Article(id=1149779604321296425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149779599254581563, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719504000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-28, revisedDate=1724860800000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058419541, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058419541, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058419541, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058419541, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149779599254581563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='201', pageEnd='390', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058418334, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780722751, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157003467609956875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149779599254581563, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157003467609956876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149779599254581563, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=383, endPage=390, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149779604585537579, articleId=1149779604321296425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Reliability Analysis Method of Complex Structures Based on Active Learning PC-Kriging Model, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Constructing accurate surrogate models is an effective solution to addressing the problem of multi-dimensional design variables and implicit nonlinear responses in the reliability design of complex structures. However,using experiment design based on a predetermined sample size to construct surrogate models may face challenges of inefficiency or insufficient accuracy. Therefore,an active learning PC-Kriging model for reliability analysis is proposed,which combines the advantages of Polynomial Chaos Expansion for enhancing global approximation accuracy and Kriging for capturing local features. The active learning strategy is utilized to adaptively select the optimal sample points to minimize the training sample size,reducing computational cost of structural performance analysis,and improving analysis efficiency. Further,an active learning PC-Kriging model-driven multi-software co-design framework is constructed. Secondary development of pre-processing and post-processing software is conducted to enable seamless integration of parametric modeling,performance analysis,and post-processing,forming a comprehensive automated analysis workflow. Finally,reliability analysis is performed using a battery pack structure as a case study to verify the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.

, articleAbstract=

Constructing accurate surrogate models is an effective solution to addressing the problem of multi-dimensional design variables and implicit nonlinear responses in the reliability design of complex structures. However, using experiment design based on a predetermined sample size to construct surrogate models may face challenges of inefficiency or insufficient accuracy. Therefore, an active learning PC-Kriging model for reliability analysis is proposed, which combines the advantages of Polynomial Chaos Expansion for enhancing global approximation accuracy and Kriging for capturing local features. The active learning strategy is utilized to adaptively select the optimal sample points to minimize the training sample size, reducing computational cost of structural performance analysis, and improving analysis efficiency. Further, an active learning PC-Kriging model-driven multi-software co-design framework is constructed. Secondary development of pre-processing and post-processing software is conducted to enable seamless integration of parametric modeling, performance analysis, and post-processing, forming a comprehensive automated analysis workflow. Finally, reliability analysis is performed using a battery pack structure as a case study to verify the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.

, correspAuthors=Yunjiao Zhou, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiqing Chen, Yuqi Zhang, Fengchong Lan, Yunjiao Zhou, Junfeng Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149779620981072108, articleId=1149779604321296425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=基于主动学习PC-Kriging模型的复杂结构可靠性分析方法*, columnId=null, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=

对于复杂结构可靠性设计中多维设计变量和隐式非线性响应的问题,构造准确的代理模型是一种有效的解决方法。然而,基于预设样本量的试验设计来构建代理模型,可能面临效率低下或准确性不足的挑战。为此,提出一种主动学习PC-Kriging模型的可靠性分析方法,结合多项式混沌展开增强全局近似精度以及Kriging捕捉局部特征的优点,利用主动学习策略,自适应地选择最佳样本点,最大程度减少训练样本量,即减少结构性能分析的计算成本,提高分析效率。进一步构建主动学习PC-Kriging模型驱动的多软件协同设计框架,对前、后处理软件进行二次开发,实现参数化建模、性能分析和后处理的无缝连接,形成一套自动化分析流程。最后,以电池包结构为例进行可靠性分析,验证本文方法的高效性和准确性。

, articleAbstract=

对于复杂结构可靠性设计中多维设计变量和隐式非线性响应的问题,构造准确的代理模型是一种有效的解决方法。然而,基于预设样本量的试验设计来构建代理模型,可能面临效率低下或准确性不足的挑战。为此,提出一种主动学习PC-Kriging模型的可靠性分析方法,结合多项式混沌展开增强全局近似精度以及Kriging捕捉局部特征的优点,利用主动学习策略,自适应地选择最佳样本点,最大程度减少训练样本量,即减少结构性能分析的计算成本,提高分析效率。进一步构建主动学习PC-Kriging模型驱动的多软件协同设计框架,对前、后处理软件进行二次开发,实现参数化建模、性能分析和后处理的无缝连接,形成一套自动化分析流程。最后,以电池包结构为例进行可靠性分析,验证本文方法的高效性和准确性。

, correspAuthors=周云郊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
周云郊,博士,E-mail:
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序号 零件名称 厚度/mm
1 下箱体 2.0
2 小吊耳 2.0
3 大吊耳 3.0
4 内架 2.0
5 固定杆 2.0
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序号 零件名称 厚度/mm
1 下箱体 2.0
2 小吊耳 2.0
3 大吊耳 3.0
4 内架 2.0
5 固定杆 2.0
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方法 收敛准则 样本量 Pf Ps
主动学习 基于P边界 38 1.98×10-3 6.56×10-4
响应面法 150 2.00×10-3 6.46×10-4
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响应面法与主动学习法的结果比较

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方法 收敛准则 样本量 Pf Ps
主动学习 基于P边界 38 1.98×10-3 6.56×10-4
响应面法 150 2.00×10-3 6.46×10-4
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基于主动学习PC-Kriging模型的复杂结构可靠性分析方法*
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陈吉清 1, 2 , 张钰奇 1, 2 , 兰凤崇 1, 2 , 周云郊 1, 2 , 王俊峰 1, 2
汽车工程 | 2025,47(2): 383-390
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汽车工程 | 2025, 47(2): 383-390
基于主动学习PC-Kriging模型的复杂结构可靠性分析方法*
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陈吉清1, 2, 张钰奇1, 2, 兰凤崇1, 2, 周云郊1, 2 , 王俊峰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院,广州 510640
  • 2 广东省汽车工程重点实验室,广州 510640

通讯作者:

周云郊,博士,E-mail:
Reliability Analysis Method of Complex Structures Based on Active Learning PC-Kriging Model
Jiqing Chen1, 2, Yuqi Zhang1, 2, Fengchong Lan1, 2, Yunjiao Zhou1, 2 , Junfeng Wang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering,South China University of Technology,Guangzhou 510640
  • 2 Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Automotive,Guangzhou 510640
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.019
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对于复杂结构可靠性设计中多维设计变量和隐式非线性响应的问题,构造准确的代理模型是一种有效的解决方法。然而,基于预设样本量的试验设计来构建代理模型,可能面临效率低下或准确性不足的挑战。为此,提出一种主动学习PC-Kriging模型的可靠性分析方法,结合多项式混沌展开增强全局近似精度以及Kriging捕捉局部特征的优点,利用主动学习策略,自适应地选择最佳样本点,最大程度减少训练样本量,即减少结构性能分析的计算成本,提高分析效率。进一步构建主动学习PC-Kriging模型驱动的多软件协同设计框架,对前、后处理软件进行二次开发,实现参数化建模、性能分析和后处理的无缝连接,形成一套自动化分析流程。最后,以电池包结构为例进行可靠性分析,验证本文方法的高效性和准确性。

结构可靠性分析  /  主动学习  /  代理模型  /  PC-Kriging  /  多软件协同

Constructing accurate surrogate models is an effective solution to addressing the problem of multi-dimensional design variables and implicit nonlinear responses in the reliability design of complex structures. However, using experiment design based on a predetermined sample size to construct surrogate models may face challenges of inefficiency or insufficient accuracy. Therefore, an active learning PC-Kriging model for reliability analysis is proposed, which combines the advantages of Polynomial Chaos Expansion for enhancing global approximation accuracy and Kriging for capturing local features. The active learning strategy is utilized to adaptively select the optimal sample points to minimize the training sample size, reducing computational cost of structural performance analysis, and improving analysis efficiency. Further, an active learning PC-Kriging model-driven multi-software co-design framework is constructed. Secondary development of pre-processing and post-processing software is conducted to enable seamless integration of parametric modeling, performance analysis, and post-processing, forming a comprehensive automated analysis workflow. Finally, reliability analysis is performed using a battery pack structure as a case study to verify the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.

structural reliability analysis  /  active learning  /  surrogate model  /  PC-Kriging  /  multi-software collaboration
陈吉清, 张钰奇, 兰凤崇, 周云郊, 王俊峰. 基于主动学习PC-Kriging模型的复杂结构可靠性分析方法*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (2) : 383 -390 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.019
Jiqing Chen, Yuqi Zhang, Fengchong Lan, Yunjiao Zhou, Junfeng Wang. Reliability Analysis Method of Complex Structures Based on Active Learning PC-Kriging Model[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (2) : 383 -390 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.019
复杂结构的可靠性分析具有多学科、多维度设计变量和强非线性响应等特点。利用试验设计 (design of experiments,DOE) 方法建立代理模型,能够有效地探索设计变量与系统响应之间的隐式关系。基于代理模型进行可靠性分析,可以减少结构性能分析的次数,缩短设计周期,降低研发成本。
目前,众多学者已在结构可靠性分析代理模型方面取得了显著进展。欧阳威等[1]采用响应面法构建了电池包优化代理模型。高大威等[2]在构建电池包3阶响应面模型时,采用最优拉丁超立方方法进行DOE,保证了样本在每个维度上的均匀分布,保持了样本间的正交性。Wang等[3]采用响应面法建立了电池包代理模型,并改进了方向重要性抽样方法,提高了结构可靠性分析的效率。滕浩文等[4]构建了Kriging代理模型,该方法具有良好的非线性函数逼近能力,能够同时提供预测值和误差估计。Lee等[5]采用多项式混沌展开 (polynomial chaos expansion,PCE)方法,结合基于梯度的优化算法,有效地评估了设计变量对失败概率的灵敏度,提高了解决大规模问题的能力。Yang等[6]利用支持向量机作为代理模型,以二元分类的形式评估设计方案的可靠性,并与粒子群优化相结合,提升了优化搜索能力。Li[7]构建了基于径向基函数的代理模型,在逼近复杂函数方面具有高效性和灵活性,并利用神经网络方法对电池包进行了多目标优化,在保证结构强度的同时减轻了电池包质量。
这些研究推动了结构可靠性设计方法的创新,也为解决复杂工程问题提供了新的视角和工具。然而,在构建代理模型时,还应该考虑样本量与精度的关系,避免样本量冗余或不足。为此,学者们引入主动学习方法,通过自适应的采样技术,智能地选择最具有信息量的样本点来更新模型,减少了样本需求,显著提高预测精度。Kriging常被应用到主动学习方法中,例如胡伟飞等[8]通过主动学习方法构建Kriging模型,对液体火箭发动机进行了可靠性分析。李正良等[9]基于主动学习Kriging模型,评估了屋面系统抗风揭破坏的可靠性。
PCE通过将随机过程或函数表示为一组正交多项式的加权和,为处理随机变量和不确定性提供了一种有效的方法。而Kriging法则为复杂的非线性关系建模提供了灵活性。进一步地,Schobi等[10]提出了PC-Kriging (PCK) 主动学习方法,该方法结合了PCE与Kriging方法的优点,能够有效捕捉输入参数的不确定性。龚煜廉等[11]基于主动学习自适应PCK方法对复合材料结构进行了可靠性分析。于震梁等[12]使用PCK代理模型替代传统Kriging模型的回归基函数,对齿轮热传递误差进行了可靠性分析,对比了两种方法,证明了PCK方法在保证精度的同时,能显著减少模拟次数。
在可靠性分析中,Isight作为一个集成化的设计与分析平台,具有强大的参数化建模能力、灵活的编程脚本和丰富的软件集成接口[13],可为主动学习方法的应用提供基础。
基于此,面对复杂结构,本文提出了一种主动学习PCK模型驱动的多软件协同分析方法。利用Isight搭建一个自动化分析平台,以高效、准确的方式实现参数化建模、构建代理模型、可靠性分析的全过程。引入主动学习PCK方法,自适应地构建代理模型并进行可靠性分析,进一步提高分析效率,最后,通过电池包工程案例进行验证。
复杂结构可靠性分析往往涉及多个学科领域,如力学、热力学、流体力学等。多学科之间具有耦合性,即一个学科的参数变化可能会对其他学科产生影响,这些耦合关系往往是隐式的,不易直接观察,使得整个系统的预测和控制变得更加复杂。
以3个学科为例,设随机不确定性变量为Xi(i=1,2,3);学科之间的耦合变量为c=[cij]=c12,c21,c23,c32,c13,c31,其中下标i表示变量产生的来源,j表示耦合变量要输往的学科;响应为yi(i=1,2,3)。复杂系统的不确定性传播结构示意图如图1所示,输入与输出的隐式表达式为
yi=yiXi,ci,ci, i=1,2,3
可以看出,不同学科之间的不确定性输入不同,一般情况下,由于是隐式关系,无法事先准确判断某个不确定性输入参数对某个学科的影响,可通过灵敏度分析方法筛选相关的设计变量。本研究考虑所有学科共用一套不确定性输入来源,且忽略学科之间的耦合关系,即认为学科之间彼此独立。m维设计变量、n个多学科响应的不确定性传播结构如图2所示,其响应关系 (f1X,f2X,,fnX) 具有隐式非线性的特点,数学模型如下:
yi=fiX, i=1,2,,n
由上节可知,可靠性分析具有多变量、隐式响应等特点,具有潜在的多维非线性问题。通过DOE分析来建立代理模型,可以提高分析效率。初始样本量的选取对代理模型的精度至关重要,如果样本量过小,可能无法捕捉到系统的复杂性,影响模型的准确性,而如果样本量过大,则会导致计算成本显著增加。为更加精确地构建代理模型,同时不过多消耗计算成本,本研究引入基于PCK的主动学习方法,自适应地通过迭代建立局部精确的极限状态函数代理模型,从而减少样本量,提高效率。
PCK是将PCE与Kriging进行组合,结合了PCE和Kriging方法的优点,利用回归型PCE增强计算模型的全局近似精度,并利用插值型Kriging捕捉局部变化,用其构建的代理模型比PCE 和Kriging分别构建的代理模型更有效。
Kriging方法作为随机插值算法,其估计函数值是回归模型和随机过程的线性组合,一般形式[14-15]
gK(x)=fT(x)β+z(x)
式中:fT(x)β表示回归模型,f(x)=f1(x),f2(x),,fn(x)T表示回归基函数的向量,β=β1,β2,,βnT表示回归系数的向量;z(x)是一个高斯过程,其均值为零。z(x)的协方差为
covzxi,zxj=σ2Rxi,xj
式中:σ是高斯过程z(x)的方差;Rxi,xj为自相关函数,常用的是各向异性的高斯模型。
Rxi,xj,θ=exp-k=1nθkxi(k)-xj(k)2
式中:xi(k)表示第k个训练样本点xi的分量;θ=θ1,θ2,,θnT是驱动自相关函数的超参数向量。θ可以通过最大似然估计法来估计[16]
θ^=argminθ(detR)1tσ^2
使用广义最小平方回归方法,高斯过程的回归系数向量β和近似方差σ^2可推导为
β^=FTR-1F-1FTR-1yσ^2=1t(y-Fβ^)TR-1(y-Fβ^)
式中:F是回归模型的矩阵,由所有训练点的回归基函数fxi的向量组成;R是每对点之间的相关矩阵。当预测一个未知点x时,Kriging估计值g^(x)和方差σg^2(x)计算如下:
g^(x)=fT(x)β^+rT(x)R-1(y-Fβ^)σg^2(x)=σ^21+uT(x)FTR-1F-1u(x)-                 rT(x)R-1r(x)
其中:
r(x)=Rx,x1,Rx,x2,,Rx,xtTu(x)=FTR-1r(x)-f(x)
考虑由联合概率密度函数fX描述的具有独立分量xRn的随机向量,PCE计算模型的输出近似为正交多项式之和[17]
gPCE(x)=α𝒜yαΨα(x)
式中:Ψα(x)是与输入分布正交的多元多项式;α𝒜Nn是多指数;yα是相应的系数。
PCK是将PCE与Kriging进行组合[18],其表达式为
gPCK(x)=α𝒜yαΨα(x)+σ2Z(x,ω)
主动学习函数利用AK-MC提出的 U 函数[19]
U(x)=g^(x)σg^(x)
式中g^(x)σg^(x)式(8)计算得到。
收敛准则包括基于方差的标准(P边界、β边界)和基于稳定性的标准(P稳定性、β稳定性),其中Pβ分别表示失效概率和可靠性指数。以P边界收敛准则[20]为例,其表达式为
P^+-P^-P^0ϵbound
其中3种失效概率定义如下:
P^0=P(g^(x)0)P^±=Pg^(x)kσg^(x)0
式中k=1.96,即置信区间取1-α/2=97.5%
基于主动学习PCK的可靠性分析流程如图3所示。首先,采用拉丁超立方抽样 (Latin hypercube sampling,LHS) 并进行DOE,LHS通过对输入参数的每个维度进行均匀抽样,确保了样本在整个参数空间中的均匀分布,同时减少了变量间的相关性,适用于多维度问题。然后,建立代理模型,采用蒙特卡洛 (Monte Carlo,MC) 方法进行可靠性分析,样本量选为106。然后,判断是否收敛,如果收敛,则完成建模;否则,利用主动学习函数筛选下一个最佳点,并将其添加到DOE训练样本集中,更新代理模型,直到满足收敛条件。
根据上节,主动学习是一个迭代过程,每次迭代都须调用PCK代理模型、学习函数和模型求解。为了使其自动化地高效运行,本文提出一种多软件协同框架。基于不同软件各自擅长的功能,通过Isight的参数化建模工具,对不同软件进行二次开发,搭建自动化循环分析平台,通过软件之间的交互,完成参数化建模、求解和后处理等一系列任务。
为实现软件自动化执行,采用Isight的“Simcode”组件来调用Windows批处理文件(.bat)。通过使用“call”命令,可以调用相关软件和对应的脚本及参数文件,以执行相应的任务。
以DOE过程为例,其Isight数据传递示意图如图4所示。首先,将该次循环的样本参数输入给设计变量文件,通过执行脚本进行前处理,更新模型文件;然后,对更新的模型进行求解,得到结果文件;进一步,通过执行脚本对结果文件进行后处理,提取相关响应数据并保存;最后,对响应数据进行处理。
本文利用ANSA软件实现模型参数化以及后处理,ANSA是一款专业的有限元前处理软件,其提供了强大的数据管理和处理功能,支持批处理操作,被广泛用于汽车、航空航天、能源等行业的工程设计和仿真中。ANSA提供了强大的参数化功能,通过定义参数,可以快速生成不同变体的模型。
为降低编程难度并提高效率,可以通过录制宏来生成脚本,以便在后续工作中重复使用。以ANSA为例,其脚本 (.ansa)通过ANSA的“Task Manager”(任务管理器)制定,“Task Manager”中选择“Optimization Task”(优化任务)来设置前处理过程,包括输入参数文件 (DVFile.txt)、设计变量以及导出模型 (.fem)。录制好的脚本可自动重复之前的操作步骤,把DVFile.txt的参数赋值给模型的设计变量,导出修改后的模型。这种方法不仅可以提高工作效率,还可以减少人为错误的可能性,确保了前处理过程的一致性和可重复性。
电池包作为电动汽车的核心能量存储部件,其通常布置在车辆底部,结构设计须兼顾空间利用、力学承载与热管理等多重要求,其结构可靠性直接关系到整车的性能与安全。电池包结构设计的复杂性不断增加,电池包箱体可靠性设计具有多变量及隐式响应等特点。
选取某一款电池包作为研究对象。该电池包共有8个电池模组,在箱体一侧装有散热风扇。上箱盖基本不承受载荷,下箱体起承载电池模组的作用,内架、固定杆等起到增加稳定性的作用,小吊耳用来连接传感器等电子组件。该款电池包以7个大吊耳与汽车固连,前、后、左、右面分别有2、3、1、1个吊耳。
对电池包的主要部件,如下箱体、电池单元、压板、压盖、保持架、吊耳等,进行有限元建模。对电子电路、冷却风扇等对仿真结果影响较小的部件进行简化处理,通过质量单元平均分配到相应安装点上。建立的电池包模型如图5所示。各部件的材料均为Q235钢,弹性模量为210 GPa ,泊松比为0.3,单元类型均为壳单元,各零件厚度如表1所示。模型共包括73 159个单元,最小单元尺寸1 mm ,最小雅克比0.5,满足计算要求。
在电池包箱体制造过程中,机械加工或成形工艺的精度波动可能会引入不确定性因素,可能影响箱体的几何尺寸和表面质量。材料的微观结构和化学成分在生产过程中可能会有波动,导致材料性能在不同批次或同一批次不同位置之间存在差异,这些差异通常难以控制[21]。同时,电池包箱体在实际使用中会面临不同的环境条件,包括温度、湿度、化学介质等,这些环境因素的变化可能会对材料性能产生不利影响。这些不确定性因素可能会影响电池包箱体的承载能力、耐久性和整体可靠性。
电池包箱体的厚度直接影响其结构强度和刚度,是抵御外部冲击和承受内部压力的关键参数。弹性模量作为衡量材料抵抗形变能力的指标,决定了电池箱体在受力时的变形程度,对于保证结构的稳定性和耐久性至关重要。泊松比描述了材料在受力时侧向应变与轴向应变的比例关系,对于预测电池箱体在复杂载荷下的应力分布和变形具有重要意义。
本研究考虑的随机变量具有多类别、多尺度、多维度等特点,其分布示意图如图6所示,其中厚度T 在加工过程中可以被调节和控制,将其作为设计变量,弹性模量E和泊松比μ为材料性能参数,在加工过程中不易控制,将其作为环境变量。以下箱体、小吊耳、大吊耳、内架、固定杆等5个关键零件为分析对象,分别考虑其TEμ等参数作为随机变量,共计15个变量。设定这些变量均服从正态分布,均值为初始值,变异系数均为0.03。
电池包箱体在车辆行驶过程中会受到各种动态载荷的影响,如道路不平、加速和制动等。1阶频率的高低直接关联到箱体的振动模式和能量传递特性。较高的1阶频率意味着箱体具有较好的抗共振能力和动态稳定性,从而有助于减少因振动引起的疲劳损伤和结构退化[22]
极限工况下的最大应力是评估电池包箱体在最苛刻使用条件下性能的关键指标之一。在这些情况下,电池箱体可能会经历超出常规使用水平的应力。最大应力的评估有助于确定箱体的强度极限和安全裕度,确保在最不利的条件下也能保持结构的完整性和功能性。参考GB 38031—2020《电动汽车用动力蓄电池安全要求》以及实际工程应用,选取快速通过减速带这一典型极限工况进行研究,在Z方向施加2倍重力加速度。在实际使用时,电池包通过吊耳固连在车架上,因此,约束7个大吊耳的全部6个自由度,其载荷示意图如图7所示。
仿真结果中应力云图和位移云图如图8所示。结果表明:应力分散分布,最大应力为163.632 MPa,位于底部左上角;最大位移为1.544 mm,相对较大,位于底部中间的位置。目前,初始设计满足可靠性要求,但在变量参数波动的情况下,其可靠性需要进一步验证。在后续的分析中,选择1阶频率和该工况的最大应力作为输出响应。
为使样本分布更加均匀,本研究采用LHS抽样,初始样本量设为30个。根据图4所示的流程在Isight中搭建DOE平台,自动生成随机样本,通过ANSA修改模型参数,生成新的模型,之后进行求解和后处理,并将输出响应存储到MATLAB中。
在MATLAB中,先通过输出参数和输入参数,训练出初始PCK模型,并建立学习函数,方便随时调用。迭代过程通过Isight的Loop组件实现。多软件协同的主动学习流程如图9所示。每次迭代中,根据现有PCK模型,利用U学习函数筛选下一个最佳样本点,然后利用ANSA进行前处理,修改模型参数,生成新的模型,并使用OptiStruct进行求解,之后使用META输出响应文件,并将结果更新到PCK模型中。
利用该主动学习可靠性分析平台,对电池包1阶频率和最大应力进行分析。基于P边界的收敛条件的迭代过程如图10所示。迭代5个样本后,1阶频率代理模型达到收敛条件,但最大应力代理模型尚未达到收敛条件,继续迭代,直到新增8个样本后达到收敛条件。
若采用HyperStudy建立响应面模型,遵循软件的建议,使用150个样本进行 DOE,并进一步构建基于最小二乘法的响应面,得到1阶频率和最大应力的R 2(判定系数)分别为 0.999和 0.989,表明精度较高,满足一般要求。采用MC方法进行可靠性分析,并将30次仿真的平均值作为每个响应失效概率的基准值,结果如表2所示。PCK 代理模型的结果与之接近,这验证了该方法的准确性和高效性。
针对复杂结构可靠性分析时潜在的多维非线性和隐式响应问题,提出了一种基于主动学习PCK模型的可靠性分析方法,旨在提高分析效率和精度,并以电池包结构为工程案例进行验证,主要结论如下。
(1) 引入了主动学习PCK方法,自适应地建立局部精确代理模型,减少DOE样本。使用基于P边界收敛条件的主动学习方法需要38个样本,由此得出的失效概率与使用响应面法150个样本得出的失效概率一致,验证了本文方法的准确性和高效性。该方法大大减少了有限元模拟次数,降低了计算成本,提高了效率。
(2) 基于Isight对不同软件进行二次开发,搭建了多软件协同框架,为主动学习的自动化实现提供了分析平台,自动执行前处理、求解和后处理等任务,减少人工干预,进一步提高效率。
(3) 本研究提出的基于主动学习PCK的多软件协同框架,具有普适性和扩展性,可以应用到其它领域的结构可靠性设计中,根据工程需要进行定制和改进。该方法还可以应用到基于双循环策略的可靠性设计优化中,用于内循环的代理模型构建和可靠性分析,提高优化效率和精度。
  • *广东省自然科学基金(2021A15150912)
  • 广州市科技计划项目(202007020007)
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2025年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.019
  • 接收时间:2024-06-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-28
  • 修回日期:2024-08-29
基金
*广东省自然科学基金(2021A15150912)
广州市科技计划项目(202007020007)
作者信息
    1 华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院,广州 510640
    2 广东省汽车工程重点实验室,广州 510640

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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