定的改善。
图10为各工况下被动悬架和MOGA-pre-H控制下的车身振动频率响应曲线,图10(a)为C级仿真路面工况下的车身振动频率响应,图10(b)为砖块路面工况下的车身振动频率响应,图10(c)为仿水泥路面工况下的车身振动频率响应,图10(d)为标准减速带路面工况下的车身振动频率响应。从图中可以看出,该控制方法在人体对车身振动频率敏感范围(0.1-0.63 Hz)内也有很好的抑制效果,能够有效降低乘客晕动症的发病率,提高乘坐舒适性。
为进一步验证在不同控制方法下悬架的各项性能指标,表2给出了C级随机路面下悬架性能的均方根值及不同控制方法对悬架性能的改善程度。结果表明,相较于其他方法,本文所提出的多目标遗传算法优化的轴距预瞄H控制方法对悬架动行程改善程度略低于H控制,对驾乘舒适性影响较小,但导致主动悬架作动器耗能有所提升,而对于轮胎动位移和车身加速度有较为明显的改善,显著提升驾乘人员的乘坐舒适性,减少晕动症的发病率。
本文提出了一种基于路面识别的主动悬架自适应预瞄H控制,利用改进的振动式路面不平度检测方法能够有效实现非匀速行驶工况下的路面采集,悬架系统回归模型对路面不平度的识别具有较好的精度,采用实车实验对3种不同路面进行数据采集,并将实验数据和仿真路面作为轴距预瞄鲁棒H控制方法的输入,在兼顾一般平顺性指标的基础上新融入了考虑驾乘体验的晕动指标。实验结果表明,该控制器能够有效改善悬架的性能指标并抑制车身在人体敏感频率范围内的振动,有效降低晕动症的发病率,提高了乘坐舒适性。
  • *国家自然科学基金(62073298)
  • 河南省杰出外籍科学家工作室项目(GZS2023011)
  • 河南省2024年科技发展计划项目(242102241049)
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2025年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.013
  • 接收时间:2024-08-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-14
  • 修回日期:2024-09-17
基金
*国家自然科学基金(62073298)
河南省杰出外籍科学家工作室项目(GZS2023011)
河南省2024年科技发展计划项目(242102241049)
作者信息
    1 郑州轻工业大学机电工程学院,郑州 450002
    2 山东美晨工业集团有限公司,诸城 262200

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付志军,教授,博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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