Article(id=1149781736059531690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149781735614935465, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715356800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-11, revisedDate=1725552000000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058927788, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058927788, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058927788, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058927788, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781735614935465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058927681, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780706926, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157003401239290378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149781735614935465, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157003401239290379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149781735614935465, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=391, endPage=401, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781736244081068, articleId=1149781736059531690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Research on Path Planning Algorithms for In-Vehicle Time-Sensitive Networks, columnId=1149809888211198868, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Feature Topic:Key Technologies on Intelligent and Connected Vehicles, runingTitle=null, highlight=

With the rapid development of the electronic and electrical architecture of intelligent and connected vehicles,the demand for real-time reliability in in-vehicle communication networks has significantly increased. In this context,Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) has become a critical technology to meet the demand. In this paper,the implementation of the IEEE 802.1CB protocol in vehicular networks is realized,filling the gap in current research regarding the combined use of link redundancy transmission and routing planning. An innovative multi-path routing strategy is proposed which balances network efficiency and reliability through dual-path transmission involving both primary and redundant paths. The core contribution of this study includes:(1) a novel NSGA2-based primary path routing algorithm,which achieves the dual objectives of load balancing and low latency through intelligent path planning,and (2) an improved Dijkstra-based redundant path routing algorithm,which ensures high-reliability transmission for information flows with varying priority levels. Finally,a hardware-software integrated experimental framework is proposed,demonstrating that the proposed algorithms outperform existing comparison algorithms by 18.19% to 62.29% in terms of load balancing and end-to-end latency,while also enhancing network reliability by 19.18% to 42.87%.

, articleAbstract=

With the rapid development of the electronic and electrical architecture of intelligent and connected vehicles, the demand for realtime reliability in invehicle communication networks has significantly increased. In this context, TimeSensitive Networking (TSN) has become a critical technology to meet the demand. In this paper, the implementation of the IEEE 802.1CB protocol in vehicular networks is realized, filling the gap in current research regarding the combined use of link redundancy transmission and routing planning. An innovative multipath routing strategy is proposed which balances network efficiency and reliability through dualpath transmission involving both primary and redundant paths. The core contribution of this study includes: (1) a novel NSGA2based primary path routing algorithm, which achieves the dual objectives of load balancing and low latency through intelligent path planning, and (2) an improved Dijkstrabased redundant path routing algorithm, which ensures highreliability transmission for information flows with varying priority levels. Finally, a hardwaresoftware integrated experimental framework is proposed, demonstrating that the proposed algorithms outperform existing comparison algorithms by 18.19% to 62.29% in terms of load balancing and endtoend latency, while also enhancing network reliability by 19.18% to 42.87%.

, correspAuthors=Xudong Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xudong Zhang, Ya Wen, Yingqun Liu, Yuan Zou, Wenjing Sun, Ziyan Wu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149781754657075831, articleId=1149781736059531690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=车载时间敏感网络路径规划算法研究*, columnId=1149809888341222293, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=专题:汽车智能化关键技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=

随着智能网联汽车电子电气架构的快速发展,对车内通信网络的实时可靠性提出了更高要求。在此背景下,时间敏感网络(TSN)日益成为实现该目标的关键技术。本文针对IEEE 802.1CB协议,实现了其在车载网络中的应用,填补了现有研究在链路冗余传输与路由规划方面结合使用的空白。提出了一种创新的多径路由策略,通过主路径和冗余路径的多路传输,兼顾了网络效率和可靠性。研究核心包括:一种基于NSGA2的主路径路由算法,通过智能路径规划实现了负载均衡与低延迟的双目标;一种改进的Dijkstra冗余路径路由算法,满足了不同优先级信息流的高可靠传输要求。最后,提出了一套软硬件结合的试验方案,试验证明本文所提算法在综合负载均衡度和端到端延时效果上优于其他对比算法18.19%~62.29%,并提升网络可靠性19.18%~42.87%。

, articleAbstract=

随着智能网联汽车电子电气架构的快速发展,对车内通信网络的实时可靠性提出了更高要求。在此背景下,时间敏感网络(TSN)日益成为实现该目标的关键技术。本文针对IEEE 802.1CB协议,实现了其在车载网络中的应用,填补了现有研究在链路冗余传输与路由规划方面结合使用的空白。提出了一种创新的多径路由策略,通过主路径和冗余路径的多路传输,兼顾了网络效率和可靠性。研究核心包括:一种基于NSGA2的主路径路由算法,通过智能路径规划实现了负载均衡与低延迟的双目标;一种改进的Dijkstra冗余路径路由算法,满足了不同优先级信息流的高可靠传输要求。最后,提出了一套软硬件结合的试验方案,试验证明本文所提算法在综合负载均衡度和端到端延时效果上优于其他对比算法18.19%~62.29%,并提升网络可靠性19.18%~42.87%。

, correspAuthors=张旭东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张旭东,副教授,博士,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=OzFXKP2UtFEc2gS8zKh76Q==, magXml=8IIFTbZDp/Lvv4IDx6F1pg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=8TaDicIjp38+AVWiynNjFg==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=BPESSA8hOEHczKLssLKiWw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=张旭东, 温雅, 刘颖群, 邹渊, 孙文景, 吴紫妍)}, authors=[Author(id=1170297150421344748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=xudong.zhang@bit.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1170297150576534000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, authorId=1170297150421344748, language=EN, stringName=Xudong Zhang, firstName=Xudong, middleName=null, lastName=Zhang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081
2 Beijing Institute of Technology,National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles,Beijing 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1170297150622671345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, authorId=1170297150421344748, language=CN, stringName=张旭东, firstName=旭东, middleName=null, lastName=张, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
2 北京理工大学,电动车辆国家工程研究中心,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1170297150194852324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150203240933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150194852324, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150211629542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150194852324, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1170297150282932711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150287127016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150282932711, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Beijing Institute of Technology,National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles,Beijing 100081), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150312292841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150282932711, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京理工大学,电动车辆国家工程研究中心,北京 100081)])]), Author(id=1170297150706557427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1170297150773666294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, authorId=1170297150706557427, language=EN, stringName=Ya Wen, firstName=Ya, middleName=null, lastName=Wen, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081
2 Beijing Institute of Technology,National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles,Beijing 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1170297150849163767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, authorId=1170297150706557427, language=CN, stringName=温雅, firstName=雅, middleName=null, lastName=温, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
2 北京理工大学,电动车辆国家工程研究中心,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1170297150194852324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150203240933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150194852324, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150211629542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150194852324, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1170297150282932711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150287127016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150282932711, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Beijing Institute of Technology,National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles,Beijing 100081), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150312292841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150282932711, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京理工大学,电动车辆国家工程研究中心,北京 100081)])]), Author(id=1170297150962409977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1170297151100822012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, authorId=1170297150962409977, language=EN, stringName=Yingqun Liu, firstName=Yingqun, middleName=null, lastName=Liu, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081
2 Beijing Institute of Technology,National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles,Beijing 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1170297151247622653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, authorId=1170297150962409977, language=CN, stringName=刘颖群, firstName=颖群, middleName=null, lastName=刘, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
2 北京理工大学,电动车辆国家工程研究中心,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1170297150194852324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150203240933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150194852324, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150211629542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150194852324, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1170297150282932711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150287127016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150282932711, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Beijing Institute of Technology,National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles,Beijing 100081), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150312292841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150282932711, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京理工大学,电动车辆国家工程研究中心,北京 100081)])]), Author(id=1170297151394423295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1170297151490892290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, authorId=1170297151394423295, language=EN, stringName=Yuan Zou, firstName=Yuan, middleName=null, lastName=Zou, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081
2 Beijing Institute of Technology,National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles,Beijing 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1170297151549612547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, authorId=1170297151394423295, language=CN, stringName=邹渊, firstName=渊, middleName=null, lastName=邹, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
2 北京理工大学,电动车辆国家工程研究中心,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1170297150194852324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150203240933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150194852324, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150211629542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150194852324, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1170297150282932711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150287127016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150282932711, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Beijing Institute of Technology,National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles,Beijing 100081), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150312292841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150282932711, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京理工大学,电动车辆国家工程研究中心,北京 100081)])]), Author(id=1170297151662858757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1170297151729967624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, authorId=1170297151662858757, language=EN, stringName=Wenjing Sun, firstName=Wenjing, middleName=null, lastName=Sun, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081
2 Beijing Institute of Technology,National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles,Beijing 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1170297151788687881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, authorId=1170297151662858757, language=CN, stringName=孙文景, firstName=文景, middleName=null, lastName=孙, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
2 北京理工大学,电动车辆国家工程研究中心,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1170297150194852324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150203240933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150194852324, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150211629542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150194852324, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1170297150282932711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150287127016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150282932711, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Beijing Institute of Technology,National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles,Beijing 100081), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150312292841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150282932711, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京理工大学,电动车辆国家工程研究中心,北京 100081)])]), Author(id=1170297151847408139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1170297151931294222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, authorId=1170297151847408139, language=EN, stringName=Ziyan Wu, firstName=Ziyan, middleName=null, lastName=Wu, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081
2 Beijing Institute of Technology,National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles,Beijing 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1170297151998403087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, authorId=1170297151847408139, language=CN, stringName=吴紫妍, firstName=紫妍, middleName=null, lastName=吴, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
2 北京理工大学,电动车辆国家工程研究中心,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1170297150194852324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150203240933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150194852324, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150211629542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150194852324, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1170297150282932711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150287127016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150282932711, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Beijing Institute of Technology,National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles,Beijing 100081), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150312292841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150282932711, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京理工大学,电动车辆国家工程研究中心,北京 100081)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1170297152132620816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=time-sensitive network(TSN)), Keyword(id=1170297152296198673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=routing planning), Keyword(id=1170297152384279058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=link redundancy transmission), Keyword(id=1170297152564634131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=NSGA2 algorithm), Keyword(id=1170297152652714516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=Dijkstra algorithm), Keyword(id=1170297152707240470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=时间敏感网络), Keyword(id=1170297152799515162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=路由规划), Keyword(id=1170297153009230367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=链路冗余传输), Keyword(id=1170297153097310754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=NSGA2算法), Keyword(id=1170297153181196837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=Dijkstra算法)], refs=[Reference(id=1170297157031567967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=IEEE D. IEEE standard for local and metropolitan area networks-frame replication and elimination for reliability[J]. IEEE Std 802.1 CB-2017,2017:1-102., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170297157149008480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LUO F,WANG B,YANG Z,et al. Design methodology of automotive time-sensitive network system based on OMNeT++ simulation system[J]. Sensors (Basel),2022,22(12):4580., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170297157232894561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ASHJAEI M,BELLO L,DANESHTALAB M,et al. Time-sensitive networking in automotive embedded systems:state of the art and research opportunities[J]. Journal of Systems Architecture,2021,117(1).DOI:10.1016/j.sysarc.2021.102137., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170297157283226210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SMIRNOV F,GLAß M,REIMANN F,et al. Formal reliability analysis of switched ethernet automotive networks under transient transmission errors[C]. Design Automation Conference. IEEE,2016.DOI:10.1145/2897937.2898026., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170297157358723683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ATALLAH A A,HAMAD G B,MOHAMED O A. Routing and scheduling of time-triggered traffic in time sensitive networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,2019(99):1-1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170297157434221156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=REUSCH N,CRACIUNAS S S,POP P. Dependability-aware routing and scheduling for time-sensitive networking[J]. 2021.DOI:10.48550/arXiv.2109.05883., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170297157492941413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHOU Y,SAMII S,ELES P P,et al. Reliability-aware scheduling and routing for messages in time-sensitive networking[J].ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS),2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170297157543273062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAHLEVAN M,TABASSAM N,OBERMAISSER R. Heuristic list scheduler for time triggered traffic in time sensitive networks[J]. ACM SIGBED Review,2019,16(1):15-20., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170297157622964839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=OJEWALE M A,YOMSI P M. Routing heuristics for load-balanced transmission in TSN-based networks[J]. ACM SIGBED Review,2020,16(4):20-25., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170297157736211048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邹渊,孙文景,张旭东,等.智能网联汽车多域电子电气架构技术发展研究[J].汽车工程,2023,45(6):895-909.DOI:10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2023.06.001., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170297157790737001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZOU Y,SUN W J,ZHANG X D,et al. Research on the development of multi-domain electronic and electrical architecture technology for intelligent connected vehicles[J]. Automotive Engineering,2023,45(6):895-909.DOI:10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2023.06.001., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170297157841068650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ALNAJIM A,SALEHI S,SHEN C C. Incremental path-selection and scheduling for time-sensitive networks[C]. IEEE GLOBECOM 2019. IEEE,2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1170297157895594603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=OJEWALE M A,YOMSI P M. Routing heuristics for load-balanced transmission in TSN-based networks[J]. ACM SIGBED Review,2020,16(4):20-25., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1170297156884767326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, awardId=2023YFB2504701, language=CN, fundingSource=*国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB2504701), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1170297150194852324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150203240933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150194852324, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150211629542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150194852324, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1170297150282932711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150287127016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150282932711, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Beijing Institute of Technology,National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles,Beijing 100081), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170297150312292841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, companyId=1170297150282932711, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京理工大学,电动车辆国家工程研究中心,北京 100081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1170297153437049386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=CztjQOVGPWOZFxtu5/zqSw==, figureFileBig=c/vVvDAI8RPQ0gTxfsOQNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297153495769643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=图1, caption=域集中式电子电气架构部署模型, figureFileSmall=CztjQOVGPWOZFxtu5/zqSw==, figureFileBig=c/vVvDAI8RPQ0gTxfsOQNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297153537712685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+gwoXwhy8TSrMvMU9SUlBA==, figureFileBig=TOx5NZZD93VpJW3N4HelDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297153604821551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=图2, caption=域集中式电子电气架构部署模型, figureFileSmall=+gwoXwhy8TSrMvMU9SUlBA==, figureFileBig=TOx5NZZD93VpJW3N4HelDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297153684513329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=y/HauBYtKVZgKWbsxydgNA==, figureFileBig=ICtEfbefWLMm1afcUHS7PA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297153793565235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=图3, caption=多径路由策略总体流程图, figureFileSmall=y/HauBYtKVZgKWbsxydgNA==, figureFileBig=ICtEfbefWLMm1afcUHS7PA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297153852285492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=kjfhg2hkEaal6vQj2G/F6A==, figureFileBig=VsSVu5yHH55zeOK84giRmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297153961337397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=图4, caption=改进Dijkstra算法的冗余路径路由求解流程图, figureFileSmall=kjfhg2hkEaal6vQj2G/F6A==, figureFileBig=VsSVu5yHH55zeOK84giRmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297154015863350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rN7yKfiPfSzLJWUVGzbtFA==, figureFileBig=zGh/OP8+EhjDMK5/lNcqmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297154070389303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=图5, caption=硬件试验平台, figureFileSmall=rN7yKfiPfSzLJWUVGzbtFA==, figureFileBig=zGh/OP8+EhjDMK5/lNcqmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297154120720952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fu335/LQ7ZN1AjrdNV9Jjw==, figureFileBig=+4aGHjOmE1ufhYyIULgOnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297154175246905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=图6, caption=MRA算法生成主路径路由, figureFileSmall=fu335/LQ7ZN1AjrdNV9Jjw==, figureFileBig=+4aGHjOmE1ufhYyIULgOnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297154233967162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=R+TfjjPDCNRHmIK0Mnr4SA==, figureFileBig=UxsY0ld6psMnKR+A1MHGLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297154309464635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=图7, caption=Dijstra及GA-ED算法生成路由, figureFileSmall=R+TfjjPDCNRHmIK0Mnr4SA==, figureFileBig=UxsY0ld6psMnKR+A1MHGLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297154363990588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tcRgSIuc1HQ0Q8vCkj0vqQ==, figureFileBig=/cWal8kEUCx8iwv9g/qTTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297154426905149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=图8, caption=GA-LB算法生成路由, figureFileSmall=tcRgSIuc1HQ0Q8vCkj0vqQ==, figureFileBig=/cWal8kEUCx8iwv9g/qTTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297154477236798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=y1Gb9VK3etjRB/fcIUsBkg==, figureFileBig=G0ky1R73Ocx/iehA39R9ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297154523374143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同场景下端口网络吞吐量, figureFileSmall=y1Gb9VK3etjRB/fcIUsBkg==, figureFileBig=G0ky1R73Ocx/iehA39R9ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297154603065920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3WCkq+CHkn5Gj+HlQmkUOw==, figureFileBig=zaY9d8imVSfE2fUC4nEzDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297154649203265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同场景下各算法平均端到端延时, figureFileSmall=3WCkq+CHkn5Gj+HlQmkUOw==, figureFileBig=zaY9d8imVSfE2fUC4nEzDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170297154695340610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 名称 个数 假定可靠性概率/%
域控制器 VDC、CDC、MDC、VIU*4、Switch*4 11 99.97
传感器 Lidar*3、Radar*6、Camera*11 20 99.98
链路 E=eiji,j31,ij 33 99.99
), ArticleFig(id=1170297154754060867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

网络各节点及链路假定可靠性概率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 名称 个数 假定可靠性概率/%
域控制器 VDC、CDC、MDC、VIU*4、Switch*4 11 99.97
传感器 Lidar*3、Radar*6、Camera*11 20 99.98
链路 E=eiji,j31,ij 33 99.99
), ArticleFig(id=1170297154837946948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 优先级

发送

设备

帧长/

B

周期/

ms

截止

时间/ms

预期

可靠性/%

时钟同步流 7 VIU

64~

1 518

20 20 99.90
控制数据流 6

VIU

CDC

128 2 2 99.85
5

MDC

VDC

84 10 10 99.85
媒体流 4 Camera 3 000 2 2 99.80
3 Lidar 4 320 2.5 2.5 99.75
2 Radar 1 600 5 5 99.75
尽力而为流 0 Others

64~

1 518

), ArticleFig(id=1170297154909250117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各类信息流参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 优先级

发送

设备

帧长/

B

周期/

ms

截止

时间/ms

预期

可靠性/%

时钟同步流 7 VIU

64~

1 518

20 20 99.90
控制数据流 6

VIU

CDC

128 2 2 99.85
5

MDC

VDC

84 10 10 99.85
媒体流 4 Camera 3 000 2 2 99.80
3 Lidar 4 320 2.5 2.5 99.75
2 Radar 1 600 5 5 99.75
尽力而为流 0 Others

64~

1 518

), ArticleFig(id=1170297154972164678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

算法 1 基于NSGA2的主路径路由算法

1:输入:网络拓扑。基于给定的有向图 G 构建网络拓扑结构,各节点分配唯一的标识符 id(si

2:输入:信息流参数。基于给定的信息流Fi参数,得到每条信息流对应的发送节点、接收节点、单帧长度、周期、截止时间和优先级

3:初始化算法参数。设定优化目标函数的数量nobj,初始化种群的规模 npop,设定最大迭代次数maxit,交叉概率pc 和变异概率mu

4:for it = 1 to maxit do

5: initialize_population(npop) #创建初始种群

6: for mutate_time = 1 to nc do #针对个体遍历

7: p1 = tournamentsel(pop) #锦标赛选择

8: p2 = tournamentsel(pop)

9: pop = crossover(p1,p2) #交叉

10: end for

11: 生成子代种群

12: for mutate_time = 1 to nc do #对个体遍历

13: pop.position = mutate(pop) #变异

14: pop.cost = CalculateCosts(pop) #计算适应度

15: end for

16: npop = nondominatedsort(npop) #非支配排序

17: npop = calcrowdingdistance(npop) #拥挤度计算

18: npop = pop(npop) #淘汰

19: F1 = update(F1) #更新第一等级

20: bestsolution = min(F1) #找到并存储当前迭代的最优解

21: 显示当前迭代次数、F1 成员数、最优负载均衡和最优端到端延时

22: 绘制当前 Pareto 前沿解图

23:end for

), ArticleFig(id=1170297155035079239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基于NSGA2的主路径路由算法伪代码

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

算法 1 基于NSGA2的主路径路由算法

1:输入:网络拓扑。基于给定的有向图 G 构建网络拓扑结构,各节点分配唯一的标识符 id(si

2:输入:信息流参数。基于给定的信息流Fi参数,得到每条信息流对应的发送节点、接收节点、单帧长度、周期、截止时间和优先级

3:初始化算法参数。设定优化目标函数的数量nobj,初始化种群的规模 npop,设定最大迭代次数maxit,交叉概率pc 和变异概率mu

4:for it = 1 to maxit do

5: initialize_population(npop) #创建初始种群

6: for mutate_time = 1 to nc do #针对个体遍历

7: p1 = tournamentsel(pop) #锦标赛选择

8: p2 = tournamentsel(pop)

9: pop = crossover(p1,p2) #交叉

10: end for

11: 生成子代种群

12: for mutate_time = 1 to nc do #对个体遍历

13: pop.position = mutate(pop) #变异

14: pop.cost = CalculateCosts(pop) #计算适应度

15: end for

16: npop = nondominatedsort(npop) #非支配排序

17: npop = calcrowdingdistance(npop) #拥挤度计算

18: npop = pop(npop) #淘汰

19: F1 = update(F1) #更新第一等级

20: bestsolution = min(F1) #找到并存储当前迭代的最优解

21: 显示当前迭代次数、F1 成员数、最优负载均衡和最优端到端延时

22: 绘制当前 Pareto 前沿解图

23:end for

), ArticleFig(id=1170297155097993800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景 特点 发送端 接收端 规模
1 单发单收 Switch1上设备 MDC 7
2 多发单收

所有设备

(除MDC)

MDC 32
3 多发多收 所有设备 域控制器 97
4 数据量大 所有设备 域控制器 146
), ArticleFig(id=1170297155156714057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各场景对应模型的参数信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景 特点 发送端 接收端 规模
1 单发单收 Switch1上设备 MDC 7
2 多发单收

所有设备

(除MDC)

MDC 32
3 多发多收 所有设备 域控制器 97
4 数据量大 所有设备 域控制器 146
), ArticleFig(id=1170297155232211530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 评价指标 适应度函数
MRA 网络效率、可靠性 式(8)
Dijstra 路径长度 shortestpath(G,nk,s,nk,d)
GA-LB 负载均衡度 式(1)
GA-ED 端到端延时 式(7)
), ArticleFig(id=1170297155282543179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各算法评价指标和适应度函数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 评价指标 适应度函数
MRA 网络效率、可靠性 式(8)
Dijstra 路径长度 shortestpath(G,nk,s,nk,d)
GA-LB 负载均衡度 式(1)
GA-ED 端到端延时 式(7)
), ArticleFig(id=1170297155332874828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种群规模 迭代次数 交叉概率 变异概率
30 200 0.8 0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1170297155383206477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

算法参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种群规模 迭代次数 交叉概率 变异概率
30 200 0.8 0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1170297155467092558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 路径 可靠性 符合预期
1 Lidar1→1→3→MDC 99.86%
2 Radar2→1→2→3→MDC 99.82%
3 Camera11→1→4→3→MDC 99.82%
4 VIU1→1→2→3→MDC 99.81%
5 VIU1→1→3→MDC 99.85%
6 CDC→1→2→3→MDC 99.81%
7 CDC→1→3→MDC 99.85%
), ArticleFig(id=1170297155559367247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

各信息流对应路径的可靠性指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 路径 可靠性 符合预期
1 Lidar1→1→3→MDC 99.86%
2 Radar2→1→2→3→MDC 99.82%
3 Camera11→1→4→3→MDC 99.82%
4 VIU1→1→2→3→MDC 99.81%
5 VIU1→1→3→MDC 99.85%
6 CDC→1→2→3→MDC 99.81%
7 CDC→1→3→MDC 99.85%
), ArticleFig(id=1170297155693584976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对应序号 备用路径 可靠性 是否符合预期
序号4 VIU1→1→3→MDC 99.85%
序号6 CDC→1→3→MDC 99.85%
), ArticleFig(id=1170297155798442577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

信息流冗余备用路径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对应序号 备用路径 可靠性 是否符合预期
序号4 VIU1→1→3→MDC 99.85%
序号6 CDC→1→3→MDC 99.85%
), ArticleFig(id=1170297155911688786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
端口 发送帧数 接收帧数
发送端 26 348 0
接收端 0 52 696
), ArticleFig(id=1170297156071072339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

端口流量信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
端口 发送帧数 接收帧数
发送端 26 348 0
接收端 0 52 696
), ArticleFig(id=1170297156196901460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
端口 发送帧数 接收帧数
发送端 48 769 0
接收端 0 48 769
), ArticleFig(id=1170297156264010325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

端口流量信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
端口 发送帧数 接收帧数
发送端 48 769 0
接收端 0 48 769
), ArticleFig(id=1170297156352090710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景 网络需求 ω1 ω2
1 延时较低,尽量实现负载均衡 0.9 0.1
2 须实现快速信息聚合,高实时 0.1 0.9
3 高带宽、高效率、低延迟 0.6 0.4
4 确保网络的通畅,避免链路堵塞 0.4 0.6
), ArticleFig(id=1170297156427588183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

各场景决策函数加权值取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景 网络需求 ω1 ω2
1 延时较低,尽量实现负载均衡 0.9 0.1
2 须实现快速信息聚合,高实时 0.1 0.9
3 高带宽、高效率、低延迟 0.6 0.4
4 确保网络的通畅,避免链路堵塞 0.4 0.6
), ArticleFig(id=1170297156477919832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 场景1 场景2 场景3 场景4
MRA 0.10 0.10 0.38 0.35
Dijstra 0.90 0.10 0.57 0.38
GA-LB 0.10 0.95 0.40 0.50
GA-ED 0.90 0.10 0.60 0.42

MRA

平均优化率

62.29% 40.55% 25% 18.19%
), ArticleFig(id=1170297156549223001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=表12, caption=

不同场景下各算法路由方案决策值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 场景1 场景2 场景3 场景4
MRA 0.10 0.10 0.38 0.35
Dijstra 0.90 0.10 0.57 0.38
GA-LB 0.10 0.95 0.40 0.50
GA-ED 0.90 0.10 0.60 0.42

MRA

平均优化率

62.29% 40.55% 25% 18.19%
), ArticleFig(id=1170297156620526170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景 算法

仿真负载

均衡度

实测负载

均衡度

误差率/%
1 MAR 5.549 3 5.509 3 0.726 3
Dijstra 8.525 7 8.496 2 0.347 2
2 MAR 22.711 9 23.417 7 3.013 8
Dijstra 22.762 3 22.553 0 0.927 8
3 MAR 13.580 1 13.487 3 0.688 2
Dijstra 14.544 2 14.524 3 0.136 5
4 MAR 78.970 7 79.111 3 0.177 8
Dijstra 81.556 8 81.442 3 0.140 6
), ArticleFig(id=1170297156675052123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=表13, caption=

仿真与实际测试的负载均衡度对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景 算法

仿真负载

均衡度

实测负载

均衡度

误差率/%
1 MAR 5.549 3 5.509 3 0.726 3
Dijstra 8.525 7 8.496 2 0.347 2
2 MAR 22.711 9 23.417 7 3.013 8
Dijstra 22.762 3 22.553 0 0.927 8
3 MAR 13.580 1 13.487 3 0.688 2
Dijstra 14.544 2 14.524 3 0.136 5
4 MAR 78.970 7 79.111 3 0.177 8
Dijstra 81.556 8 81.442 3 0.140 6
), ArticleFig(id=1170297156733772380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景

网络

可靠性

不符合预期路径数

增加冗余路径后

网络可靠性

可靠性

优化率

1 57.04% 5 99.84% 42.87%
2 71.78% 10 99.86% 28.12%
3 75.73% 34 98.83% 23.37%
4 80.71% 30 99.86% 19.18%
), ArticleFig(id=1170297156779909725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149781736059531690, language=CN, label=表14, caption=

各场景下MRA算法生成路径网络可靠性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景

网络

可靠性

不符合预期路径数

增加冗余路径后

网络可靠性

可靠性

优化率

1 57.04% 5 99.84% 42.87%
2 71.78% 10 99.86% 28.12%
3 75.73% 34 98.83% 23.37%
4 80.71% 30 99.86% 19.18%
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1146119049450201092, delFlag=0, nameCn=汽车工程, nameEn=Automotive Engineering, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1000-680X, eissn=, cn=11-2221/U, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=否, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=QBBRQev7wkMVPuUPGz0mFw==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Auto Eng, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=null, updatedTime=1755587219741, createdBy=null, updatedBy=15831073675, firstLetterCn=A, firstLetterEn=A, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=工程, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=QBBRQev7wkMVPuUPGz0mFw==, picEn=p+MsLQKu3DZkDibBsTBu1Q==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1164580465202643295, language=CN, name=汽车工程, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=https://www.qichegongcheng.com/CN/1000-680X/home.shtml, createdTime=1755587219763, updatedTime=1755587219763, createdBy=15831073675, updatedBy=15831073675, submissionGuidelinesUrl=https://www.qichegongcheng.com/CN/column/column6.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://journal03.magtechjournal.com/journalx_qcgc/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://journal03.magtechjournal.com/journalx_qcgc/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://journal03.magtechjournal.com/journalx_qcgc/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://journal03.magtechjournal.com/journalx_qcgc/editorInChiefLogOn.action, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1164580465248780640, language=EN, name=Automotive Engineering, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=https://www.qichegongcheng.com/EN/1000-680X/home.shtml, createdTime=1755587219774, updatedTime=1755587219774, createdBy=15831073675, updatedBy=15831073675, submissionGuidelinesUrl=https://www.qichegongcheng.com/EN/column/column6.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://journal03.magtechjournal.com/journalx_qcgc/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://journal03.magtechjournal.com/journalx_qcgc/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://journal03.magtechjournal.com/journalx_qcgc/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://journal03.magtechjournal.com/journalx_qcgc/editorInChiefLogOn.action, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1146120084050784272, websiteList=[Website(id=1148243202387206565, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146120084050784272, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcygc/CN, language=CN, createTime=1751692112776, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753500958911, updateBy=18614031015, name=《汽车工程》中文站点, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=汽车工程, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1148622315115540535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202387206565, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1751782500294, updateTime=1751782500294, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148622315094569012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202387206565, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1751782500289, updateTime=1751782500289, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148622315081986099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202387206565, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=+W0ZN6/p6N8AvZxnX71krg==, createTime=1751782500286, updateTime=1751782500286, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148622315107151926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202387206565, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1751782500292, updateTime=1751782500292, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148622315102957621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202387206565, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1751782500291, updateTime=1751782500291, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1155829970321686531, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146120084050784272, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcygc/EN, language=EN, createTime=1753500939211, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753500939211, updateBy=18614031015, name=《汽车工程》英文站点, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Automotive Engineering, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1155830904879702095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155829970321686531, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1753501162023, updateTime=1753501162023, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155830904858730572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155829970321686531, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1753501162018, updateTime=1753501162018, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155830904837759051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155829970321686531, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=+W0ZN6/p6N8AvZxnX71krg==, createTime=1753501162013, updateTime=1753501162013, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155830904875507790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155829970321686531, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1753501162022, updateTime=1753501162022, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155830904867119181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155829970321686531, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1753501162020, updateTime=1753501162020, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=汽车工程, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=0, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Automotive Engineering, journalPhotoCn=QBBRQev7wkMVPuUPGz0mFw==, journalPhotoEn=p+MsLQKu3DZkDibBsTBu1Q==, journalFirstLetter=A, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcygc/CN/10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.001, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcygc/EN/10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.001, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcygc/CN/PDF/10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.001, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcygc/EN/PDF/10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.001, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
车载时间敏感网络路径规划算法研究*
收藏切换
PDF下载
张旭东 1, 2 , 温雅 1, 2 , 刘颖群 1, 2 , 邹渊 1, 2 , 孙文景 1, 2 , 吴紫妍 1, 2
汽车工程 | 专题:汽车智能化关键技术 2025,47(3): 391-401
收起
收藏切换
汽车工程 | 专题:汽车智能化关键技术 2025, 47(3): 391-401
车载时间敏感网络路径规划算法研究*
全屏
张旭东1, 2 , 温雅1, 2, 刘颖群1, 2, 邹渊1, 2, 孙文景1, 2, 吴紫妍1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
  • 2 北京理工大学,电动车辆国家工程研究中心,北京 100081

通讯作者:

张旭东,副教授,博士,E-mail:
Research on Path Planning Algorithms for In-Vehicle Time-Sensitive Networks
Xudong Zhang1, 2 , Ya Wen1, 2, Yingqun Liu1, 2, Yuan Zou1, 2, Wenjing Sun1, 2, Ziyan Wu1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081
  • 2 Beijing Institute of Technology,National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles,Beijing 100081
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.001
文章导航
收藏切换

随着智能网联汽车电子电气架构的快速发展,对车内通信网络的实时可靠性提出了更高要求。在此背景下,时间敏感网络(TSN)日益成为实现该目标的关键技术。本文针对IEEE 802.1CB协议,实现了其在车载网络中的应用,填补了现有研究在链路冗余传输与路由规划方面结合使用的空白。提出了一种创新的多径路由策略,通过主路径和冗余路径的多路传输,兼顾了网络效率和可靠性。研究核心包括:一种基于NSGA2的主路径路由算法,通过智能路径规划实现了负载均衡与低延迟的双目标;一种改进的Dijkstra冗余路径路由算法,满足了不同优先级信息流的高可靠传输要求。最后,提出了一套软硬件结合的试验方案,试验证明本文所提算法在综合负载均衡度和端到端延时效果上优于其他对比算法18.19%~62.29%,并提升网络可靠性19.18%~42.87%。

时间敏感网络  /  路由规划  /  链路冗余传输  /  NSGA2算法  /  Dijkstra算法

With the rapid development of the electronic and electrical architecture of intelligent and connected vehicles, the demand for realtime reliability in invehicle communication networks has significantly increased. In this context, TimeSensitive Networking (TSN) has become a critical technology to meet the demand. In this paper, the implementation of the IEEE 802.1CB protocol in vehicular networks is realized, filling the gap in current research regarding the combined use of link redundancy transmission and routing planning. An innovative multipath routing strategy is proposed which balances network efficiency and reliability through dualpath transmission involving both primary and redundant paths. The core contribution of this study includes: (1) a novel NSGA2based primary path routing algorithm, which achieves the dual objectives of load balancing and low latency through intelligent path planning, and (2) an improved Dijkstrabased redundant path routing algorithm, which ensures highreliability transmission for information flows with varying priority levels. Finally, a hardwaresoftware integrated experimental framework is proposed, demonstrating that the proposed algorithms outperform existing comparison algorithms by 18.19% to 62.29% in terms of load balancing and endtoend latency, while also enhancing network reliability by 19.18% to 42.87%.

time-sensitive network(TSN)  /  routing planning  /  link redundancy transmission  /  NSGA2 algorithm  /  Dijkstra algorithm
张旭东, 温雅, 刘颖群, 邹渊, 孙文景, 吴紫妍. 车载时间敏感网络路径规划算法研究*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (3) : 391 -401 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.001
Xudong Zhang, Ya Wen, Yingqun Liu, Yuan Zou, Wenjing Sun, Ziyan Wu. Research on Path Planning Algorithms for In-Vehicle Time-Sensitive Networks[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (3) : 391 -401 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.001
随着智能网联车的高速发展,汽车电子电气(E/E)系统的复杂性不断增加,特别是在高级驾驶辅助系统(ADAS)和全自动驾驶技术上,对域集中式电子电气架构的需求持续增强。其中,车辆内部通信网络的实时性和可靠性成为关键因素,这进一步加强了对时间敏感网络(time-sensitive networking,TSN)的需求。当前,如何管理车辆网络中的数据流,确保其低延迟和高可靠性的通信已成为一项重要挑战。
在TSN标准中,IEEE 802.1CB[1]被用于实现网络冗余传输。通过帧复制和消除机制来提高数据流的可靠性,可在几乎没有数据包丢失的情况下进行无缝通信,这对智能驾驶应用至关重要,Luo等[2]探讨了在车载时间敏感网络中IEEE 802.1CB协议的设计方法论,以确保帧传输的及时性。Ashjaei等[3]详细介绍了在车载网络中利用 IEEE 802.1CB协议进行帧复制的优势,即使存在故障节点也能确保通信的可靠性。然而,尽管这一协议提供了强大的传输工具,但该协议的实现需要依靠合理的路由规划,而目前TSN标准中并没有明确的路由规划方法。Smirnov等[4]通过采用概率论模型,对交换式以太网中数据传输的可靠性进行了探讨。Atallah等[5]通过创建冗余链路的形式提升了网络的可靠性。Reusch等[6]使用了静态循环调度的方法调配任务,预置了优化可靠性的TSN路由策略。Zhou等[7]针对安全关键应用场合中对高度可靠性的追求,探究了静态路由策略的有效性。他们的研究进一步证实了在严峻的时间限制条件下,静态路由在保障网络稳定可信运行中所扮演的重要角色。
在路由规划研究方面,Pahlevan等[8]指出路由阶段的结果将对调度阶段产生影响,因此引入了一种启发式算法,通过最小化最糟糕情况的端到端延迟,来提高路由方案的可调度性。而Ojewale等[9]通过在链路之间尽可能均匀地分配传输路径,来解决了最短路径算法带来的负载平衡问题。但目前将路由规划应用于IEEE 802.1CB协议的研究仍存在空白。
此外,与传统数据网络相比,车载时间敏感网络有独特的挑战,如须确保信息流的实时处理和分发,同时还要处理来自不同传感器的数据拥堵问题。这些要求在高速传输条件下尤为突出,需要路由规划算法无缝映射到高变化的车载网络条件[10]。Alnajim等[11]提出了利用QoS参数来评价TSN流的路由质量的方法,从而避开大负载的链路,改善了调度性能。Ojewale等[12]通过在链路之间尽可能均匀地分配传输路径,解决了最短路径算法带来的负载平衡问题。
本文为解决上述难点问题展开研究,提出了一种针对车载时间敏感网络设计的高效率、高可靠的多径路由规划算法。为实现车载网络通信的实时可靠数据传输,首先创建了包含网络、链路、信息流在内的综合性车载网络模型;其次将IEEE 802.1CB协议的链路冗余能力与车载网络相结合,提出了多径路由策略,既可以适应网络中实时变化的流量需求,又不会牺牲数据传输的可靠性;此外,本文提出的基于NSGA2的主路径路由算法,根据网络的负载平衡和端到端延时进行双目标优化,并配合改进的Dijkstra 冗余路由算法,提高了网络的容错能力。最后,设计符合实际行驶的多种工况,并通过软硬件协同的方式对提出的算法进行了严格测试,结果表明,本算法可有效提升网络效率和传输可靠性,且软件仿真与硬件试验结果高度一致,具有强可行性和实用性。本文的研究成果为IEEE 802.1CB协议在车载网络路由规划领域的应用提供了有力的理论基础和实践指南,可应用于整个车辆内部网络系统,对于未来复杂交通环境下提高车载网络通信的实时性和可靠性具有重要的指导意义。
本文采用区域与功能域相结合的双层域控架构。该架构根据车辆内部的位置关系,首先将车体划分为左前、右前、左后和右后4个主要区域。每一区域均配置有专属的区域控制器(zone controller unit,ZCU),该控制器负责直接连接并管理其管辖区域内的传感器和执行机构。进一步地,汽车被划分为3个主要的功能域并配备相应的域控制器——分别是整车控制器(vehicle domain controller,VDC)、智能座舱域控制器(cabin domain controller,CDC)和智能驾驶域控制器(mobility domain controller,MDC)。这些域控制器内部集成了专门的软件组件,用于处理域内的特定功能和决策活动。详细部署方案如图1所示。
参考交换型网络结构,得到域集中式电子电气架构网络拓扑,如图2所示。其中,将每个区域控制器抽象为两个节点:Switch节点执行信息流的交换与传输功能,VIU(virtual interface unit)节点承担信号的发送和接收任务。
将网络拓扑抽象为有向图G,如式(1)所示:
GV,EV=s1,s2,,snE=eiji,jn,ij
式中:V表示节点的集合;E表示链路的集合;eij表示从节点si到节点sj的链路;n的值为31。
为研究方便,将链路的输出通道命名为端口(port),在本文的拓扑模型中共有19个端口,如图2所示,其中:标为绿色的端口只接收来自距离最近的交换机信号;标为褐色的端口,负责发送和接收信号,能够实现双向通信。
在实际运行时,车辆的通信链路可能因线路磨损老化等因素发生中断或失效,传感器或域控制器也会因微电路损坏、内存错误等原因发生故障,从而导致车载网络的数据丢包或传输延时增加。基于上述实车的突发故障现象,出于安全性考虑,应对车载网络进行可靠性概率评估,以便后续开展对车载网络稳定性的定量分析。
基于平均无故障时间(mean time to failure,MTTF)和平均修复时间(mean time to repair,MTTR)估计系统的可靠性A,公式如下:
A=MTTFMTTF+MTTR
根据AEC Q100 Grade2认证的车规级标准,假设设备的MTTF为87 600 h。假设域控制器、传感器及链路的MTTR分别为24、18和6 h,代入式(2),可得各节点及链路的可靠性概率,如表1所示。
引入服务质量(quality of service,QoS),使得网络能够识别不同的信息流,并根据预定的策略,对域控制器及传感器发送的流量进行分类、管理和优先排列,为特定类型的流量提供更好的服务水平,优先保证高安全性数据流的传输质量。对车载网络中的信息流进行分类,各类型信息流详细参数如表2所示。
将信息流的参数使用六维元组来数学化表示,公式如下:
Fk=(nk,s,nk,d,pk,tk,dk,ζk,ak)
式中:nk,sV为发送节点;nk,dV为接收节点;pktk分别为信息流的单帧长度和周期;dk为信息流发送的截止时间;ζk为信息流的优先级;ak为信息流的预期可靠性概率;脚标k表示第k个节点;脚标s表示发送方;脚标d表示接收方。
IEEE 802.1CB协议提供高可靠传输数据备份,却未涉及对数据的路径规划,而路径选择对网络通信质量影响显著。本文提出的多路径路由策略针对不同优先级信息流,综合考虑网络效率与可靠性,并提供双重路径选择。
首先,根据网络效率,设计确保信息流高效传输的主路径。其次,根据网络可靠性,为信息流选择备份路径。此外,在多路径传输中,帧复制和消除机制起着至关重要的作用。通过在源端复制数据帧并通过两条路径的发送,可以确保至少有一帧能够到达目的地。通过帧消除技术,处理两条路径传输至终点生成的重复帧,保留最先到达且数据完整的帧作为最终输出。
综上所述,多径路由策略面向IEEE 802.1CB协议的链路冗余传输机制,为网络中关键信息流的传输提供既高效又可靠的解决方案,通过这种算法,可以生成一个性能更高、鲁棒更强的网络通信系统。多径路由策略总体流程如图3所示。
在车载时间敏感网络中,网络的性能是确保高效传输的关键,使用负载均衡度(load balance)和端到端延时(end to end delay)两个参数的综合表现来衡量网络性能,并以网络效率作为主路径评价的因素。
负载均衡度反映了网络资源分配的均匀程度,可通过统计各端口负载利用情况并计算其标准差来量化。负载均衡确保了网络中没有过载或空闲的节点,使得信息流能在不增加延迟和丢包率的情况下,高效地传输,对于减少数据丢包、避开网络拥堵及延迟至关重要。负载均衡度Lb可用如下公式计算:
Lb=1N-1i=1NLi-L-2
式中:Li表示指定端口对应的链路i上的负载利用量;L-是所有指定端口负载利用量的平均值;N是指定端口的数量,本模型中N为19。
端到端延时是数据包在网络中从源点到目标点的总耗时,是衡量数据流在网络中传输效率的重要指标。由于车载时间敏感网络模型较大,信息流数量较多,不同的路由方案将会造成端到端延时的巨大变化,从而对网络的实时性和稳定性造成影响。因此需要设置端到端延时适应度函数,用以指导和评估路由策略的设计。
假设信息流Fi从发送端口经过ki到达接收端口,则Fi的端到端延时Ti,ki可以表示为
Ti,ki=n=1kiTi,ntrans+Ti,nprop+Ti,nproc+Ti,nqueue+Tiothers
式中:Ti,ntrans代表流Fi的传输延时;Ti,nprop代表流Fi在第n个端口时的传播延时;di,nproc代表处理延时;di,nqueue代表排队延时;Tiothers代表其他延时。其中,其他延时是实际应用中可能会遇到的其他形式延迟,如缓存延迟、协议延迟等,鉴于这部分时延的不确定性较大,因而在仿真研究中将之忽略。
本文综合考虑平均端到端延时和最大端到端延时,得到系统的端到端延时适应度函数公式如下:
Ed=λ1×1Ni=1NTi,ki+λ2×maxi=1NTi,ki
式中λ1λ2为加权系数。
当端到端延时适应度值较小时,说明网络有较好的延时适应性,满足对速度的需求,即使在负载变化的情况下也能够适应,从而提供可靠的服务,这对于时间敏感的应用通信(如安全相关的控制信号、实时语音或视频通信)意味着更好的性能和用户体验。
根据上述推导,网络性能优化的目标应是负载均衡度函数和端到端延时适应度函数的值都尽可能小。因此得到双目标优化函数公式如下:
minLb=1N-1i=1NLi-L-2Ed=λ1×1Ni=1NTi,ki+λ2×maxi=1NTi,ki
在考虑生成车载时间敏感网络主路径的路由问题时,需要满足多目标优化。此外,在车载时间敏感网络中,路由配置组合较多,导致计算复杂度高,全局最优解难寻。针对上述问题,提出基于NSGA2的主路径路由算法,能够高效检索庞大搜索空间,并找到一个优秀的折衷解集合。基于NSGA2的主路径路由算法伪代码如表3所示。
为了在帕托前沿解集中找到一个能够平衡负载均衡度(Lb)和端到端延迟适应度(Ed)的路由方案,设置主路径路由决策函数,通过一种权重抉择机制来评估和选择路径,以确保通信效率和网络资源的有效利用。网络效率决策函数如下:
D=ω1·normalize(Lb)+ ω2·normalize(Ed)s.t.  ω1+ω2=1
式中:函数normalize(x)的作用是将负载均衡度(Lb)和端到端延迟适应度(Ed)归一化处理,统一量纲到[0,1]的取值范围内;ω1ω2为权重系数,可基于网络的实际性能需求动态调整,如在时间敏感网络中,对实时性的要求更高,则端到端延迟适应度的权重ω2应更大。决策值D越小,代表该路由下网络负载更均匀,端到端延时更低。
基于上述公式,遍历帕托前沿中所有的路由表,找到分数最高的那个,即为最终的主路径路由表,视为在满足特定网络性能需求前提下,提供了最佳负载均衡度和端到端延迟适应度平衡的路由选择。
执行上述函数模型后,可以得到一个最适合当前网络状态和性能要求的主路径路由表,从而确保车载TSN中网络资源使用的高效性与数据传输的时效性。
为了找到车载TSN中最高可靠性概率的路径作为冗余,提出一种改进的Dijkstra算法。传统的Dijkstra算法旨在找出网络中的最短路径。将“最短路径”的概念重新定义为“最小不可靠性”,则可通过改进Dijkstra算法来找到可靠性最高的路径。
将对网络的可靠性概率求解问题映射为对权重化的有向图G的分析问题,以每个节点及其连接链路的可靠性概率作为权重考量。在式(1)的基础上,引入权重W,具体权重映射函数定义如下:
W:ER+{0}
由此可得到加权有向图G公式如下:
GV,E,WV=s1,s2,,snE=eiji,jn,ijW(eij)=-log(A(eij))
式中:W(eij)是将链路集合E中的每条链路eij映射到一个非负实数以表征该链路的不可靠性权重的函数;A(eij)表示链路eij的可靠性概率,这是一个介于0和1之间的值(Aeij(0,1])。为适配 Dijkstra算法的正值要求,采纳了负对数转换策略以将原本的最大化可靠性概率问题转化为最短路径问题。
改进Dijkstra算法的冗余路径路由求解流程如图4所示。
为准确模拟并验证车载时间敏感网络应用场景下多路径路由与流量调度算法的性能,本研究采用了基于Matlab的软件仿真平台以及KD6630开发板和IXIA测试仪构成的硬件测试平台,并对软件仿真和硬件测试两个层面的实验流程进行设计,为后续深入的算法效能分析和试验验证提供技术支撑。
本次试验使用的软件为Matlab,通过仿真分析性能指标,同时生成主路径路由和冗余路由,作为硬件试验的输入之一。
为了验证所提出的多径路由算法在实际环境中的应用效果,搭建模拟实车域集中式电子电气架构的硬件试验平台,如图5所示。
该硬件平台由两部分组成。第1部分为由4个KD6630以太交换SOC芯片全功能以太网交换开发板(以下简称KD6630开发板)组成的域控制区,相当于仿真环境中的Switch,负责信息流的接收和转发处理。第2部分为IXIA测试仪,相当于仿真环境中的传感器(Lidar、Radar、Camera)和域控制器(CDC、MDC、VDC),负责产生对应属性的信息流并发送,同时产生非周期干扰流。
通过模拟实际汽车行驶工况,设计基于域集中式电子电气架构的车载时间敏感网络模型,并针对不同行车情景,规划4个主要的试验场景。
场景1:模拟高速公路等简单行驶环境,车辆单一方向行驶,与其他车辆的交互较少。常见的工况包括长途高速行驶、定速巡航和停车辅助。场景2:模拟特殊驾驶环境,比如城市复杂道路和紧急避障。在此类环境中,车辆需同时从多个传感器汇聚大量信息,迅速做出反应以保障安全。场景3:模拟复杂环境及高级自动驾驶模式下车辆的行为。车辆需要处理不仅来自内部控制系统信息,还包括与外部环境的数据,以及多个功能域之间的精密通信协调。场景4:聚焦于模拟车辆在复杂环境或软件更新期间的高负载网络环境。在极端天气或交通密集条件下车辆可能需要处理大量数据。
在仿真环境设计方面,场景1和2分别以单发单收及多发单收网络通信模型为基础,网络结构侧重于简化及快速集中处理传感器数据。场景3和4扩展为多发多收和高负载网络模型,设计的网络结构可以支持复杂的数据流管理和高级控制策略。各场景对应模型的信息如表4所示,其中,用信息路的条数来量化规模。
为本文提出的多径路由算法(MRA)设置其他算法,对比生成的路由效果。
对比算法1为Dijstra算法;对比算法2为看重负载均衡度的遗传算法(GA-LB);对比算法3为看重端到端延时的遗传算法(GA-ED)。各算法评价指标及适应度函数如表5所示。
将MRA、GA-LB和GA-ED的算法参数设置为统一值,如表6所示。
在Matlab软件中进行路由规划仿真试验,发送端对应的信息流参数见表2,得到各场景下不同算法的主路由和冗余路由,用于后续的硬件试验。为证明算法的优化能力,选择场景1的单发单收网络通信模型做具体分析。
分别使用MRA、Dijstra、GA-ED和GA-LB算法,生成路由,如图6~图8所示。
比较图6~图8可以发现,MRA和GA-LB算法均使用了6个端口,但在port1、2、18这几个端口的信息流个数上有所区别,GA-LB算法为了避免大流量的Lidar信息流导致的不均衡,选择单独对其进行路由分配。虽然这提高了网络的负载均衡,但却增加了其他信息流的跳数,导致了整体延时的上升。相比之下,MRA算法在减少延时的同时,还使小数据量的信息流与大流量的Lidar信息流共用路径,既优化了延时也考虑了负载均衡。另一方面,Dijstra和GA-ED算法生成的路径相同行,仅使用了两个端口,将7条信息流配置在同一路径进行传输。这种简化线路虽然短,但可能会因链路争用导致排队延时增加、甚至数据丢包。
综上所述,MRA算法的应用展示了在多目标优化下对载荷均衡和延时最小化达成有效权衡的能力。仿真结果表明,MRA算法兼顾网络效率与优化目标,具有较高的适应性。
为分析MRA算法在设计的冗余路由策略中提高网络可靠性的能力,基于场景1构建可靠性概率网络模型,相关节点及链路的假定可靠性概率值见表2。使用MRA算法计算得出每条路径的可靠性如表7所示。
表7可知,序号4和6的信息流可靠性未达到预期标准,这暗示潜在的数据丢失或包丢失风险,MRA算法随即针对这些流量生成了必要的冗余路由,以表8所提供的高可靠性路径作为替代路由,确保信息传输的稳定性。
通过这种多径路由策略,针对不同优先级的数据流选择与之相匹配的转发路径和链路冗余度,既能满足较高优先级业务流端到端的时延,也能提高数据传输可靠性,同时避免带宽开销太大导致重要数据帧的丢失,从而提高网络资源利用率。结果表明,MRA算法通过构建冗余路由,成功降低了信息丢失的风险,确保数据传输的高可靠连接。
为保证多径路由算法生成的主路径路由和冗余路径路由在硬件平台的正确部署,对平台的链路冗余功能进行测试。
(1)帧复制效果
为验证本平台的帧复制效果,在接收端关闭帧消除机制,得到某时刻的端口流量信息,如表9所示。可以看到接收端的信息流数量是发送端的两倍,说明信息流被成功接收,这说明帧复制机制有效。
(2)帧消除效果
为验证本平台的帧消除效果,在接收端开启帧消除机制,得到某时刻的端口流量信息,如表10所示。可以看到接收端的信息流数量与发送端的相同,说明冗余备份的信息流被成功消除。
为了全面评估所提出的多径路由算法(MRA)在网络效率优化方面的表现,本文在4个场景下进行仿真实验。通过对比传统算法,验证MRA算法在负载均衡度、端到端延迟这两个关键指标上的综合性能。
根据场景对应的网络需求,设置网络效率决策函数D式(8))的加权值,其中ω1为负载均衡度的权重值,ω2为端到端延时适应度的权重值,具体选值如表11所示。选择决策值D最小的方案作为主路径路由。
分别使用MRA、Dijstra、GA-LB和GA-ED算法,对上述场景开展试验,得到路由方案的决策值,如表12所示。可以看到,在不同场景下,与其他算法相比,MRA算法的决策值均为最小,4个场景的平均优化率分别为62.29%、40.55%、25%以及18.19%,说明整体网络效率优化效果最好,并且4个场景下都有较大的优化率。
(1)负载均衡度优化验证
为评价MRA算法在负载均衡优化方面的效能,使用IXIA测试仪对各端口进行监听,得到各端口网络吞吐量,如图9所示。在19个端口中,共12个负责信息转发的端口,其吞吐量体现了路由优化效果,关注这些端口可评估MRA算法在调整路由改善网络负载上的表现。其他端口主要接收信息流,数据量较固定,不在本分析讨论范围内。
在4个场景下,MRA算法通过智能负载分配显示了其优越性。场景1中,与GA-LB相似但优于Dijstra和GA-ED,MRA在兼顾网络可靠性的同时避免拥塞,如将端口2的流量合理分散到端口11、16、18。场景2讲究低延时,MRA在保持适中负载均衡的同时优化了延时。场景3中,为维持负载均衡并降低延时,MRA在多个端口均衡分配流量,避免了压力集中。场景4的高吞吐量需求下,MRA证明了其策略能在保持低延时的同时,避免了负载的极端不均。整体而言,MRA算法的调整确保了在不同场景需求下的协调,展现了综合性能上的明显优势。
为验证实际试验与仿真的误差,计算各场景的负载均衡度,如表13所示。
从表中可以看出,在实际场景中,相比于Dijstra算法,MRA算法提供了更好的负载均衡效果,这一现象与仿真结果一致,且仿真值与测试值的误差率小于3%。
(2)端到端延时验证
为评价MRA算法在端到端延时优化方面的效能,统计各算法的端到端延时。由于在实际网络中,排队延迟和其他类型的延迟通常构成了总延时的大部。而多径路由算法的设计旨在制定更泛化的路由策略,更关心确定性的传输延时和与信息流字节数强相关的处理延时,因此得到的端到端延时适应度代表的是一种延时趋势,而非准确的延时值,因此只做定性判断,不做定量的误差分析。
图10中不难发现,在4种场景下,MRA算法的端到端延时虽略微高于Dijstra和GA-ED算法,但远远小于GA-LB算法。这说明本算法不仅能够有效地通过多路径路由,分散网络流量,减少单一路径的压力,而且具有较强的优化延时的能力。此外,由于在设计端到端延时适应度函数时,未将排队延时计入(这是因为排队延迟受设备和流量调度策略影响较大),Dijstra和GA-ED算法在实际运行时很有可能会因网络中负载过大而导致信息流延时的加大和丢包。
综合来看,MRA算法在4个场景下均表现出色,优化了网络负载和减少了延迟。场景1中它优于其他算法,提供了更均衡的负载分布。场景2中虽略逊于Dijstra和GA-ED,但整体效果更优。在场景3和4中,MRA在处理速度与通信维护之间保持了良好的平衡,即便在数据量巨大时也能防止网络过载。简而言之,MRA算法在提升网络效率方面优于传统路由算法。
在可靠性概率网络模型基础上人为引入链路故障情况以模拟实际硬件场景下的网络可靠性测试。将Switch1与Switch3之间的网线断开,即链路Switch1→Switch3和链路Switch3→Switch1的可靠性为0。
通过MRA计算,得出各场景下对应主路由的网络可靠性。使用MRA算法,为不符合预期可靠性的信息流生成备用冗余路由,信息流将同时通过主路径和备选路径发送,得到新的网络平均可靠性,如表14所示。
从表中可知,增加冗余路径后,网络可靠性得到有效优化,可靠性优化率分别为42.87%、28.12%、23.37%以及19.18%,具备面对实际场景中物理链接故障时的响应能力。与业内常用的帧复制和可靠性消除(FRER)类方法相比,最新的FRER-MPC可靠性最高仅为92.3%[13],低于MRA算法最低的网络可靠性98.83%。并且此类算法为基于主动冗余的容错机制,会过度利用网络的可用带宽,减少可调度流的数量,与之相比,MRA算法采用生成备用冗余路径的方式,既提升对于重要时间敏感性数据的冗余可靠性,也没有造成资源不合理浪费。
本文围绕车载时间敏感网络的路径规划算法问题开展深入研究。首先,构建出包括架构模型、链路模型、信息流模型在内的综合性车载时间敏感网络框架,为车载TSN问题的研究提供模型支持。随后,针对IEEE 802.1CB协议,提出面向链路冗余传输的多径路由算法。为提升网络效率,提出基于NSGA2主路径路由算法研究,实现了网络传输负载与延时的双向优化;为保证网络传输的可靠性,提出改进Dijkstra的冗余路径路由算法,克服了传统单路径依赖的局限,确保网络的稳健性。算法通过信息流多径传输的方式,保证网络通信的低延时和高可靠。最后,设置符合实际汽车行驶工况的试验场景,采用仿真和硬件试验双向途径对多径路由算法进行系统性的验证,试验结果表明,本文提出的多径路由算法可应用链路冗余传输机制在不同工况下有效提升网络效率和网络可靠性,其中,MAR算法在综合负载均衡度和端到端延时效果上优于其他对比算法18.19%~62.29%,并提升网络可靠性19.18%~ 42.87%,且理论分析与实际表现高度一致,具有强实用性。未来工作将侧重于将路由规划与流量调度相结合,优化车载网络的整体性能,特别是在复杂多变交通环境下提高网络的实时性和可靠性。
  • *国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB2504701)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
IEEE D. IEEE standard for local and metropolitan area networks-frame replication and elimination for reliability[J]. IEEE Std 802.1 CB-2017,2017:1-102.
[2]
LUO F,WANG B,YANG Z,et al. Design methodology of automotive time-sensitive network system based on OMNeT++ simulation system[J]. Sensors (Basel),2022,22(12):4580.
[3]
ASHJAEI M,BELLO L,DANESHTALAB M,et al. Time-sensitive networking in automotive embedded systems:state of the art and research opportunities[J]. Journal of Systems Architecture,2021,117(1).DOI:10.1016/j.sysarc.2021.102137.
[4]
SMIRNOV F,GLAß M,REIMANN F,et al. Formal reliability analysis of switched ethernet automotive networks under transient transmission errors[C]. Design Automation Conference. IEEE,2016.DOI:10.1145/2897937.2898026.
[5]
ATALLAH A A,HAMAD G B,MOHAMED O A. Routing and scheduling of time-triggered traffic in time sensitive networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,2019(99):1-1.
[6]
REUSCH N,CRACIUNAS S S,POP P. Dependability-aware routing and scheduling for time-sensitive networking[J]. 2021.DOI:10.48550/arXiv.2109.05883.
[7]
ZHOU Y,SAMII S,ELES P P,et al. Reliability-aware scheduling and routing for messages in time-sensitive networking[J].ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS),2021.
[8]
PAHLEVAN M,TABASSAM N,OBERMAISSER R. Heuristic list scheduler for time triggered traffic in time sensitive networks[J]. ACM SIGBED Review,2019,16(1):15-20.
[9]
OJEWALE M A,YOMSI P M. Routing heuristics for load-balanced transmission in TSN-based networks[J]. ACM SIGBED Review,2020,16(4):20-25.
[10]
邹渊,孙文景,张旭东,等.智能网联汽车多域电子电气架构技术发展研究[J].汽车工程,2023,45(6):895-909.DOI:10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2023.06.001.
ZOU Y,SUN W J,ZHANG X D,et al. Research on the development of multi-domain electronic and electrical architecture technology for intelligent connected vehicles[J]. Automotive Engineering,2023,45(6):895-909.DOI:10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2023.06.001.
[11]
ALNAJIM A,SALEHI S,SHEN C C. Incremental path-selection and scheduling for time-sensitive networks[C]. IEEE GLOBECOM 2019. IEEE,2019.
[12]
OJEWALE M A,YOMSI P M. Routing heuristics for load-balanced transmission in TSN-based networks[J]. ACM SIGBED Review,2020,16(4):20-25.
2025年第47卷第3期
PDF下载
349
136
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.001
  • 接收时间:2024-05-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-05-11
  • 修回日期:2024-09-06
基金
*国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB2504701)
作者信息
    1 北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
    2 北京理工大学,电动车辆国家工程研究中心,北京 100081

通讯作者:

张旭东,副教授,博士,E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcygc/CN/10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.03.001
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏